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Activation of NMDA receptors upregulates a disintegrin and metalloproteinase 10 via a Wnt/MAPK signaling pathway. J Neurosci 2012; 32:3910-6. [PMID: 22423111 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3916-11.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A disintegrin and metalloproteinase 10 (ADAM10) is the constitutive α-secretase that governs the nonamyloidogenic pathway of β-amyloid precursor protein processing and is an attractive drug target for treating Alzheimer's disease. To date, little is known about the mechanism by which ADAM10 is regulated in neurons. Using mouse primary cortical neurons, we show here that NMDA receptor (NMDAR) activation led to upregulation of the genes encoding ADAM10 and β-catenin proteins. Interestingly, the ADAM10 upregulation was abolished by inhibitors of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Conversely, activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway by recombinant Wnt3a stimulated ADAM10 expression. We further showed that both the NMDAR- and Wnt3a-induced ADAM10 upregulation was blocked by ERK inhibitors. We suggest that the NMDARs control ADAM10 expression via a Wnt/MAPK signaling pathway.
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102
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Hu NW, Ondrejcak T, Rowan MJ. Glutamate receptors in preclinical research on Alzheimer's disease: Update on recent advances. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2012; 100:855-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2011.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Revised: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 04/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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103
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NMDA receptors and BAX are essential for Aβ impairment of LTP. Sci Rep 2012; 2:225. [PMID: 22355739 PMCID: PMC3258533 DOI: 10.1038/srep00225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) is a hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease, a neurodegenerative disorder in which synapse loss and dysfunction are early features. Acute exposure of hippocampal slices to Aβ leads to changes in synaptic plasticity, specifically reduced long-term potentiation (LTP) and enhanced long-term depression (LTD), with no change in basal synaptic transmission. We also report here that D-AP5, a non-selective NMDA receptor antagonist, completely prevented Aβ-mediated inhibition of LTP in area CA1 of the hippocampus. Ro25-6981, an antagonist selective for GluN2B (NR2B) NMDA receptors, only partially prevented this Aβ action, suggesting that GluN2A and GluN2B receptors may both contribute to Aβ suppression of LTP. The effect of Aβ on LTP was also examined in hippocampal slices from BAX −/− mice and wild-type littermates. Aβ failed to block LTP in hippocampal slices from BAX −/− mice, indicating that BAX is essential for Aβ inhibition of LTP.
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104
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Desbène C, Malaplate-Armand C, Youssef I, Garcia P, Stenger C, Sauvée M, Fischer N, Rimet D, Koziel V, Escanyé MC, Oster T, Kriem B, Yen FT, Pillot T, Olivier JL. Critical role of cPLA2 in Aβ oligomer-induced neurodegeneration and memory deficit. Neurobiol Aging 2011; 33:1123.e17-29. [PMID: 22188721 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2011.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2010] [Revised: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Soluble beta-amyloid (Aβ) oligomers are considered to putatively play a critical role in the early synapse loss and cognitive impairment observed in Alzheimer's disease. We previously demonstrated that Aβ oligomers activate cytosolic phospholipase A(2) (cPLA(2)), which specifically releases arachidonic acid from membrane phospholipids. We here observed that cPLA(2) gene inactivation prevented the alterations of cognitive abilities and the reduction of hippocampal synaptic markers levels noticed upon a single intracerebroventricular injection of Aβ oligomers in wild type mice. We further demonstrated that the Aβ oligomer-induced sphingomyelinase activation was suppressed and that phosphorylation of Akt/protein kinase B (PKB) was preserved in neuronal cells isolated from cPLA(2)(-/-) mice. Interestingly, expression of the Aβ precursor protein (APP) was reduced in hippocampus homogenates and neuronal cells from cPLA(2)(-/-) mice, but the relationship with the resistance of these mice to the Aβ oligomer toxicity requires further investigation. These results therefore show that cPLA(2) plays a key role in the Aβ oligomer-associated neurodegeneration, and as such represents a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Desbène
- Lipidomix (EA 4422), INPL-ENSAIA, Université de Lorraine, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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105
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Early neuronal dysfunction by amyloid β oligomers depends on activation of NR2B-containing NMDA receptors. Neurobiol Aging 2011; 32:2219-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2010.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2009] [Revised: 01/12/2010] [Accepted: 01/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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106
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Kudo W, Lee HP, Zou WQ, Wang X, Perry G, Zhu X, Smith MA, Petersen RB, Lee HG. Cellular prion protein is essential for oligomeric amyloid-β-induced neuronal cell death. Hum Mol Genet 2011; 21:1138-44. [PMID: 22100763 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddr542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In Alzheimer disease (AD), amyloid-β (Aβ) oligomer is suggested to play a critical role in imitating neurodegeneration, although its pathogenic mechanism remains to be determined. Recently, the cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) has been reported to be an essential co-factor in mediating the neurotoxic effect of Aβ oligomer. However, these previous studies focused on the synaptic plasticity in either the presence or the absence of PrP(C) and no study to date has reported whether PrP(C) is required for the neuronal cell death, the most critical element of neurodegeneration in AD. Here, we show that Prnp(-/-) mice are resistant to the neurotoxic effect of Aβ oligomer in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, application of an anti-PrP(C) antibody or PrP(C) peptide prevents Aβ oligomer-induced neurotoxicity. These findings are the first to demonstrate that PrP(C) is required for Aβ oligomer-induced neuronal cell death, the pathology essential to cognitive loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Kudo
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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107
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Cavanagh C, Colby-Milley J, Farso M, Krantic S, Quirion R. Early molecular and synaptic dysfunctions in the prodromal stages of Alzheimer’s disease: focus on TNF-α and IL-1β. FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2011. [DOI: 10.2217/fnl.11.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in cytokine expression as well as deficits in synaptic activity are two features observed in early, prodromal stages of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β are not only mediators of immune responses, but are also involved in regulating synaptic activity through their effects on neuronal excitability and Hebbian plasticity. We propose that early changes occurring in the AD brain, such as increases in soluble amyloid-β oligomers, may increase the expression of certain cytokines and subsequently cause alterations in cytokine-mediated synaptic activity. A shift of focus towards the prodromal stages of AD, which incorporate the earliest detectable molecular, electrophysiological and behavioral alterations, may provide novel therapeutic targets and potential biomarkers for this currently incurable neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea Cavanagh
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Dept of Psychiatry, McGill University, 6875 Boul. Lasalle, Montreal, Quebec H4H 1R3, Canada
- McGill University, 845 Sherbrooke St. West. Montreal, Quebec H3A 2T5, Canada
| | - Jessica Colby-Milley
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Dept of Psychiatry, McGill University, 6875 Boul. Lasalle, Montreal, Quebec H4H 1R3, Canada
- McGill University, 845 Sherbrooke St. West. Montreal, Quebec H3A 2T5, Canada
| | - Mark Farso
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Dept of Psychiatry, McGill University, 6875 Boul. Lasalle, Montreal, Quebec H4H 1R3, Canada
- McGill University, 845 Sherbrooke St. West. Montreal, Quebec H3A 2T5, Canada
| | - Slavica Krantic
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Dept of Psychiatry, McGill University, 6875 Boul. Lasalle, Montreal, Quebec H4H 1R3, Canada
- McGill University, 845 Sherbrooke St. West. Montreal, Quebec H3A 2T5, Canada
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108
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Malinow R. New developments on the role of NMDA receptors in Alzheimer's disease. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2011; 22:559-63. [PMID: 21962484 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2011.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2011] [Revised: 09/02/2011] [Accepted: 09/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Since the initial findings that NMDA receptors play important roles in cellular models of learning as well as neurotoxicity, abnormal function of this receptor has been considered a potential mechanism in the pathophysiology underlying Alzheimer's disease. Treatment of Alzheimer's disease with an NMDA receptor antagonist began several years ago, with some limited success. More recent mechanistic studies have examined the role of NMDA receptors in the synaptic effects of beta amyloid (Aβ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Malinow
- Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, Department of Neuroscience, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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109
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Soluble Aβ oligomers inhibit long-term potentiation through a mechanism involving excessive activation of extrasynaptic NR2B-containing NMDA receptors. J Neurosci 2011; 31:6627-38. [PMID: 21543591 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0203-11.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 474] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
In Alzheimer's disease (AD), dementia severity correlates strongly with decreased synapse density in hippocampus and cortex. Numerous studies report that hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) can be inhibited by soluble oligomers of amyloid β-protein (Aβ), but the synaptic elements that mediate this effect remain unclear. We examined field EPSPs and whole-cell recordings in wild-type mouse hippocampal slices. Soluble Aβ oligomers from three distinct sources (cultured cells, AD cortex, or synthetic peptide) inhibited LTP, and this was prevented by the selective NR2B inhibitors ifenprodil and Ro 25-6981. Soluble Aβ enhanced NR2B-mediated NMDA currents and extrasynaptic responses; these effects were mimicked by the glutamate reuptake inhibitor dl-threo-β-benzyloxyaspartic acid. Downstream, an Aβ-mediated rise in p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation was followed by downregulation of cAMP response element-binding protein, and LTP impairment was prevented by inhibitors of p38 MAPK or calpain. Thus, soluble Aβ oligomers at low nanomolar levels present in AD brain increase activation of extrasynaptic NR2B-containing receptors, thereby impairing synaptic plasticity.
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110
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Chen C, Li X, Wang T, Wang HH, Fu Y, Zhang L, Xiao SF. Association between NMDA receptor subunit 2b gene polymorphism and Alzheimer's disease in Chinese Han population in Shanghai. Neurosci Bull 2011; 26:395-400. [PMID: 20882066 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-010-0729-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor has been indicated to be involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The NMDA receptor subunit 2b (NR2B) has attracted more attention due to its characteristic distribution and selective reduction in AD brain. The present study aimed to explore the association between NMDA gene polymorphism and AD. METHODS A total of 63 AD patients and 68 normal controls in Shanghai city were employed in this study. Genotype of C2664T variant (rs1806201) in the exon13 of GRIN2B gene was determined by gene sequencing. RESULTS Among AD patients, 15 (23.6%) subjects were identified as C/C genotype, and 35 (55.6%) were identified as C/T genotype. The left 13 (20.6%) subjects were identified as T/T genotype. In normal controls, 15 (22.1%) subjects were identified as C/C genotype, 39 (57.4%) as C/T genotype and 14 (20.6%) as T/T genotype. The distribution frequency of neither GRIN2B C2664T genotype (P=0.895) nor allele (P=0.790) was significantly different between AD patients and normal controls, even when the subjects were stratified by gender and age of disease onset in AD patients. CONCLUSION The results suggest that there is no relation between GRIN2B C2664T polymorphism and AD in Chinese Han population of Shanghai City.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Chen
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
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111
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Blaylock RL, Maroon J. Immunoexcitotoxicity as a central mechanism in chronic traumatic encephalopathy-A unifying hypothesis. Surg Neurol Int 2011; 2:107. [PMID: 21886880 PMCID: PMC3157093 DOI: 10.4103/2152-7806.83391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2011] [Accepted: 06/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Some individuals suffering from mild traumatic brain injuries, especially repetitive mild concussions, are thought to develop a slowly progressive encephalopathy characterized by a number of the neuropathological elements shared with various neurodegenerative diseases. A central pathological mechanism explaining the development of progressive neurodegeneration in this subset of individuals has not been elucidated. Yet, a large number of studies indicate that a process called immunoexcitotoxicity may be playing a central role in many neurodegenerative diseases including chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). The term immunoexcitotoxicity was first coined by the lead author to explain the evolving pathological and neurodevelopmental changes in autism and the Gulf War Syndrome, but it can be applied to a number of neurodegenerative disorders. The interaction between immune receptors within the central nervous system (CNS) and excitatory glutamate receptors trigger a series of events, such as extensive reactive oxygen species/reactive nitrogen species generation, accumulation of lipid peroxidation products, and prostaglandin activation, which then leads to dendritic retraction, synaptic injury, damage to microtubules, and mitochondrial suppression. In this paper, we discuss the mechanism of immunoexcitotoxicity and its link to each of the pathophysiological and neurochemical events previously described with CTE, with special emphasis on the observed accumulation of hyperphosphorylated tau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell L Blaylock
- Theoretical Neurosciences, LLC Visiting Professor of Biology, Belhaven University, Jackson, MS 315 Rolling Meadows Rd, Ridgeland, MS 39157, USA
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112
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Bicca MA, Figueiredo CP, Piermartiri TC, Meotti FC, Bouzon ZL, Tasca CI, Medeiros R, Calixto JB. The selective and competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist, (-)-6-phosphonomethyl-deca-hydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid, prevents synaptic toxicity induced by amyloid-β in mice. Neuroscience 2011; 192:631-41. [PMID: 21756976 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Revised: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/10/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The toxicity of amyloid β (Aβ) is highly associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD), which has a high incidence in elderly people worldwide. While the current treatment for moderate and severe AD includes blockage of the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR), the molecular mechanisms of its effect are still poorly understood. Herein, we report that a single i.p. administration of the selective and competitive (NMDAR) antagonist LY235959 reduced Aβ neurotoxicity by preventing the down-regulation of glial glutamate transporters (glutamate-aspartate transporter (GLAST) and glutamate transporter-1 (GLT-1)), the decrease in glutamate uptake, and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by Aβ(1-40). Importantly, the blockage of NMDAR restored the Aβ(1-40)-induced synaptic dysfunction and cognitive impairment. However, LY235959 failed to prevent the inflammatory response associated with Aβ(1-40) treatment. Altogether, our data indicate that the acute administration of Aβ promotes oxidative stress, a decrease in glutamate transporter expression, and neurotoxicity. Our results reinforce the idea that NMDAR plays a critical regulatory action in Aβ toxicity and they provide further pre-clinical evidence for the potential role of the selective and competitive NMDAR antagonists in the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Bicca
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88049-900, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
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113
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Ge YX, Liu Y, Tang HY, Liu XG, Wang X. ClC-2 contributes to tonic inhibition mediated by α5 subunit-containing GABAA receptor in experimental temporal lobe epilepsy. Neuroscience 2011; 186:120-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2011] [Revised: 04/08/2011] [Accepted: 04/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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114
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Corona C, Pensalfini A, Frazzini V, Sensi SL. New therapeutic targets in Alzheimer's disease: brain deregulation of calcium and zinc. Cell Death Dis 2011; 2:e176. [PMID: 21697951 PMCID: PMC3168999 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2011.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The molecular determinants of Alzheimer's (AD) disease are still not completely known; however, in the past two decades, a large body of evidence has indicated that an important contributing factor for the disease is the development of an unbalanced homeostasis of two signaling cations: calcium (Ca2+) and zinc (Zn2+). Both ions serve a critical role in the physiological functioning of the central nervous system, but their brain deregulation promotes amyloid-β dysmetabolism as well as tau phosphorylation. AD is also characterized by an altered glutamatergic activation, and glutamate can promote both Ca2+ and Zn2+ dyshomeostasis. The two cations can operate synergistically to promote the generation of free radicals that further intracellular Ca2+ and Zn2+ rises and set the stage for a self-perpetuating harmful loop. These phenomena can be the initial steps in the pathogenic cascade leading to AD, therefore, therapeutic interventions aiming at preventing Ca2+ and Zn2+ dyshomeostasis may offer a great opportunity for disease-modifying strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Corona
- Molecular Neurology Unit, Center of Excellence on Aging (CeSI), Chieti, Italy
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115
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Yan J, Xu Y, Zhu C, Zhang L, Wu A, Yang Y, Xiong Z, Deng C, Huang XF, Yenari MA, Yang YG, Ying W, Wang Q. Simvastatin prevents dopaminergic neurodegeneration in experimental parkinsonian models: the association with anti-inflammatory responses. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20945. [PMID: 21731633 PMCID: PMC3120752 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Accepted: 05/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In addition to their original applications to lowering cholesterol, statins display multiple neuroprotective effects. N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors interact closely with the dopaminergic system and are strongly implicated in therapeutic paradigms of Parkinson's disease (PD). This study aims to investigate how simvastatin impacts on experimental parkinsonian models via regulating NMDA receptors. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Regional changes in NMDA receptors in the rat brain and anxiolytic-like activity were examined after unilateral medial forebrain bundle lesion by 6-hydroxydopamine via a 3-week administration of simvastatin. NMDA receptor alterations in the post-mortem rat brain were detected by [³H]MK-801(Dizocilpine) binding autoradiography. 6-hydroxydopamine treated PC12 was applied to investigate the neuroprotection of simvastatin, the association with NMDA receptors, and the anti-inflammation. 6-hydroxydopamine induced anxiety and the downregulation of NMDA receptors in the hippocampus, CA1(Cornu Ammonis 1 Area), amygdala and caudate putamen was observed in 6-OHDA(6-hydroxydopamine) lesioned rats whereas simvastatin significantly ameliorated the anxiety-like activity and restored the expression of NMDA receptors in examined brain regions. Significant positive correlations were identified between anxiolytic-like activity and the restoration of expression of NMDA receptors in the hippocampus, amygdala and CA1 following simvastatin administration. Simvastatin exerted neuroprotection in 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rat brain and 6-hydroxydopamine treated PC12, partially by regulating NMDA receptors, MMP9 (matrix metalloproteinase-9), and TNF-a (tumour necrosis factor-alpha). CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our results provide strong evidence that NMDA receptor modulation after simvastatin treatment could partially explain its anxiolytic-like activity and anti-inflammatory mechanisms in experimental parkinsonian models. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the critical roles of simvastatin in treating PD via NMDA receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junqiang Yan
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunqi Xu
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Cansheng Zhu
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Limin Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Aimin Wu
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Yang
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaojun Xiong
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Deng
- Centre for Translational Neuroscience, School of Health Sciences, University of Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Xu-Feng Huang
- Centre for Translational Neuroscience, School of Health Sciences, University of Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Midori A. Yenari
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco and the San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Yuan-Guo Yang
- Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Weihai Ying
- Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
- Centre for Translational Neuroscience, School of Health Sciences, University of Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
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116
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Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is associated with synapse loss, memory dysfunction, and pathological accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) in plaques. However, an exclusively pathological role for Aβ is being challenged by new evidence for an essential function of Aβ at the synapse. Aβ protein exists in different assembly states in the central nervous system and plays distinct roles ranging from synapse and memory formation to memory loss and neuronal cell death. Aβ is present in the brain of symptom-free people where it likely performs important physiological roles. New evidence indicates that synaptic activity directly evokes the release of Aβ at the synapse. At physiological levels, Aβ is a normal, soluble product of neuronal metabolism that regulates synaptic function beginning early in life. Monomeric Aβ40 and Aβ42 are the predominant forms required for synaptic plasticity and neuronal survival. With age, some assemblies of Aβ are associated with synaptic failure and Alzheimer's disease pathology, possibly targeting the N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor through the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, mitochondrial Aβ alcohol dehydrogenase, and cyclophilin D. But emerging data suggests a distinction between age effects on the target response in contrast to the assembly state or the accumulation of the peptide. Both aging and Aβ independently decrease neuronal plasticity. Our laboratory has reported that Aβ, glutamate, and lactic acid are each increasingly toxic with neuron age. The basis of the age-related toxicity partly resides in age-related mitochondrial dysfunction and an oxidative shift in mitochondrial and cytoplasmic redox potential. In turn, signaling through phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases is affected along with an age-independent increase in phosphorylated cAMP response element-binding protein. This review examines the long-awaited functional impact of Aβ on synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mordhwaj S Parihar
- School of Studies in Biotechnology & Zoology, Vikram University, Ujjain, MP, India
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117
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Texidó L, Martín-Satué M, Alberdi E, Solsona C, Matute C. Amyloid β peptide oligomers directly activate NMDA receptors. Cell Calcium 2011; 49:184-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2011.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2010] [Revised: 02/01/2011] [Accepted: 02/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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118
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Disrupted energy metabolism and neuronal circuit dysfunction in cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. Lancet Neurol 2010; 10:187-98. [PMID: 21147038 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(10)70277-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 393] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological, neuropathological, and functional neuroimaging evidence implicates global and regional disruptions in brain metabolism and energetics in the pathogenesis of cognitive impairment. Nerve cell microcircuits are modified by excitatory and inhibitory synaptic activity and neurotrophic factors. Ageing and Alzheimer's disease cause perturbations in cellular energy metabolism, level of excitation or inhibition, and neurotrophic factor release, which overwhelm compensatory mechanisms and result in dysfunction of neuronal microcircuits and brain networks. A prolonged positive energy balance impairs the ability of neurons to adapt to oxidative and metabolic stress. Results from experimental studies in animals show how disruptions caused by chronic positive energy balance, such as diabetes, lead to accelerated cognitive ageing and Alzheimer's disease. Therapeutic interventions to allay cognitive dysfunction that target energy metabolism and adaptive stress responses (such as neurotrophin signalling) have been effective in animal models and in preliminary studies in humans.
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119
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120
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Decker H, Jürgensen S, Adrover MF, Brito-Moreira J, Bomfim TR, Klein WL, Epstein AL, De Felice FG, Jerusalinsky D, Ferreira ST. N-Methyl-d-aspartate receptors are required for synaptic targeting of Alzheimer’s toxic amyloid-β peptide oligomers. J Neurochem 2010; 115:1520-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.07058.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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121
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Molecular changes in brain aging and Alzheimer's disease are mirrored in experimentally silenced cortical neuron networks. Neurobiol Aging 2010; 33:205.e1-18. [PMID: 20947216 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2010.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2010] [Revised: 08/19/2010] [Accepted: 08/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Activity-dependent modulation of neuronal gene expression promotes neuronal survival and plasticity, and neuronal network activity is perturbed in aging and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here we show that cerebral cortical neurons respond to chronic suppression of excitability by downregulating the expression of genes and their encoded proteins involved in inhibitory transmission (GABAergic and somatostatin) and Ca(2+) signaling; alterations in pathways involved in lipid metabolism and energy management are also features of silenced neuronal networks. A molecular fingerprint strikingly similar to that of diminished network activity occurs in the human brain during aging and in AD, and opposite changes occur in response to activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) receptors in cultured cortical neurons and in mice in response to an enriched environment or electroconvulsive shock. Our findings suggest that reduced inhibitory neurotransmission during aging and in AD may be the result of compensatory responses that, paradoxically, render the neurons vulnerable to Ca(2+)-mediated degeneration.
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Hung CHL, Ho YS, Chang RCC. Modulation of mitochondrial calcium as a pharmacological target for Alzheimer's disease. Ageing Res Rev 2010; 9:447-56. [PMID: 20553970 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2010.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2010] [Revised: 05/14/2010] [Accepted: 05/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Perturbed neuronal calcium homeostasis is a prominent feature in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Mitochondria accumulate calcium ions (Ca(2+)) for cellular bioenergetic metabolism and suppression of mitochondrial motility within the cell. Excessive Ca(2+) uptake into mitochondria often leads to mitochondrial membrane permeabilization and induction of apoptosis. Ca(2+) is an interesting second messenger which can initiate both cellular life and death pathways in mitochondria. This review critically discusses the potential of manipulating mitochondrial Ca(2+) concentrations as a novel therapeutic opportunity for treating AD. This review also highlights the neuroprotective role of a number of currently available agents that modulate different mitochondrial Ca(2+) transport pathways. It is reasoned that these mitochondrial Ca(2+) modulators are most effective in combination with agents that increase the Ca(2+) buffering capacity of mitochondria. Modulation of mitochondrial Ca(2+) handling is a potential pharmacological target for future development of AD treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Hiu-Ling Hung
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Anatomy, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
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In vivo evidence for functional NMDA receptor blockade by memantine in rat hippocampal neurons. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2010; 117:1189-94. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-010-0471-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2010] [Accepted: 08/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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124
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Krafft GA, Klein WL. ADDLs and the signaling web that leads to Alzheimer’s disease. Neuropharmacology 2010; 59:230-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2010.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2010] [Accepted: 07/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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125
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Randall AD, Witton J, Booth C, Hynes-Allen A, Brown JT. The functional neurophysiology of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing pathway. Neuropharmacology 2010; 59:243-67. [PMID: 20167227 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2010.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2010] [Accepted: 02/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Amyloid beta (Abeta) peptides derived from proteolytic cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP) are thought to be a pivotal toxic species in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Furthermore, evidence has been accumulating that components of APP processing pathway are involved in non-pathological normal function of the CNS. In this review we aim to cover the extensive body of research aimed at understanding how components of this pathway contribute to neurophysiological function of the CNS in health and disease. We briefly outline changes to clinical neurophysiology seen in AD patients before discussing functional changes in mouse models of AD which range from changes to basal synaptic transmission and synaptic plasticity through to abnormal synchronous network activity. We then describe the various neurophysiological actions that are produced by application of exogenous Abeta in various forms, and finally discuss a number or other neurophysiological aspects of the APP pathway, including functional activities of components of secretase complexes other than Abeta production.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Randall
- MRC Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, Department of Anatomy, University of Bristol School of Medical Sciences, Bristol, UK.
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