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Ren J, Chen Z, Duan W, Song X, Liu T, Wang J, Hou X, Li Y. Comparison of ascorbic acid biosynthesis in different tissues of three non-heading Chinese cabbage cultivars. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2013; 73:229-36. [PMID: 24157701 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2013.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Ascorbic acid (L-AsA) is an important antioxidant in plants and humans. Vegetables are one of the main sources of ascorbic acid for humans. For instance, non-heading Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis Makino) is considered as one of the most important vegetables in south China. To elucidate the mechanism by which AsA accumulates, we systematically investigated the expression profiles of D-mannose/L-galactose pathway-related genes. We also investigated the recycling-related genes and AsA contents in different tissues of three non-heading Chinese cabbage cultivars, 'Suzhouqing', 'Wutacai' and 'Erqing' containing different amounts of AsA. Our results showed that six genes [D-mannose-6-phosphate isomerase 1 (PMI1), GDP-L-galactose phosphorylase 1 (GGP1), GGP2, GGP4, GDP-mannose-3', 5'-epimerase1 (GME1), and GME2] were expressed at high level and ascorbate oxidase (AAO) was expressed at low level. This expression pattern contributes, at least partially, to higher AsA accumulation in the leaves and petioles than in the roots. Eight genes (PMI1, GME, GGP, L-galactose-1-phosphate phosphatase, L-galactose dehydrogenase, L-galactono-1, 4-lactone dehydrogenase, monodehydroascorbate reductase 1, and glutathione reductase1) were also expressed at high level; AAO and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) were expressed at low level. This expression pattern may similarly contribute to higher AsA accumulation in 'Wutacai' and 'Suzhouqing' than in 'Erqing'. Therefore, the high expression levels of PMI, GME, and GGP and the low expression level of AAO contributed to the high AsA accumulation in non-heading Chinese cabbage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ren
- Horticultural Department, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing 210095, China; Key Laboratory of Southern Vegetable Crop Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210095, China
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102
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Szarka A, Bánhegyi G, Asard H. The inter-relationship of ascorbate transport, metabolism and mitochondrial, plastidic respiration. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 19:1036-44. [PMID: 23259603 PMCID: PMC3763225 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.5059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Ascorbate, this multifaceted small molecular weight carbohydrate derivative, plays important roles in a range of cellular processes in plant cells, from the regulation of cell cycle, through cell expansion and senescence. Beyond these physiological functions, ascorbate has a critical role in responses to abiotic stresses, such as high light, high salinity, or drought. The biosynthesis, recycling, and intracellular transport are important elements of the balancing of ascorbate level to the always-changing conditions and demands. RECENT ADVANCES A bidirectional tight relationship was described between ascorbate biosynthesis and the mitochondrial electron transfer chain (mETC), since L-galactono-1,4-lactone dehydrogenase (GLDH), the enzyme catalyzing the ultimate step of ascorbate biosynthesis, uses oxidized cytochrome c as the only electron acceptor and has a role in the assembly of Complex I. A similar bidirectional relationship was revealed between the photosynthetic apparatus and ascorbate biosynthesis since the electron flux through the photosynthetic ETC affects the biosynthesis of ascorbate and the level of ascorbate could affect photosynthesis. CRITICAL ISSUES The details of this regulatory network of photosynthetic electron transfer, respiratory electron transfer, and ascorbate biosynthesis are still not clear, as are the potential regulatory role and the regulation of intracellular ascorbate transport and fluxes. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The elucidation of the role of ascorbate as an important element of the network of photosynthetic, respiratory ETC and tricarboxylic acid cycle will contribute to understanding plant cell responses to different stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- András Szarka
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Applied Biotechnology and Food Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary.
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103
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Gallie DR. Increasing vitamin C content in plant foods to improve their nutritional value-successes and challenges. Nutrients 2013; 5:3424-46. [PMID: 23999762 PMCID: PMC3798912 DOI: 10.3390/nu5093424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Revised: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin C serves as a cofactor in the synthesis of collagen needed to support cardiovascular function, maintenance of cartilage, bones, and teeth, as well as being required in wound healing. Although vitamin C is essential, humans are one of the few mammalian species unable to synthesize the vitamin and must obtain it through dietary sources. Only low levels of the vitamin are required to prevent scurvy but subclinical vitamin C deficiency can cause less obvious symptoms such as cardiovascular impairment. Up to a third of the adult population in the U.S. obtains less than the recommended amount of vitamin C from dietary sources of which plant-based foods constitute the major source. Consequently, strategies to increase vitamin C content in plants have been developed over the last decade and include increasing its synthesis as well as its recycling, i.e., the reduction of the oxidized form of ascorbic acid that is produced in reactions back into its reduced form. Increasing vitamin C levels in plants, however, is not without consequences. This review provides an overview of the approaches used to increase vitamin C content in plants and the successes achieved. Also discussed are some of the potential limitations of increasing vitamin C and how these may be overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Gallie
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521-0129, USA.
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104
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Sanahuja G, Farré G, Bassie L, Zhu C, Christou P, Capell T. Ascorbic acid synthesis and metabolism in maize are subject to complex and genotype-dependent feedback regulation during endosperm development. Biotechnol J 2013; 8:1221-30. [PMID: 23744785 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201300064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Revised: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
L-ascorbic acid (vitamin C) is an antioxidant and electron donor whose metabolism in plants is under strict feedback control. The factors that influence L-ascorbic acid accumulation in staple crops are only partially understood. One way to gain insight into the regulation of L-ascorbic acid metabolism is to investigate the endogenous pathways in various genetic backgrounds and characterize their interactions with transgenes encoding relevant enzymes. In an initial step, we investigated the developmental profile of L-ascorbic acid accumulation in the endosperm of three diverse maize genotypes and a transgenic line expressing rice dehydroascorbate reductase, which enhances L-ascorbic acid recycling. We determined the transcript levels of all the key genes in the L-ascorbic acid metabolic pathways as well as the specific levels of ascorbic acid and dehydroascorbate. L-ascorbic acid levels were high 20 days after pollination and declined thereafter. We found significant genotype-dependent variations in the transcript levels of some genes, with particular complexity in the ascorbic acid recycling pathway. Our data will help to elucidate the complex mechanisms underlying the regulation of L-ascorbic acid metabolism in plants, particularly the impact of genetic background on the strict regulation of ascorbic acid metabolism in endosperm cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina Sanahuja
- Department de Producció Vegetal i Ciència Forestal, ETSEA, University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Lleida, Spain
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105
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Conklin PL, DePaolo D, Wintle B, Schatz C, Buckenmeyer G. Identification of Arabidopsis VTC3 as a putative and unique dual function protein kinase::protein phosphatase involved in the regulation of the ascorbic acid pool in plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2013; 64:2793-804. [PMID: 23749562 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Ascorbic acid (AsA) is present at high levels in plants and is a potent antioxidant and cellular reductant. The major plant AsA biosynthetic pathway is through the intermediates D-mannose and L-galactose. Although there is ample evidence that plants respond to fluctuating environmental conditions with changes in the pool size of AsA, it is unclear how this regulation occurs. The AsA-deficient Arabidopsis thaliana mutants vtc3-1 and vtc3-2 define a locus that has been identified by positional cloning as At2g40860. Confirmation of this identification was through the study of AsA-deficient At2g40860 insertion mutants and by transgenic complementation of the AsA deficiency in vtc3-1 and vtc3-2 with wild-type At2g40860 cDNA. The very unusual VTC3 gene is predicted to encode a novel polypeptide with an N-terminal protein kinase domain tethered covalently to a C-terminal protein phosphatase type 2C domain. Homologues of this gene exist only within the Viridiplantae/Chloroplastida and the gene may therefore have arisen along with the D-mannose/L-galactose AsA biosynthetic pathway. The vtc3 mutant plants are defective in the ability to elevate the AsA pool in response to light and heat, suggestive of an important role for VTC3 in the regulation of the AsA pool size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia L Conklin
- Biological Sciences Department, State University of New York at Cortland, Bowers Hall, Cortland, NY 13045, USA.
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106
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Ma J, Wei H, Liu J, Song M, Pang C, Wang L, Zhang W, Fan S, Yu S. Selection and characterization of a novel photoperiod-sensitive male sterile line in upland cotton. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 55:608-18. [PMID: 23691935 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) shows strong heterosis. However, heterosis is not widely utilized owing to the high cost of hybrid seed production. Creation of a photoperiod-sensitive genetic male sterile line could substantially reduce the cost of hybrid seed production in upland cotton. Such a mutant with virescent marker was found by space mutation in near-earth orbit and its traits had been stable after 4 years of selection in Anyang and Sanya, China. This mutant was fertile with an 11-12.5 h photoperiod when the temperature was higher than 21.5 °C and was sterile with a 13-14.5 h photoperiod. Genetic analysis indicated that both traits were controlled by a single recessive gene or two closely linked genes. Also, the cytological observations and transcriptome profiling analysis showed that the degradation of pollen grain cytoplasm should be the primary reason why the mutant line were male sterile under long-day conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhui Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, the Institute of Cotton Research, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
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107
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Momma M, Fujimoto Z. Expression, crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of rice L-galactose dehydrogenase. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2013; 69:809-11. [PMID: 23832214 PMCID: PMC3702331 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309113016692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In plants, L-galactose dehydrogenase (L-GalDH) is a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of ascorbic acid (AsA), which is well known as a unique antioxidant compound and a cofactor for many enzymes. L-GalDH catalyses the oxidation of L-galactose to L-galactono-1,4-lactone. Rice L-GalDH was overexpressed in Escherichia coli, purified and crystallized. Diffraction-quality rod-shaped crystals were grown using a sitting-drop vapour-diffusion method. The L-GalDH crystals exhibited the symmetry of space group P21 and diffracted to a resolution of 1.2 Å. The crystals had unit-cell parameters a = 46.8, b = 54.9, c = 56.9 Å, β = 102.3°. On the basis of the Matthews coefficient (VM = 2.1 Å(3) Da(-1), solvent content of 42.3%), it was estimated that one peptide was present in the asymmetric unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuru Momma
- Biomolecular Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba 305-8602, Japan.
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108
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Tóth SZ, Schansker G, Garab G. The physiological roles and metabolism of ascorbate in chloroplasts. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2013; 148:161-75. [PMID: 23163968 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Revised: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Ascorbate is a multifunctional metabolite in plants. It is essential for growth control, involving cell division and cell wall synthesis and also involved in redox signaling, in the modulation of gene expression and regulation of enzymatic activities. Ascorbate also fulfills crucial roles in scavenging reactive oxygen species, both enzymatically and nonenzymatically, a well-established phenomenon in the chloroplasts stroma. We give an overview on these important physiological functions and would like to give emphasis to less well-known roles of ascorbate, in the thylakoid lumen, where it also plays multiple roles. It is essential for photoprotection as a cofactor for violaxanthin de-epoxidase, a key enzyme in the formation of nonphotochemical quenching. Lumenal ascorbate has recently also been shown to act as an alternative electron donor of photosystem II once the oxygen-evolving complex is inactivated and to protect the photosynthetic machinery by slowing down donor-side induced photoinactivation; it is yet to be established if ascorbate has a similar role in the case of other stress effects, such as high light and UV-B stress. In bundle sheath cells, deficient in oxygen evolution, ascorbate provides electrons to photosystem II, thereby poising cyclic electron transport around photosystem I. It has also been shown that, by supporting linear electron transport through photosystem II in sulfur-deprived Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cells, in which oxygen evolution is largely inhibited, externally added ascorbate enhances hydrogen production. For fulfilling its multiple roles, Asc has to be transported into the thylakoid lumen and efficiently regenerated; however, very little is known yet about these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szilvia Z Tóth
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, P.O. Box 521, H-6701, Hungary.
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109
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Mortimer JC, Yu X, Albrecht S, Sicilia F, Huichalaf M, Ampuero D, Michaelson LV, Murphy AM, Matsunaga T, Kurz S, Stephens E, Baldwin TC, Ishii T, Napier JA, Weber AP, Handford MG, Dupree P. Abnormal glycosphingolipid mannosylation triggers salicylic acid-mediated responses in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2013; 25:1881-94. [PMID: 23695979 PMCID: PMC3694712 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.113.111500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The Arabidopsis thaliana protein GOLGI-LOCALIZED NUCLEOTIDE SUGAR TRANSPORTER (GONST1) has been previously identified as a GDP-d-mannose transporter. It has been hypothesized that GONST1 provides precursors for the synthesis of cell wall polysaccharides, such as glucomannan. Here, we show that in vitro GONST1 can transport all four plant GDP-sugars. However, gonst1 mutants have no reduction in glucomannan quantity and show no detectable alterations in other cell wall polysaccharides. By contrast, we show that a class of glycosylated sphingolipids (glycosylinositol phosphoceramides [GIPCs]) contains Man and that this mannosylation is affected in gonst1. GONST1 therefore is a Golgi GDP-sugar transporter that specifically supplies GDP-Man to the Golgi lumen for GIPC synthesis. gonst1 plants have a dwarfed phenotype and a constitutive hypersensitive response with elevated salicylic acid levels. This suggests an unexpected role for GIPC sugar decorations in sphingolipid function and plant defense signaling. Additionally, we discuss these data in the context of substrate channeling within the Golgi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny C. Mortimer
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom
| | - Xiaolan Yu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom
| | - Sandra Albrecht
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom
| | - Francesca Sicilia
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom
| | - Mariela Huichalaf
- Department of Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Santiago, Chile
| | - Diego Ampuero
- Department of Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Santiago, Chile
| | - Louise V. Michaelson
- Biological Chemistry Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom
| | - Alex M. Murphy
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, United Kingdom
| | - Toshiro Matsunaga
- Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8687, Japan
- National Agricultural Research Center, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8666, Japan
| | - Samantha Kurz
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Elaine Stephens
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy C. Baldwin
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton WV1 1SB, United Kingdom
| | - Tadashi Ishii
- Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8687, Japan
| | - Johnathan A. Napier
- Biological Chemistry Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas P.M. Weber
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Michael G. Handford
- Department of Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paul Dupree
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom
- Address correspondence to
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110
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Zhang C, Ouyang B, Yang C, Zhang X, Liu H, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Li H, Ye Z. Reducing AsA leads to leaf lesion and defence response in knock-down of the AsA biosynthetic enzyme GDP-D-mannose pyrophosphorylase gene in tomato plant. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61987. [PMID: 23626761 PMCID: PMC3633959 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
As a vital antioxidant, L-ascorbic acid (AsA) affects diverse biological processes in higher plants. Lack of AsA in cell impairs plant development. In the present study, we manipulated a gene of GDP-mannose pyrophosphorylase which catalyzes the conversion of D-mannose-1-P to GDP-D-mannose in AsA biosynthetic pathway and found out the phenotype alteration of tomato. In the tomato genome, there are four members of GMP gene family and they constitutively expressed in various tissues in distinct expression patterns. As expected, over-expression of SlGMP3 increased total AsA contents and enhanced the tolerance to oxidative stress in tomato. On the contrary, knock-down of SlGMP3 significantly decreased AsA contents below the threshold level and altered the phenotype of tomato plants with lesions and further senescence. Further analysis indicated the causes for this symptom could result from failing to instantly deplete the reactive oxygen species (ROS) as decline of free radical scavenging activity. More ROS accumulated in the leaves and then triggered expressions of defence-related genes and mimic symptom occurred on the leaves similar to hypersensitive responses against pathogens. Consequently, the photosynthesis of leaves was dramatically fallen. These results suggested the vital roles of AsA as an antioxidant in leaf function and defence response of tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanjuan Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bo Ouyang
- The Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Changxian Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuyang Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Junhong Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hanxia Li
- The Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhibiao Ye
- The Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- * E-mail:
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111
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Zhu Y, Du B, Qian J, Zou B, Hua J. Disease resistance gene-induced growth inhibition is enhanced by rcd1 independent of defense activation in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 161:2005-13. [PMID: 23365132 PMCID: PMC3613471 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.213363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Activation of plant immune responses is often associated with an inhibition of plant growth. The molecular mechanisms underlying this fitness cost are unknown. Here, we utilize the autoimmune response mutant suppressor of npr1, constitutive1 (snc1) resulting from an activated form of the Disease Resistance (R) gene to dissect the genetic component mediating growth inhibition in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). The radical-induced cell death1 (rcd1) mutant defective in responses to reactive oxygen species (ROS) was isolated as an enhancer of the snc1 mutant in growth inhibition but not in defense response activation. Similarly, the vitamin C2 (vtc2) and vtc3 mutants defective in ROS detoxification enhanced the growth defects of snc1. Thus, perturbation of ROS status by R gene activation is responsible for the growth inhibition, and this effect is independent of defense response activation. This was further supported by the partial rescue of growth defects of rcd1 snc1 by the respiratory burst oxidase homolog D (rbohD) and rbohF mutations compromising the generation of ROS burst. Collectively, these findings indicate that perturbation of ROS homeostasis contributes to the fitness cost independent of defense activation.
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112
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The influence of metal stress on the availability and redox state of ascorbate, and possible interference with its cellular functions. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:6382-413. [PMID: 23519107 PMCID: PMC3634492 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14036382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Revised: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, metals have been distributed to excessive levels in the environment due to industrial and agricultural activities. Plants growing on soils contaminated with excess levels of metals experience a disturbance of the cellular redox balance, which leads to an augmentation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Even though the increased ROS levels can cause cellular damage, controlled levels play an important role in modulating signaling networks that control physiological processes and stress responses. Plants control ROS levels using their antioxidative defense system both under non-stress conditions, as well as under stress conditions such as exposure to excess metals. Ascorbate (AsA) is a well-known and important component of the plant's antioxidative system. As primary antioxidant, it can reduce ROS directly and indirectly via ascorbate peroxidase in the ascorbate-glutathione cycle. Furthermore, AsA fulfills an essential role in physiological processes, some of which are disturbed by excess metals. In this review, known direct effects of excess metals on AsA biosynthesis and functioning will be discussed, as well as the possible interference of metals with the role of AsA in physiological and biochemical processes.
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113
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Wang J, Yu Y, Zhang Z, Quan R, Zhang H, Ma L, Deng XW, Huang R. Arabidopsis CSN5B interacts with VTC1 and modulates ascorbic acid synthesis. THE PLANT CELL 2013; 25:625-36. [PMID: 23424245 PMCID: PMC3608782 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.112.106880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Revised: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Light regulates ascorbic acid (AsA) synthesis, which increases in the light, presumably reflecting a need for antioxidants to detoxify reactive molecules produced during photosynthesis. Here, we examine this regulation in Arabidopsis thaliana and find that alterations in the protein levels of the AsA biosynthetic enzyme GDP-Man pyrophosphorylase (VTC1) are associated with changes in AsA contents in light and darkness. To find regulatory factors involved in AsA synthesis, we identified VTC1-interacting proteins by yeast two-hybrid screening of a cDNA library from etiolated seedlings. This screen identified the photomorphogenic factor COP9 signalosome subunit 5B (CSN5B), which interacted with the N terminus of VTC1 in yeast and plants. Gel filtration profiling showed that VTC1-CSN5B also associated with the COP9 signalosome complex, and this interaction promotes ubiquitination-dependent VTC1 degradation through the 26S proteasome pathway. Consistent with this, csn5b mutants showed very high AsA levels in both light and darkness. Also, a double mutant of csn5b with the partial loss-of-function mutant vtc1-1 contained AsA levels between those of vtc1-1 and csn5b, showing that CSN5B modulates AsA synthesis by affecting VTC1. In addition, the csn5b mutant showed higher tolerance to salt, indicating that CSN5B regulation of AsA synthesis affects the response to salt stress. Together, our data reveal a regulatory role of CSN5B in light-dark regulation of AsA synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- National Key Facility of Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yanwen Yu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- National Key Facility of Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zhijin Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- National Key Facility of Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ruidang Quan
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- National Key Facility of Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Haiwen Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- National Key Facility of Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ligeng Ma
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Xing Wang Deng
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8104
| | - Rongfeng Huang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- National Key Facility of Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Beijing 100081, China
- Address correspondence to
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114
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Cascia G, Bulley SM, Punter M, Bowen J, Rassam M, Schotsmans WC, Larrigaudière C, Johnston JW. Investigation of ascorbate metabolism during inducement of storage disorders in pear. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2013; 147:121-134. [PMID: 22568767 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2012.01641.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In pear and apple, depletion of ascorbate has previously been associated with development of stress-related flesh browning. This disorder occurs in intact fruit and differs from browning associated with tissue maceration and processing. We investigated changes in ascorbate content, ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activities and gene expression of l-galactose pathway genes, ascorbate recycling genes and APXs from harvest to 30 days storage for three pear varieties ['Williams Bon Chretien' (WBC), 'Doyenne du Comice' and 'Beurre Bosc']. The pears were stored at 0.5°C in air or controlled atmosphere (CA, 2 kPa O(2) and 5 kPa CO(2)). Storage in CA caused significant amounts of storage disorders in WBC only. Ascorbate content generally declined after harvest, although a transient increase in ascorbate in the form of dehydroascorbate (DHA) between harvest and 3 days was observed in CA stored WBC, possibly due to low at-harvest monodehydroascorbate reductase and CA-decreased dehydroascorbate reductase expression. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction indicated that all cultivars responded to CA storage by increasing transcripts for APXs, and surprisingly the pre-l-galactose pathway gene GDP-mannose pyrophosphorylase, of which the product GDP mannose, is utilized either for cell wall polysaccharides, protein N-glycosylation or ascorbate production. Overall, the small differences in ascorbate we observed suggest how ascorbate is utilized, rather than ascorbate content, determines the potential to develop internal browning. Moreover, a transitory increase in DHA postharvest may indicate that fruits are at risk of developing the disorder.
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115
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Gallie DR. L-ascorbic Acid: a multifunctional molecule supporting plant growth and development. SCIENTIFICA 2013; 2013:795964. [PMID: 24278786 PMCID: PMC3820358 DOI: 10.1155/2013/795964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
L-Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) is as essential to plants as it is to animals. Ascorbic acid functions as a major redox buffer and as a cofactor for enzymes involved in regulating photosynthesis, hormone biosynthesis, and regenerating other antioxidants. Ascorbic acid regulates cell division and growth and is involved in signal transduction. In contrast to the single pathway responsible for ascorbic acid biosynthesis in animals, plants use multiple pathways to synthesize ascorbic acid, perhaps reflecting the importance of this molecule to plant health. Given the importance of ascorbic acid to human nutrition, several technologies have been developed to increase the ascorbic acid content of plants through the manipulation of biosynthetic or recycling pathways. This paper provides an overview of these approaches as well as the consequences that changes in ascorbic acid content have on plant growth and function. Discussed is the capacity of plants to tolerate changes in ascorbic acid content. The many functions that ascorbic acid serves in plants, however, will require highly targeted approaches to improve their nutritional quality without compromising their health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R. Gallie
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521-0129, USA
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116
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Kempinski CF, Crowell SV, Smeeth C, Barth C. The novel Arabidopsis thaliana svt2 suppressor of the ascorbic acid-deficient mutant vtc1-1 exhibits phenotypic and genotypic instability. F1000Res 2013; 2:6. [PMID: 24627766 PMCID: PMC3938180 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.2-6.v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ascorbic acid is a potent antioxidant that detoxifies reactive oxygen species when plants are exposed to unfavorable environmental conditions. In addition to its antioxidant properties, ascorbic acid and its biosynthetic precursors fulfill a variety of other physiological and molecular functions. A mutation in the ascorbic acid biosynthesis gene
VTC1, which encodes GDP-mannose pyrophosphorylase, results in conditional root growth inhibition in the presence of ammonium. To isolate suppressors of
vtc1-1, which is in the
Arabidopsis Columbia-0 background, seeds of the mutant were subjected to ethyl methanesulfonate mutagenesis. A suppressor mutant of
vtc1-1 2,
svt2, with wild-type levels of ascorbic acid and root growth similar to the wild type in the presence of ammonium was isolated. Interestingly,
svt2 has
Arabidopsis Landsberg
erecta features, although
svt2 is delayed in flowering and has an enlarged morphology. Moreover, the
svt2 genotype shares similarities with L
er polymorphism markers and sequences, despite the fact that the mutant derived from mutagenesis of Col-0
vtc1-1 seed. We provide evidence that
svt2 is not an artifact of the experiment, a contamination of L
er seed, or a result of outcrossing of the
svt2 mutant with L
er pollen. Instead, our results show that
svt2 exhibits transgenerational genotypic and phenotypic instability, which is manifested in a fraction of
svt2 progeny, producing revertants that have Col-like phenotypic and genotypic characteristics. Some of those Col-like revertants then revert back to
svt2-like plants in the subsequent generation. Our findings have important implications for undiscovered phenomena in transmitting genetic information in addition to the Mendelian laws of inheritance. Our results suggest that stress can trigger a genome restoration mechanism that could be advantageous for plants to survive environmental changes for which the ancestral genes were better adapted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chase F Kempinski
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, 26506, USA ; Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, 40546, USA
| | - Samuel V Crowell
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, 26506, USA ; Department of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, 14853, USA
| | - Caleb Smeeth
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, 26506, USA ; ACTION-Housing Inc., Pittsburgh, 15219, USA
| | - Carina Barth
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, 26506, USA ; ConRuhr North America, New York, 10017, USA
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117
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Zhang C, Ouyang B, Yang C, Zhang X, Liu H, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Li H, Ye Z. Reducing AsA leads to leaf lesion and defence response in knock-down of the AsA biosynthetic enzyme GDP-D-mannose pyrophosphorylase gene in tomato plant. PLoS One 2013. [PMID: 23626761 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061987.g001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
As a vital antioxidant, L-ascorbic acid (AsA) affects diverse biological processes in higher plants. Lack of AsA in cell impairs plant development. In the present study, we manipulated a gene of GDP-mannose pyrophosphorylase which catalyzes the conversion of D-mannose-1-P to GDP-D-mannose in AsA biosynthetic pathway and found out the phenotype alteration of tomato. In the tomato genome, there are four members of GMP gene family and they constitutively expressed in various tissues in distinct expression patterns. As expected, over-expression of SlGMP3 increased total AsA contents and enhanced the tolerance to oxidative stress in tomato. On the contrary, knock-down of SlGMP3 significantly decreased AsA contents below the threshold level and altered the phenotype of tomato plants with lesions and further senescence. Further analysis indicated the causes for this symptom could result from failing to instantly deplete the reactive oxygen species (ROS) as decline of free radical scavenging activity. More ROS accumulated in the leaves and then triggered expressions of defence-related genes and mimic symptom occurred on the leaves similar to hypersensitive responses against pathogens. Consequently, the photosynthesis of leaves was dramatically fallen. These results suggested the vital roles of AsA as an antioxidant in leaf function and defence response of tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanjuan Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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118
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Gallie DR. The role of L-ascorbic acid recycling in responding to environmental stress and in promoting plant growth. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2013; 64:433-43. [PMID: 23162122 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ers330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
L-Ascorbic acid (Asc) is the most abundant water-soluble antioxidant in plants. It serves as a cofactor for enzymes involved in photosynthesis, hormone biosynthesis, and the regeneration of antioxidants such as α-tocopherol. Once used, Asc can be recycled by several different mechanisms. The short-lived monodehydroascorbate (MDHA) radical, produced following Asc oxidation, can be recycled following reduction by ferredoxin or monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDAR). MDHA can also undergo disproportionation into dehydroascorbate (DHA) and Asc. DHA can be recycled into Asc by dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR) before it undergoes irrevocable hydrolysis. Through its recycling, Asc content and its redox state are maintained, which is critical under conditions of high demand, for example during high light or other stress conditions that increase reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. This review provides an overview of research in the last decade revealing the role that Asc recycling plays during germination, growth, and reproduction, as well as in response to environmental stress. These findings highlight the importance of DHAR- and MDAR-mediated mechanisms of Asc recycling in maintaining ROS at non-damaging levels while modulating ROS signalling function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Gallie
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521-0129, USA.
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119
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Gallie DR. L-ascorbic Acid: a multifunctional molecule supporting plant growth and development. SCIENTIFICA 2013; 2013:795964. [PMID: 24278786 DOI: 10.1155/scientifica/2013/795964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
L-Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) is as essential to plants as it is to animals. Ascorbic acid functions as a major redox buffer and as a cofactor for enzymes involved in regulating photosynthesis, hormone biosynthesis, and regenerating other antioxidants. Ascorbic acid regulates cell division and growth and is involved in signal transduction. In contrast to the single pathway responsible for ascorbic acid biosynthesis in animals, plants use multiple pathways to synthesize ascorbic acid, perhaps reflecting the importance of this molecule to plant health. Given the importance of ascorbic acid to human nutrition, several technologies have been developed to increase the ascorbic acid content of plants through the manipulation of biosynthetic or recycling pathways. This paper provides an overview of these approaches as well as the consequences that changes in ascorbic acid content have on plant growth and function. Discussed is the capacity of plants to tolerate changes in ascorbic acid content. The many functions that ascorbic acid serves in plants, however, will require highly targeted approaches to improve their nutritional quality without compromising their health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Gallie
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521-0129, USA
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120
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Zhang Y. Enzymes Involved in Ascorbate Biosynthesis and Metabolism in Plants. ASCORBIC ACID IN PLANTS 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-4127-4_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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121
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Osorio S, Nunes-Nesi A, Stratmann M, Fernie AR. Pyrophosphate levels strongly influence ascorbate and starch content in tomato fruit. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:308. [PMID: 23950759 PMCID: PMC3738876 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Ascorbate (vitamin C) deficiency leads to low immunity, scurvy, and other human diseases and is therefore a global health problem. Given that plants are major ascorbate sources for humans, biofortification of this vitamin in our foodstuffs is of considerable importance. Ascorbate is synthetized by a number of alternative pathways: (i) from the glycolytic intermediates D-glucose-6P (the key intermediates are GDP-D-mannose and L-galactose), (ii) from the breakdown of the cell wall polymer pectin which uses the methyl ester of D-galacturonic acid as precursor, and (iii) from myo-inositol as precursor via myo-inositol oxygenase. We report here the engineering of fruit-specific overexpression of a bacterial pyrophosphatase, which hydrolyzes the inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi) to orthophosphate (Pi). This strategy resulted in increased vitamin C levels up to 2.5-fold in ripe fruit as well as increasing in the major sugars, sucrose, and glucose, yet decreasing the level of starch. When considered together, these finding indicate an intimate linkage between ascorbate and sugar biosynthesis in plants. Moreover, the combined data reveal the importance of PPi metabolism in tomato fruit metabolism and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Osorio
- *Correspondence: Sonia Osorio, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Universidad de Málaga, Edificio I + D, 3ra Planta, Campus Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain e-mail:
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122
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Botanga CJ, Bethke G, Chen Z, Gallie DR, Fiehn O, Glazebrook J. Metabolite profiling of Arabidopsis inoculated with Alternaria brassicicola reveals that ascorbate reduces disease severity. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2012; 25:1628-38. [PMID: 23134520 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-07-12-0179-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The interaction between the pathogenic ascomycete Alternaria brassicicola and Arabidopsis was investigated by metabolite profiling. The effect of A. brassicicola challenge on metabolite levels was substantial, with nearly 50% of detected compounds undergoing significant changes. Mutations blocking ethylene, jasmonic acid, or ethylene signaling had little effect on metabolite levels. The effects of altering levels of some metabolites were tested by exogenous application during A. brassicicola inoculation. Gamma amino-butyric acid (GABA) or xylitol promoted, while trehalose and ascorbate inhibited, disease severity. GABA promoted, and ascorbate strongly inhibited, fungal growth in culture. Arabidopsis vtc1 and vtc2 mutants, that have low levels of ascorbate, were more susceptible to A. brassicicola. Ascorbate levels declined following A. brassicicola inoculation while levels of dehydroascorbate increased, resulting in a shift of the redox balance between these compounds in the direction of oxidation. These results demonstrate that ascorbate is an important component of resistance to this pathogen.
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123
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Ma J, Wei H, Song M, Pang C, Liu J, Wang L, Zhang J, Fan S, Yu S. Transcriptome profiling analysis reveals that flavonoid and ascorbate-glutathione cycle are important during anther development in Upland cotton. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49244. [PMID: 23155472 PMCID: PMC3498337 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous transcriptome profiling studies have investigated the molecular mechanisms of pollen and anther development, and identified many genes involved in these processes. However, only 51 anther ESTs of Upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) were found in NCBI and there have been no reports of transcriptome profiling analyzing anther development in Upland cotton, a major fiber crop in the word. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDING Ninety-eight hundred and ninety-six high quality ESTs were sequenced from their 3'-ends and assembled into 6,643 unigenes from a normalized, full-length anther cDNA library of Upland cotton. Combined with previous sequenced anther-related ESTs, 12,244 unigenes were generated as the reference genes for digital gene expression (DGE) analysis. The DGE was conducted on anthers that were isolated at tetrad pollen (TTP), uninucleate pollen (UNP), binucleate pollen (BNP) and mature pollen (MTP) periods along with four other tissues, i.e., roots (RO), stems (ST), leaves (LV) and embryos (EB). Through transcriptome profiling analysis, we identified 1,165 genes that were enriched at certain anther development periods, and many of them were involved in starch and sucrose metabolism, pentose and glucuronate interconversion, flavonoid biosynthesis, and ascorbate and aldarate metabolism. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE We first generated a normalized, full-length cDNA library from anthers and performed transcriptome profiling analysis of anther development in Upland cotton. From these results, 10,178 anther expressed genes were identified, among which 1,165 genes were stage-enriched in anthers. And many of these stage-enriched genes were involved in some important processes regulating anther development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhui Ma
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, The Cotton Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hengling Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, The Cotton Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Meizhen Song
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, The Cotton Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaoyou Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, The Cotton Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ji Liu
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, The Cotton Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Long Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, The Cotton Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinfa Zhang
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Shuli Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, The Cotton Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (SF); (SY)
| | - Shuxun Yu
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, The Cotton Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (SF); (SY)
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124
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Frei M, Wissuwa M, Pariasca-Tanaka J, Chen CP, Südekum KH, Kohno Y. Leaf ascorbic acid level--is it really important for ozone tolerance in rice? PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2012; 59:63-70. [PMID: 22417733 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2012.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Leaf ascorbic acid (ASA) level is thought to be an important trait conferring stress tolerance in plants, but definite evidence regarding its effectiveness in the breeding of stress tolerant crops is lacking. Therefore, the stress response of a rice TOS17 insertion mutant (ND6172) for a GDP-D-mannose-3',5'-epimerase gene, which is involved in ASA biosynthesis, was tested. Two fumigation experiments were conducted, in which rice plants (Oryza sativa L.) were exposed to (i) high ozone for ten days at the tillering stage (100 ppb, 7 h day⁻¹); and (ii) to four different ozone concentrations ranging from charcoal filtered air to 2.5 times the ambient concentration for the entire growth season. The mutant ND6172 had around 20-30% lower ASA level than the wild-type (Nipponbare), and exhibited a moderately higher level of visible leaf symptoms due to ozone exposure. Differences in ASA level between ND6172 and Nipponbare led to differential responses of the glutathione level, and the activities of glutathione reductase, ascorbate peroxidase, and dehydroascorbate reductase. With season-long ozone fumigation, yields and yield components were not negatively affected at ambient ozone level in both genotypes, but showed stronger decreases in ND6172 at higher ozone levels, especially at 2.5 times the ambient level. Similarly, the mature straw of ND6172 exhibited a higher degree of lignification at the 2.5 times ambient ozone level. In conclusion, a difference in leaf ASA level of around 20-30% is relevant for ozone tolerance in rice at levels exceeding the current ambient ozone concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Frei
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation-INRES-Plant Nutrition, University of Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten Strasse 13, 53115 Bonn, Germany.
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125
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Cruz-Rus E, Amaya I, Valpuesta V. The challenge of increasing vitamin C content in plant foods. Biotechnol J 2012; 7:1110-21. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201200041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Revised: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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126
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Kumar R, Mustafiz A, Sahoo KK, Sharma V, Samanta S, Sopory SK, Pareek A, Singla-Pareek SL. Functional screening of cDNA library from a salt tolerant rice genotype Pokkali identifies mannose-1-phosphate guanyl transferase gene (OsMPG1) as a key member of salinity stress response. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 79:555-68. [PMID: 22644442 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-012-9928-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 05/13/2012] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Salinity, one of the most deleterious stresses, affects growth and overall yield of crop plants. To identify new "candidate genes" having potential role in salinity tolerance, we have carried out 'functional screening' of a cDNA library (made from a salt tolerant rice-Pokkali). Based on this screening, we identified a cDNA clone that was allowing yeast cells to grow in the presence of 1.2 M NaCl. Sequencing and BLAST search identified it as mannose-1-phosphate guanyl transferase (OsMPG1) gene from rice. Analysis of rice genome sequence database indicated the presence of 3 additional genes for MPG. Out of four, three MPG genes viz. OsMPG1, 3 and 4 were able to functionally complement yeast MPG mutant -YDL055C. We have carried out detailed transcript profiling of all members of MPG family by qRT-PCR using two contrasting rice genotypes (IR64 and Pokkali) under different abiotic stresses (salinity, drought, oxidative stress, heat stress, cold or UV light). These MPG genes showed differential expression under various abiotic stresses with two genes (OsMPG1 and 3) showing high induction in response to multiple stresses. Analysis of rice microarray data indicated higher expression levels for OsMPG1 in specific tissues such as roots, leaves, shoot apical meristem and different stages of panicle and seed development, thereby indicating its developmental regulation. Functional validation of OsMPG1 carried out by overexpression in the transgenic tobacco revealed its involvement in enhancing salinity stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritesh Kumar
- Plant Molecular Biology, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
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127
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Zhang Z, Wang J, Zhang R, Huang R. The ethylene response factor AtERF98 enhances tolerance to salt through the transcriptional activation of ascorbic acid synthesis in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 71:273-87. [PMID: 22417285 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2012.04996.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Ascorbic acid (AsA) is an important antioxidant in plants, and its biosynthesis is finely regulated through developmental and environmental cues; however, the regulatory mechanism remains unclear. In this report, the knockout and knockdown mutants of Arabidopsis AtERF98 decreased the AsA level, whereas the overexpression of AtERF98 increased it, which suggests that AtERF98 plays an important role in regulating AsA biosynthesis. AtERF98-overexpressing plants showed enhanced expression of AsA synthesis genes in the d-mannose/l-galactose (d-Man/l-Gal) pathway and the myo-inositol pathway gene MIOX4, as well as of AsA turnover genes. In contrast, AtERF98 mutants showed decreased expression of AsA synthesis genes in the d-Man/l-Gal pathway but not of the myo-inositol pathway gene or AsA turnover genes. In addition, the role of AtERF98 in regulating AsA production was significantly impaired in the d-Man/l-Gal pathway mutant vtc1-1, but the expression of the myo-inositol pathway gene or AsA turnover genes was not affected, which indicates that the regulation of AtERF98 in AsA synthesis is primarily mediated by the d-Man/l-Gal pathway. Transient expression and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays further showed that AtERF98 binds to the promoter of VTC1, which indicates that AtERF98 modulates AsA biosynthesis by directly regulating the expression of the AsA synthesis genes. Moreover, the knockout mutant aterf98-1 displayed decreased salt-induced AsA synthesis and reduced tolerance to salt. The supplementation of exogenous AsA increased the salt tolerance of aterf98-1; coincidently, the enhanced salt tolerance of AtERF98-overexpressing plants was impaired in vtc1-1. Thus, our data provide evidence that the regulation of AtERF98 in AsA biosynthesis contributes to enhanced salt tolerance in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijin Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
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128
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Sakamoto S, Fujikawa Y, Tanaka N, Esaka M. Molecular cloning and characterization of L-galactose-1-phosphate phosphatase from tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum). Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2012; 76:1155-62. [PMID: 22790939 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.110995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
L-Galactose-1-phosphate phosphatase (GPPase) is an enzyme involved in ascorbate biosynthesis in higher plants. We isolated a cDNA encoding GPPase from tobacco, and named it NtGPPase. The putative amino acid sequence of NtGPPase contained inositol monophosphatase motifs and metal binding sites. Recombinant NtGPPase hydrolyzed not only L-galactose-1-phosphate, but also myo-inositol-1-phosphate. The optimum pH for the GPPase activity of NtGPPase was 7.5. Its enzyme activity required Mg2+, and was inhibited by Li+ and Ca2+. Its fluorescence, fused with green fluorescence protein in onion cells and protoplasts of tobacco BY-2 cells, was observed in both the cytosol and nucleus. The expression of NtGPPase mRNA and protein was clearly correlated with L-ascorbic acid (AsA) contents of BY-2 cells during culture. The AsA contents of NtGPPase over expression lines were higher than those of empty lines at 13 d after subculture. This suggests that NtGPPase contributes slightly to AsA biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Sakamoto
- Graduate School of Biosphere Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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129
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Szarka A, Tomasskovics B, Bánhegyi G. The ascorbate-glutathione-α-tocopherol triad in abiotic stress response. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:4458-4483. [PMID: 22605990 PMCID: PMC3344226 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13044458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2012] [Revised: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The life of any living organism can be defined as a hurdle due to different kind of stresses. As with all living organisms, plants are exposed to various abiotic stresses, such as drought, salinity, extreme temperatures and chemical toxicity. These primary stresses are often interconnected, and lead to the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in plants, which are highly reactive and toxic and cause damage to proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and DNA, which ultimately results in oxidative stress. Stress-induced ROS accumulation is counteracted by enzymatic antioxidant systems and non-enzymatic low molecular weight metabolites, such as ascorbate, glutathione and α-tocopherol. The above mentioned low molecular weight antioxidants are also capable of chelating metal ions, reducing thus their catalytic activity to form ROS and also scavenge them. Hence, in plant cells, this triad of low molecular weight antioxidants (ascorbate, glutathione and α-tocopherol) form an important part of abiotic stress response. In this work we are presenting a review of abiotic stress responses connected to these antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- András Szarka
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Applied Biotechnology and Food Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, 1111 Szent Gellért tér 4, Budapest, Hungary; E-Mail:
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +36-1-463-3858; Fax: +36-1-463-3855
| | - Bálint Tomasskovics
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Applied Biotechnology and Food Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, 1111 Szent Gellért tér 4, Budapest, Hungary; E-Mail:
| | - Gábor Bánhegyi
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Molecular Biology and Pathobiochemistry Pathobiochemistry, Research Group of Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Semmelweis University, 1444 Budapest, POB 260, Hungary; E-Mail:
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130
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Cronje C, George GM, Fernie AR, Bekker J, Kossmann J, Bauer R. Manipulation of L-ascorbic acid biosynthesis pathways in Solanum lycopersicum: elevated GDP-mannose pyrophosphorylase activity enhances L-ascorbate levels in red fruit. PLANTA 2012; 235:553-64. [PMID: 21979413 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-011-1525-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Ascorbate (AsA) plays a fundamental role in redox homeostasis in plants and animals, primarily by scavenging reactive oxygen species. Three genes, representing diverse steps putatively involved in plant AsA biosynthesis pathways, were cloned and independently expressed in Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) under the control of the CaMV 35S promoter. Yeast-derived GDP-mannose pyrophosphorylase (GMPase) and arabinono-1,4-lactone oxidase (ALO), as well as myo-inositol oxygenase 2 (MIOX2) from Arabidopsis thaliana, were targeted. Increases in GMPase activity were concomitant with increased AsA levels of up to 70% in leaves, 50% in green fruit, and 35% in red fruit. Expression of ALO significantly pulled biosynthetic flux towards AsA in leaves and green fruit by up to 54 and 25%, respectively. Changes in AsA content in plants transcribing the MIOX2 gene were inconsistent in different tissue. On the other hand, MIOX activity was strongly correlated with cell wall uronic acid levels, suggesting that MIOX may be a useful tool for the manipulation of cell wall composition. In conclusion, the Smirnoff-Wheeler pathway showed great promise as a target for biotechnological manipulation of ascorbate levels in tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle Cronje
- Genetics Department, Institute for Plant Biotechnology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
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131
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Cronje C, George GM, Fernie AR, Bekker J, Kossmann J, Bauer R. Manipulation of L-ascorbic acid biosynthesis pathways in Solanum lycopersicum: elevated GDP-mannose pyrophosphorylase activity enhances L-ascorbate levels in red fruit. PLANTA 2012. [PMID: 21979413 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-011-1525-1526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Ascorbate (AsA) plays a fundamental role in redox homeostasis in plants and animals, primarily by scavenging reactive oxygen species. Three genes, representing diverse steps putatively involved in plant AsA biosynthesis pathways, were cloned and independently expressed in Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) under the control of the CaMV 35S promoter. Yeast-derived GDP-mannose pyrophosphorylase (GMPase) and arabinono-1,4-lactone oxidase (ALO), as well as myo-inositol oxygenase 2 (MIOX2) from Arabidopsis thaliana, were targeted. Increases in GMPase activity were concomitant with increased AsA levels of up to 70% in leaves, 50% in green fruit, and 35% in red fruit. Expression of ALO significantly pulled biosynthetic flux towards AsA in leaves and green fruit by up to 54 and 25%, respectively. Changes in AsA content in plants transcribing the MIOX2 gene were inconsistent in different tissue. On the other hand, MIOX activity was strongly correlated with cell wall uronic acid levels, suggesting that MIOX may be a useful tool for the manipulation of cell wall composition. In conclusion, the Smirnoff-Wheeler pathway showed great promise as a target for biotechnological manipulation of ascorbate levels in tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle Cronje
- Genetics Department, Institute for Plant Biotechnology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
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132
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Page M, Sultana N, Paszkiewicz K, Florance H, Smirnoff N. The influence of ascorbate on anthocyanin accumulation during high light acclimation in Arabidopsis thaliana: further evidence for redox control of anthocyanin synthesis. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2012; 35:388-404. [PMID: 21631536 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2011.02369.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Ascorbate and anthocyanins act as photoprotectants during exposure to high light (HL). They accumulate in Arabidopsis leaves in response to HL on a similar timescale, suggesting a potential relationship between them. Flavonoids and related metabolites were identified and profiled by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The ascorbate-deficient mutants vtc1, vtc2 and vtc3 accumulated less anthocyanin than wild-type (WT) during HL acclimation. In contrast, kaempferol glycoside accumulation was less affected by light and not decreased by ascorbate deficiency, while sinapoyl malate levels decreased during HL acclimation. Comparison of six Arabidopsis ecotypes showed a positive correlation between ascorbate and anthocyanin accumulation in HL. mRNA-Seq analysis showed that all flavonoid biosynthesis transcripts were increased by HL acclimation in WT. RT-PCR analysis showed that vtc1 and vtc2 were impaired in HL induction of transcripts of anthocyanin biosynthesis enzymes, and the transcription factors PAP1, GL3 and EGL3 that activate the pathway. Abscisic acid (ABA) and jasmonic acid (JA), hormones that could affect anthocyanin accumulation, were unaffected in vtc mutants. It is concluded that HL induction of anthocyanin synthesis involves a redox-sensitive process upstream of the known transcription factors. Because anthocyanins accumulate in preference to kaempferol glycosides and sinapoyl malate in HL, they might have specific properties that make them useful in HL acclimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike Page
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
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133
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Massot C, Stevens R, Génard M, Longuenesse JJ, Gautier H. Light affects ascorbate content and ascorbate-related gene expression in tomato leaves more than in fruits. PLANTA 2012; 235:153-63. [PMID: 21861113 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-011-1493-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Accepted: 07/14/2011] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about the light regulation of vitamin C synthesis in fruits. In contrast, previous studies in leaves revealed that VTC2 (coding for GDP-L: -galactose phosphorylase) was one of the key genes up-regulated by light in leaves. Our objective was to determine how the expression of ascorbate (AsA) synthesis genes in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) was modified according to light irradiance in both leaves and fruits. Seven days of shading strongly decreased total ascorbate (reduced and oxidized form) content in leaves (50%) and to a lesser extent in fruits (10%). Among the last six steps of AsA biosynthesis, only two genes, VTC2 and GPP1 (one of the two unigenes coding for L: -galactose-1-P phosphatase in tomato), were down-regulated by long-term shading in red ripe fruits, compared to seven genes regulated in leaves. This underlines that light affects AsA-related gene expression more in leaves than in ripening fruits. Moreover, this study reveals strong daily changes in transcript levels of enzymes of the AsA biosynthetic pathway in leaves (11 of the 12 studied genes showed significant changes in their expression pattern). Among those genes, we found that diurnal variation in transcript levels of VTC2 and GME1 correlated to leaf AsA content measured 8 h later. This study provides a new hypothesis on the role of GME1 in addition to VTC2 in light-regulated AsA biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Capucine Massot
- INRA UR 1115 Plantes et Systèmes de Culture Horticoles, Domaine St Paul, Site Agroparc, 84914, Avignon, France
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134
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Badejo AA, Wada K, Gao Y, Maruta T, Sawa Y, Shigeoka S, Ishikawa T. Translocation and the alternative D-galacturonate pathway contribute to increasing the ascorbate level in ripening tomato fruits together with the D-mannose/L-galactose pathway. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:229-39. [PMID: 21984649 PMCID: PMC3245467 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/err275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The D-mannose/L-galactose pathway for the biosynthesis of vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid; AsA) has greatly improved the understanding of this indispensable compound in plants, where it plays multifunctional roles. However, it is yet to be proven whether the same pathway holds for all the different organs of plants, especially the fruit-bearing plants, at different stages of development. Micro-Tom was used here to elucidate the mechanisms of AsA accumulation and regulation in tomato fruits. The mRNA expression of the genes in the D-mannose/L-galactose pathway were inversely correlated with increasing AsA content of Micro-Tom fruits during ripening. Feeding L-[6-(14)C]AsA to Micro-Tom plants revealed that the bulk of the label from AsA accumulated in the source leaf was transported to the immature green fruits, and the rate of translocation decreased as ripening progressed. L-Galactose feeding, but neither D-galacturonate nor L-gulono-1,4-lactone, enhanced the content of AsA in immature green fruit. On the other hand, L-galactose and D-galacturonate, but not L-gulono-1,4-lactone, resulted in an increase in the AsA content of red ripened fruits. Crude extract prepared from insoluble fractions of green and red fruits showed D-galacturonate reductase- and aldonolactonase-specific activities, the antepenultimate and penultimate enzymes, respectively, in the D-galacturonate pathway, in both fruits. Taken together, the present findings demonstrated that tomato fruits could switch between different sources for AsA supply depending on their ripening stages. The translocation from source leaves and biosynthesis via the D-mannose/L-galactose pathway are dominant sources in immature fruits, while the alternative D-galacturonate pathway contributes to AsA accumulation in ripened Micro-Tom fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adebanjo Ayobamidele Badejo
- Department of Applied Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504, Japan
| | - Keiko Wada
- Department of Applied Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504, Japan
| | - Yongshun Gao
- Department of Applied Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504, Japan
| | - Takanori Maruta
- Department of Applied Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Sawa
- Department of Applied Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504, Japan
| | - Shigeru Shigeoka
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Faculty of Agriculture, Kinki University, 3327-204 Nakamachi, Nara 631-8505, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ishikawa
- Department of Applied Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504, Japan
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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135
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Kerchev PI, Pellny TK, Vivancos PD, Kiddle G, Hedden P, Driscoll S, Vanacker H, Verrier P, Hancock RD, Foyer CH. The transcription factor ABI4 Is required for the ascorbic acid-dependent regulation of growth and regulation of jasmonate-dependent defense signaling pathways in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2011; 23:3319-34. [PMID: 21926335 PMCID: PMC3203439 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.111.090100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Revised: 08/03/2011] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Cellular redox homeostasis is a hub for signal integration. Interactions between redox metabolism and the ABSCISIC ACID-INSENSITIVE-4 (ABI4) transcription factor were characterized in the Arabidopsis thaliana vitamin c defective1 (vtc1) and vtc2 mutants, which are defective in ascorbic acid synthesis and show a slow growth phenotype together with enhanced abscisic acid (ABA) levels relative to the wild type (Columbia-0). The 75% decrease in the leaf ascorbate pool in the vtc2 mutants was not sufficient to adversely affect GA metabolism. The transcriptome signatures of the abi4, vtc1, and vtc2 mutants showed significant overlap, with a large number of transcription factors or signaling components similarly repressed or induced. Moreover, lincomycin-dependent changes in LIGHT HARVESTING CHLOROPHYLL A/B BINDING PROTEIN 1.1 expression were comparable in these mutants, suggesting overlapping participation in chloroplast to nucleus signaling. The slow growth phenotype of vtc2 was absent in the abi4 vtc2 double mutant, as was the sugar-insensitive phenotype of the abi4 mutant. Octadecanoid derivative-responsive AP2/ERF-domain transcription factor 47 (ORA47) and AP3 (an ABI5 binding factor) transcripts were enhanced in vtc2 but repressed in abi4 vtc2, suggesting that ABI4 and ascorbate modulate growth and defense gene expression through jasmonate signaling. We conclude that low ascorbate triggers ABA- and jasmonate-dependent signaling pathways that together regulate growth through ABI4. Moreover, cellular redox homeostasis exerts a strong influence on sugar-dependent growth regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel I. Kerchev
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
| | - Till K. Pellny
- Plant Science Department, Centre for Crop Genetic Improvement, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom
| | - Pedro Diaz Vivancos
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
- Department of Plant Breeding, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 30100-Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, Spain
| | - Guy Kiddle
- Plant Science Department, Centre for Crop Genetic Improvement, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Hedden
- Plant Science Department, Centre for Crop Genetic Improvement, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Driscoll
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Hélène Vanacker
- Institut de Biologie des Plantes, Université de Paris sud 11, 91405 Orsay cedex, Paris, France
| | - Paul Verrier
- Department of Biomathematics, Bioinformatics Centre for Mathematical and Computational Biology, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom
| | - Robert D. Hancock
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
| | - Christine H. Foyer
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
- Address correspondence to
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136
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Cruz-Rus E, Amaya I, Sánchez-Sevilla JF, Botella MA, Valpuesta V. Regulation of L-ascorbic acid content in strawberry fruits. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2011; 62:4191-201. [PMID: 21561953 PMCID: PMC3153677 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/err122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2011] [Revised: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants have several L-ascorbic acid (AsA) biosynthetic pathways, but the contribution of each one to the synthesis of AsA varyies between different species, organs, and developmental stages. Strawberry (Fragaria×ananassa) fruits are rich in AsA. The pathway that uses D-galacturonate as the initial substrate is functional in ripe fruits, but the contribution of other pathways to AsA biosynthesis has not been studied. The transcription of genes encoding biosynthetic enzymes such as D-galacturonate reductase (FaGalUR) and myo-inositol oxygenase (FaMIOX), and the AsA recycling enzyme monodehydroascorbate reductase (FaMDHAR) were positively correlated with the increase in AsA during fruit ripening. Fruit storage for 72 h in a cold room reduced the AsA content by 30%. Under an ozone atmosphere, this reduction was 15%. Ozone treatment increased the expression of the FaGalUR, FaMIOX, and L-galactose-1-phosphate phosphatase (FaGIPP) genes, and transcription of the L-galactono-1,4-lactone dehydrogenase (FaGLDH) and FAMDHAR genes was higher in the ozone-stored than in the air-stored fruits. Analysis of AsA content in a segregating population from two strawberry cultivars showed high variability, which did not correlate with the transcription of any of the genes studied. Study of GalUR protein in diverse cultivars of strawberry and different Fragaria species showed that a correlation between GalUR and AsA content was apparent in most cases, but it was not general. Three alleles were identified in strawberry, but any sequence effect on the AsA variability was eliminated by analysis of the allele-specific expression. Taken together, these results indicate that FaGalUR shares the control of AsA levels with other enzymes and regulatory elements in strawberry fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Cruz-Rus
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, E-29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Iraida Amaya
- Área de Mejora y Biotecnología IFAPA-CIFA Málaga, Laboratorio de Bioquímica, Cortijo de la Cruz, E-29140 Málaga, Spain
| | - José F. Sánchez-Sevilla
- Área de Mejora y Biotecnología IFAPA-CIFA Málaga, Laboratorio de Bioquímica, Cortijo de la Cruz, E-29140 Málaga, Spain
| | - Miguel A. Botella
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, E-29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Victoriano Valpuesta
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, E-29071 Málaga, Spain
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137
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Lee Y, Park CH, Ram Kim A, Chang SC, Kim SH, Lee WS, Kim SK. The effect of ascorbic acid and dehydroascorbic acid on the root gravitropic response in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2011; 49:909-16. [PMID: 21696975 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2011.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2011] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The effects of ascorbic acid (AA) and dehydroascorbic acid (DHA), one of products of the disproportionation of monodehydroascorbate (MDHA) by AA oxidase (AAO, EC 1.10.3.3), on the gravitropic curvature of Arabidopsis roots were characterized by biochemical and genetic approaches. Exogenously applied AA and DHA both stimulated root gravitropic responses in a concentration-dependent fashion. AA also changed the Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) distribution in the roots after gravistimulation. In an effort to determine the relationship between AA and DHA in the gravitropic response, changes in the amount of reduced AA were evaluated in Arabidopsis under a variety of conditions. The expression level of an AAO gene (AAO1) was increased upon gravistimulation. Brassinolide (BL), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), and AA also increased the transcript levels of this gene. Root elongation and the gravitropic response were both suppressed in the AA biosynthesis mutant, vtc1, which has a greatly reduced level of total AA. Furthermore, the line of AAO double mutants (aao1-1 X aao3-1, 41-21) showed a reduced gravitropic response and reduced root elongation. Taken together, the results of this study imply that both AA and DHA help to determine the redox environment for the root gravitropic response, but DHA, rather than AA, is a major player in the regulation of the gravitropic response mediated by AA in the roots of Arabidopsis thaliana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yew Lee
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea
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138
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Genome-wide identification of antioxidant component biosynthetic enzymes: comprehensive analysis of ascorbic acid and tocochromanols biosynthetic genes in rice. Comput Biol Chem 2011; 35:261-8. [PMID: 22000797 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2011.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2011] [Accepted: 07/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
During the last two decades, several exciting reports have provided many advances in the role and biosynthesis of l-ascorbic acid (AsA) and tocochromanols, including tocopherols and tocotrienols, in higher plants. There are increasing bodies of experimental evidence that demonstrate that AsA and tocochromanols (especially tocopherols) play an important role as antioxidants and nutrients in mammals and photosynthetic organisms and are also involved in plant responses to stimuli. Although AsA and tocochromanol biosynthesis pathways have been well characterized using Arabidopsis, these pathways are still poorly understood in rice, which is an economically important monocot cereal crop. In this study using computational analysis of sequenced rice genome, we identified eight and seven potential non-redundant members involved in AsA and tocochromanol biosynthetic pathways, respectively. The results reveal that the common feature of these gene promoters is the combination of light-responsive, hormone-responsive, and stress-responsive elements. These findings, together with expression analysis in the MPSS database, indicate that AsA and tocochromanols might be co-related with the complex signaling pathways involved in plant responses.
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139
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Wang HS, Yu C, Zhu ZJ, Yu XC. Overexpression in tobacco of a tomato GMPase gene improves tolerance to both low and high temperature stress by enhancing antioxidation capacity. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2011; 30:1029-40. [PMID: 21287174 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-011-1009-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2010] [Revised: 12/30/2010] [Accepted: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
GDP-mannose pyrophosphorylase (GMPase: EC 2.7.7.22) plays a crucial role in the synthesis of L-ascorbate (AsA) and the consequent detoxification of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Herein, a GMPase (accession ID DQ449030) was identified and cloned from tomato. The full-length cDNA sequence of this gene contains 1,498 bp nucleotides encoding a putative protein with 361 amino acid residues of approximate molecular weight 43 kDa. Northern blot analysis revealed that the GMPase was expressed in all examined tomato tissues, but its expression level was up-regulated in tomato plants subjected to abnormal temperatures. We then overexpressed this tomato GMPase in tobacco plants and observed that the activity of GMPase and the content of AsA were significantly increased by two- to fourfold in the leaves of transgenic tobacco plants. The effect of this gene overexpression was superimposed by the treatments of high or low temperature in tobacco, since the activities of both chloroplastic SOD (superoxide dismutase EC 1.15.1.1), APX (ascorbate peroxidase EC 1.11.1.7) and the content of AsA in leaves were significantly higher in transgenic plants than those of WT, while the contents of H(2)O(2) and O(2)(-·) were reduced. Meanwhile, relative electric conductivity increased less in transgenic plants than that in WT, and the net photosynthetic rate (P(n)) and the maximal photochemical efficiency of PSII (F(v)/F(m)) of transgenic plants were notably higher than those of WT under temperature stresses. In conclusion, the overexpression of GMPase increased the content of AsA, thereby leading to the increase in tolerance to temperature stress in transgenic plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Sen Wang
- Department of Horticulture, School of Agriculture and Food Science, Zhejiang A and F University, Lin'an 311300, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
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140
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Tenhaken R, Voglas E, Cock JM, Neu V, Huber CG. Characterization of GDP-mannose dehydrogenase from the brown alga Ectocarpus siliculosus providing the precursor for the alginate polymer. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:16707-15. [PMID: 21454608 PMCID: PMC3089512 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.230979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Revised: 03/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Alginate is a major cell wall polymer of brown algae. The precursor for the polymer is GDP-mannuronic acid, which is believed to be derived from a four-electron oxidation of GDP-mannose through the enzyme GDP-mannose dehydrogenase (GMD). So far no eukaryotic GMD has been biochemically characterized. We have identified a candidate gene in the Ectocarpus siliculosus genome and expressed it as a recombinant protein in Escherichia coli. The GMD from Ectocarpus differs strongly from related enzymes in bacteria and is as distant to the bacterial proteins as it is to the group of UDP-glucose dehydrogenases. It lacks the C-terminal ∼120 amino acid domain present in bacterial GMDs, which is believed to be involved in catalysis. The GMD from brown algae is highly active at alkaline pH and contains a catalytic Cys residue, sensitive to heavy metals. The product GDP-mannuronic acid was analyzed by HPLC and mass spectroscopy. The K(m) for GDP-mannose was 95 μM, and 86 μM for NAD(+). No substrate other than GDP-mannose was oxidized by the enzyme. In gel filtration experiments the enzyme behaved as a dimer. The Ectocarpus GMD is stimulated by salts even at low molar concentrations as a possible adaptation to marine life. It is rapidly inactivated at temperatures above 30 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raimund Tenhaken
- Department of Cell Biology, Division of Plant Physiology, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
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141
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Ibrahim HMM, Hosseini P, Alkharouf NW, Hussein EHA, Gamal El-Din AEKY, Aly MAM, Matthews BF. Analysis of gene expression in soybean (Glycine max) roots in response to the root knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita using microarrays and KEGG pathways. BMC Genomics 2011; 12:220. [PMID: 21569240 PMCID: PMC3225080 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-12-220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2010] [Accepted: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Root-knot nematodes are sedentary endoparasites that can infect more than 3000 plant species. Root-knot nematodes cause an estimated $100 billion annual loss worldwide. For successful establishment of the root-knot nematode in its host plant, it causes dramatic morphological and physiological changes in plant cells. The expression of some plant genes is altered by the nematode as it establishes its feeding site. RESULTS We examined the expression of soybean (Glycine max) genes in galls formed in roots by the root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita, 12 days and 10 weeks after infection to understand the effects of infection of roots by M. incognita. Gene expression was monitored using the Affymetrix Soybean GeneChip containing 37,500 G. max probe sets. Gene expression patterns were integrated with biochemical pathways from the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes using PAICE software. Genes encoding enzymes involved in carbohydrate and cell wall metabolism, cell cycle control and plant defense were altered. CONCLUSIONS A number of different soybean genes were identified that were differentially expressed which provided insights into the interaction between M. incognita and soybean and into the formation and maintenance of giant cells. Some of these genes may be candidates for broadening plants resistance to root-knot nematode through over-expression or silencing and require further examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba MM Ibrahim
- United States Department of Agriculture, Plant Sciences Institute, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
- Genetics Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Parsa Hosseini
- Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Towson University, Towson, MD 21252, USA
| | - Nadim W Alkharouf
- Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Towson University, Towson, MD 21252, USA
| | | | | | - Mohammed AM Aly
- Department of Arid land Agriculture, College of Food and Agriculture, UAE University, UAE
| | - Benjamin F Matthews
- United States Department of Agriculture, Plant Sciences Institute, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
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142
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Kempinski CF, Haffar R, Barth C. Toward the mechanism of NH(4) (+) sensitivity mediated by Arabidopsis GDP-mannose pyrophosphorylase. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2011; 34:847-58. [PMID: 21332510 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2011.02290.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The ascorbic acid (AA)-deficient Arabidopsis thaliana mutant vtc1-1, which is defective in GDP-mannose pyrophosphorylase (GMPase), exhibits conditional hypersensitivity to ammonium (NH(4) (+) ), a phenomenon that is independent of AA deficiency. As GMPase is important for GDP-mannose biosynthesis, a nucleotide sugar necessary for protein N-glycosylation, it has been thought that GDP-mannose deficiency is responsible for the growth defect in vtc1-1 in the presence of NH(4) (+) . Therefore, the motivation for this work was to elucidate the growth and developmental processes that are affected in vtc1-1 in the presence of NH(4) (+) and to determine whether GDP-mannose deficiency generally causes NH(4) (+) sensitivity. Furthermore, as NH(4) (+) may alter cytosolic pH, we investigated the responses of vtc1-1 to pH changes in the presence and absence of NH(4) (+) . Using qRT-PCR and staining procedures, we demonstrate that defective N-glycosylation in vtc1-1 contributes to cell wall, membrane and cell cycle defects, resulting in root growth inhibition in the presence of NH(4) (+) . However, by using mutants acting upstream of vtc1-1 and contributing to GDP-mannose biosynthesis, we show that GDP-mannose deficiency does not generally lead to and is not the primary cause of NH(4) (+) sensitivity. Instead, our data suggest that GMPase responds to pH alterations in the presence of NH(4) (+) .
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Affiliation(s)
- Chase F Kempinski
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, 5228 Life Sciences Building, 53 Campus Drive, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506-6057, USA
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143
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Li M, Ma F, Liang D, Li J, Wang Y. Ascorbate biosynthesis during early fruit development is the main reason for its accumulation in kiwi. PLoS One 2010; 5:e14281. [PMID: 21151561 PMCID: PMC3000333 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0014281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2010] [Accepted: 11/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ascorbic acid (AsA) is a unique antioxidant as well as an enzyme cofactor. Although it has multiple roles in plants, it is unclear how its accumulation is controlled at the expression level, especially in sink tissues. Kiwifruit (Actinidia) is well-known for its high ascorbate content. Our objective was to determine whether AsA accumulates in the fruits primarily through biosynthesis or because it is imported from the foliage. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We systematically investigated AsA levels, biosynthetic capacity, and mRNA expression of genes involved in AsA biosynthesis in kiwi (A. deliciosa cv. Qinmei). Recycling and AsA localization were also monitored during fruit development and among different tissue types. Over time, the amount of AsA, with its capacity for higher biosynthesis and lower recycling, peaked at 30 days after anthesis (DAA), and then decreased markedly up to 60 DAA before declining more slowly. Expression of key genes showed similar patterns of change, except for L-galactono-1,4-lactone dehydrogenase and L-galactose-1-phosphate phosphatase (GPP). However, GPP had good correlation with the rate of AsA accumulation. The expression of these genes could be detected in phloem of stem as well as petiole of leaf and fruit. Additionally, fruit petioles had greater ascorbate amounts, although that was the site of lowest expression by most genes. Fruit microtubule tissues also had higher AsA. However, exogenous applications of AsA to those petioles did not lead to its transport into fruits, and distribution of ascorbate was cell-specific in the fruits, with more accumulation occurring in larger cells. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that AsA biosynthesis in kiwi during early fruit development is the main reason for its accumulation in the fruits. We also postulate here that GPP is a good candidate for regulating AsA biosynthesis whereas GDP-L-galactose-1-phosphate phosphorylase is not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjun Li
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Fengwang Ma
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Dong Liang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Juan Li
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yanlei Wang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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144
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Li M, Ma F, Liu J, Li J. Shading the whole vines during young fruit development decreases ascorbate accumulation in kiwi. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2010; 140:225-237. [PMID: 20618762 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2010.01395.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We investigated how different lighting conditions affected the levels of ascorbate (AsA), sugar contents, the mRNA expression of genes involved in AsA biosynthesis and recycling and enzyme activity in kiwi fruits. Shaded leaves had dramatically less AsA as well as altered transcript levels and enzyme activities. In contrast, fruits that had been covered directly at various developmental stages showed no changes in those parameters. Fruits had significantly less AsA content before 40 days after anthesis (DAA) when whole vines were shaded only from 0 to 40 DAA, whereas transcript levels of most related genes (except those for GDP-L-galactose-1-phosphate phosphorylase and GDP-mannose pyrophosphorylase) followed a parallel trend. When the shading was removed after 40 DAA, values for the ripening fruits returned to those measured for the control. Such a response, however, was not observed when shading treatments were delayed until after 40 DAA. Fruits were also smaller at harvest when vines were shaded at the earliest time point. The present results suggest that lighting conditions can indirectly affect the capacity of biosynthesis and recycling of AsA in young fruits of kiwi, and this regulation might occur via the interaction of signal from leaves and development of fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjun Li
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
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145
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Li Q, Li BH, Kronzucker HJ, Shi WM. Root growth inhibition by NH(4)(+) in Arabidopsis is mediated by the root tip and is linked to NH(4)(+) efflux and GMPase activity. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2010; 33:1529-42. [PMID: 20444215 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2010.02162.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Root growth in higher plants is sensitive to excess ammonium (NH(4)(+)). Our study shows that contact of NH(4)(+) with the primary root tip is both necessary and sufficient to the development of arrested root growth under NH(4)(+) nutrition in Arabidopsis. We show that cell elongation and not cell division is the principal target in the NH(4)(+) inhibition of primary root growth. Mutant and expression analyses using DR5:GUS revealed that the growth inhibition is furthermore independent of auxin and ethylene signalling. NH(4)(+) fluxes along the primary root, measured using the Scanning Ion-selective Electrode Technique, revealed a significant stimulation of NH(4)(+) efflux at the elongation zone following treatment with elevated NH(4)(+), coincident with the inhibition of root elongation. Stimulation of NH(4)(+) efflux and inhibition of cell expansion were significantly more pronounced in the NH(4)(+)-hypersensitive mutant vtc1-1, deficient in the enzyme GDP-mannose pyrophosphorylase (GMPase). We conclude that both restricted transmembrane NH(4)(+) fluxes and proper functioning of GMPase in roots are critical to minimizing the severity of the NH(4)(+) toxicity response in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Li
- Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
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146
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Bartsch M, Bednarek P, Vivancos PD, Schneider B, von Roepenack-Lahaye E, Foyer CH, Kombrink E, Scheel D, Parker JE. Accumulation of isochorismate-derived 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic 3-O-beta-D-xyloside in arabidopsis resistance to pathogens and ageing of leaves. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:25654-65. [PMID: 20538606 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.092569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
An intricate network of hormone signals regulates plant development and responses to biotic and abiotic stress. Salicylic acid (SA), derived from the shikimate/isochorismate pathway, is a key hormone in resistance to biotrophic pathogens. Several SA derivatives and associated modifying enzymes have been identified and implicated in the storage and channeling of benzoic acid intermediates or as bioactive molecules. However, the range and modes of action of SA-related metabolites remain elusive. In Arabidopsis, Enhanced Disease Susceptibility 1 (EDS1) promotes SA-dependent and SA-independent responses in resistance against pathogens. Here, we used metabolite profiling of Arabidopsis wild type and eds1 mutant leaf extracts to identify molecules, other than SA, whose accumulation requires EDS1 signaling. Nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry of isolated and purified compounds revealed 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid (2,3-DHBA) as an isochorismate-derived secondary metabolite whose accumulation depends on EDS1 in resistance responses and during ageing of plants. 2,3-DHBA exists predominantly as a xylose-conjugated form (2-hydroxy-3-beta-O-D-xylopyranosyloxy benzoic acid) that is structurally distinct from known SA-glucose conjugates. Analysis of DHBA accumulation profiles in various Arabidopsis mutants suggests an enzymatic route to 2,3-DHBA synthesis that is under the control of EDS1. We propose that components of the EDS1 pathway direct the generation or stabilization of 2,3-DHBA, which as a potentially bioactive molecule is sequestered as a xylose conjugate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Bartsch
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl von Linné Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
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147
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Suza WP, Avila CA, Carruthers K, Kulkarni S, Goggin FL, Lorence A. Exploring the impact of wounding and jasmonates on ascorbate metabolism. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2010; 48:337-50. [PMID: 20346686 PMCID: PMC2880922 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2010.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2009] [Revised: 02/02/2010] [Accepted: 02/04/2010] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin C (ascorbate, AsA) is the most abundant water-soluble antioxidant in plants. Ascorbate provides the first line of defense against damaging reactive oxygen species (ROS), and helps protect plant cells from many factors that induce oxidative stress, including wounding, ozone, high salinity, and pathogen attack. Plant defenses against these stresses are also dependent upon jasmonates (JAs), a class of plant hormones that promote ROS accumulation. Here, we review evidence showing that wounding and JAs influence AsA accumulation in various plant species, and we report new data from Arabidopsis and tomato testing the influence of JAs on AsA levels in wounded and unwounded plants. In both species, certain mutations that impair JA metabolism and signaling influence foliar AsA levels, suggesting that endogenous JAs may regulate steady-state AsA. However, the impact of wounding on AsA accumulation was similar in JA mutants and wild type controls, indicating that this wound response does not require JAs. Our findings also indicate that the effects of wounding and JAs on AsA accumulation differ between species; these factors both enhanced AsA accumulation in Arabidopsis, but depressed AsA levels in tomato. These results underscore the importance of obtaining data from more than one model species, and demonstrate the complexity of AsA regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter P. Suza
- Arkansas Biosciences Institute at Arkansas State University
| | - Carlos A. Avila
- Department of Entomology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR
| | - Kelly Carruthers
- Department of Entomology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR
| | - Shashank Kulkarni
- Arkansas Biosciences Institute at Arkansas State University
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Arkansas State University, P.O. Box 639, State University, AR 72467
| | - Fiona L. Goggin
- Department of Entomology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed (Fax 479 575 2452; ; Fax 870 972 2026; )
| | - Argelia Lorence
- Arkansas Biosciences Institute at Arkansas State University
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Arkansas State University, P.O. Box 639, State University, AR 72467
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed (Fax 479 575 2452; ; Fax 870 972 2026; )
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148
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Sun P, Guo Y, Qi J, Zhou L, Li X. Isolation and expression analysis of tuberous root development related genes in Rehmannia glutinosa. Mol Biol Rep 2010; 37:1069-79. [PMID: 19774491 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-009-9834-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2009] [Accepted: 09/08/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
As one kind of important modified storage organs, tuberous roots are attractive for their economic and biological values. Although considerable progresses have been made in the past, molecular information regarding the tuberous root development is still limited. In this study, we focused on the molecular profiling of the tuberous root development of Rehmannia glutinosa. Suppression subtractive hybridization technology was employed to compare gene expression between adventitious root and developing tuberous root. As a result, a tuberous root subtractive library was constructed and 199 development-related unique expressed sequence tags were identified, which represent different groups of genes involved in metabolism, protein synthesis, protein fate, cell fate, signaling, transcription and development, etc. In order to further validate the obtained result, 18 genes were selected for expression analysis and the genes most likely being involved in tuberous root development were discussed. Our present study provided the first molecular profiling of tuberous root development-related genes in Rehmannia glutinosa, which will establish the basis for future deciphering the tuberous root development mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Sun
- Institute of Medicinal Plants Development, Peking Union, Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 100193 Beijing, People's Republic of China
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149
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Li M, Ma F, Guo C, Liu J. Ascorbic acid formation and profiling of genes expressed in its synthesis and recycling in apple leaves of different ages. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2010; 48:216-24. [PMID: 20159657 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2010.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2009] [Revised: 01/14/2010] [Accepted: 01/16/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Ascorbic acid (AsA), as a unique antioxidant and enzyme cofactor, has multiple roles in plants. However, there is very limited information on the mechanism of AsA accumulation and controlling in leaves. In this study, we determined AsA accumulation levels, analyzed expression patterns of the genes involved in synthesizing via l-galactose pathway and recycling as well as enzyme activities in apple (Malus domestica Borkh) leaves with different age. AsA content was found to increase with leaf development, reaching the highest level in 20-day-old leaves. This level was maintained in mature leaves until the dropping in senescent leaves. Comparing with young and senescent leaves, mature leaves had higher capability for AsA synthesis with high expression levels and activity of l-galactose dehydrogenase and l-galactono-1,4-lactone dehydrogenase. The mRNA expression of genes involved in AsA synthesis also showed highest abundance in 20-day-old leaves, though GDP-mannose-3',5'-epimerase and l-galactose-1-phosphate phosphatase expression reached the highest levels before 20 days old. These results suggest that AsA accumulation in apple leaves mainly occurs during the transition phase from young to mature leaves with high rates of synthesis and recycling, and that l-galactose-1-phosphate phosphatase could play an important role in regulating AsA biosynthesis via the l-galactose pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjun Li
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
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150
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Mukherjee M, Larrimore KE, Ahmed NJ, Bedick TS, Barghouthi NT, Traw MB, Barth C. Ascorbic acid deficiency in arabidopsis induces constitutive priming that is dependent on hydrogen peroxide, salicylic acid, and the NPR1 gene. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2010; 23:340-51. [PMID: 20121455 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-23-3-0340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The ascorbic acid (AA)-deficient Arabidopsis thaliana vtc1-1 mutant exhibits increased resistance to the virulent bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae. This response correlates with heightened levels of salicylic acid (SA), which induces antimicrobial pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins. To determine if SA-mediated, enhanced disease resistance is a general phenomenon of AA deficiency, to elucidate the signal that stimulates SA synthesis, and to identify the biosynthetic pathway through which SA accumulates, we studied the four AA-deficient vtc1-1, vtc2-1, vtc3-1, and vtc4-1 mutants. We also studied double mutants defective in the AA-biosynthetic gene VTC1 and the SA signaling pathway genes PAD4, EDS5, and NPR1, respectively. All vtc mutants were more resistant to P. syringae than the wild type. With the exception of vtc4-1, this correlated with constitutively upregulated H(2)O(2), SA, and messenger RNA levels of PR genes. Double mutants exhibited decreased SA levels and enhanced susceptibility to P. syringae compared with the wild type, suggesting that vtc1-1 requires functional PAD4, EDS5, and NPR1 for SA biosynthesis and pathogen resistance. We suggest that AA deficiency causes constitutive priming through a buildup of H(2)O(2) that stimulates SA accumulation, conferring enhanced disease resistance in vtc1-1, vtc2-1, and vtc3-1, whereas vtc4-1 might be sensitized to H(2)O(2) and SA production after infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhumati Mukherjee
- Department Of Biology, West Virginia University, 53 Campus Drive, Morgantown, USA
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