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Monteagudo E, Virgili A, Parella T, Pérez-Trujillo M. Chiral Recognition by Dissolution DNP NMR Spectroscopy of 13C-Labeled dl-Methionine. Anal Chem 2017; 89:4939-4944. [PMID: 28394124 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b00156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A method based on d-DNP NMR spectroscopy to study chiral recognition is described for the first time. The enantiodifferentiation of a racemic metabolite in a millimolar aqueous solution using a chiral solvating agent was performed. Hyperpolarized 13C-labeled dl-methionine enantiomers were differently observed with a single-scan 13C NMR experiment, while the chiral auxiliary at thermal equilibrium remained unobserved. The method developed entails a step forward in the chiral recognition of small molecules by NMR spectroscopy, opening new possibilities in situations where the sensitivity is limited, for example, when a low concentration of analyte is available or when the measurement of an insensitive nucleus, like 13C, is required. The advantages and current limitations of the method, as well as future perspectives, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Monteagudo
- Servei de Ressonància Magnètica Nuclear, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , E-08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Virgili
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , E-08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Teodor Parella
- Servei de Ressonància Magnètica Nuclear, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , E-08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Míriam Pérez-Trujillo
- Servei de Ressonància Magnètica Nuclear, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , E-08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
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Dirksen K, Spee B, Penning LC, van den Ingh TSGAM, Burgener IA, Watson AL, Groot Koerkamp M, Rothuizen J, van Steenbeek FG, Fieten H. Gene expression patterns in the progression of canine copper-associated chronic hepatitis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176826. [PMID: 28459846 PMCID: PMC5411060 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Copper is an essential trace element, but can become toxic when present in abundance. The severe effects of copper-metabolism imbalance are illustrated by the inherited disorders Wilson disease and Menkes disease. The Labrador retriever dog breed is a novel non-rodent model for copper-storage disorders carrying mutations in genes known to be involved in copper transport. Besides disease initiation and progression of copper accumulation, the molecular mechanisms and pathways involved in progression towards copper-associated chronic hepatitis still remain unclear. Using expression levels of targeted candidate genes as well as transcriptome micro-arrays in liver tissue of Labrador retrievers in different stages of copper-associated hepatitis, pathways involved in progression of the disease were studied. At the initial phase of increased hepatic copper levels, transcriptomic alterations in livers mainly revealed enrichment for cell adhesion, developmental, inflammatory, and cytoskeleton pathways. Upregulation of targeted MT1A and COMMD1 mRNA shows the liver's first response to rising intrahepatic copper concentrations. In livers with copper-associated hepatitis mainly an activation of inflammatory pathways is detected. Once the hepatitis is in the chronic stage, transcriptional differences are found in cell adhesion adaptations and cytoskeleton remodelling. In view of the high similarities in copper-associated hepatopathies between men and dog extrapolation of these dog data into human biomedicine seems feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Dirksen
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bart Spee
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Louis C. Penning
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Iwan A. Burgener
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department für Kleintiere und Pferde, Veterinärmedizinische Universität Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Jan Rothuizen
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Frank G. van Steenbeek
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hille Fieten
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Alonso C, Fernández-Ramos D, Varela-Rey M, Martínez-Arranz I, Navasa N, Van Liempd SM, Lavin JL, Mayo R, Ilisso CP, de Juan VG, Iruarrizaga-Lejarreta M, delaCruz-Villar L, Mincholé I, Robinson A, Crespo J, Martín-Duce A, Romero-Gomez M, Sann H, Platon J, Van Eyk J, Aspichueta P, Noureddin M, Falcón-Pérez JM, Anguita J, Aransay AM, Martínez-Chantar ML, Lu SC, Mato JM. Metabolomic Identification of Subtypes of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis. Gastroenterology 2017; 152:1449-1461.e7. [PMID: 28132890 PMCID: PMC5406239 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a consequence of defects in diverse metabolic pathways that involve hepatic accumulation of triglycerides. Features of these aberrations might determine whether NAFLD progresses to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). We investigated whether the diverse defects observed in patients with NAFLD are caused by different NAFLD subtypes with specific serum metabolomic profiles, and whether these can distinguish patients with NASH from patients with simple steatosis. METHODS We collected liver and serum from methionine adenosyltransferase 1a knockout (MAT1A-KO) mice, which have chronically low levels of hepatic S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe) and spontaneously develop steatohepatitis, as well as C57Bl/6 mice (controls); the metabolomes of all samples were determined. We also analyzed serum metabolomes of 535 patients with biopsy-proven NAFLD (353 with simple steatosis and 182 with NASH) and compared them with serum metabolomes of mice. MAT1A-KO mice were also given SAMe (30 mg/kg/day for 8 weeks); liver samples were collected and analyzed histologically for steatohepatitis. RESULTS Livers of MAT1A-KO mice were characterized by high levels of triglycerides, diglycerides, fatty acids, ceramides, and oxidized fatty acids, as well as low levels of SAMe and downstream metabolites. There was a correlation between liver and serum metabolomes. We identified a serum metabolomic signature associated with MAT1A-KO mice that also was present in 49% of the patients; based on this signature, we identified 2 NAFLD subtypes. We identified specific panels of markers that could distinguish patients with NASH from patients with simple steatosis for each subtype of NAFLD. Administration of SAMe reduced features of steatohepatitis in MAT1A-KO mice. CONCLUSIONS In an analysis of serum metabolomes of patients with NAFLD and MAT1A-KO mice with steatohepatitis, we identified 2 major subtypes of NAFLD and markers that differentiate steatosis from NASH in each subtype. These might be used to monitor disease progression and identify therapeutic targets for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Alonso
- OWL Metabolomics, Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia, Derio,
Spain
| | | | - Marta Varela-Rey
- CIC bioGUNE, CIBERehd, Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia, Derio,
Spain
| | | | - Nicolás Navasa
- CIC bioGUNE, CIBERehd, Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia, Derio,
Spain
| | | | - José L Lavin
- CIC bioGUNE, CIBERehd, Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia, Derio,
Spain
| | - Rebeca Mayo
- OWL Metabolomics, Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia, Derio,
Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - Itziar Mincholé
- OWL Metabolomics, Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia, Derio,
Spain
| | - Aaron Robinson
- Advanced Clinical Biosystems Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai
Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Javier Crespo
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department. Infection, Immunity and
Digestive Pathology Group. IDIVAL, Instituto de Investigación Valdecilla.
Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, Spain
| | - Antonio Martín-Duce
- Hospital Universitario Príncipe de Asturias. Faculty of
Medicine and Health Science. Alcalá University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Romero-Gomez
- Unidad de Enfermedades Digestivas. Hospital Virgen de Valme.
Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena y Virgen del Rocío. Instituto de
Biomedicina de Sevilla, Universidad de Sevilla, CIBERehd, Seville, Spain
| | - Holger Sann
- Abbott Laboratories GmbH, Freundallee 9A, 30173 Hannover,
Germany
| | - Julian Platon
- Abbott, Hegenheimermattweg 127, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Jennifer Van Eyk
- Advanced Clinical Biosystems Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai
Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Patricia Aspichueta
- Department of Physiology, University of the Basque Country,
Biocruces Research Institute, Spain
| | - Mazen Noureddin
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Cedars-Sinai Medical
Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Juan Anguita
- CIC bioGUNE, CIBERehd, Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia, Derio,
Spain
| | - Ana M Aransay
- CIC bioGUNE, CIBERehd, Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia, Derio,
Spain
| | | | - Shelly C Lu
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Cedars-Sinai Medical
Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - José M Mato
- CIC bioGUNE, CIBERehd, Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia, Derio, Spain.
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Hao X, Zhou M, Li H, Angres IA. Novel immunoassays to detect methionine adenosyltransferase activity and quantify S-adenosylmethionine. FEBS Lett 2017; 591:1114-1125. [PMID: 28337758 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We present a novel real-time immunoassay to measure methionine adenosyltransferase (MAT) activity that integrates the MAT-catalyzed reaction of Met and adenosine triphosphate to produce S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) and a highly sensitive immunoassay to specifically quantify SAM simultaneously. The cellular localization of SAM and S-adenosylhomocysteine varies with cell proliferation status: in normal cells, they are found mostly in the cytoplasm, but localize to the nucleus in proliferating cells. MAT-I/III activity is stimulated by Met, but inhibited by S-nitrosoglutathione, and the methylation index (MI) increases after Met stimulation of L02 cells. Met and S-nitrosoglutathione inhibit MAT-II activity, and the MI decreases after Met stimulation of HepG2 cells. The method described provides a significant advancement in the field for the measurement of MAT activity under various conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Min Zhou
- Hunan SkyWorld Biotechnologies Co. Ltd., Hunan, China
| | - Huijun Li
- Hunan SkyWorld Biotechnologies Co. Ltd., Hunan, China
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105
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Jin Y, Ye N, Zhu F, Li H, Wang J, Jiang L, Zhang J. Calcium-dependent protein kinase CPK28 targets the methionine adenosyltransferases for degradation by the 26S proteasome and affects ethylene biosynthesis and lignin deposition in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 90:304-318. [PMID: 28112445 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet) is synthesized by methionine adenosyltransferase (MAT), and plays an essential role in ethylene biosynthesis and other methylation reactions. Despite increasing knowledge of MAT regulation at transcriptional levels, how MAT is post-translationally regulated remains unknown in plant cells. Phosphorylation is an important post-translational modification for regulating the activity of enzymes, protein function and signaling transduction. Using molecular and biochemical approaches, we have identified the phosphorylation of MAT proteins by calcium-dependent protein kinase (CPK28). Phenotypically, both MAT2-overexpressing transgenic plants and cpk28 mutants display short hypocotyls and ectopic lignifications. Their shortened hypocotyl phenotypes are caused by ethylene overproduction and rescued by ethylene biosynthesis inhibitor aminoethoxyvinylglycine treatment. Genetic evidence reveals that MAT2 mutation restores the phenotype of ectopic lignification in CPK28-deficient plants. We find that total MAT proteins and AdoMet are increased in cpk28 mutants, but decreased in CPK28-overexpressing seedlings. We also find that MATs in OE::CPK28 are degraded through the 26S proteasome pathway. Our work suggests that CPK28 targets MATs (MAT1, MAT2 and MAT3) for degradation by the 26S proteasome pathway, and thus affects ethylene biosynthesis and lignin deposition in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Jin
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Nenghui Ye
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fuyuan Zhu
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Haoxuan Li
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Juan Wang
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Liwen Jiang
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
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106
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Finamor I, Pérez S, Bressan CA, Brenner CE, Rius-Pérez S, Brittes PC, Cheiran G, Rocha MI, da Veiga M, Sastre J, Pavanato MA. Chronic aspartame intake causes changes in the trans-sulphuration pathway, glutathione depletion and liver damage in mice. Redox Biol 2017; 11:701-707. [PMID: 28187322 PMCID: PMC5300302 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2017.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
No-caloric sweeteners, such as aspartame, are widely used in various food and beverages to prevent the increasing rates of obesity and diabetes mellitus, acting as tools in helping control caloric intake. Aspartame is metabolized to phenylalanine, aspartic acid, and methanol. Our aim was to study the effect of chronic administration of aspartame on glutathione redox status and on the trans-sulphuration pathway in mouse liver. Mice were divided into three groups: control; treated daily with aspartame for 90 days; and treated with aspartame plus N-acetylcysteine (NAC). Chronic administration of aspartame increased plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase activities and caused liver injury as well as marked decreased hepatic levels of reduced glutathione (GSH), oxidized glutathione (GSSG), γ-glutamylcysteine (γ-GC), and most metabolites of the trans-sulphuration pathway, such as cysteine, S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), and S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH). Aspartame also triggered a decrease in mRNA and protein levels of the catalytic subunit of glutamate cysteine ligase (GCLc) and cystathionine γ-lyase, and in protein levels of methionine adenosyltransferase 1A and 2A. N-acetylcysteine prevented the aspartame-induced liver injury and the increase in plasma ALT activity as well as the decrease in GSH, γ-GC, cysteine, SAM and SAH levels and GCLc protein levels. In conclusion, chronic administration of aspartame caused marked hepatic GSH depletion, which should be ascribed to GCLc down-regulation and decreased cysteine levels. Aspartame triggered blockade of the trans-sulphuration pathway at two steps, cystathionine γ-lyase and methionine adenosyltransferases. NAC restored glutathione levels as well as the impairment of the trans-sulphuration pathway. Aspartame down-regulates glutamate cysteine ligase and decreased cysteine levels. Aspartame blockades the trans-sulphuration pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabela Finamor
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Salvador Pérez
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Caroline A Bressan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, 97105900 Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Carlos E Brenner
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, 97105900 Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Sergio Rius-Pérez
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Patricia C Brittes
- University Hospital of Santa Maria, Federal University of Santa Maria,, Av. Roraima, 1000, 97105900 Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Gabriele Cheiran
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, 97105900 Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Maria I Rocha
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, 97105900 Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Marcelo da Veiga
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, 97105900 Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Juan Sastre
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Maria A Pavanato
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, 97105900 Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Chen CC, Lee TY, Kwok CF, Hsu YP, Shih KC, Lin YJ, Ho LT. Using proteomics to discover novel biomarkers for fatty liver development and response to CB1R antagonist treatment in an obese mouse model. Proteomics 2017; 17. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201600292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Chang Chen
- Institute of Physiology; National Yang-Ming University; Taipei Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Chang Gung University; Taoyuan Taiwan
| | - Tzung-Yan Lee
- Graduate Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Chang Gung University; Taoyuan Taiwan
| | - Ching-Fai Kwok
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism; Department of Medicine; Taipei Veterans General Hospital; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Yung-Pei Hsu
- Department of Medical Research; Taipei Veterans General Hospital; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Kuang-Chung Shih
- Department of Medicine-Metabolism; Cheng Hsin General Hospital; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Yan-Jie Lin
- Department of Research Planning and Development; National Health Research Institutes; Miaoli Taiwan
| | - Low-Tone Ho
- Institute of Physiology; National Yang-Ming University; Taipei Taiwan
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism; Department of Medicine; Taipei Veterans General Hospital; Taipei Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research; Taipei Veterans General Hospital; Taipei Taiwan
- School of Medicine; National Yang-Ming University; Taipei Taiwan
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108
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Walker AK. 1-Carbon Cycle Metabolites Methylate Their Way to Fatty Liver. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2017; 28:63-72. [PMID: 27789099 PMCID: PMC5183509 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2016.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 10/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Fatty liver is a complex disease often accompanying metabolic syndrome and Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Hepatosteatosis may have roots in multiple metabolic abnormalities. However, metabolic dysfunction in the 1-carbon cycle (1CC), which produces the methyl donor S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) and phosphatidylcholine (PC), induces hepatic lipogenesis in model systems. Human diseases where 1CC or PC synthesis is disrupted, such as alcoholism, congenital lipodystrophy, or cystic fibrosis, often present with fatty liver. Given that the 1CC is clearly linked to this disease, it is critical to understand how the individual metabolites drive mechanisms increasing stored hepatic lipids. In this review, I summarize evidence that ties the 1CC to fatty liver disease along with data proposing mechanisms for increased lipogenesis or decreased lipid export by phosphatidylcholine.
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109
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Lee J, Kim Y, Friso S, Choi SW. Epigenetics in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Mol Aspects Med 2016; 54:78-88. [PMID: 27889327 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2016.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), a common hepatic disorder ranging from simple steatosis through steatohepatitis to fibrosis and cirrhosis, is an emerging health concern. NAFLD is a pathologic condition characterized by the buildup of extra fat in liver cells that is not caused by alcohol consumption. Excess hepatic fat accumulation results from increased delivery of triglycerides (TG) to the liver or conversion of surplus carbohydrates to TG. Importantly, a subgroup of NAFLD results in hepatocellular injury and inflammation, which is referred to as non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and may progress to irreversible cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). NAFLD shares, in part, the common pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome including obesity, hyperlipidemia, insulin resistance, mitochondrial damage, oxidative stress response, and the release of inflammatory cytokines. Epigenetics, an inheritable phenomenon that affects gene expression without altering the DNA sequence, provides a new perspective on the pathogenesis of NAFLD. Reversible epigenetic changes take place at the transcriptional level and provide a phenotypic connection between the host and environment. An accumulating body of evidence suggests the importance of epigenetic roles in NAFLD, which in turn can be identified as potential therapeutic targets and non-invasive biomarkers of NAFLD. It is anticipated that the epigenetic modifiers in NAFLD may provide novel molecular indicators that can determine not only the initial risk but also the disease progression and prognosis. In the present review, we update the roles of epigenetics as pathologic mechanisms, therapeutic targets and biomarkers in NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jooho Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University of Medicine and Science, Seongnam, 13496, South Korea
| | - Yuri Kim
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, South Korea
| | - Simonetta Friso
- University of Verona School of Medicine, Verona, 37134, Italy
| | - Sang-Woon Choi
- Chaum Life Center, CHA University of Medicine and Science, Seoul, 06062, South Korea.
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Sánchez-Sevilla L, Mendieta-Condado E, Hernández-Muñoz R. Putrescine treatment reverses α-tocopherol-induced desynchronization of polyamine and retinoid metabolism during rat liver regeneration. J Transl Med 2016; 14:307. [PMID: 27784309 PMCID: PMC5080801 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-016-1062-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The pre-treatment with α-tocopherol inhibits progression of rat liver proliferation induced by partial hepatectomy (PH), by decreasing and/or desynchronizing cyclin D1 expression and activation into the nucleus, activation and nuclear translocation of STAT-1 and -3 proteins and altering retinoid metabolism. Interactions between retinoic acid and polyamines have been reported in the PH-induced rat liver regeneration. Therefore, we evaluated the effect of low dosage of α-tocopherol on PH-induced changes in polyamine metabolism. Methods This study evaluated the participation of polyamine synthesis and metabolism during α-tocopherol-induced inhibition of rat liver regeneration. In PH-rats (Wistar) treated with α-tocopherol and putrescine, parameters indicative of cell proliferation, lipid peroxidation, ornithine decarboxylase expression (ODC), and polyamine levels, were determined. Results Pre-treatment with α-tocopherol to PH-animals exerted an antioxidant effect, shifting earlier the increased ODC activity and expression, temporally affecting polyamine synthesis and ornithine metabolism. Whereas administration of putrescine induced minor changes in PH-rats, the concomitant treatment actually counteracted most of adverse actions exerted by α-tocopherol on the remnant liver, restituting its proliferative potential, without changing its antioxidant effect. Putrescine administration to these rats was also associated with lower ODC expression and activity in the proliferating liver, but the temporally shifting in the amount of liver polyamines induced by α-tocopherol, was also “synchronized” by the putrescine administration. The latter is supported by the fact that a close relationship was observed between fluctuations of polyamines and retinoids. Conclusions Putrescine counteracted most adverse actions exerted by α-tocopherol on rat liver regeneration, restoring liver proliferative potential and restituting the decreased retinoid levels induced by α-tocopherol. Therefore interactions between polyamines and retinol, mediated by the oxidant status, should be taken into consideration in the development of new therapeutic strategies for pathologies occurring with liver cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lourdes Sánchez-Sevilla
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Apdo. Postal 70-243, 04510, Mexico City, DF, Mexico
| | - Edgar Mendieta-Condado
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Apdo. Postal 70-243, 04510, Mexico City, DF, Mexico
| | - Rolando Hernández-Muñoz
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Apdo. Postal 70-243, 04510, Mexico City, DF, Mexico.
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111
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Methionine and methionine sulfoxide treatment induces M1/classical macrophage polarization and modulates oxidative stress and purinergic signaling parameters. Mol Cell Biochem 2016; 424:69-78. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-016-2843-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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112
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Pérez C, Pérez-Zúñiga FJ, Garrido F, Reytor E, Portillo F, Pajares MA. The Oncogene PDRG1 Is an Interaction Target of Methionine Adenosyltransferases. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161672. [PMID: 27548429 PMCID: PMC4993455 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Methionine adenosyltransferases MAT I and MAT III (encoded by Mat1a) catalyze S-adenosylmethionine synthesis in normal liver. Major hepatic diseases concur with reduced levels of this essential methyl donor, which are primarily due to an expression switch from Mat1a towards Mat2a. Additional changes in the association state and even in subcellular localization of these isoenzymes are also detected. All these alterations result in a reduced content of the moderate (MAT I) and high Vmax (MAT III) isoenzymes, whereas the low Vmax (MAT II) isoenzyme increases and nuclear accumulation of MAT I is observed. These changes derive in a reduced availability of cytoplasmic S-adenosylmethionine, together with an effort to meet its needs in the nucleus of damaged cells, rendering enhanced levels of certain epigenetic modifications. In this context, the putative role of protein-protein interactions in the control of S-adenosylmethionine synthesis has been scarcely studied. Using yeast two hybrid and a rat liver library we identified PDRG1 as an interaction target for MATα1 (catalytic subunit of MAT I and MAT III), further confirmation being obtained by immunoprecipitation and pull-down assays. Nuclear MATα interacts physically and functionally with the PDRG1 oncogene, resulting in reduced DNA methylation levels. Increased Pdrg1 expression is detected in acute liver injury and hepatoma cells, together with decreased Mat1a expression and nuclear accumulation of MATα1. Silencing of Pdrg1 expression in hepatoma cells alters their steady-state expression profile on microarrays, downregulating genes associated with tumor progression according to GO pathway analysis. Altogether, the results unveil the role of PDRG1 in the control of the nuclear methylation status through methionine adenosyltransferase binding and its putative collaboration in the progression of hepatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Pérez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Pérez-Zúñiga
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Garrido
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Edel Reytor
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Portillo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Paz (IdiPAZ), Paseo de la Castellana 261, 28046 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Arzobispo Morcillo 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - María A. Pajares
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Paz (IdiPAZ), Paseo de la Castellana 261, 28046 Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Park EJ, Choi J, Kim JH, Lee BS, Yoon C, Jeong U, Kim Y. Subchronic immunotoxicity and screening of reproductive toxicity and developmental immunotoxicity following single instillation of HIPCO-single-walled carbon nanotubes: purity-based comparison. Nanotoxicology 2016; 10:1188-202. [DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2016.1202348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Jung Park
- Myunggok Eye Research Institute, Konyang University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea,
| | - Je Choi
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea,
| | - Jae-Ho Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea,
| | - Byoung-Seok Lee
- Toxicologic Pathology Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea,
| | - Cheolho Yoon
- Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea, and
| | - Uiseok Jeong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Younghun Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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114
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Mechanistic basis of hypermethioninemia. Amino Acids 2016; 48:2479-2489. [PMID: 27465642 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-016-2302-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hypermethioninemia is a condition defined as elevated plasma methionine levels and may be a consequence of different conditions that include non-genetic and genetic causes. In severe cases, hypermethioninemia may lead to development of neurological and hepatic impairments, but mechanisms are still not well elucidated. Therefore, this review aims to reunite the knowledge acquired about the methionine-induced brain and liver toxicity focusing on the results obtained by studies from patients, in vitro experiments, and in vivo animal models. In general, some studies have shown that methionine decreases Na+,K+-ATPase activity, induces oxidative stress, increases acetylcholinesterase activity, and leads to dendritic spine downregulation in brain. Concerning to liver, hypermethioninemia seems to provoke changes in cell morphology, lipid accumulation, oxidative stress, inflammation, and ATP depletion. It is possible to infer that oxidative damage is one of the most important mechanisms responsible for methionine toxicity, since different studies showed that this amino acid induces oxidative stress in brain and liver tissues. Besides, reactive oxygen species may mediate other alterations induced by methionine, such as the reduction in brain Na+,K+-ATPase activity, and liver inflammation.
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115
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Peixoto E, Atorrasagasti C, Malvicini M, Fiore E, Rodriguez M, Garcia M, Finocchieto P, Poderoso JJ, Corrales F, Mazzolini G. SPARC gene deletion protects against toxic liver injury and is associated to an enhanced proliferative capacity and reduced oxidative stress response. Oncotarget 2016; 10:4169-4179. [PMID: 31289615 PMCID: PMC6609249 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
SPARC, also known as osteonectin and BM-40, is a matricellular protein with a number of biological functions. Hepatic SPARC expression is induced in response to thioacetamide, bile-duct ligation, and acute injuries such as concanavalin A and lipopolysacharide (LPS)/D-galactosamine. We have previously demonstrated that the therapeutic inhibition of SPARC or SPARC gene deletion protected mice against liver injury. We investigated the mechanisms involved in the protective effect of SPARC inhibition in mice. We performed a proteome analysis of livers from SPARC+/+ and SPARC−/− mice chronically treated with thioacetamide. Catalase activity, carbonylation levels, oxidative stress response, and mitochondrial function were studied. Genomic analysis revealed that SPARC−/− mice had an increased expression of cell proliferation genes. Proteins involved in detoxification of reactive oxygen species such as catalase, peroxirredoxine-1, and glutathione-S-transferase P1 and Mu1 were highly expressed as evidenced by proteome analysis; hepatic catalase activity was increased in SPARC−/− mice. Oxidative stress response and carbonylation levels were lower in livers from SPARC−/− mice. Hepatic mitochondria showed lower levels of nitrogen reactive species in the SPARC−/− concanavalin A-treated mice. Mitochondrial morphology was preserved, and its complex activity reduced in SPARC−/− mice. In conclusion, our data suggest that the protection associated with SPARC gene deletion may be partially due to a higher proliferative capacity of hepatocytes and an enhanced oxidative stress defense in SPARC−/− mice after liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estanislao Peixoto
- Gene Therapy Laboratory, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas Aplicadas-CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Catalina Atorrasagasti
- Gene Therapy Laboratory, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas Aplicadas-CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariana Malvicini
- Gene Therapy Laboratory, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas Aplicadas-CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Esteban Fiore
- Gene Therapy Laboratory, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas Aplicadas-CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcelo Rodriguez
- Gene Therapy Laboratory, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas Aplicadas-CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariana Garcia
- Gene Therapy Laboratory, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas Aplicadas-CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | | | - Guillermo Mazzolini
- Gene Therapy Laboratory, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas Aplicadas-CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Ibrahim SH, Hirsova P, Malhi H, Gores GJ. Animal Models of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis: Eat, Delete, and Inflame. Dig Dis Sci 2016; 61:1325-36. [PMID: 26626909 PMCID: PMC4838538 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-015-3977-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
With the obesity epidemic, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become a public health problem with increasing prevalence. The mechanism of disease progression remains obscure and effective therapy is lacking. Therefore, there is a need to understand the pathogenic mechanisms responsible for disease development and progression in order to develop innovative therapies. To accomplish this goal, experimental animal models that recapitulate the human disease are necessary, especially, since causative mechanistic studies of NAFLD are more difficult or unethical to perform in humans. A large number of studies regarding the pathophysiology and treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) have been undertaken in mice to model human NAFLD and NASH. This review discusses the known dietary, genetic, and inflammation-based animal models of NASH described in recent years, with a focus on the major advances made in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar H Ibrahim
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Petra Hirsova
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Harmeet Malhi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Gregory J Gores
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
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Rosa J, Tiago DM, Marques CL, Vijayakumar P, Fonseca L, Cancela ML, Laizé V. Central role of betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase 3 in chondral ossification and evidence for sub-functionalization in neoteleost fish. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1860:1373-87. [PMID: 27036080 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To better understand the complex mechanisms of bone formation it is fundamental that genes central to signaling/regulatory pathways and matrix formation are identified. Cell systems were used to analyze genes differentially expressed during extracellular matrix mineralization and bhmt3, coding for a betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase, was shown to be down-regulated in mineralizing gilthead seabream cells. METHODS Levels and sites of bhmt3 expression were determined by qPCR and in situ hybridization throughout seabream development and in adult tissues. Transcriptional regulation of bhmt3 was assessed from the activity of promoter constructs controlling luciferase gene expression. Molecular phylogeny of vertebrate BHMT was determined from maximum likelihood analysis of available sequences. RESULTS bhmt3 transcript is abundant in calcified tissues and localized in cartilaginous structures undergoing endo/perichondral ossification. Promoter activity is regulated by transcription factors involved in bone and cartilage development, further demonstrating the central role of Bhmt3 in chondrogenesis and/or osteogenesis. Molecular phylogeny revealed the explosive diversity of bhmt genes in neoteleost fish, while tissue distribution of bhmt genes in seabream suggested that neoteleostean Bhmt may have undergone several steps of sub-functionalization. CONCLUSIONS Data on bhmt3 gene expression and promoter activity evidences a novel function for betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase in bone and cartilage development, while phylogenetic analysis provides new insights into the evolution of vertebrate BHMTs and suggests that multiple gene duplication events occurred in neoteleost fish lineage. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE High and specific expression of Bhmt3 in gilthead seabream calcified tissues suggests that bone-specific betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferases could represent a suitable marker of chondral ossification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Rosa
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal; PhD Program in Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine (DCBM), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Daniel M Tiago
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Cátia L Marques
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | | | - Luis Fonseca
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - M Leonor Cancela
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine (DCBM), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Vincent Laizé
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal.
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Berge RK, Bjørndal B, Strand E, Bohov P, Lindquist C, Nordrehaug JE, Svardal A, Skorve J, Nygård O. Tetradecylthiopropionic acid induces hepatic mitochondrial dysfunction and steatosis, accompanied by increased plasma homocysteine in mice. Lipids Health Dis 2016; 15:24. [PMID: 26846427 PMCID: PMC4743328 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-016-0192-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatic mitochondrial dysfunction plays an important role in the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Methyl donor supplementation has been shown to alleviate NAFLD, connecting the condition to the one-carbon metabolism. Thus, the objective was to investigate regulation of homocysteine (Hcy) and metabolites along the choline oxidation pathway during induction of hepatic steatosis by the fatty acid analogue tetradecylthiopropionic acid (TTP), an inhibitor of mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation. METHODS Mice were fed a control diet, or diets containing 0.3 %, 0.6 %, or 0.9 % (w/w) TTP for 14 days. Blood and liver samples were collected, enzyme activities and gene expression were analyzed in liver, lipid and fatty acid composition in liver and plasma, one-carbon metabolites, B-vitamin status, carnitine and acylcarnitines were analyzed in plasma. RESULTS Liver mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation decreased by 40 % and steatosis was induced in a dose dependent manner; total lipids increased 1.6-fold in animals treated with 0.3 % TTP, 2-fold with 0.6 % TTP and 2.1 fold with 0.9 % TTP compared to control. The higher hepatic concentration of fatty acids was associated with shortening of carbon-length. Furthermore, the inhibited fatty acid oxidation led to a 30-fold decrease in plasma carnitine and 9.3-fold decrease in acetylcarnitine at the highest dose of TTP, whereas an accumulation of palmitoylcarnitine resulted. Compared to the control diet, TTP administration was associated with elevated plasma total Hcy (control: 7.2 ± 0.3 umol/L, 0.9 % TTP: 30.5 ± 5.9 umol/L) and 1.4-1.6 fold increase in the one-carbon metabolites betaine, dimethylglycine, sarcosine and glycine, accompanied by changes in gene expression of the different B-vitamin dependent pathways of Hcy and choline metabolism. A positive correlation between total Hcy and hepatic triacylglycerol resulted. CONCLUSIONS The TTP-induced inhibition of mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation was not associated with increased hepatic oxidative stress or inflammation. Our data suggest a link between mitochondrial dysfunction and the methylation processes within the one-carbon metabolism in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf K Berge
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020, Bergen, Norway. .,Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Bodil Bjørndal
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Elin Strand
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Pavol Bohov
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Carine Lindquist
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Jan Erik Nordrehaug
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020, Bergen, Norway. .,Department of Heart Disease, Stavanger University Hospital, 4142, Stavanger, Norway.
| | - Asbjørn Svardal
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Jon Skorve
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Ottar Nygård
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020, Bergen, Norway. .,Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021, Bergen, Norway. .,KG Jebsen Centre for Diabetes Research, University of Bergen, 5020, Bergen, Norway.
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Liu J, Yang HI, Lee MH, Jen CL, Hu HH, Lu SN, Wang LY, You SL, Huang YT, Chen CJ. Alcohol Drinking Mediates the Association between Polymorphisms of ADH1B and ALDH2 and Hepatitis B-Related Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2016; 25:693-9. [PMID: 26827895 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-15-0961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of polymorphisms on ADH1B and ALDH2 in patients with chronic hepatitis B is unclear. This study aims to examine whether alcohol drinking mediates the association between two ADH1B and ALDH2 polymorphisms and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma among chronic hepatitis B patients. METHODS A total of 3,824 individuals were enrolled in this study. Two SNPs, rs1229984 (ADH1B) and rs671 (ALDH2), were genotyped using the Affymetrix Axiom Genome-Wide CHB1 Array (Affymetrix, Inc). Multivariate unconditional logistic regression and mediation analyses were used, comparing CT or TT with CC for rs1229984 and GA and AA with GG for rs671. RESULTS There were 602 cases of hepatocellular carcinoma and 3,222 controls. Frequencies of the rs1229984 (ADH1B) T allele and rs671 (ALDH2) A allele were 72.9% and 28.8%, respectively. Individuals who carried at least one deficient allele for both SNPs were significantly less likely to become habitual alcohol drinkers, with an OR and 95% confidence interval (CI) of 0.24 (0.15-0.40). Alleles for rs1229984 (ADH1B) and rs671 (ALDH2) were not associated with hepatocellular carcinoma in multivariate analyses. However, mediation analyses showed that the rs1229984 T allele, rs671 A allele, and two SNPs combined were significantly associated with decreased hepatocellular carcinoma risk, mediated through alcohol drinking, with an OR (95% CI) of 0.87 (0.79-0.96), 0.70 (0.61-0.82), and 0.73 (0.58-0.88), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Polymorphisms on ADH1B and ALDH2 had significant indirect effects on hepatocellular carcinoma risk, mediated through alcohol drinking. IMPACT Future genetic studies of chronic hepatitis B and hepatocellular carcinoma must take mediation effects into consideration. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 25(4); 693-9. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Liu
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hwai-I Yang
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Hsuan Lee
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Lan Jen
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Han Hu
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Nan Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Li-Yu Wang
- MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - San-Lin You
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine, Catholic Fu Jen University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Tsung Huang
- Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island.
| | - Chien-Jen Chen
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan. Graduate Institute of Epidemiology and Preventative Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Mato JM, Lu SC. Liver receptor homolog 1 and transmethylation fluxes in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatology 2016; 63:17-9. [PMID: 26335943 DOI: 10.1002/hep.28146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- José M Mato
- CIC bioGUNE, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (Ciberehd), Derio, Spain
| | - Shelly C Lu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
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Stender S, Chakrabarti RS, Xing C, Gotway G, Cohen JC, Hobbs HH. Adult-onset liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma in S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase deficiency. Mol Genet Metab 2015; 116:269-74. [PMID: 26527160 PMCID: PMC4733618 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2015.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The etiology of liver disease remains elusive in some adults presenting with severe hepatic dysfunction. METHODS AND RESULTS Here we describe a woman of Pakistani descent who had elevated aminotransferases at age 23. She developed muscle weakness in her mid-20s, and was diagnosed with hepatocellular carcinoma at age 29. She died without a diagnosis at age 32 after having a liver transplant. Exome sequencing revealed that she was homozygous for a missense mutation (R49H) in AHCY, the gene encoding S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) hydrolase. SAH hydrolase catalyzes the final step in conversion of methionine to homocysteine and inactivating mutations in this enzyme cause a rare autosomal recessive disorder, SAH hydrolase deficiency, that typically presents in infancy. An asymptomatic 7-year old son of the proband is also homozygous for the AHCY-R49H mutation and has elevated serum aminotransferase levels, as well as markedly elevated serum levels of SAH, S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), and methionine, which are hallmarks of SAH hydrolase deficiency. CONCLUSION This report reveals several new aspects of SAH hydrolase deficiency. Affected women with SAH hydrolase deficiency can give birth to healthy children. SAH hydrolase deficiency can remain asymptomatic in childhood, and the disorder can be associated with early onset hepatocellular carcinoma. The measurement of serum amino acids should be considered in patients with liver disease or hepatocellular carcinoma of unknown etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Stender
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States; McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States.
| | - Rima S Chakrabarti
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States.
| | - Chao Xing
- McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States.
| | - Garrett Gotway
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States.
| | - Jonathan C Cohen
- McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States.
| | - Helen H Hobbs
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States; McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States.
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122
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Ding W, Smulan LJ, Hou NS, Taubert S, Watts JL, Walker AK. s-Adenosylmethionine Levels Govern Innate Immunity through Distinct Methylation-Dependent Pathways. Cell Metab 2015; 22:633-45. [PMID: 26321661 PMCID: PMC4598287 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2015.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
s-adenosylmethionine (SAM) is the sole methyl donor modifying histones, nucleic acids, and phospholipids. Its fluctuation affects hepatic phosphatidylcholine (PC) synthesis or may be linked to variations in DNA or histone methylation. Physiologically, low SAM is associated with lipid accumulation, tissue injury, and immune responses in fatty liver disease. However, molecular connections among SAM limitation, methyltransferases, and disease-associated phenotypes are unclear. We find that low SAM can activate or attenuate Caenorhabditis elegans immune responses. Immune pathways are stimulated downstream of PC production on a non-pathogenic diet. In contrast, distinct SAM-dependent mechanisms limit survival on pathogenic Pseudomonas aeruginosa. C. elegans undertakes a broad transcriptional response to pathogens and we find that low SAM restricts H3K4me3 at Pseudomonas-responsive promoters, limiting their expression. Furthermore, this response depends on the H3K4 methyltransferase set-16/MLL. Thus, our studies provide molecular links between SAM and innate immune functions and suggest that SAM depletion may limit stress-induced gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ding
- Program in Molecular Medicine, UMass Worcester, 373 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Lorissa J Smulan
- Program in Molecular Medicine, UMass Worcester, 373 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Nicole S Hou
- Department of Medical Genetics, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics (CMMT) and Child & Family Research Institute (CFRI), University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Stefan Taubert
- Department of Medical Genetics, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics (CMMT) and Child & Family Research Institute (CFRI), University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Jennifer L Watts
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6340, USA
| | - Amy K Walker
- Program in Molecular Medicine, UMass Worcester, 373 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
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Chien YH, Abdenur JE, Baronio F, Bannick AA, Corrales F, Couce M, Donner MG, Ficicioglu C, Freehauf C, Frithiof D, Gotway G, Hirabayashi K, Hofstede F, Hoganson G, Hwu WL, James P, Kim S, Korman SH, Lachmann R, Levy H, Lindner M, Lykopoulou L, Mayatepek E, Muntau A, Okano Y, Raymond K, Rubio-Gozalbo E, Scholl-Bürgi S, Schulze A, Singh R, Stabler S, Stuy M, Thomas J, Wagner C, Wilson WG, Wortmann S, Yamamoto S, Pao M, Blom HJ. Mudd's disease (MAT I/III deficiency): a survey of data for MAT1A homozygotes and compound heterozygotes. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2015; 10:99. [PMID: 26289392 PMCID: PMC4545930 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-015-0321-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This paper summarizes the results of a group effort to bring together the worldwide available data on patients who are either homozygotes or compound heterozygotes for mutations in MAT1A. MAT1A encodes the subunit that forms two methionine adenosyltransferase isoenzymes, tetrameric MAT I and dimeric MAT III, that catalyze the conversion of methionine and ATP to S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet). Subnormal MAT I/III activity leads to hypermethioninemia. Individuals, with hypermethioninemia due to one of the MAT1A mutations that in heterozygotes cause relatively mild and clinically benign hypermethioninemia are currently often being flagged in screening programs measuring methionine elevation to identify newborns with defective cystathionine β-synthase activity. Homozygotes or compound heterozygotes for MAT1A mutations are less frequent. Some but not all, such individuals have manifested demyelination or other CNS abnormalities. PURPOSE OF THE STUDY The goals of the present effort have been to determine the frequency of such abnormalities, to find how best to predict whether they will occur, and to evaluate the outcomes of the variety of treatment regimens that have been used. Data have been gathered for 64 patients, of whom 32 have some evidence of CNS abnormalities (based mainly on MRI findings), and 32 do not have such evidence. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The results show that mean plasma methionine concentrations provide the best indication of the group into which a given patient will fall: those with means of 800 μM or higher usually have evidence of CNS abnormalities, whereas those with lower means usually do not. Data are reported for individual patients for MAT1A genotypes, plasma methionine, total homocysteine (tHcy), and AdoMet concentrations, liver function studies, results of 15 pregnancies, and the outcomes of dietary methionine restriction and/or AdoMet supplementation. Possible pathophysiological mechanisms that might contribute to CNS damage are discussed, and tentative suggestions are put forth as to optimal management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Hsiu Chien
- Department of Medical Genetics and Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Children's Hospital Building, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jose E Abdenur
- Division of Metabolic Disorders, CHOC Children's, Orange, CA, USA
| | - Federico Baronio
- Newborn Screening and Inborn Errors of Metabolism Regional Centre, Pediatric Endocrinology Program, Pediatric Unit, S.Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Allison Anne Bannick
- Children's Hospital of Michigan Metabolic Clinic, Detroit Medical Center, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Fernando Corrales
- Department of Hepatology, Proteomics laboratory, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maria Couce
- Head of Metabolic Unit, Department Pediatrics, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Markus G Donner
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Can Ficicioglu
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Division of Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Cynthia Freehauf
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Deborah Frithiof
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Pediatrics Umeå University, SE 901 85, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Garrett Gotway
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics and Metabolism; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Clinical Genetics; and McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Koichi Hirabayashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1, Asahi, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Floris Hofstede
- Division of Paediatrics, Department of Metabolic Diseases, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - George Hoganson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Medicine, Chicago, Il, USA
| | - Wuh-Liang Hwu
- Department of Medical Genetics and Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Children's Hospital Building, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Philip James
- Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Sook Kim
- KSZ Children's Hospital/Korea Genetics Research Center, Jikjidaero, Heung Duck Gu, Cheng Ju City, Chung Buk, Republic of Korea
| | - Stanley H Korman
- Department of Genetics and Department of Metabolic Diseases, Hebrew University, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Robin Lachmann
- Charles Dent Metabolic Unit, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Harvey Levy
- Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Martin Lindner
- Department of General Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Metabolic Medicine and Neuropediatrics, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University Children's Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Lilia Lykopoulou
- First Department of Pediatrics, University of Athens, Agia Sofia Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Ertan Mayatepek
- Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Ania Muntau
- University Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Yoshiyuki Okano
- Department of Genetics, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Kimiyo Raymond
- Department of Medicine and Pathology, Biochemical Genetics Laboratory, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Estela Rubio-Gozalbo
- Department of Pediatrics and Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Sabine Scholl-Bürgi
- Medical University of Innsbruck, Clinic for Pediatrics, Inherited Metabolic Disorders, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andreas Schulze
- Genetics and Genome Biology, Peter Gilgan Center for Research and Learning The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rani Singh
- Department of Human Genetics and Pediatric, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sally Stabler
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Mary Stuy
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Janet Thomas
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Conrad Wagner
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tn, USA
| | - William G Wilson
- Division of Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Saskia Wortmann
- Nijmegen Centre for Mitochondrial Disorders (NCMD), RadboudUMC, Amalia Children's Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Maryland Pao
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Henk J Blom
- Laboratory for Clinical Biochemistry and Metabolism, Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine University Hospital Freiburg, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.
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2D DIGE proteomic analysis highlights delayed postnatal repression of α-fetoprotein expression in homocystinuria model mice. FEBS Open Bio 2015. [PMID: 26199862 PMCID: PMC4506956 DOI: 10.1016/j.fob.2015.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystathionine β-synthase-deficient (Cbs (-/-)) mice, an animal model for homocystinuria, exhibit hepatic steatosis and juvenile semilethality via as yet unknown mechanisms. The plasma protein profile of Cbs (-/-) mice was investigated by proteomic analysis using two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight/mass spectrometry. We found hyperaccumulation of α-fetoprotein (AFP) and downregulation of most other plasma proteins. AFP was highly expressed in fetal liver, but its expression declined dramatically via transcriptional repression after birth in both wild-type and Cbs (-/-) mice. However, the repression was delayed in Cbs (-/-) mice, causing high postnatal AFP levels, which may relate to transcriptional repression of most plasma proteins originating from liver and the observed hepatic dysfunction.
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Key Words
- 2D DIGE
- 2D DIGE, two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis
- AFP, α-fetoprotein
- CBS, cystathionine β-synthase
- CTH, cystathionine γ-lyase
- Cystathionine β-synthase
- DTT, dithiothreitol
- HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma
- IEF, isoelectric focusing
- IPG, immobilized pH gradient
- MALDI-TOF/MS
- MALDI-TOF/MS, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight/mass spectrometry
- NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
- PAGE, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
- Proteomics
- Transcriptional regulation
- qPCR, quantitative polymerase chain reaction
- α-Fetoprotein
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125
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Frades I, Andreasson E, Mato JM, Alexandersson E, Matthiesen R, Martínez-Chantar ML. Integrative genomic signatures of hepatocellular carcinoma derived from nonalcoholic Fatty liver disease. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124544. [PMID: 25993042 PMCID: PMC4439034 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a risk factor for Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but he transition from NAFLD to HCC is poorly understood. Feature selection algorithms in human and genetically modified mice NAFLD and HCC microarray data were applied to generate signatures of NAFLD progression and HCC differential survival. These signatures were used to study the pathogenesis of NAFLD derived HCC and explore which subtypes of cancers that can be investigated using mouse models. Our findings show that: (I) HNF4 is a common potential transcription factor mediating the transcription of NAFLD progression genes (II) mice HCC derived from NAFLD co-cluster with a less aggressive human HCC subtype of differential prognosis and mixed etiology (III) the HCC survival signature is able to correctly classify 95% of the samples and gives Fgf20 and Tgfb1i1 as the most robust genes for prediction (IV) the expression values of genes composing the signature in an independent human HCC dataset revealed different HCC subtypes showing differences in survival time by a Logrank test. In summary, we present marker signatures for NAFLD derived HCC molecular pathogenesis both at the gene and pathway level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itziar Frades
- Metabolomics Unit, CIC bioGUNE, Centro de Investigación Cooperativa en Biociencias, Bizkaia Technology Park, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
- Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Erik Andreasson
- Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Jose Maria Mato
- Metabolomics Unit, CIC bioGUNE, Centro de Investigación Cooperativa en Biociencias, Bizkaia Technology Park, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Erik Alexandersson
- Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Rune Matthiesen
- Department of Human genetics, National Health Institute Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Mª Luz Martínez-Chantar
- Metabolomics Unit, CIC bioGUNE, Centro de Investigación Cooperativa en Biociencias, Bizkaia Technology Park, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
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126
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Elucidating Metabolic and Epigenetic Mechanisms that Regulate Liver Regeneration. CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s40139-015-0065-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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127
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Benet M, Guzmán C, Pisonero-Vaquero S, García-Mediavilla MV, Sánchez-Campos S, Martínez-Chantar ML, Donato MT, Castell JV, Jover R. Repression of the nuclear receptor small heterodimer partner by steatotic drugs and in advanced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Mol Pharmacol 2015; 87:582-94. [PMID: 25576488 DOI: 10.1124/mol.114.096313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The small heterodimer partner (SHP) (NR0B2) is an atypical nuclear receptor that lacks a DNA-binding domain. It interacts with and inhibits many transcription factors, affecting key metabolic processes, including bile acid, cholesterol, fatty acid, and drug metabolism. Our aim was to determine the influence of steatotic drugs and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) on SHP expression and investigate the potential mechanisms. SHP was found to be repressed by steatotic drugs (valproate, doxycycline, tetracycline, and cyclosporin A) in cultured hepatic cells and the livers of different animal models of NAFLD: iatrogenic (tetracycline-treated rats), genetic (glycine N-methyltransferase-deficient mice), and nutritional (mice fed a methionine- and choline-deficient diet). Among the different transcription factors investigated, CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein α (C/EBPα) showed the strongest dominant-repressive effect on SHP expression in HepG2 and human hepatocytes. Reporter assays revealed that the inhibitory effect of C/EBPα and steatotic drugs colocalize between -340 and -509 base pair of the SHP promoter, and mutation of a predicted C/EBPα response element at -473 base pair abolished SHP repression by both C/EBPα and drugs. Moreover, inhibition of major stress signaling pathways demonstrated that the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1/2 pathway activates, while the phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase pathway represses SHP in a C/EBP-dependent manner. We conclude that SHP is downregulated by several steatotic drugs and in advanced NAFLD. These conditions can activate signals that target C/EBPα and consequently repress SHP, thus favoring the progression and severity of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Benet
- Experimental Hepatology Unit, IIS Hospital La Fe, Valencia (M.B., C.G., M.T.D., J.V.C., R.J.); CIBERehd, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Barcelona (M.B., M.V.G.-M., S.S.-C., M.L.M.-C., M.T.D., J.V.C., R.J.); Institute of Biomedicine, University of León, León (S.P.-V., M.V.G.-M., S.S.-C.); CIC bioGUNE, Technology Park of Bizkaia, Derio (M.L.M.-C.); and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain (M.T.D., J.V.C., R.J.)
| | - Carla Guzmán
- Experimental Hepatology Unit, IIS Hospital La Fe, Valencia (M.B., C.G., M.T.D., J.V.C., R.J.); CIBERehd, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Barcelona (M.B., M.V.G.-M., S.S.-C., M.L.M.-C., M.T.D., J.V.C., R.J.); Institute of Biomedicine, University of León, León (S.P.-V., M.V.G.-M., S.S.-C.); CIC bioGUNE, Technology Park of Bizkaia, Derio (M.L.M.-C.); and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain (M.T.D., J.V.C., R.J.)
| | - Sandra Pisonero-Vaquero
- Experimental Hepatology Unit, IIS Hospital La Fe, Valencia (M.B., C.G., M.T.D., J.V.C., R.J.); CIBERehd, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Barcelona (M.B., M.V.G.-M., S.S.-C., M.L.M.-C., M.T.D., J.V.C., R.J.); Institute of Biomedicine, University of León, León (S.P.-V., M.V.G.-M., S.S.-C.); CIC bioGUNE, Technology Park of Bizkaia, Derio (M.L.M.-C.); and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain (M.T.D., J.V.C., R.J.)
| | - M Victoria García-Mediavilla
- Experimental Hepatology Unit, IIS Hospital La Fe, Valencia (M.B., C.G., M.T.D., J.V.C., R.J.); CIBERehd, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Barcelona (M.B., M.V.G.-M., S.S.-C., M.L.M.-C., M.T.D., J.V.C., R.J.); Institute of Biomedicine, University of León, León (S.P.-V., M.V.G.-M., S.S.-C.); CIC bioGUNE, Technology Park of Bizkaia, Derio (M.L.M.-C.); and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain (M.T.D., J.V.C., R.J.)
| | - Sonia Sánchez-Campos
- Experimental Hepatology Unit, IIS Hospital La Fe, Valencia (M.B., C.G., M.T.D., J.V.C., R.J.); CIBERehd, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Barcelona (M.B., M.V.G.-M., S.S.-C., M.L.M.-C., M.T.D., J.V.C., R.J.); Institute of Biomedicine, University of León, León (S.P.-V., M.V.G.-M., S.S.-C.); CIC bioGUNE, Technology Park of Bizkaia, Derio (M.L.M.-C.); and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain (M.T.D., J.V.C., R.J.)
| | - M Luz Martínez-Chantar
- Experimental Hepatology Unit, IIS Hospital La Fe, Valencia (M.B., C.G., M.T.D., J.V.C., R.J.); CIBERehd, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Barcelona (M.B., M.V.G.-M., S.S.-C., M.L.M.-C., M.T.D., J.V.C., R.J.); Institute of Biomedicine, University of León, León (S.P.-V., M.V.G.-M., S.S.-C.); CIC bioGUNE, Technology Park of Bizkaia, Derio (M.L.M.-C.); and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain (M.T.D., J.V.C., R.J.)
| | - M Teresa Donato
- Experimental Hepatology Unit, IIS Hospital La Fe, Valencia (M.B., C.G., M.T.D., J.V.C., R.J.); CIBERehd, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Barcelona (M.B., M.V.G.-M., S.S.-C., M.L.M.-C., M.T.D., J.V.C., R.J.); Institute of Biomedicine, University of León, León (S.P.-V., M.V.G.-M., S.S.-C.); CIC bioGUNE, Technology Park of Bizkaia, Derio (M.L.M.-C.); and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain (M.T.D., J.V.C., R.J.)
| | - José Vicente Castell
- Experimental Hepatology Unit, IIS Hospital La Fe, Valencia (M.B., C.G., M.T.D., J.V.C., R.J.); CIBERehd, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Barcelona (M.B., M.V.G.-M., S.S.-C., M.L.M.-C., M.T.D., J.V.C., R.J.); Institute of Biomedicine, University of León, León (S.P.-V., M.V.G.-M., S.S.-C.); CIC bioGUNE, Technology Park of Bizkaia, Derio (M.L.M.-C.); and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain (M.T.D., J.V.C., R.J.)
| | - Ramiro Jover
- Experimental Hepatology Unit, IIS Hospital La Fe, Valencia (M.B., C.G., M.T.D., J.V.C., R.J.); CIBERehd, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Barcelona (M.B., M.V.G.-M., S.S.-C., M.L.M.-C., M.T.D., J.V.C., R.J.); Institute of Biomedicine, University of León, León (S.P.-V., M.V.G.-M., S.S.-C.); CIC bioGUNE, Technology Park of Bizkaia, Derio (M.L.M.-C.); and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain (M.T.D., J.V.C., R.J.)
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128
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Guo DC, Gong L, Regalado E, Santos-Cortez R, Zhao R, Cai B, Veeraraghavan S, Prakash S, Johnson R, Muilenburg A, Willing M, Jondeau G, Boileau C, Pannu H, Moran R, Debacker J, Bamshad M, Shendure J, Nickerson D, Leal S, Raman C, Swindell E, Milewicz D, Swindell EC, Milewicz DM. MAT2A mutations predispose individuals to thoracic aortic aneurysms. Am J Hum Genet 2015; 96:170-7. [PMID: 25557781 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2014.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Up to 20% of individuals who have thoracic aortic aneurysms or acute aortic dissections but who do not have syndromic features have a family history of thoracic aortic disease. Significant genetic heterogeneity is established for this familial condition. Whole-genome linkage analysis and exome sequencing of distant relatives from a large family with autosomal-dominant inheritance of thoracic aortic aneurysms variably associated with the bicuspid aortic valve was used for identification of additional genes predisposing individuals to this condition. A rare variant, c.1031A>C (p.Glu344Ala), was identified in MAT2A, which encodes methionine adenosyltransferase II alpha (MAT IIα). This variant segregated with disease in the family, and Sanger sequencing of DNA from affected probands from unrelated families with thoracic aortic disease identified another MAT2A rare variant, c.1067G>A (p.Arg356His). Evidence that these variants predispose individuals to thoracic aortic aneurysms and dissections includes the following: there is a paucity of rare variants in MAT2A in the population; amino acids Glu344 and Arg356 are conserved from humans to zebrafish; and substitutions of these amino acids in MAT Iα are found in individuals with hypermethioninemia. Structural analysis suggested that p.Glu344Ala and p.Arg356His disrupt MAT IIα enzyme function. Knockdown of mat2aa in zebrafish via morpholino oligomers disrupted cardiovascular development. Co-transfected wild-type human MAT2A mRNA rescued defects of zebrafish cardiovascular development at significantly higher levels than mRNA edited to express either the Glu344 or Arg356 mutants, providing further evidence that the p.Glu344Ala and p.Arg356His substitutions impair MAT IIα function. The data presented here support the conclusion that rare genetic variants in MAT2A predispose individuals to thoracic aortic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Eric C Swindell
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Dianna M Milewicz
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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129
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Acid sphingomyelinase-ceramide system in steatohepatitis: a novel target regulating multiple pathways. J Hepatol 2015; 62:219-33. [PMID: 25281863 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2014.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Revised: 09/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Steatohepatitis (SH) is an intermediate stage of fatty liver disease and is one of the most common causes of chronic liver disease worldwide that may progress to cirrhosis and liver cancer. SH encompasses alcoholic and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, the latter being of particular concern as it is associated with obesity and insulin resistance and has become a major cause of liver transplantation. The molecular mechanisms governing the transition from steatosis to SH are not fully understood. Here we discuss emerging data indicating that the acid sphingomyelinase (ASMase), a specific mechanism of ceramide generation, is required for the activation of key pathways that regulate steatosis, fibrosis and lipotoxicity, including endoplasmic reticulum stress, autophagy and lysosomal membrane permeabilization. Moreover, ASMase modulates alterations of the methionine cycle and phosphatidylcholine homeostasis, two crucial events involved in SH that regulate methylation reactions, antioxidant defence and membrane integrity. These new findings suggest that targeting ASMase in combination with restoring methionine metabolism and phosphatidylcholine levels may be of utility in the treatment of SH.
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130
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Abstract
Accumulation of triacylglycerols within the cytoplasm of hepatocytes to the degree that lipid droplets are visible microscopically is called liver steatosis. Most commonly, it occurs when there is an imbalance between the delivery or synthesis of fatty acids in the liver and their disposal through oxidative pathways or secretion into the blood as a component of triacylglycerols in very low density lipoprotein. This disorder is called nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in the absence of alcoholic abuse and viral hepatitis, and it is often associated with insulin resistance, obesity and type 2 diabetes. Also, liver steatosis can be induced by many other causes including excessive alcohol consumption, infection with genotype 3 hepatitis C virus and certain medications. Whereas hepatic triacylglycerol accumulation was once considered the ultimate effector of hepatic lipotoxicity, triacylglycerols per se are quite inert and do not induce insulin resistance or cellular injury. Rather, lipotoxic injury in the liver appears to be mediated by the global ongoing fatty acid enrichment in the liver, paralleling the development of insulin resistance. A considerable number of fatty acid metabolites may be responsible for hepatic lipotoxicity and liver injury. Additional key contributors include hepatic cytosolic lipases and the "lipophagy" of lipid droplets, as sources of hepatic fatty acids. The specific origin of the lipids, mainly triacylglycerols, accumulating in liver has been unraveled by recent kinetic studies, and identifying the origin of the accumulated triacylglycerols in the liver of patients with NAFLD may direct the prevention and treatment of this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Q-H Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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131
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Li TWH, Peng H, Yang H, Kurniawidjaja S, Panthaki P, Zheng Y, Mato JM, Lu SC. S-Adenosylmethionine and methylthioadenosine inhibit β-catenin signaling by multiple mechanisms in liver and colon cancer. Mol Pharmacol 2014; 87:77-86. [PMID: 25338671 DOI: 10.1124/mol.114.095679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
S-Adenosylmethionine (SAMe), the principal methyl donor that is available as a nutritional supplement, and its metabolite methylthioadenosine (MTA) exert chemopreventive properties against liver and colon cancer in experimental models. Both agents reduced β-catenin expression on immunohistochemistry in a murine colitis-associated colon cancer model. In this study, we examined the molecular mechanisms involved. SAMe or MTA treatment in the colitis-associated cancer model lowered total β-catenin protein levels by 47 and 78%, respectively. In an orthotopic liver cancer model, increasing SAMe levels by overexpressing methionine adenosyltransferase 1A also reduced total β-catenin levels by 68%. In both cases, lower cyclin D1 and c-Myc expression correlated with lower β-catenin levels. In liver (HepG2) and colon (SW480, HCT116) cancer cells with constitutively active β-catenin signaling, SAMe and MTA treatment inhibited β-catenin activity by excluding it from the nuclear compartment. However, in liver (Huh-7) and colon (RKO) cancer cells expressing wild-type Wnt/β-catenin, SAMe and MTA accelerated β-catenin degradation by a glycogen synthase kinase 3-β-dependent mechanism. Both agents lowered protein kinase B activity, but this was not mediated by inhibiting phosphoinositide 3-kinase. Instead, both agents increased the activity of protein phosphatase 2A, which inactivates protein kinase B. The effect of MTA on lowering β-catenin is direct and not mediated by its conversion to SAMe, as blocking this conversion had no influence. In conclusion, SAMe and MTA inhibit Wnt/β-catenin signaling in colon and liver cancer cells regardless of whether this pathway is aberrantly induced, making them ideal candidates for chemoprevention and/or chemotherapy in these cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony W H Li
- Division of Gastroenterology, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California (T.W.H.L., H.P., H.Y., S.C.L.); University of Southern California Research Center for Liver Diseases, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California (T.W.H.L., H.P., H.Y., S.K., P.P., S.C.L.); Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (Y.Z.); and CIC bioGUNE, Ciberehd, Bizkaia, Spain (J.M.M.)
| | - Hui Peng
- Division of Gastroenterology, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California (T.W.H.L., H.P., H.Y., S.C.L.); University of Southern California Research Center for Liver Diseases, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California (T.W.H.L., H.P., H.Y., S.K., P.P., S.C.L.); Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (Y.Z.); and CIC bioGUNE, Ciberehd, Bizkaia, Spain (J.M.M.)
| | - Heping Yang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California (T.W.H.L., H.P., H.Y., S.C.L.); University of Southern California Research Center for Liver Diseases, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California (T.W.H.L., H.P., H.Y., S.K., P.P., S.C.L.); Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (Y.Z.); and CIC bioGUNE, Ciberehd, Bizkaia, Spain (J.M.M.)
| | - Steven Kurniawidjaja
- Division of Gastroenterology, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California (T.W.H.L., H.P., H.Y., S.C.L.); University of Southern California Research Center for Liver Diseases, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California (T.W.H.L., H.P., H.Y., S.K., P.P., S.C.L.); Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (Y.Z.); and CIC bioGUNE, Ciberehd, Bizkaia, Spain (J.M.M.)
| | - Parizad Panthaki
- Division of Gastroenterology, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California (T.W.H.L., H.P., H.Y., S.C.L.); University of Southern California Research Center for Liver Diseases, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California (T.W.H.L., H.P., H.Y., S.K., P.P., S.C.L.); Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (Y.Z.); and CIC bioGUNE, Ciberehd, Bizkaia, Spain (J.M.M.)
| | - Yuhua Zheng
- Division of Gastroenterology, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California (T.W.H.L., H.P., H.Y., S.C.L.); University of Southern California Research Center for Liver Diseases, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California (T.W.H.L., H.P., H.Y., S.K., P.P., S.C.L.); Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (Y.Z.); and CIC bioGUNE, Ciberehd, Bizkaia, Spain (J.M.M.)
| | - José M Mato
- Division of Gastroenterology, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California (T.W.H.L., H.P., H.Y., S.C.L.); University of Southern California Research Center for Liver Diseases, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California (T.W.H.L., H.P., H.Y., S.K., P.P., S.C.L.); Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (Y.Z.); and CIC bioGUNE, Ciberehd, Bizkaia, Spain (J.M.M.)
| | - Shelly C Lu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California (T.W.H.L., H.P., H.Y., S.C.L.); University of Southern California Research Center for Liver Diseases, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California (T.W.H.L., H.P., H.Y., S.K., P.P., S.C.L.); Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (Y.Z.); and CIC bioGUNE, Ciberehd, Bizkaia, Spain (J.M.M.)
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Nault JC. Pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma according to aetiology. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2014; 28:937-47. [PMID: 25260319 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpg.2014.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma is related to various etiologies including hepatitis B, hepatitis C, high alcohol intake, aflatoxin B1 and metabolic syndrome. Most of the time HCC developed on cirrhosis. Consequently, the mechanisms of carcinogenesis of these different risk factors are difficult to separate from the events leading to cirrhosis. In contrast, aflatoxin B1 and hepatitis B have a clear direct oncogenic role through point mutations in the TP53 tumour suppressor gene and insertional mutagenesis respectively. Finally, next-generation sequencing and transcriptome analysis will refine our knowledge of the relationship between aetiology and the genetic events that draw the mutational landscape of hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Charles Nault
- Inserm, UMR-1162, Génomique fonctionnelle des Tumeurs solides, IUH, Paris, F-75010, France; Université Paris Descartes, Labex Immuno-Oncology, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France; Service d'Hépatologie, Hôpital Jean Verdier, AP-HP, Bondy, France; Université Paris 13, Bobigny, France.
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133
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Epigenetic mechanisms underlying the link between non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases and nutrition. Nutrients 2014; 6:3303-25. [PMID: 25195642 PMCID: PMC4145310 DOI: 10.3390/nu6083303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Revised: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is defined as a pathologic accumulation of fat in the form of triglycerides (TG) in the liver (steatosis) that is not caused by alcohol. A subgroup of NAFLD patients shows liver cell injury and inflammation coupled with the excessive fat accumulation (steatohepatitis), which is referred to as non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Patients with NASH may develop cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). NAFLD shares the key features of metabolic syndrome including obesity, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and insulin resistance. The pathogenesis of NAFLD is multi-factorial, however the oxidative stress seems to plays a major role in the development and progression of the disease. The emerging field of epigenetics provides a new perspective on the pathogenesis of NAFLD. Epigenetics is an inheritable but reversible phenomenon that affects gene expression without altering the DNA sequence and refers to DNA methylation, histone modifications and microRNAs. Epigenetic manipulation through metabolic pathways such as one-carbon metabolism has been proposed as a promising approach to retard the progression of NAFLD. Investigating the epigenetic modifiers in NAFLD may also lead to the development of preventive or therapeutic strategies for NASH-associated complications.
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134
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Mato JM, Martínez-Chantar ML, Lu SC. Systems biology for hepatologists. Hepatology 2014; 60:736-43. [PMID: 24449428 PMCID: PMC4105331 DOI: 10.1002/hep.27023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Medicine is expected to benefit from combining usual cellular and molecular studies with high-throughput methods (genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics). These methods, collectively known as omics, permit the determination of thousands of molecules (variations within genes, RNAs, proteins, metabolites) within a tissue, cell, or biological fluid. The use of these methods is very demanding in terms of the design of the study, acquisition, storage, analysis, and interpretation of the data. When carried out properly, these studies can reveal new etiological pathways, help to identify patients at risk for disease, and predict the response to specific treatments. Here we review these omics methods and mention several applications in hepatology research.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Mato
- CIC bioGUNE, Ciberehd, Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia, Bizkaia, Spain
| | | | - Shelly C Lu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, USC Research Center for Liver Diseases, The Southern California Research Center for Alcoholic and Pancreatic Diseases & Cirrhosis, Keck School of Medicine USC, Los Angeles, California
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Herbal medicines for the treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: current scenario and future prospects. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2014; 2014:648308. [PMID: 24987431 PMCID: PMC4060323 DOI: 10.1155/2014/648308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a multifactorial disease and has close correlations with other metabolic disorders. This makes its treatment difficult using a single pharmacological drug. Use of plant extract/decoction or polyherbal formulation to treat various liver diseases is very well mentioned in various traditional systems of medicine (Ayurveda, Japanese or traditional Chinese Medicine, and Kampo medicine). Medicinal herbs are known for their multifaceted implications and thus can form an effective treatment schedule against NASH. Till date, several plant extracts, polyherbal formulations, and phytochemicals have been evaluated for their possible therapeutic potential in preventing onset and progression of NASH in experimental models, but clinical studies using the same are sparse. Herbal extracts with antioxidants, antidiabetic, and antihyperlipidemic properties have been shown to ameliorate symptoms of NASH. This review article is a meticulous compilation of our current knowledge on the role of natural products in alleviating NASH and possible lacunae in research that needs to be addressed.
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136
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Delgado M, Garrido F, Pérez-Miguelsanz J, Pacheco M, Partearroyo T, Pérez-Sala D, Pajares MA. Acute liver injury induces nucleocytoplasmic redistribution of hepatic methionine metabolism enzymes. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20:2541-54. [PMID: 24124652 PMCID: PMC4024841 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The discovery of methionine metabolism enzymes in the cell nucleus, together with their association with key nuclear processes, suggested a putative relationship between alterations in their subcellular distribution and disease. RESULTS Using the rat model of d-galactosamine intoxication, severe changes in hepatic steady-state mRNA levels were found; the largest decreases corresponded to enzymes exhibiting the highest expression in normal tissue. Cytoplasmic protein levels, activities, and metabolite concentrations suffered more moderate changes following a similar trend. Interestingly, galactosamine treatment induced hepatic nuclear accumulation of methionine adenosyltransferase (MAT) α1 and S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase tetramers, their active assemblies. In fact, galactosamine-treated livers showed enhanced nuclear MAT activity. Acetaminophen (APAP) intoxication mimicked most galactosamine effects on hepatic MATα1, including accumulation of nuclear tetramers. H35 cells that overexpress tagged-MATα1 reproduced the subcellular distribution observed in liver, and the changes induced by galactosamine and APAP that were also observed upon glutathione depletion by buthionine sulfoximine. The H35 nuclear accumulation of tagged-MATα1 induced by these agents correlated with decreased glutathione reduced form/glutathione oxidized form ratios and was prevented by N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and glutathione ethyl ester. However, the changes in epigenetic modifications associated with tagged-MATα1 nuclear accumulation were only prevented by NAC in galactosamine-treated cells. INNOVATION Cytoplasmic and nuclear changes in proteins that regulate the methylation index follow opposite trends in acute liver injury, their nuclear accumulation showing potential as disease marker. CONCLUSION Altogether these results demonstrate galactosamine- and APAP-induced nuclear accumulation of methionine metabolism enzymes as active oligomers and unveil the implication of redox-dependent mechanisms in the control of MATα1 subcellular distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Delgado
- 1 Departamento de Metabolismo y Señalización Celular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" (CSIC-UAM) , Madrid, Spain
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Dahlhoff C, Worsch S, Sailer M, Hummel BA, Fiamoncini J, Uebel K, Obeid R, Scherling C, Geisel J, Bader BL, Daniel H. Methyl-donor supplementation in obese mice prevents the progression of NAFLD, activates AMPK and decreases acyl-carnitine levels. Mol Metab 2014; 3:565-80. [PMID: 25061561 PMCID: PMC4099513 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2014.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Revised: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) results from increased hepatic lipid accumulation and steatosis, and is closely linked to liver one-carbon (C1) metabolism. We assessed in C57BL6/N mice whether NAFLD induced by a high-fat (HF) diet over 8 weeks can be reversed by additional 4 weeks of a dietary methyl-donor supplementation (MDS). MDS in the obese mice failed to reverse NAFLD, but prevented the progression of hepatic steatosis associated with major changes in key hepatic C1-metabolites, e.g. S-adenosyl-methionine and S-adenosyl-homocysteine. Increased phosphorylation of AMPK-α together with enhanced β-HAD activity suggested an increased flux through fatty acid oxidation pathways. This was supported by concomitantly decreased hepatic free fatty acid and acyl-carnitines levels. Although HF diet changed the hepatic phospholipid pattern, MDS did not. Our findings suggest that dietary methyl-donors activate AMPK, a key enzyme in fatty acid β-oxidation control, that mediates increased fatty acid utilization and thereby prevents further hepatic lipid accumulation.
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Key Words
- 3-HB, β-hydroxybutyrate
- ACC, acetyl-CoA carboxylase
- AMP-activated protein kinase
- AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase
- ANT, adenine nucleotide translocase
- Acyl-carnitines
- Bhmt, betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase
- C, control diet
- C1, one-carbon
- CACT, carnitine-acylcarnitine transporter
- CMS, methyl-donor supplemented control diet
- Cbs, cystathionine β-synthase
- Cpt1a, carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1a
- DIO, diet-induced obesity
- Fasn, fatty acid synthase
- GNMT, glycine N-methyltransferase
- Gapdh, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase
- HF, high-fat diet
- HFMS, methyl-donor supplemented high-fat diet
- HMW adiponectin, high molecular weight adiponectin
- HSP90, heat shock protein 90
- Hcy, homocysteine
- Hepatic steatosis
- Hprt1, hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase 1
- LDL, low density lipoprotein
- MAT, methionine adenosyltransferase
- MCD, malonyl-CoA decarboxylase
- MDS, methyl-donor supplementation
- MTR, methionine synthase
- NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
- NEFA, non-esterified fatty acids
- Obesity
- One-carbon metabolism
- PC, phosphatidylcholine
- PGC1α, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ co-activator-1α
- PL, phospholipids
- PPARα, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α
- Pemt, phosphatidylethanolamine methyltransferase
- SAH, S-adenosylhomocysteine
- SAM, S-adenosylmethionine
- SM, sphingomyelin
- SREBP1c, sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c
- TG, triacylglycerol
- VAT, visceral adipose tissue
- VLDL, very low density lipoprotein
- β-HAD, β-hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase
- β-oxidation
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Dahlhoff
- Biochemistry Unit, Research Center for Nutrition and Food Sciences (ZIEL), Technische Universität München, 85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany ; PhD Group - Epigenetics, Imprinting and Nutrition, Research Center for Nutrition and Food Sciences (ZIEL), Technische Universität München, 85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Stefanie Worsch
- Nutritional Medicine Unit, Research Center for Nutrition and Food Sciences (ZIEL), Technische Universität München, 85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Manuela Sailer
- Biochemistry Unit, Research Center for Nutrition and Food Sciences (ZIEL), Technische Universität München, 85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Björn A Hummel
- Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine/Central Laboratory, University Hospital of the Saarland, 66421 Homburg, Germany ; Clinical Haemostasiology and Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital of the Saarland, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Jarlei Fiamoncini
- Biochemistry Unit, Research Center for Nutrition and Food Sciences (ZIEL), Technische Universität München, 85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Kirsten Uebel
- Nutritional Medicine Unit, Research Center for Nutrition and Food Sciences (ZIEL), Technische Universität München, 85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Rima Obeid
- Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine/Central Laboratory, University Hospital of the Saarland, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Christian Scherling
- Biochemistry Unit, Research Center for Nutrition and Food Sciences (ZIEL), Technische Universität München, 85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Jürgen Geisel
- Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine/Central Laboratory, University Hospital of the Saarland, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard L Bader
- PhD Group - Epigenetics, Imprinting and Nutrition, Research Center for Nutrition and Food Sciences (ZIEL), Technische Universität München, 85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany ; Nutritional Medicine Unit, Research Center for Nutrition and Food Sciences (ZIEL), Technische Universität München, 85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Hannelore Daniel
- Biochemistry Unit, Research Center for Nutrition and Food Sciences (ZIEL), Technische Universität München, 85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
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Chheda TK, Shivakumar P, Sadasivan SK, Chanderasekharan H, Moolemath Y, Oommen AM, Madanahalli JR, Marikunte VV. Fast food diet with CCl4 micro-dose induced hepatic-fibrosis--a novel animal model. BMC Gastroenterol 2014; 14:89. [PMID: 24884574 PMCID: PMC4036109 DOI: 10.1186/1471-230x-14-89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is defined as a spectrum of conditions ranging from hepatocellular steatosis to steatohepatitis and fibrosis, progressing to cirrhosis, which occur in the absence of excessive alcohol use. Several animal models capture aspects of NAFLD but are limited either in their representation of the disease stages or use for development of therapeutics due to the extended periods of time required to develop full histological features. METHODS Here, we report the development of a novel rat model for NAFLD that addresses some of these limitations. We used a fast food diet (FFD) and a CCl4 micro dose (0.5 ml/kg B.wt) for 8 weeks in Wistar rats. Serological analyses, gene expression profiling and liver histology studies were conducted to investigate the development of steatosis, steatohepatitis and fibrosis in the FFD-CCl4 model when compared to the individual effects of a FFD or a micro dose of CCl4 in rats. RESULTS The serum biochemical profile of the FFD-CCl4 model showed an increase in liver injury and fibrosis. This was also accompanied by a significant increase in liver triglycerides (TG), inflammation and oxidative stress. Importantly, we observed extensive fibrosis confirmed by: i) increased gene expression of fibrosis markers and, ii) moderate to severe collagen deposition seen as perisinusoidal and bridging fibrosis using H&E, Trichome and Sirius Red staining. CONCLUSIONS In summary, we find that the FFD-CCl4 rat model developed NAFLD histological features including, steatosis, inflammation and fibrosis in 8 weeks showing promise as a model that can be used to develop NAFLD therapeutics and liver anti-fibrotics.
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139
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Modeling progressive non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in the laboratory mouse. Mamm Genome 2014; 25:473-86. [PMID: 24802098 PMCID: PMC4164843 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-014-9521-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common liver disease in the world and its prevalence is rising. In the absence of disease progression, fatty liver poses minimal risk of detrimental health outcomes. However, advancement to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) confers a markedly increased likelihood of developing severe liver pathologies, including fibrosis, cirrhosis, organ failure, and cancer. Although a substantial percentage of NAFLD patients develop NASH, the genetic and molecular mechanisms driving this progression are poorly understood, making it difficult to predict which patients will ultimately develop advanced liver disease. Deficiencies in mechanistic understanding preclude the identification of beneficial prognostic indicators and the development of effective therapies. Mouse models of progressive NAFLD serve as a complementary approach to the direct analysis of human patients. By providing an easily manipulated experimental system that can be rigorously controlled, they facilitate an improved understanding of disease development and progression. In this review, we discuss genetically- and chemically-induced models of NAFLD that progress to NASH, fibrosis, and liver cancer in the context of the major signaling pathways whose disruption has been implicated as a driving force for their development. Additionally, an overview of nutritional models of progressive NAFLD is provided.
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Carrasco M, Rabaneda LG, Murillo-Carretero M, Ortega-Martínez S, Martínez-Chantar ML, Woodhoo A, Luka Z, Wagner C, Lu SC, Mato JM, Micó JA, Castro C. Glycine N-methyltransferase expression in the hippocampus and its role in neurogenesis and cognitive performance. Hippocampus 2014; 24:840-52. [PMID: 24687756 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The hippocampus is a brain area characterized by its high plasticity, observed at all levels of organization: molecular, synaptic, and cellular, the latter referring to the capacity of neural precursors within the hippocampus to give rise to new neurons throughout life. Recent findings suggest that promoter methylation is a plastic process subjected to regulation, and this plasticity seems to be particularly important for hippocampal neurogenesis. We have detected the enzyme GNMT (a liver metabolic enzyme) in the hippocampus. GNMT regulates intracellular levels of SAMe, which is a universal methyl donor implied in almost all methylation reactions and, thus, of prime importance for DNA methylation. In addition, we show that deficiency of this enzyme in mice (Gnmt-/-) results in high SAMe levels within the hippocampus, reduced neurogenic capacity, and spatial learning and memory impairment. In vitro, SAMe inhibited neural precursor cell division in a concentration-dependent manner, but only when proliferation signals were triggered by bFGF. Indeed, SAMe inhibited the bFGF-stimulated MAP kinase signaling cascade, resulting in decreased cyclin E expression. These results suggest that alterations in the concentration of SAMe impair neurogenesis and contribute to cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Carrasco
- Area de Fisiologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
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141
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Ehmke M, Luthe K, Schnabel R, Döring F. S-Adenosyl methionine synthetase 1 limits fat storage in Caenorhabditis elegans. GENES & NUTRITION 2014; 9:386. [PMID: 24510589 PMCID: PMC3968293 DOI: 10.1007/s12263-014-0386-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cytosolic lipid droplets are versatile, evolutionarily conserved organelles that are important for the storage and utilization of lipids in almost all cell types. To obtain insight into the physiological importance of lipid droplet size, we isolated and characterized a new S-adenosyl methionine synthetase 1 (SAMS-1)-deficient Caenorhabditis elegans mutant, which have enlarged lipid droplets throughout its life cycle. We found that the sams-1 mutant showed a markedly reduced body size and progeny number; impaired synthesis of phosphatidylcholine, a major membrane phospholipid; and elevated expression of key lipogenic genes, such as dgat-2, resulting in the accumulation of triacylglyceride in fewer, but larger, lipid droplets. The sams-1 mutant store more than 50 % (wild type: 10 %) of its intestinal fat in large lipid droplets, ≥10 μm(3) in size. In response to starvation, SAMS-1 deficiency causes reduced depletion of a subset of lipid droplets located in the anterior intestine. Given the importance of liberation of fatty acids from lipid droplets, we propose that the physiological function of SAMS-1, a highly conserved enzyme involved in one-carbon metabolism, is the limitation of fat storage to ensure proper growth and reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine Ehmke
- />Department of Molecular Prevention, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Kiel, Heinrich-Hecht-Platz 10, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Katharina Luthe
- />Department of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Genetics, TU Braunschweig, Spielmannstr. 7, 38106 Brunswick, Germany
| | - Ralf Schnabel
- />Department of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Genetics, TU Braunschweig, Spielmannstr. 7, 38106 Brunswick, Germany
| | - Frank Döring
- />Department of Molecular Prevention, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Kiel, Heinrich-Hecht-Platz 10, 24118 Kiel, Germany
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Moylan CA, Pang H, Dellinger A, Suzuki A, Garrett ME, Guy CD, Murphy SK, Ashley-Koch AE, Choi SS, Michelotti GA, Hampton DD, Chen Y, Tillmann HL, Hauser MA, Abdelmalek MF, Diehl AM. Hepatic gene expression profiles differentiate presymptomatic patients with mild versus severe nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology 2014; 59:471-82. [PMID: 23913408 PMCID: PMC3982589 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Clinicians rely upon the severity of liver fibrosis to segregate patients with well-compensated nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) into subpopulations at high- versus low-risk for eventual liver-related morbidity and mortality. We compared hepatic gene expression profiles in high- and low-risk NAFLD patients to identify processes that distinguish the two groups and hence might be novel biomarkers or treatment targets. Microarray analysis was used to characterize gene expression in percutaneous liver biopsies from low-risk, "mild" NAFLD patients (fibrosis stage 0-1; n = 40) and high-risk, "severe" NAFLD patients (fibrosis stage 3-4; n = 32). Findings were validated in a second, independent cohort and confirmed by real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry (IHC). As a group, patients at risk for bad NAFLD outcomes had significantly worse liver injury and more advanced fibrosis (severe NAFLD) than clinically indistinguishable NAFLD patients with a good prognosis (mild NAFLD). A 64-gene profile reproducibly differentiated severe NAFLD from mild NAFLD, and a 20-gene subset within this profile correlated with NAFLD severity, independent of other factors known to influence NAFLD progression. Multiple genes involved with tissue repair/regeneration and certain metabolism-related genes were induced in severe NAFLD. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis and IHC confirmed deregulation of metabolic and regenerative pathways in severe NAFLD and revealed overlap among the gene expression patterns of severe NAFLD, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. CONCLUSION By demonstrating specific metabolic and repair pathways that are differentially activated in livers with severe NAFLD, gene profiling identified novel targets that can be exploited to improve diagnosis and treatment of patients who are at greatest risk for NAFLD-related morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia A. Moylan
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC,Department of Medicine, Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Herbert Pang
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Andrew Dellinger
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Ayako Suzuki
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | | | | | - Susan K. Murphy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | | | - Steve S. Choi
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC,Department of Medicine, Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | | | | | - Yuping Chen
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC
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143
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Frau M, Feo CF, Feo F, Pascale RM. New insights on the role of epigenetic alterations in hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatocell Carcinoma 2014; 1:65-83. [PMID: 27508177 PMCID: PMC4918272 DOI: 10.2147/jhc.s44506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence assigns to epigenetic mechanisms heritable differences in gene function that come into being during cell development or via the effect of environmental factors. Epigenetic deregulation is strongly involved in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). It includes changes in methionine metabolism, promoter hypermethylation, or increased proteasomal degradation of oncosuppressors, as well as posttranscriptional deregulation by microRNA or messenger RNA (mRNA) binding proteins. Alterations in the methylation of the promoter of methyl adenosyltransferase MAT1A and MAT2A genes in HCC result in decreased S-adenosylmethionine levels, global DNA hypomethylation, and deregulation of signal transduction pathways linked to methionine metabolism and methyl adenosyltransferases activity. Changes in S-adenosylmethionine levels may also depend on MAT1A mRNA destabilization associated with MAT2A mRNA stabilization by specific proteins. Decrease in MAT1A expression has also been attributed to miRNA upregulation in HCC. A complex deregulation of miRNAs is also strongly involved in hepatocarcinogenesis, with up-regulation of different miRNAs targeting oncosuppressor genes and down-regulation of miRNAs targeting genes involved in cell-cycle and signal transduction control. Oncosuppressor gene down-regulation in HCC is also induced by promoter hypermethylation or posttranslational deregulation, leading to proteasomal degradation. The role of epigenetic changes in hepatocarcinogenesis has recently suggested new promising therapeutic approaches for HCC on the basis of the administration of methylating agents, inhibition of methyl adenosyltransferases, and restoration of the expression of tumor-suppressor miRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maddalena Frau
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Experimental Pathology and Oncology, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Claudio F Feo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Surgery, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Francesco Feo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Experimental Pathology and Oncology, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Rosa M Pascale
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Experimental Pathology and Oncology, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
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144
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Murphy SK, Yang H, Moylan CA, Pang H, Dellinger A, Abdelmalek MF, Garrett ME, Ashley-Koch A, Suzuki A, Tillmann HL, Hauser MA, Mae Diehl A. Relationship between methylome and transcriptome in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Gastroenterology 2013; 145:1076-87. [PMID: 23916847 PMCID: PMC3805742 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2013.07.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Revised: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Cirrhosis and liver cancer are potential outcomes of advanced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). It is not clear what factors determine whether patients will develop advanced or mild NAFLD, limiting noninvasive diagnosis and treatment before clinical sequelae emerge. We investigated whether DNA methylation profiles can distinguish patients with mild disease from those with advanced NAFLD, and how these patterns are functionally related to hepatic gene expression. METHODS We collected frozen liver biopsies and clinical data from patients with biopsy-proven NAFLD (56 in the discovery cohort and 34 in the replication cohort). Samples were divided into groups based on histologic severity of fibrosis: F0-1 (mild) and F3-4 (advanced). DNA methylation profiles were determined and coupled with gene expression data from the same biopsies; differential methylation was validated in subsets of the discovery and replication cohorts. We then analyzed interactions between the methylome and transcriptome. RESULTS Clinical features did not differ between patients known to have mild or advanced fibrosis based on biopsy analysis. There were 69,247 differentially methylated CpG sites (76% hypomethylated, 24% hypermethylated) in patients with advanced vs mild NAFLD (P < .05). Methylation at fibroblast growth factor receptor 2, methionine adenosyl methyltransferase 1A, and caspase 1 was validated by bisulfite pyrosequencing and the findings were reproduced in the replication cohort. Methylation correlated with gene transcript levels for 7% of differentially methylated CpG sites, indicating that differential methylation contributes to differences in expression. In samples with advanced NAFLD, many tissue repair genes were hypomethylated and overexpressed, and genes in certain metabolic pathways, including 1-carbon metabolism, were hypermethylated and underexpressed. CONCLUSIONS Functionally relevant differences in methylation can distinguish patients with advanced vs mild NAFLD. Altered methylation of genes that regulate processes such as steatohepatitis, fibrosis, and carcinogenesis indicate the role of DNA methylation in progression of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan K. Murphy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Hyuna Yang
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Cynthia A. Moylan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Herbert Pang
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Andrew Dellinger
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | | | | | | | - Ayako Suzuki
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Hans L. Tillmann
- Section of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | | | - Anna Mae Diehl
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Duke University, Durham, NC
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145
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Abstract
NAFLD affects a large proportion of the US population and its incidence and prevalence are increasing to epidemic proportions around the world. As with other liver diseases that cause cirrhosis, NAFLD increases the risk of liver cancer, a disease with poor outcomes and limited therapeutic options. The incidences of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma are also rising, and HCC is now the leading cause of obesity-related cancer deaths in middle-aged men in the USA. In this Review, we summarize the correlations between liver cancer and NAFLD-related cirrhosis, and the role of the metabolic syndrome in the development of liver cancer from diverse aetiologies, including HCV-mediated cirrhosis. Recent advances in understanding the progression of NAFLD to HCC from preclinical models will also be discussed. Targeted genetic manipulation of certain metabolic or stress-response pathways, including one-carbon metabolism, NF-κB, PTEN and microRNAs, has been valuable in elucidating the pathways that regulate carcinogenesis in NAFLD. Although tremendous advances have occurred in the identification of diagnostic and therapeutic opportunities to reduce the progression of NAFLD, considerable gaps in our knowledge remain with regard to the mechanisms by which NAFLD and its risk factors promote liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory A Michelotti
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, 595 LaSalle Street, Snyderman Building, Suite 1073, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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146
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Elucidating the metabolic regulation of liver regeneration. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2013; 184:309-21. [PMID: 24139945 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The regenerative capability of liver is well known, and the mechanisms that regulate liver regeneration are extensively studied. Such analyses have defined general principles that govern the hepatic regenerative response and implicated specific extracellular and intracellular signals as regulated during and essential for normal liver regeneration. Nevertheless, the most proximal events that stimulate liver regeneration and the distal signals that terminate this process remain incompletely understood. Recent data suggest that the metabolic response to hepatic insufficiency might be the proximal signal that initiates regenerative hepatocellular proliferation. This review provides an overview of the data in support of a metabolic model of liver regeneration and reflects on the clinical implications and areas for further study suggested by these findings.
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147
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Abstract
Epigenetic mechanisms are proposed to underlie aberrant gene expression in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) that results in dysregulation of the immune system and loss of tolerance. Modifications of DNA and histones require substrates derived from diet and intermediary metabolism. DNA and histone methyltransferases depend on S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) as a methyl donor. SAM is generated from adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and methionine by methionine adenosyltransferase (MAT), a redox-sensitive enzyme in the SAM cycle. The availability of B vitamins and methionine regulate SAM generation. The DNA of SLE patients is hypomethylated, indicating dysfunction in the SAM cycle and methyltransferase activity. Acetyl-CoA, which is necessary for histone acetylation, is generated from citrate produced in mitochondria. Mitochondria are also responsible for de novo synthesis of flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) for histone demethylation. Mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation is the dominant source of ATP. The depletion of ATP in lupus T cells may affect MAT activity as well as adenosine monophosphate (AMP) activated protein kinase (AMPK), which phosphorylates histones and inhibits mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR). In turn, mTOR can modify epigenetic pathways including methylation, demethylation, and histone phosphorylation and mediates enhanced T-cell activation in SLE. Beyond their role in metabolism, mitochondria are the main source of reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI), which activate mTOR and regulate the activity of histone and DNA modifying enzymes. In this review we will focus on the sources of metabolites required for epigenetic regulation and how the flux of the underlying metabolic pathways affects gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Oaks
- Division of Rheumatology, Departments of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, College of Medicine , Syracuse, NY , USA
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148
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O'Connor MA, Koza-Taylor P, Campion SN, Aleksunes LM, Gu X, Enayetallah AE, Lawton MP, Manautou JE. Analysis of changes in hepatic gene expression in a murine model of tolerance to acetaminophen hepatotoxicity (autoprotection). Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 274:156-67. [PMID: 24126418 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Pretreatment of mice with a low hepatotoxic dose of acetaminophen (APAP) results in resistance to a subsequent, higher dose of APAP. This mouse model, termed APAP autoprotection was used here to identify differentially expressed genes and cellular pathways that could contribute to this development of resistance to hepatotoxicity. Male C57BL/6J mice were pretreated with APAP (400mg/kg) and then challenged 48h later with 600mg APAP/kg. Livers were obtained 4 or 24h later and total hepatic RNA was isolated and hybridized to Affymetrix Mouse Genome MU430_2 GeneChip. Statistically significant genes were determined and gene expression changes were also interrogated using the Causal Reasoning Engine (CRE). Extensive literature review narrowed our focus to methionine adenosyl transferase-1 alpha (MAT1A), nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2), flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 (Fmo3) and galectin-3 (Lgals3). Down-regulation of MAT1A could lead to decreases in S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe), which is known to protect against APAP toxicity. Nrf2 activation is expected to play a role in protective adaptation. Up-regulation of Lgals3, one of the genes supporting the Nrf2 hypothesis, can lead to suppression of apoptosis and reduced mitochondrial dysfunction. Fmo3 induction suggests the involvement of an enzyme not known to metabolize APAP in the development of tolerance to APAP toxicity. Subsequent quantitative RT-PCR and immunochemical analysis confirmed the differential expression of some of these genes in the APAP autoprotection model. In conclusion, our genomics strategy identified cellular pathways that might further explain the molecular basis for APAP autoprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meeghan A O'Connor
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3092, USA; Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, Ridgefield, CT 06877-0368, USA.
| | | | | | - Lauren M Aleksunes
- Rutgers University, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
| | - Xinsheng Gu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3092, USA.
| | | | | | - José E Manautou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3092, USA.
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149
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Frau M, Feo F, Pascale RM. Pleiotropic effects of methionine adenosyltransferases deregulation as determinants of liver cancer progression and prognosis. J Hepatol 2013; 59:830-41. [PMID: 23665184 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2013.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Revised: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Downregulation of liver-specific MAT1A gene, encoding S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) synthesizing isozymes MATI/III, and upregulation of widely expressed MAT2A, encoding MATII isozyme, known as MAT1A:MAT2A switch, occurs in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Being inhibited by its reaction product, MATII isoform upregulation cannot compensate for MATI/III decrease. Therefore, MAT1A:MAT2A switch contributes to decrease in SAM level in rodent and human hepatocarcinogenesis. SAM administration to carcinogen-treated rats prevents hepatocarcinogenesis, whereas MAT1A-KO mice, characterized by chronic SAM deficiency, exhibit macrovesicular steatosis, mononuclear cell infiltration in periportal areas, and HCC development. This review focuses upon the pleiotropic changes, induced by MAT1A/MAT2A switch, associated with HCC development. Epigenetic control of MATs expression occurs at transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. In HCC cells, MAT1A/MAT2A switch is associated with global DNA hypomethylation, decrease in DNA repair, genomic instability, and signaling deregulation including c-MYC overexpression, rise in polyamine synthesis, upregulation of RAS/ERK, IKK/NF-kB, PI3K/AKT, and LKB1/AMPK axis. Furthermore, decrease in MAT1A expression and SAM levels results in increased HCC cell proliferation, cell survival, and microvascularization. All of these changes are reversed by SAM treatment in vivo or forced MAT1A overexpression or MAT2A inhibition in cultured HCC cells. In human HCC, MAT1A:MAT2A and MATI/III:MATII ratios correlate negatively with cell proliferation and genomic instability, and positively with apoptosis and global DNA methylation. This suggests that SAM decrease and MATs deregulation represent potential therapeutic targets for HCC. Finally, MATI/III:MATII ratio strongly predicts patients' survival length suggesting that MAT1A:MAT2A expression ratio is a putative prognostic marker for human HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maddalena Frau
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Laboratory of Experimental Pathology and Oncology, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
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150
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Jacobs RL, van der Veen JN, Vance DE. Finding the balance: the role of S-adenosylmethionine and phosphatidylcholine metabolism in development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology 2013; 58:1207-9. [PMID: 23703836 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- René L Jacobs
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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