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Nagy I, Friston D, Valente JS, Torres Perez JV, Andreou AP. Pharmacology of the capsaicin receptor, transient receptor potential vanilloid type-1 ion channel. PROGRESS IN DRUG RESEARCH. FORTSCHRITTE DER ARZNEIMITTELFORSCHUNG. PROGRES DES RECHERCHES PHARMACEUTIQUES 2014; 68:39-76. [PMID: 24941664 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-0828-6_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The capsaicin receptor, transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 ion channel (TRPV1), has been identified as a polymodal transducer molecule on a sub-set of primary sensory neurons which responds to various stimuli including noxious heat (> -42 degrees C), protons and vanilloids such as capsaicin, the hot ingredient of chilli peppers. Subsequently, TRPV1 has been found indispensable for the development of burning pain and reflex hyperactivity associated with inflammation of peripheral tissues and viscera, respectively. Therefore, TRPV1 is regarded as a major target for the development of novel agents for the control of pain and visceral hyperreflexia in inflammatory conditions. Initial efforts to introduce agents acting on TRPV1 into clinics have been hampered by unexpected side-effects due to wider than expected expression in various tissues, as well as by the complex pharmacology, of TRPV1. However, it is believed that better understanding of the pharmacological properties of TRPV1 and specific targeting of tissues may eventually lead to the development of clinically useful agents. In order to assist better understanding of TRPV1 pharmacology, here we are giving a comprehensive account on the activation and inactivation mechanisms and the structure-function relationship of TRPV1.
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Kwon SG, Roh DH, Yoon SY, Moon JY, Choi SR, Choi HS, Kang SY, Han HJ, Beitz AJ, Lee JH. Blockade of peripheral P2Y1 receptors prevents the induction of thermal hyperalgesia via modulation of TRPV1 expression in carrageenan-induced inflammatory pain rats: involvement of p38 MAPK phosphorylation in DRGs. Neuropharmacology 2013; 79:368-79. [PMID: 24333674 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Revised: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Although previous reports have suggested that P2Y1 receptors (P2Y1Rs) are involved in cutaneous nociceptive signaling, it remains unclear how P2Y1Rs contribute to peripheral sensitization. The current study was designed to delineate the role of peripheral P2Y1Rs in pain and to investigate potential linkages to mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in DRGs and Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) expression in a rodent inflammatory pain model. Following injection of 2% carrageenan into the hind paw, expressions of P2Y1 and TRPV1 and the phosphorylation rates of both p38 MAPK and ERK but not JNK were increased and peaked at day 2 post-injection. Blockade of peripheral P2Y1Rs by the P2Y1R antagonist, MRS2500 injection (i.pl, D0 to D2) significantly reduced the induction of thermal hyperalgesia, but not mechanical allodynia. Simultaneously, MRS2500 injections suppressed upregulated TRPV1 expression and DRG p38 phosphorylation, while pERK signaling was not affected. Furthermore, inhibition of p38 activation in the DRGs by SB203580 (a p38 inhibitor, i.t, D0 to D2) prevented the upregulation of TRPV1 and a single i.t injection of SB203580 reversed the established thermal hyperalgesia, but not mechanical allodynia. Lastly, to identify the mechanism of action of P2Y1Rs, we repeatedly injected the P2Y1 agonist, MRS2365 into the naïve rat's hind paw and observed a dose-dependent increase in TRPV1 expression and p38 MAPK phosphorylation. These data demonstrate a sequential role for P2Y1R, p38 MAPK and TRPV1 in inflammation-induced thermal hyperalgesia; thus, peripheral P2Y1Rs activation modulates p38 MAPK signaling and TRPV1 expression, which ultimately leads to the induction of thermal hyperalgesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon-Gu Kwon
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Hyun Roh
- Department of Maxillofacial Tissue Regeneration, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo-Yeon Yoon
- Laboratory of Molecular Signal Transduction, Center for Neural Science, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Young Moon
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Sheu-Ran Choi
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoon-Seong Choi
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk-Yun Kang
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Jae Han
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Alvin J Beitz
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Jang-Hern Lee
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea.
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103
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Nomura ECO, Rodrigues MRA, da Silva CF, Hamm LA, Nascimento AM, de Souza LM, Cipriani TR, Baggio CH, Werner MFDP. Antinociceptive effects of ethanolic extract from the flowers of Acmella oleracea (L.) R.K. Jansen in mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 150:583-589. [PMID: 24051025 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE In Brazil, Acmella oleracea (L.) R.K. Jansen, popularly known as "jambu", has been used by some communities from Amazon region to treat toothache. In this study we examined the antinociceptive effect of the ethanolic extract obtained from the flowers of Acmella oleracea (EEAO) in animal models of nociceptive (chemical and thermal) and neuropathic (partial sciatic nerve ligation) pain. MATERIALS AND METHODS Adult male mice were treated by intraperitoneal route (i.p.) with EEAO before the induction of nociceptive response by formalin, capsaicin and cinnamaldehyde, thermal heat hyperalgesia (hot plate test) and mechanical allodynia (traumatic sciatic nerve injury). Acute toxicity and non-specific sedative effects were evaluated. RESULTS EEAO (10, 30 and 100 mg/kg) reduced both neurogenic and inflammatory phases of the formalin- and also capsaicin- and cinnamaldehyde-induced orofacial nociception. Interestingly, EEAO at 100mg/kg (i.p.) also reversed capsaicin-induced heat hyperalgesia assessed as the latency to paw withdrawal in the hot plate test. Also in the hot plate test, paw withdrawal latency was increased by EEAO (100 mg/kg) and this response was only partially reversed by naloxone. Furthermore, EEAO (100 mg/kg) also reduced mechanical allodynia caused by partial sciatic nerve ligation for 3 h. The estimated LD50 value was 889.14 mg/kg and EEAO did not alter the locomotion of animals in the open-field test. CONCLUSION Taken together, our data show that EEAO produces prevalent antinociceptive effects and does not cause adverse effects. The presence of N-alkylamides, including spilanthol, suggests that the therapeutic effect of EEAO is related to its highest anesthetic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Cristine Ogata Nomura
- Department of Pharmacology, Sector of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
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104
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Adams MJ, Almaghrabi SY, Ahuja KDK, Geraghty DP. Vanilloid-Like Agents: Potential Therapeutic Targeting of Platelets? Drug Dev Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Murray J. Adams
- School of Human Life Sciences; University of Tasmania; Bag 1320 Launceston; Tasmania; 7250; Australia
| | - Safa Y. Almaghrabi
- School of Human Life Sciences; University of Tasmania; Bag 1320 Launceston; Tasmania; 7250; Australia
| | - Kiran D. K. Ahuja
- School of Human Life Sciences; University of Tasmania; Bag 1320 Launceston; Tasmania; 7250; Australia
| | - Dominic P. Geraghty
- School of Human Life Sciences; University of Tasmania; Bag 1320 Launceston; Tasmania; 7250; Australia
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105
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Rohacs T. Regulation of transient receptor potential channels by the phospholipase C pathway. Adv Biol Regul 2013; 53:341-55. [PMID: 23916247 PMCID: PMC3805701 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2013.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) channels were discovered while analyzing visual mutants in Drosophila. The protein encoded by the transient receptor potential (trp) gene is a Ca(2+) permeable cation channel activated downstream of the phospholipase C (PLC) pathway. While searching for homologs in other organisms, a surprisingly large number of mammalian TRP channels was cloned. The regulation of TRP channels is quite diverse, but many of them are either activated downstream of PLC, or modulated by it. This review will summarize the current knowledge on regulation of TRP channels by PLC, with special focus on TRPC-s, which can be considered as effectors of PLC and the heat- and capsaicin-sensitive TRPV1, which is modulated by the PLC pathway in a complex manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tibor Rohacs
- Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA.
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106
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Winter Z, Buhala A, Ötvös F, Jósvay K, Vizler C, Dombi G, Szakonyi G, Oláh Z. Functionally important amino acid residues in the transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) ion channel--an overview of the current mutational data. Mol Pain 2013; 9:30. [PMID: 23800232 PMCID: PMC3707783 DOI: 10.1186/1744-8069-9-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This review aims to create an overview of the currently available results of site-directed mutagenesis studies on transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) receptor. Systematization of the vast number of data on the functionally important amino acid mutations of TRPV1 may provide a clearer picture of this field, and may promote a better understanding of the relationship between the structure and function of TRPV1. The review summarizes information on 112 unique mutated sites along the TRPV1, exchanged to multiple different residues in many cases. These mutations influence the effect or binding of different agonists, antagonists, and channel blockers, alter the responsiveness to heat, acid, and voltage dependence, affect the channel pore characteristics, and influence the regulation of the receptor function by phosphorylation, glycosylation, calmodulin, PIP2, ATP, and lipid binding. The main goal of this paper is to publish the above mentioned data in a form that facilitates in silico molecular modelling of the receptor by promoting easier establishment of boundary conditions. The better understanding of the structure-function relationship of TRPV1 may promote discovery of new, promising, more effective and safe drugs for treatment of neurogenic inflammation and pain-related diseases and may offer new opportunities for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Winter
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.
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107
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Weisman GA, Woods LT, Erb L, Seye CI. P2Y receptors in the mammalian nervous system: pharmacology, ligands and therapeutic potential. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-DRUG TARGETS 2013; 11:722-38. [PMID: 22963441 DOI: 10.2174/187152712803581047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Revised: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
P2Y receptors for extracellular nucleotides are coupled to activation of a variety of G proteins and stimulate diverse intracellular signaling pathways that regulate functions of cell types that comprise the central nervous system (CNS). There are 8 different subtypes of P2Y receptor expressed in cells of the CNS that are activated by a select group of nucleotide agonists. Here, the agonist selectivity of these 8 P2Y receptor subtypes is reviewed with an emphasis on synthetic agonists with high potency and resistance to degradation by extracellular nucleotidases that have potential applications as therapeutic agents. In addition, the recent identification of a wide variety of subtype-selective antagonists is discussed, since these compounds are critical for discerning cellular responses mediated by activation of individual P2Y receptor subtypes. The functional expression of P2Y receptor subtypes in cells that comprise the CNS is also reviewed and the role of each subtype in the regulation of physiological and pathophysiological responses is considered. Other topics include the role of P2Y receptors in the regulation of blood-brain barrier integrity and potential interactions between different P2Y receptor subtypes that likely impact tissue responses to extracellular nucleotides in the CNS. Overall, current research suggests that P2Y receptors in the CNS regulate repair mechanisms that are triggered by tissue damage, inflammation and disease and thus P2Y receptors represent promising targets for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary A Weisman
- Department of Biochemistry, 540E Life Sciences Center, 1201 Rollins Road, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211-7310, USA.
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108
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Min JW, Liu WH, He XH, Peng BW. Different types of toxins targeting TRPV1 in pain. Toxicon 2013; 71:66-75. [PMID: 23732125 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The transient receptor potential vanilloid 1(TRPV1) channels are members of the transient receptor potential (TRP) superfamily. Members of this family are expressed in primary sensory neurons and are best known for their role in nociception and sensory transmission. Multiple painful stimuli can activate these channels. In this review, we discussed the mechanisms of different types of venoms that target TRPV1, such as scorpion venom, botulinum neurotoxin, spider toxin, ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) and neurotoxic shellfish poisoning (NSP). Some of these toxins activate TRPV1; however, some do not. Regardless of TRPV1 inhibition or activation, they occur through different pathways. For example, BoNT/A decreases TRPV1 expression levels by blocking TRPV1 trafficking to the plasma membrane, although the exact mechanism is still under debate. Vanillotoxins from tarantula (Psalmopoeus cambridgei) are proposed to activate TRPV1 via interaction with a region of TRPV1 that is homologous to voltage-dependent ion channels. Here, we offer a description of the present state of knowledge for this complex subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Wei Min
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, 185 Donghu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, PR China
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109
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Morales-Lázaro SL, Simon SA, Rosenbaum T. The role of endogenous molecules in modulating pain through transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1). J Physiol 2013; 591:3109-21. [PMID: 23613529 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2013.251751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pain is a physiological response to a noxious stimulus that decreases the quality of life of those sufferring from it. Research aimed at finding new therapeutic targets for the treatment of several maladies, including pain, has led to the discovery of numerous molecular regulators of ion channels in primary afferent nociceptive neurons. Among these receptors is TRPV1 (transient receptor potential vanilloid 1), a member of the TRP family of ion channels. TRPV1 is a calcium-permeable channel, which is activated or modulated by diverse exogenous noxious stimuli such as high temperatures, changes in pH, and irritant and pungent compounds, and by selected molecules released during tissue damage and inflammatory processes. During the last decade the number of endogenous regulators of TRPV1's activity has increased to include lipids that can negatively regulate TRPV1, as is the case for cholesterol and PIP2 (phosphatidylinositol 4,5-biphosphate) while, in contrast, other lipids produced in response to tissue injury and ischaemic processes are known to positively regulate TRPV1. Among the latter, lysophosphatidic acid activates TRPV1 while amines such as N-acyl-ethanolamines and N-acyl-dopamines can sensitize or directly activate TRPV1. It has also been found that nucleotides such as ATP act as mediators of chemically induced nociception and pain and gases, such as hydrogen sulphide and nitric oxide, lead to TRPV1 activation. Finally, the products of lipoxygenases and omega-3 fatty acids among other molecules, such as divalent cations, have also been shown to endogenously regulate TRPV1 activity. Here we provide a comprehensive review of endogenous small molecules that regulate the function of TRPV1. Acting through mechanisms that lead to sensitization and desensitization of TRPV1, these molecules regulate pathways involved in pain and nociception. Understanding how these compounds modify TRPV1 activity will allow us to comprehend how some pathologies are associated with its deregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara L Morales-Lázaro
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, UNAM, Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria Neurodesarrollo y Fisiología, México, D.F. 04510 México.
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110
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Abstract
The transient receptor potential (TRP) superfamily consists of 28 members in mammals (27 in human) that act as polymodal sensors and ion channels. They regulate cellular calcium influx, generate depolarization thereby triggering voltage dependent cellular processes, and in turn they are critical in inducing the metabolic activities of cells. It is increasingly apparent that many of the inflammatory mediators released in allergic reactions involve at least two of these ion channels, the 'Vanilloid' TRPV1 and the 'Ankyrin" TRPA1. This review mainly focuses on TRPV1 and TRPA1 and the role they have in the allergic response and how these receptors may be influenced in exercise-induced anaphylaxis. The threshold to react to an allergen for mast cells and lymphocytes can be reduced by activating the melastatin channel TRPM4. This channel is briefly discussed in the context of allergy.
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111
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Petho G, Reeh PW. Sensory and signaling mechanisms of bradykinin, eicosanoids, platelet-activating factor, and nitric oxide in peripheral nociceptors. Physiol Rev 2013; 92:1699-775. [PMID: 23073630 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00048.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral mediators can contribute to the development and maintenance of inflammatory and neuropathic pain and its concomitants (hyperalgesia and allodynia) via two mechanisms. Activation or excitation by these substances of nociceptive nerve endings or fibers implicates generation of action potentials which then travel to the central nervous system and may induce pain sensation. Sensitization of nociceptors refers to their increased responsiveness to either thermal, mechanical, or chemical stimuli that may be translated to corresponding hyperalgesias. This review aims to give an account of the excitatory and sensitizing actions of inflammatory mediators including bradykinin, prostaglandins, thromboxanes, leukotrienes, platelet-activating factor, and nitric oxide on nociceptive primary afferent neurons. Manifestations, receptor molecules, and intracellular signaling mechanisms of the effects of these mediators are discussed in detail. With regard to signaling, most data reported have been obtained from transfected nonneuronal cells and somata of cultured sensory neurons as these structures are more accessible to direct study of sensory and signal transduction. The peripheral processes of sensory neurons, where painful stimuli actually affect the nociceptors in vivo, show marked differences with respect to biophysics, ultrastructure, and equipment with receptors and ion channels compared with cellular models. Therefore, an effort was made to highlight signaling mechanisms for which supporting data from molecular, cellular, and behavioral models are consistent with findings that reflect properties of peripheral nociceptive nerve endings. Identified molecular elements of these signaling pathways may serve as validated targets for development of novel types of analgesic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Petho
- Pharmacodynamics Unit, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
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112
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Poole DP, Amadesi S, Veldhuis NA, Abogadie FC, Lieu T, Darby W, Liedtke W, Lew MJ, McIntyre P, Bunnett NW. Protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) protein and transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) protein coupling is required for sustained inflammatory signaling. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:5790-802. [PMID: 23288842 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.438184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors of nociceptive neurons can sensitize transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channels, which amplify neurogenic inflammation and pain. Protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR(2)), a receptor for inflammatory proteases, is a major mediator of neurogenic inflammation and pain. We investigated the signaling mechanisms by which PAR(2) regulates TRPV4 and determined the importance of tyrosine phosphorylation in this process. Human TRPV4 was expressed in HEK293 cells under control of a tetracycline-inducible promoter, allowing controlled and graded channel expression. In cells lacking TRPV4, the PAR(2) agonist stimulated a transient increase in [Ca(2+)](i). TRPV4 expression led to a markedly sustained increase in [Ca(2+)](i). Removal of extracellular Ca(2+) and treatment with the TRPV4 antagonists Ruthenium Red or HC067047 prevented the sustained response. Inhibitors of phospholipase A(2) and cytochrome P450 epoxygenase attenuated the sustained response, suggesting that PAR(2) generates arachidonic acid-derived lipid mediators, such as 5',6'-EET, that activate TRPV4. Src inhibitor 1 suppressed PAR(2)-induced activation of TRPV4, indicating the importance of tyrosine phosphorylation. The TRPV4 tyrosine mutants Y110F, Y805F, and Y110F/Y805F were expressed normally at the cell surface. However, PAR(2) was unable to activate TRPV4 with the Y110F mutation. TRPV4 antagonism suppressed PAR(2) signaling to primary nociceptive neurons, and TRPV4 deletion attenuated PAR(2)-stimulated neurogenic inflammation. Thus, PAR(2) activation generates a signal that induces sustained activation of TRPV4, which requires a key tyrosine residue (TRPV4-Tyr-110). This mechanism partly mediates the proinflammatory actions of PAR(2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Poole
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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113
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Sugimoto Y, Kojima Y, Inayoshi A, Inoue K, Miura-Kusaka H, Mori K, Saku O, Ishida H, Atsumi E, Nakasato Y, Shirakura S, Toki SI, Shinoda K, Suzuki N. K-685, a TRPV1 Antagonist, Blocks PKC-Sensitized TRPV1 Activation and Improves the Inflammatory Pain in a Rat Complete Freund’s Adjuvant Model. J Pharmacol Sci 2013; 123:256-66. [DOI: 10.1254/jphs.13088fp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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114
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Kitagawa Y, Tamai I, Hamada Y, Usui K, Wada M, Sakata M, Matsushita M. The Orally Administered Selective TRPV1 Antagonist, JTS-653, Attenuates Chronic Pain Refractory to Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs in Rats and Mice Including Post-herpetic Pain. J Pharmacol Sci 2013; 122:128-37. [DOI: 10.1254/jphs.12276fp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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115
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Abstract
Musculoskeletal pain conditions, particularly those associated with temporomandibular disorders (TMD) affect a large percentage of the population. Identifying mechanisms underlying hyperalgesia could contribute to the development of new treatment strategies for the management of TMD and other muscle pain conditions. In this study, we provide evidence of functional interactions between two ligand-gated channels, P2X₃ and transient receptor potential V1 (TRPV1), in trigeminal sensory neurons, and propose that the interactions serve as an underlying mechanism for the development of mechanical hyperalgesia. Mechanical sensitivity of the masseter muscle was assessed in lightly anesthetized rats via an electronic anesthesiometer (Ro et al., 2009). Direct intramuscular injection of a selective P2X₃ agonist, alpha,beta-methylene adenosine triphosphate (αβmeATP), induced a dose- and time-dependent hyperalgesia. Mechanical sensitivity in the contralateral muscle was unaffected suggesting local P2X₃ mediate hyperalgesia. Anesthetizing the overlying skin had no effect on αβmeATP-induced hyperalgesia confirming the contribution of P2X₃ from the muscle. Importantly, the αβmeATP-induced hyperalgesia was prevented by pretreatment of the muscle with a TRPV1 antagonist, AMG9810. P2X₃ was co-expressed with TRPV1 in the masseter muscle afferents confirming the possibility for intracellular interactions. Additionally, in a subpopulation of P2Xv/TRPV1 positive neurons, capsaicin-induced Ca(2+) transients were significantly amplified following P2X₃ activation. Finally, activation of P2X₃ induced phosphorylation of serine, but not threonine, residues in TRPV1 in trigeminal ganglia cultures. Significant phosphorylation was observed at 15 min, the time point at which behavioral hyperalgesia was prominent. Previously, activation of either P2X₃ or TRPV1 had been independently implicated in the development of mechanical hyperalgesia. Our data propose P2X₃ and TRPV1 interact in a facilitatory manner, which could contribute to the peripheral sensitization known to underlie masseter hyperalgesia.
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116
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Magni G, Ceruti S. P2Y purinergic receptors: new targets for analgesic and antimigraine drugs. Biochem Pharmacol 2012; 85:466-77. [PMID: 23146663 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2012.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Revised: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 10/12/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Millions of individuals worldwide suffer from acute and, more severely, chronic pain conditions (e.g., neuropathic pain, and migraine). The latter bear tremendous personal, familial, and social costs, since sufferers and their relatives undergo a complete turnaround of their lives with the search of relief from pain becoming their pivotal thought. Sadly, to date no effective pharmacological approaches are available which can alleviate chronic pain significantly or in the long run in all patients. The current central strategy for the development of new and effective painkillers lies in the hypothesis that cellular and/or molecular players in nociception must exists that are not targeted by "classical" analgesics, and therefore researchers have put tremendous efforts into the in-depth analysis of the pathways leading to pain development and maintenance over time. In this complex scenario, two outsiders are now taking the center stage: glial cells in sensory ganglia and in the central nervous system, thanks to their ability to communicate with neurons and to modulate their firing, and the purinergic system. Extracellular purine and pyrimidine nucleotides are involved in the physiology of virtually every body district, and their extracellular concentrations massively increase under pathological situations, suggesting that they might represent potential targets for the modulation of disease-associated symptoms, like pain. Here, we provide an overview of the present knowledge of the role of nucleotides in nociception, with a particular emphasis on G protein-coupled P2Y receptors and their involvement in the communication between first- and second-order neurons in sensory nerve pathways and surrounding glial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Magni
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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117
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Solinski HJ, Zierler S, Gudermann T, Breit A. Human sensory neuron-specific Mas-related G protein-coupled receptors-X1 sensitize and directly activate transient receptor potential cation channel V1 via distinct signaling pathways. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:40956-71. [PMID: 23074220 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.408617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensory neuron-specific Mas-related G protein-coupled receptors-X1 (MRGPR-X1) are primate-specific proteins that are exclusively expressed in primary sensory neurons and provoke pain in humans. Hence, MRGPR-X1 represent promising targets for future pain therapy, but signaling pathways activated by MRGPR-X1 are poorly understood. The transient receptor potential cation channel V1 (TRPV1) is also expressed in primary sensory neurons and detects painful stimuli such as protons and heat. G(q)-promoted signaling has been shown to sensitize TRPV1 via protein kinase C (PKC)-dependent phosphorylation. In addition, recent studies suggested TRPV1 activation via a G(q)-mediated mechanism involving diacylglycerol (DAG) or phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PIP(2)). However, it is not clear if DAG-promoted TRPV1 activation occurs independently from classic TRPV1 activation modes induced by heat and protons. Herein, we analyzed putative functional interactions between MRGPR-X1 and TRPV1 in a previously reported F11 cell line stably over-expressing MRGPR-X1. First, we found that MRGPR-X1 sensitized TRPV1 to heat and protons in a PKC-dependent manner. Second, we observed direct MRGPR-X1-mediated TRPV1 activation independent of MRGPR-X1-induced Ca(2+)-release and PKC activity or other TRPV1 affecting enzymes such as lipoxygenase, extracellular signal-regulated kinases-1/2, sarcoma, or phosphoinositide 3-kinase. Investigating several TRPV1 mutants, we observed that removal of the TRPV1 binding site for DAG and of the putative PIP(2) sensor decreased MRGPR-X1-induced TRPV1 activation by 71 and 43%, respectively. Therefore, we demonstrate dual functional interactions between MRGPR-X1 and TRPV1, resulting in PKC-dependent TRPV1 sensitization and DAG/PIP(2)-mediated activation. The molecular discrimination between TRPV1 sensitization and activation may help improve the specificity of current pain therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Jürgen Solinski
- Walther-Straub-Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München 80336 München, Germany
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118
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Vay L, Gu C, McNaughton PA. Current perspectives on the modulation of thermo-TRP channels: new advances and therapeutic implications. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2012; 3:687-704. [PMID: 22111750 DOI: 10.1586/ecp.10.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The thermo transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channels, a recently discovered family of ion channels activated by temperature, are expressed in primary sensory nerve terminals, where they provide information regarding thermal changes in the environment. Six thermo-TRPs have been characterized to date: TRPV1-4, which respond to different levels of warmth and heat, and TRPM8 and TRPA1, which respond to cool temperatures. We review the current state of knowledge of thermo-TRPs, and of the modulation of their thermal thresholds by a range of inflammatory mediators. Blockers of these channels are likely to have therapeutic uses as novel analgesics but may also cause unacceptable side effects. Controlling the modulation of thermo-TRPs by inflammatory mediators may be a useful alternative strategy in developing novel analgesics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Vay
- Deptartment of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Rd, Cambridge, CB2 1PD, UK
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119
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Ma J, Altomare A, Guarino M, Cicala M, Rieder F, Fiocchi C, Li D, Cao W, Behar J, Biancani P, Harnett KM. HCl-induced and ATP-dependent upregulation of TRPV1 receptor expression and cytokine production by human esophageal epithelial cells. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY. GASTROINTESTINAL AND LIVER PHYSIOLOGY 2012. [PMID: 22790593 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) remains elusive, but recent evidence suggests that early secretion of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines by the mucosa leads to influx of immune cells followed by tissue damage. We previously showed that exposure of esophageal mucosa to HCl causes ATP release, resulting in activation of acetyl-CoA:1-O-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine acetyltransferase (lyso-PAF AT), the enzyme responsible for the production of platelet-activating factor (PAF). In addition, HCl causes release of IL-8 from the esophageal mucosa. We demonstrate that esophageal epithelial cells secrete proinflammatory mediators in response to HCl and that this response is mediated by ATP. Monolayers of the human esophageal epithelial cell line HET-1A were exposed to acidified cell culture medium (pH 5) for 12 min, a total of seven times over 48 h, to simulate the recurrent acid exposure clinically occurring in GERD. HCl upregulated mRNA and protein expression for the acid-sensing transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily vanilloid member 1 (TRPV1), lyso-PAF AT, IL-8, eotaxin-1, -2, and -3, macrophage inflammatory protein-1α, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1. The chemokine profile secreted by HET-1A cells in response to repeated HCl exposure parallels similar findings in erosive esophagitis patients. In HET-1A cells, the TRPV1 agonist capsaicin reproduced these findings for mRNA of the inflammatory mediators lyso-PAF AT, IL-8, and eotaxin-1. These effects were blocked by the TRPV1 antagonists iodoresiniferatoxin and JNJ-17203212. These effects were imitated by direct application of ATP and blocked by the nonselective ATP antagonist suramin. We conclude that HCl/TRPV-induced ATP release upregulated secretion of various chemoattractants by esophageal epithelial cells. These chemoattractants are selective for leukocyte subsets involved in acute inflammatory responses and allergic inflammation. The data support the validity of HET-1A cells as a model of the response of the human esophageal mucosa in GERD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ma
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
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120
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Ma J, Altomare A, Guarino M, Cicala M, Rieder F, Fiocchi C, Li D, Cao W, Behar J, Biancani P, Harnett KM. HCl-induced and ATP-dependent upregulation of TRPV1 receptor expression and cytokine production by human esophageal epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2012; 303:G635-45. [PMID: 22790593 PMCID: PMC3468560 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00097.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) remains elusive, but recent evidence suggests that early secretion of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines by the mucosa leads to influx of immune cells followed by tissue damage. We previously showed that exposure of esophageal mucosa to HCl causes ATP release, resulting in activation of acetyl-CoA:1-O-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine acetyltransferase (lyso-PAF AT), the enzyme responsible for the production of platelet-activating factor (PAF). In addition, HCl causes release of IL-8 from the esophageal mucosa. We demonstrate that esophageal epithelial cells secrete proinflammatory mediators in response to HCl and that this response is mediated by ATP. Monolayers of the human esophageal epithelial cell line HET-1A were exposed to acidified cell culture medium (pH 5) for 12 min, a total of seven times over 48 h, to simulate the recurrent acid exposure clinically occurring in GERD. HCl upregulated mRNA and protein expression for the acid-sensing transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily vanilloid member 1 (TRPV1), lyso-PAF AT, IL-8, eotaxin-1, -2, and -3, macrophage inflammatory protein-1α, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1. The chemokine profile secreted by HET-1A cells in response to repeated HCl exposure parallels similar findings in erosive esophagitis patients. In HET-1A cells, the TRPV1 agonist capsaicin reproduced these findings for mRNA of the inflammatory mediators lyso-PAF AT, IL-8, and eotaxin-1. These effects were blocked by the TRPV1 antagonists iodoresiniferatoxin and JNJ-17203212. These effects were imitated by direct application of ATP and blocked by the nonselective ATP antagonist suramin. We conclude that HCl/TRPV-induced ATP release upregulated secretion of various chemoattractants by esophageal epithelial cells. These chemoattractants are selective for leukocyte subsets involved in acute inflammatory responses and allergic inflammation. The data support the validity of HET-1A cells as a model of the response of the human esophageal mucosa in GERD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ma
- 1Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island; ,2School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China;
| | - Annamaria Altomare
- 1Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island; ,3Department of Digestive Disease of Campus Bio Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy;
| | - Michele Guarino
- 3Department of Digestive Disease of Campus Bio Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy;
| | - Michele Cicala
- 3Department of Digestive Disease of Campus Bio Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy;
| | - Florian Rieder
- 4Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio; and
| | - Claudio Fiocchi
- 4Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio; and
| | - Dan Li
- 1Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island;
| | - Weibiao Cao
- 1Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island; ,5Department of Pathology, Rhode Island Hospital and Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Jose Behar
- 1Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island;
| | - Piero Biancani
- 1Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island;
| | - Karen M. Harnett
- 1Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island;
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121
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Premkumar LS, Abooj M. TRP channels and analgesia. Life Sci 2012; 92:415-24. [PMID: 22910182 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2012.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2012] [Revised: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Since cloning and characterizing the first nociceptive ion channel Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) Vanilloid 1 (TRPV1), other TRP channels involved in nociception have been cloned and characterized, which include TRP Vanilloid 2 (TRPV2), TRP Vanilloid 3 (TRPV3), TRP Vanilloid 4 (TRPV4), TRP Ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) and TRP Melastatin 8 (TRPM8), more recently TRP Canonical 1, 5, 6 (TRPC1, 5, 6), TRP Melastatin 2 (TRPM2) and TRP Melastatin 3 (TRPM3). These channels are predominantly expressed in C and Aδ nociceptors and transmit noxious thermal, mechanical and chemical sensitivities. TRP channels are modulated by pro-inflammatory mediators, neuropeptides and cytokines. Significant advances have been made targeting these receptors either by antagonists or agonists to treat painful conditions. In this review, we will discuss TRP channels as targets for next generation analgesics and the side effects that may ensue as a result of blocking/activating these receptors, because they are also involved in physiological functions such as release of vasoactive neuropeptides and regulation of vascular tone, maintenance of the body temperature, gastrointestinal motility, urinary bladder control, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis S Premkumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine Springfield, IL 62702, USA.
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122
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Erb L, Weisman GA. Coupling of P2Y receptors to G proteins and other signaling pathways. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 1:789-803. [PMID: 25774333 DOI: 10.1002/wmts.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
P2Y receptors are G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that are activated by adenine and uridine nucleotides and nucleotide sugars. There are eight subtypes of P2Y receptors (P2Y1, P2Y2, P2Y4, P2Y6, P2Y11, P2Y12, P2Y13, and P2Y14), which activate intracellular signaling cascades to regulate a variety of cellular processes, including proliferation, differentiation, phagocytosis, secretion, nociception, cell adhesion, and cell migration. These signaling cascades operate mainly by the sequential activation or deactivation of heterotrimeric and monomeric G proteins, phospholipases, adenylyl and guanylyl cyclases, protein kinases, and phosphodiesterases. In addition, there are numerous ion channels, cell adhesion molecules, and receptor tyrosine kinases that are modulated by P2Y receptors and operate to transmit an extracellular signal to an intracellular response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie Erb
- Department of Biochemistry, Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Gary A Weisman
- Department of Biochemistry, Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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123
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Lee J, Saloman JL, Weiland G, Auh QS, Chung MK, Ro JY. Functional interactions between NMDA receptors and TRPV1 in trigeminal sensory neurons mediate mechanical hyperalgesia in the rat masseter muscle. Pain 2012; 153:1514-1524. [PMID: 22609428 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2012.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Revised: 03/07/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The NMDA and TRPV1 receptors that are expressed in sensory neurons have been independently demonstrated to play important roles in peripheral pain mechanisms. In the present study, we investigated whether the 2 receptor-channel systems form a functional complex that provides the basis for the development of mechanical hyperalgesia. In the masseter muscle, direct application of NMDA induced a time-dependent increase in mechanical sensitivity, which was significantly blocked when the muscle was pretreated with a specific TRPV1 antagonist, AMG9810. The NR1 subunit of the NMDA receptor and TRPV1 were coexpressed in 32% of masseter afferents in trigeminal ganglia (TG). Furthermore, NR1 and NR2B formed protein-protein complexes with TRPV1 in TG as demonstrated by coimmunoprecipitation experiments. Calcium imaging analyses further corroborated that NMDA and TRPV1 receptors functionally interact. In TG culture, application of NMDA resulted in phosphorylation of serine, but not threonine or tyrosine, residues of TRPV1 in a time course similar to that of the development of NMDA-induced mechanical hyperalgesia. The NMDA-induced phosphorylation was significantly attenuated by CaMKII and PKC inhibitors, but not by a PKA inhibitor. Consistent with the biochemical data, the NMDA-induced mechanical hyperalgesia was also effectively blocked when the muscle was pretreated with a CaMKII or PKC inhibitor. Thus, NMDA receptors and TRPV1 functionally interact via CaMKII and PKC signaling cascades and contribute to mechanical hyperalgesia. These data offer novel mechanisms by which 2 ligand-gated channels in sensory neurons interact and reinforce the notion that TRPV1 functions as a signal integrator under pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongseok Lee
- University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, Program in Neuroscience, Baltimore, MA, USA Kyung Hee University, School of Dentistry, Department of Oral Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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124
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Kitagawa Y, Miyai A, Usui K, Hamada Y, Deai K, Wada M, Koga Y, Sakata M, Hayashi M, Tominaga M, Matsushita M. Pharmacological Characterization of (3S)-3-(Hydroxymethyl)-4-(5-Methylpyridin-2-yl)-N-[6-(2,2,2-Trifluoroethoxy)pyridin-3-yl]-3,4-Dihydro-2H-Benzo[b][1,4]Oxazine-8-Carboxamide (JTS-653), a Novel Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 1 Antagonist. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2012; 342:520-8. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.112.194027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
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125
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Liu J, Liu X, Duan K, Zhang Y, Guo SW. The Expression and Functionality of Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 1 in Ovarian Endometriomas. Reprod Sci 2012; 19:1110-24. [DOI: 10.1177/1933719112443876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiangang Liu
- Shanghai OB/GYN Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xishi Liu
- Shanghai OB/GYN Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kaizheng Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institute of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuqiu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institute of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sun-Wei Guo
- Shanghai OB/GYN Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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126
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Fan-xin M, Li-mei S, Bei S, Xin Q, Yu Y, Yu C. Heat shock factor 1 regulates the expression of theTRPV1gene in the rat preoptic-anterior hypothalamus area during lipopolysaccharide-induced fever. Exp Physiol 2012; 97:730-40. [DOI: 10.1113/expphysiol.2011.064204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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127
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Redox signal-mediated sensitization of transient receptor potential melastatin 2 (TRPM2) to temperature affects macrophage functions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:6745-50. [PMID: 22493272 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1114193109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to sense temperature is essential for organism survival and efficient metabolism. Body temperatures profoundly affect many physiological functions, including immunity. Transient receptor potential melastatin 2 (TRPM2) is a thermosensitive, Ca(2+)-permeable cation channel expressed in a wide range of immunocytes. TRPM2 is activated by adenosine diphosphate ribose and hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)), although the activation mechanism by H(2)O(2) is not well understood. Here we report a unique activation mechanism in which H(2)O(2) lowers the temperature threshold for TRPM2 activation, termed "sensitization," through Met oxidation and adenosine diphosphate ribose production. This sensitization is completely abolished by a single mutation at Met-214, indicating that the temperature threshold of TRPM2 activation is regulated by redox signals that enable channel activity at physiological body temperatures. Loss of TRPM2 attenuates zymosan-evoked macrophage functions, including cytokine release and fever-enhanced phagocytic activity. These findings suggest that redox signals sensitize TRPM2 downstream of NADPH oxidase activity and make TRPM2 active at physiological body temperature, leading to increased cytosolic Ca(2+) concentrations. Our results suggest that TRPM2 sensitization plays important roles in macrophage functions.
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128
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Ho KW, Ward NJ, Calkins DJ. TRPV1: a stress response protein in the central nervous system. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASE 2012; 1:1-14. [PMID: 22737633 PMCID: PMC3560445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2012] [Accepted: 04/21/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The transient receptor potential (TRP) family comprises a diverse group of cation channels that regulate a variety of intracellular signaling pathways. The TRPV1 (vanilloid 1) channel is best known for its role in nociception and sensory transmission. First studied in the dorsal root ganglia as the receptor for capsaicin, TRPV1 is now recognized to have a broader distribution and function within the central nervous system (CNS). Because it can be activated by a range of potentially noxious stimuli, TRPV1's polymodal nature and ability to interact with other receptor pathways make it a candidate for a stress response protein. As a result, TRPV1 is emerging as a key mediator of CNS function through modulation of both glial and neuronal activity. Growing evidence has suggested that TRPV1 can mediate a variety of pathways from glial reactivity and cytokine release to synaptic transmission and plasticity. This review highlights the increasing importance of TRPV1 as a regulator of CNS function in response to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen W Ho
- The Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37205, USA
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129
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Palazzo E, Luongo L, de Novellis V, Rossi F, Marabese I, Maione S. Transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 and pain development. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2012; 12:9-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2011.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Revised: 10/27/2011] [Accepted: 10/28/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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130
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Brandao KE, Dell'Acqua ML, Levinson SR. A-kinase anchoring protein 150 expression in a specific subset of TRPV1- and CaV 1.2-positive nociceptive rat dorsal root ganglion neurons. J Comp Neurol 2012; 520:81-99. [PMID: 21674494 PMCID: PMC4807902 DOI: 10.1002/cne.22692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Modulation of phosphorylation states of ion channels is a critical step in the development of hyperalgesia during inflammation. Modulatory enhancement of channel activity may increase neuronal excitability and affect downstream targets such as gene transcription. The specificity required for such regulation of ion channels quickly occurs via targeting of protein kinases and phosphatases by the scaffolding A-kinase anchoring protein 79/150 (AKAP79/150). AKAP79/150 has been implicated in inflammatory pain by targeting protein kinase A (PKA) and protein kinase C (PKC) to the transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) channel in peripheral sensory neurons, thus lowering threshold for activation of the channel by multiple inflammatory reagents. However, the expression pattern of AKAP150 in peripheral sensory neurons is unknown. Here we identify the peripheral neuron subtypes that express AKAP150, the subcellular distribution of AKAP150, and the potential target ion channels in rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) slices. We found that AKAP150 is expressed predominantly in a subset of small DRG sensory neurons, where it is localized at the plasma membrane of the soma, axon initial segment, and small fibers. Most of these neurons are peripherin positive and produce C fibers, although a small portion produce Aδ fibers. Furthermore, we demonstrate that AKAP79/150 colocalizes with TRPV1 and Ca(V) 1.2 in the soma and axon initial segment. Thus AKAP150 is expressed in small, nociceptive DRG neurons, where it is targeted to membrane regions and where it may play a role in the modulation of ion channel phosphorylation states required for hyperalgesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Brandao
- Program in Neuroscience, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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131
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New strategies to develop novel pain therapies: addressing thermoreceptors from different points of view. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2011; 5:16-48. [PMID: 24288041 PMCID: PMC3763626 DOI: 10.3390/ph5010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Revised: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
One approach to develop successful pain therapies is the modulation of dysfunctional ion channels that contribute to the detection of thermal, mechanical and chemical painful stimuli. These ion channels, known as thermoTRPs, promote the sensitization and activation of primary sensory neurons known as nociceptors. Pharmacological blockade and genetic deletion of thermoTRP have validated these channels as therapeutic targets for pain intervention. Several thermoTRP modulators have progressed towards clinical development, although most failed because of the appearance of unpredicted side effects. Thus, there is yet a need to develop novel channel modulators with improved therapeutic index. Here, we review the current state-of-the art and illustrate new pharmacological paradigms based on TRPV1 that include: (i) the identification of activity-dependent modulators of this thermoTRP channel; (ii) the design of allosteric modulators that interfere with protein-protein interaction involved in the functional coupling of stimulus sensing and gate opening; and (iii) the development of compounds that abrogate the inflammation-mediated increase of receptor expression in the neuronal surface. These new sites of action represent novel strategies to modulate pathologically active TRPV1, while minimizing an effect on the TRPV1 subpopulation involved in physiological and protective roles, thus increasing their potential therapeutic use.
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132
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Ma J, Altomare A, Rieder F, Behar J, Biancani P, Harnett KM. ATP: a mediator for HCl-induced TRPV1 activation in esophageal mucosa. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2011; 301:G1075-82. [PMID: 21960521 PMCID: PMC3233789 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00336.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
In esophageal mucosa, HCl causes TRPV1-mediated release of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and substance P (SP) from submucosal neurons and of platelet-activating factor (PAF) from epithelial cells. CGRP and SP release was unaffected by PAF antagonists but reduced by the purinergic antagonist suramin. ATP caused CGRP and SP release from esophageal mucosa, confirming a role of ATP in the release. The human esophageal epithelial cell line HET-1A was used to identify epithelial cells as the site of ATP release. HCl caused ATP release from HET-1A, which was reduced by the TRPV1 antagonist 5-iodoresiniferatoxin. Real-time PCR demonstrated the presence of mRNA for several P2X and P2Y purinergic receptors in epithelial cells. HCl also increased activity of lyso-PAF acetyl-CoA transferase (lyso-PAF AT), the enzyme responsible for production of PAF. The increase was blocked by suramin. ATP caused a similar increase, confirming ATP as a mediator for the TRPV1-induced increase in enzyme activity. Repeated exposure of HET-1A cells to HCl over 2 days caused upregulation of mRNA and protein expression for lyso-PAF AT. Suramin blocked this response. Repeated exposure to ATP caused a similar mRNA increase, confirming ATP as a mediator for upregulation of the enzyme. Thus, HCl-induced activation of TRPV1 causes ATP release from esophageal epithelial cells that causes release of CGRP and SP from esophageal submucosal neurons and activation of lyso-PAF AT, the enzyme responsible for the production of PAF in epithelial cells. Repeated application of HCl or of ATP causes upregulation of lyso-PAF AT in epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ma
- 1Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island; ,2School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University , Changchun, Jilin, China;
| | - Annamaria Altomare
- 1Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island; ,3Department of Digestive Disease of Campus Bio Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy; and
| | - Florian Rieder
- 4Departments of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, and Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Digestive Disease Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Jose Behar
- 1Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island;
| | - Piero Biancani
- 1Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island;
| | - Karen M. Harnett
- 1Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island;
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133
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Spampinato S, Trabucco A, Biasiotta A, Biagioni F, Cruccu G, Copani A, Colledge WH, Sortino MA, Nicoletti F, Chiechio S. Hyperalgesic activity of kisspeptin in mice. Mol Pain 2011; 7:90. [PMID: 22112588 PMCID: PMC3284433 DOI: 10.1186/1744-8069-7-90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Kisspeptin is a neuropeptide known for its role in the hypothalamic regulation of the reproductive axis. Following the recent description of kisspeptin and its 7-TM receptor, GPR54, in the dorsal root ganglia and dorsal horns of the spinal cord, we examined the role of kisspeptin in the regulation of pain sensitivity in mice. Results Immunofluorescent staining in the mouse skin showed the presence of GPR54 receptors in PGP9.5-positive sensory fibers. Intraplantar injection of kisspeptin (1 or 3 nmol/5 μl) induced a small nocifensive response in naive mice, and lowered thermal pain threshold in the hot plate test. Both intraplantar and intrathecal (0.5 or 1 nmol/3 μl) injection of kisspeptin caused hyperalgesia in the first and second phases of the formalin test, whereas the GPR54 antagonist, p234 (0.1 or 1 nmol), caused a robust analgesia. Intraplantar injection of kisspeptin combined with formalin enhanced TRPV1 phosphorylation at Ser800 at the injection site, and increased ERK1/2 phosphorylation in the ipsilateral dorsal horn as compared to naive mice and mice treated with formalin alone. Conclusion These data demonstrate for the first time that kisspeptin regulates pain sensitivity in rodents and suggest that peripheral GPR54 receptors could be targeted by novel drugs in the treatment of inflammatory pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Spampinato
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Biomedicine, University of Catania, Italy
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134
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Fernando H, Czamanski J, Yuan TY, Gu W, Abdi S, Huang CY. Mechanical loading affects the energy metabolism of intervertebral disc cells. J Orthop Res 2011; 29:1634-41. [PMID: 21484859 PMCID: PMC3137745 DOI: 10.1002/jor.21430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2010] [Accepted: 03/15/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Research has shown that mechanical loading affects matrix biosynthesis of intervertebral disc (IVD) cells; however, the pathway(s) to this effect is currently unknown. Cellular matrix biosynthesis is an energy demanding process. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of static and dynamic compressive loading on energy metabolism of IVD cells. Porcine annulus fibrosus (AF) and nucleus pulposus (NP) cells seeded in 2% agarose were used in this experiment. Experimental groups included 15% static compression and 0.1 and 1 Hz dynamic compression at 15% strain magnitude for 4 h. ATP, lactate, glucose, and nitric oxide (NO) contents in culture media, and ATP content in cell-agarose construct were measured using biochemical assays. While the total ATP content of AF cells was promoted by static and dynamic loading, only 1 Hz dynamic loading increased total ATP content of NP cells. Increases in lactate production and glucose consumption of AF cells suggest that ATP production via glycolysis is promoted by dynamic compression. ATP release and NO production of AF and NP cells were significantly increased by dynamic loading. Thus, this study clearly illustrates that static and dynamic compressive loading affect IVD cell energy production while cellular responses to mechanical loading were both cell type and compression type dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- H.N. Fernando
- Stem Cell and Mechanobiology Lab, Dept of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, USA
| | - J. Czamanski
- Stem Cell and Mechanobiology Lab, Dept of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, USA
| | - T.-Y. Yuan
- Stem Cell and Mechanobiology Lab, Dept of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, USA, Tissue Biomechanics Lab, Dept of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, USA
| | - W.Y. Gu
- Tissue Biomechanics Lab, Dept of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, USA
| | - S. Abdi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, BIDMC, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - C.-Y.C. Huang
- Stem Cell and Mechanobiology Lab, Dept of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, USA
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135
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Takahashi N, Mori Y. TRP Channels as Sensors and Signal Integrators of Redox Status Changes. Front Pharmacol 2011; 2:58. [PMID: 22016736 PMCID: PMC3192318 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2011.00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins are capable of sensing the redox status of cells. Cysteine residues, which react with oxidants, reductants, and electrophiles, have been increasingly recognized as the mediators of this redox sensitivity. Cation channels encoded by the transient receptor potential (trp) gene superfamily are characterized by a wide variety of activation triggers that act from outside and inside the cell. Recent studies have revealed that a class of TRP channels is sensitive to changes in redox status and is notably susceptible to modifications of cysteine residues, such as oxidation, electrophilic reaction, and S-nitrosylation of sulfhydryls. In this review, we focus on TRP channels, which directly sense redox status, and discuss the biological significance of cysteine modifications and the consequences of this chemical reaction for physiological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuaki Takahashi
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University Kyoto, Japan
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136
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Wang S, Chuang HH. C-terminal dimerization activates the nociceptive transduction channel transient receptor potential vanilloid 1. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:40601-7. [PMID: 21926175 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.256669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Covalent modification of the specific cysteine residue(s) by oxidative stress robustly potentiates transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) and sensitizes nociception. Here we provide biochemical evidence of dimerization of TRPV1 subunits upon exposure to phenylarsine oxide and hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)), two chemical surrogates of oxidative stress. A disulfide bond formed between apposing cysteines ligates two C termini, serving as the structural basis of channel sensitization by oxidative covalent C-terminal modification. Systematic cysteine scanning of the C terminus of a cysteineless TRPV1 channel revealed a critical region within which any cysteine introduced phenylarsine oxide activation to mutant TRPV1. Oxidative sensitization persisted even when this region is substituted with a random peptide linker containing a single cysteine. So did insertion of this region to TRPV3, a homolog lacking the corresponding region and resistant to oxidative challenge. These results suggest that the non-conserved linker in the TRPV1 C terminus senses environmental oxidative stress and adjusts channel activity during cumulative oxidative damage by lowering the activation threshold of gating elements shared by TRPV channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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137
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Abstract
The past decade has witnessed the cloning of a new family of ion channels that are responsive to temperature. Six of these transient receptor potential (TRP) channels are proposed to be involved in thermosensation and are located in sensory nerves and skin. The TRPV1, TRPV2, TRPV3, and TRPV4 channels have incompletely overlapping functions over a broad thermal range from warm to hot. Deletion of the individual TRPV1, TRPV3, and TRPV4 channels in mice has established their physiological role in thermosensation. In all cases thermosensation is not completely abolished - suggesting some functional redundancy among the channels. Notably, the TRPV2 channel is responsive to hot temperatures in heterologous systems, but its physiological relevance in vivo has not been established. Cool and cold temperatures are sensed by TRPM8 and TRPA1 family members. Currently, the pharmaceutical industry is developing agonists and antagonists for the various TRP channels. For instance, TRPV1 receptor agonists produce hypothermia, while antagonists induce hyperthermia. Recent investigations have found that different regions of the TRPV1 receptor are responsive to temperature, nociceptive stimuli, and various chemical agents. With this information, it has been possible to develop a TRPV1 compound that blocks responses to capsaicin and acid while leaving temperature sensitivity intact. These channels have important implications for hyperthermia research and may help to identify previously unexplored mechanisms in different tissues that are responsive to thermal stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- William C Wetsel
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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138
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Zakharian E, Cao C, Rohacs T. Intracellular ATP supports TRPV6 activity via lipid kinases and the generation of PtdIns(4,5) P₂. FASEB J 2011; 25:3915-28. [PMID: 21810903 DOI: 10.1096/fj.11-184630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Transient receptor potential vanilloid 6 (TRPV6) channels play an important role in Ca(2+) absorption in the intestines. Both phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate [PtdIns(4,5)P(2)] and cytoplasmic ATP have been proposed to be important for maintaining TRPV6 activity. To evaluate whether PtdIns(4,5)P(2) and ATP affect channel activity directly or indirectly, we have used a dual approach, examining channel activity in excised patches and planar lipid bilayers. In excised inside-out patch-clamp measurements, ATP reactivated the human TRPV6 channels after current rundown only in the presence of Mg(2+). The effect of MgATP was inhibited by 3 structurally different compounds that inhibit type III phosphatidylinositol 4-kinases (PI4Ks). PtdIns(4,5)P(2) also activated TRPV6 in excised patches, while its precursor PtdIns(4)P had only minimal effect. These data demonstrate that MgATP provides substrate for lipid kinases, allowing the resynthesis of PtdIns(4,5)P(2). To determine whether PtdIns(4,5)P(2) is a direct activator of TRPV6, we purified and reconstituted the channel protein in planar lipid bilayers. The reconstituted channel showed high activity in the presence of PtdIns(4,5)P(2), while PtdIns(4)P induced only minimal activity. Our data establish PtdIns(4,5)P(2) as a direct activator of TRPV6 and demonstrate that intracellular ATP regulates the channel indirectly as a substrate for type III PI4Ks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Zakharian
- University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103, USA
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139
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Desalted deep-sea water improves cognitive function in mice by increasing the production of insulin-like growth factor-I in the hippocampus. Transl Res 2011; 158:106-17. [PMID: 21757155 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2011.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2010] [Revised: 02/16/2011] [Accepted: 02/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The stimulation of sensory neurons in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract improves cognitive function by increasing the hippocampal production of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) in mice. In the current study, we examined whether oral administration of desalted deep-sea water (DSW) increases the hippocampal production of IGF-I by stimulating sensory neurons in the GI tract, thereby improving cognitive function in mice. Desalted DSW increased calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) release from dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons isolated from wild-type (WT) mice by activating transient receptor potential vanilloid 1. The plasma levels of IGF-I and tissue levels of CGRP, IGF-I, and IGF-I mRNA in the hippocampus were increased by oral administration of desalted DSW in WT mice. In these animals, nociceptive information originating from the GI tract was transmitted to the hippocampus via the spinothalamic pathway. Improvement of spatial learning was observed in WT mice after administration of desalted DSW. Distilled DSW showed results similar to those of desalted DSW in vitro and in vivo. None of the effects of desalted DSW in WT mice were observed after the administration of desalted DSW in CGRP-knockout (CGRP-/-) mice. No volatile compounds were detected in distilled DSW on GC-MS analysis. These observations suggest that desalted DSW may increase the hippocampal IGF-I production via sensory neuron stimulation in the Gl tract, thereby improving cognitive function in mice. Such effects of desalted DSW might not be dependent on the minerals but are dependent on the function of the water molecule itself.
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140
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Lechner SG, Boehm S. Regulation of neuronal ion channels via P2Y receptors. Purinergic Signal 2011; 1:31-41. [PMID: 18404398 PMCID: PMC2096562 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-004-4746-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2004] [Revised: 10/11/2004] [Accepted: 10/12/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Within the last 15 years, at least 8 different G protein-coupled P2Y receptors have been characterized. These mediate slow metabotropic effects of nucleotides in neurons as well as non-neural cells, as opposed to the fast ionotropic effects which are mediated by P2X receptors. One class of effector systems regulated by various G protein-coupled receptors are voltage-gated and ligand-gated ion channels. This review summarizes the current knowledge about the modulation of such neuronal ion channels via P2Y receptors. The regulated proteins include voltage-gated Ca2+ and K+ channels, as well as N-methyl-d-aspartate, vanilloid, and P2X receptors, and the regulating entities include most of the known P2Y receptor subtypes. The functional consequences of the modulation of ion channels by nucleotides acting at pre- or postsynaptic P2Y receptors are changes in the strength of synaptic transmission. Accordingly, ATP and related nucleotides may act not only as fast transmitters (via P2X receptors) in the nervous system, but also as neuromodulators (via P2Y receptors). Hence, nucleotides are as universal transmitters as, for instance, acetylcholine, glutamate, or γ-aminobutyric acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan G Lechner
- Institute of Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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141
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Gerevich Z, Illes P. P2Y receptors and pain transmission. Purinergic Signal 2011; 1:3-10. [PMID: 18404394 PMCID: PMC2096565 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-004-4740-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2004] [Revised: 09/21/2004] [Accepted: 09/23/2004] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
It is widely accepted that the most important ATP receptors involved in pain transmission belong to the P2X3 and P2X2/3 subtypes, selectively expressed in small diameter dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. However, several types of the metabotropic ATP (P2Y) receptors have also been found in primary afferent neurons; P2Y1 and P2Y2 receptors are typically expressed in small, nociceptive cells. Here we review the results available on the involvement of P2Y receptors in the modulation of pain transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltan Gerevich
- Rudolf-Boehm-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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142
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Tsutsumi M, Kumamoto J, Denda M. Intracellular calcium response to high temperature is similar in undifferentiated and differentiated cultured human keratinocytes. Exp Dermatol 2011; 20:839-40. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2011.01318.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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143
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Devesa I, Planells-Cases R, Fernández-Ballester G, González-Ros JM, Ferrer-Montiel A, Fernández-Carvajal A. Role of the transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 in inflammation and sepsis. J Inflamm Res 2011; 4:67-81. [PMID: 22096371 PMCID: PMC3218746 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s12978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) is a thermoreceptor that responds to noxious temperatures, as well as to chemical agonists, such as vanilloids and protons. In addition, its channel activity is notably potentiated by proinflammatory mediators released upon tissue damage. The TRPV1 contribution to sensory neuron sensitization by proalgesic agents has signaled this receptor as a prime target for analgesic and anti-inflammatory drug intervention. However, TRPV1 antagonists have notably failed in clinical and preclinical studies because of their unwanted side effects. Recent reports have unveiled previously unrecognized anti-inflammatory and protective functions of TRPV1 in several diseases. For instance, this channel has been suggested to play an anti-inflammatory role in sepsis. Therefore, the use of potent TRPV1 antagonists as a general strategy to treat inflammation must be cautiously considered, given the deleterious effects that may arise from inhibiting the population of channels that have a protective function. The use of TRPV1 antagonists may be limited to treating those pathologies where enhanced receptor activity contributes to the inflamed state. Alternatively, therapeutic paradigms, such as reduction of inflammatory-mediated increase of receptor expression in the cell surface, may be a better strategy to prevent abrogation of the TRPV1 subpopulation involved in anti-inflammatory and protective processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Devesa
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Alicante
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144
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Yousuf A, Klinger F, Schicker K, Boehm S. Nucleotides control the excitability of sensory neurons via two P2Y receptors and a bifurcated signaling cascade. Pain 2011; 152:1899-1908. [PMID: 21600693 PMCID: PMC3144389 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2011.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2010] [Revised: 03/03/2011] [Accepted: 04/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Nucleotides contribute to the sensation of acute and chronic pain, but it remained enigmatic which G protein-coupled nucleotide (P2Y) receptors and associated signaling cascades are involved. To resolve this issue, nucleotides were applied to dorsal root ganglion neurons under current- and voltage-clamp. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), adenosine diphosphate (ADP), and uridine triphosphate (UTP), but not uridine diphosphate (UDP), depolarized the neurons and enhanced action potential firing in response to current injections. The P2Y2 receptor preferring agonist 2-thio-UTP was equipotent to UTP in eliciting these effects. The selective P2Y1 receptor antagonist MRS2179 largely attenuated the excitatory effects of ADP, but left those of 2-thio-UTP unaltered. Thus, the excitatory effects of the nucleotides were mediated by 2 different P2Y receptors, P2Y1 and P2Y2. Activation of each of these 2 receptors by either ADP or 2-thio-UTP inhibited currents through KV7 channels, on one hand, and facilitated currents through TRPV1 channels, on the other hand. Both effects were abolished by inhibitors of phospholipase C or Ca2+-ATPase and by chelation of intracellular Ca2+. The facilitation of TRPV1, but not the inhibition KV7 channels, was prevented by a protein kinase C inhibitor. Simultaneous blockage of KV7 channels and of TRPV1 channels prevented nucleotide-induced membrane depolarization and action potential firing. Thus, P2Y1 and P2Y2 receptors mediate an excitation of dorsal root ganglion neurons by nucleotides through the inhibition of KV7 channels and the facilitation of TRPV1 channels via a common bifurcated signaling pathway relying on an increase in intracellular Ca2+ and an activation of protein kinase C, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arsalan Yousuf
- Centre for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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145
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Li G, Liu S, Yang Y, Xie J, Liu J, Kong F, Tu G, Wu R, Li G, Liang S. Effects of oxymatrine on sympathoexcitatory reflex induced by myocardial ischemic signaling mediated by P2X3 receptors in rat SCG and DRG. Brain Res Bull 2011; 84:419-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2011.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2010] [Revised: 01/01/2011] [Accepted: 01/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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146
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Terada Y, Narukawa M, Watanabe T. Specific hydroxy fatty acids in royal jelly activate TRPA1. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:2627-2635. [PMID: 21348496 DOI: 10.1021/jf1041646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This is the first report of TRPA1 activation by fatty acids. Activation of TRPA1 and TRPV1 induces thermogenesis and energy expenditure enhancement. In this study, we searched for novel agonists of TRPA1 and TRPV1 from a nonpungent food, royal jelly (RJ). We measured the activation of human TRPA1 and TRPV1 by RJ extracts and found that the hexane extract contains TRPA1 agonists. The main functional compounds in the hexane extract were trans-10-hydroxy-2-decenoic acid (HDEA) and 10-hydroxydecanoic acid (HDAA). These are characteristic fatty acids of RJ. Their EC50 values were about 1,000 times larger than that of AITC, and their maximal responses were equal. They activated TRPA1 more strongly than TRPV1. Their EC50 values for TRPV1 were 2 times larger, and the maximal response was less than half of that for TRPA1. Next, we studied the potencies of other lipid components for both receptors. Most of them have higher affinity to TRPA1 than TRPV1. Among them, dicarboxylic acids showed equal efficacy for both receptors, but those are present in only small amounts in RJ. We concluded that the main function of RJ is TRPA1 activation by HDEA and HDAA, the major components of the RJ lipid fraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Terada
- Graduate School of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
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147
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Mori N, Kawabata F, Matsumura S, Hosokawa H, Kobayashi S, Inoue K, Fushiki T. Intragastric administration of allyl isothiocyanate increases carbohydrate oxidation via TRPV1 but not TRPA1 in mice. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2011; 300:R1494-505. [PMID: 21430076 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00645.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The transient receptor potential (TRP) channel family is composed of a wide variety of cation-permeable channels activated polymodally by various stimuli and is implicated in a variety of cellular functions. Recent investigations have revealed that activation of TRP channels is involved not only in nociception and thermosensation but also in thermoregulation and energy metabolism. We investigated the effect of intragastric administration of TRP channel agonists on changes in energy substrate utilization of mice. Intragastric administration of allyl isothiocyanate (AITC; a typical TRPA1 agonist) markedly increased carbohydrate oxidation but did not affect oxygen consumption. To examine whether TRP channels mediate this increase in carbohydrate oxidation, we used TRPA1 and TRPV1 knockout (KO) mice. Intragastric administration of AITC increased carbohydrate oxidation in TRPA1 KO mice but not in TRPV1 KO mice. Furthermore, AITC dose-dependently increased intracellular calcium ion concentration in cells expressing TRPV1. These findings suggest that AITC might activate TRPV1 and that AITC increased carbohydrate oxidation via TRPV1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki Mori
- Laboratory of Nutrition Chemistry, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Yoshidahonmachi, Japan
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148
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Molliver DC, Rau KK, McIlwrath SL, Jankowski MP, Koerber HR. The ADP receptor P2Y1 is necessary for normal thermal sensitivity in cutaneous polymodal nociceptors. Mol Pain 2011; 7:13. [PMID: 21310055 PMCID: PMC3049184 DOI: 10.1186/1744-8069-7-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2010] [Accepted: 02/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background P2Y1 is a member of the P2Y family of G protein-coupled nucleotide receptors expressed in peripheral sensory neurons. Using ratiometric calcium imaging of isolated dorsal root ganglion neurons, we found that the majority of neurons responding to adenosine diphosphate, the preferred endogenous ligand, bound the lectin IB4 and expressed the ATP-gated ion channel P2X3. These neurons represent the majority of epidermal afferents in hairy skin, and are predominantly C-fiber polymodal nociceptors (CPMs), responding to mechanical stimulation, heat and in some cases cold. Results To characterize the function of P2Y1 in cutaneous afferents, intracellular recordings from sensory neuron somata were made using an ex vivo preparation in which the hindlimb skin, saphenous nerve, DRG and spinal cord were dissected in continuum, and cutaneous receptive fields characterized using digitally-controlled mechanical and thermal stimuli in male wild type mice. In P2Y1-/- mice, CPMs showed a striking increase in mean heat threshold and a decrease in mean peak firing rate during a thermal ramp from 31-52°C. A similar change in mean cold threshold was also observed. Interestingly, mechanical testing of CPMs revealed no significant differences between P2Y1-/- and WT mice. Conclusions These results strongly suggest that P2Y1 is required for normal thermal signaling in cutaneous sensory afferents. Furthermore, they suggest that nucleotides released from peripheral tissues play a critical role in the transduction of thermal stimuli in some fiber types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek C Molliver
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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149
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Resveratrol improves cognitive function in mice by increasing production of insulin-like growth factor-I in the hippocampus. J Nutr Biochem 2011; 22:1150-9. [PMID: 21295960 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2010.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2010] [Revised: 09/16/2010] [Accepted: 09/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We examined whether resveratrol increases insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) production in the hippocampus by stimulating sensory neurons in the gastrointestinal tract, thereby improving cognitive function in mice. Resveratrol increased calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) release from dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons isolated from wild-type (WT) mice. Increases in tissue levels of CGRP, IGF-I, and IGF-I mRNA and immunohistochemical expression of IGF-I were observed in the hippocampus at 3 weeks after oral administration of resveratrol in WT mice. Significant enhancement of angiogenesis and neurogenesis was observed in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus in these animals (P<.01). Improvement of spatial learning in the Morris water maze was observed in WT mice after administration of resveratrol. None of the effects of resveratrol observed in WT mice were seen after resveratrol administration in CGRP-knockout (CGRP(-/-)) mice. Although red wine containing 20 mg/L of resveratrol produced effects similar to those of resveratrol administrationl in WT mice, neither red wine containing 3.1 mg/L of resveratrol nor white wine exhibited such effects in WT mice. Resveratrol was undetectable in the hippocampus of WT mice administered resveratrol and red wine containing 20 mg/L of resveratrol. These observations strongly suggest that resveratrol increases hippocampal IGF-I production via sensory neuron stimulation in the gastrointestinal tract, thereby improving cognitive function in mice.
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150
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Maiese K, Chong ZZ, Shang YC, Hou J. Therapeutic promise and principles: metabotropic glutamate receptors. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2011; 1:1-14. [PMID: 19750024 PMCID: PMC2740993 DOI: 10.4161/oxim.1.1.6842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
For a number of disease entities, oxidative stress becomes a significant factor in the etiology and progression of cell dysfunction and injury. Therapeutic strategies that can identify novel signal transduction pathways to ameliorate the toxic effects of oxidative stress may lead to new avenues of treatment for a spectrum of disorders that include diabetes, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and immune system dysfunction. In this respect, metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) may offer exciting prospects for several disorders since these receptors can limit or prevent apoptotic cell injury as well as impact upon cellular development and function. Yet the role of mGluRs is complex in nature and may require specific mGluR modulation for a particular disease entity to maximize clinical efficacy and limit potential disability. Here we discuss the potential clinical translation of mGluRs and highlight the role of novel signal transduction pathways in the metabotropic glutamate system that may be vital for the clinical utility of mGluRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Maiese
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Cerebral Ischemia, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA.
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