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Wang C, Wang C, Liu Q, Meng Q, Cang J, Sun H, Peng J, Ma X, Huo X, Liu K. Aspirin and Probenecid Inhibit Organic Anion Transporter 3–Mediated Renal Uptake of Cilostazol and Probenecid Induces Metabolism of Cilostazol in the Rat. Drug Metab Dispos 2014; 42:996-1007. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.113.055194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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102
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Cheng J, Edin ML, Hoopes SL, Li H, Bradbury JA, Graves JP, DeGraff LM, Lih FB, Garcia V, Shaik JSB, Tomer KB, Flake GP, Falck JR, Lee CR, Poloyac SM, Schwartzman ML, Zeldin DC. Vascular characterization of mice with endothelial expression of cytochrome P450 4F2. FASEB J 2014; 28:2915-31. [PMID: 24668751 DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-241927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 4A and 4F enzymes metabolize arachidonic acid to 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE). Although CYP4A-derived 20-HETE is known to have prohypertensive and proangiogenic properties, the effects of CYP4F-derived metabolites are not well characterized. To investigate the role of CYP4F2 in vascular disease, we generated mice with endothelial expression of human CYP4F2 (Tie2-CYP4F2-Tr). LC/MS/MS analysis revealed 2-foldincreases in 20-HETE levels in tissues and endothelial cells (ECs), relative to wild-type (WT) controls. Tie2-CYP4F2-Tr ECs demonstrated increases in growth (267.1 ± 33.4 vs. 205.0 ± 13% at 48 h) and tube formation (7.7 ± 1.1 vs. 1.6 ± 0.5 tubes/field) that were 20-HETE dependent and associated with up-regulation of prooxidant NADPH oxidase and proangiogenic VEGF. Increases in VEGF and NADPH oxidase levels were abrogated by inhibitors of NADPH oxidase and MAPK, respectively, suggesting the possibility of crosstalk between pathways. Interestingly, IL-6 levels in Tie2-CYP4F2-Tr mice (18.6 ± 2.7 vs. 7.9 ± 2.7 pg/ml) were up-regulated via NADPH oxidase- and 20-HETE-dependent mechanisms. Although Tie2-CYP4F2-Tr aortas displayed increased vasoconstriction, vasorelaxation and blood pressure were unchanged. Our findings indicate that human CYP4F2 significantly increases 20-HETE production, CYP4F2-derived 20-HETE mediates EC proliferation and angiogenesis via VEGF- and NADPH oxidase-dependent manners, and the Tie2-CYP4F2-Tr mouse is a novel model for examining the pathophysiological effects of CYP4F2-derived 20-HETE in the vasculature.-Cheng, J., Edin, M. L., Hoopes, S. L., Li, H., Bradbury, J. A., Graves, J. P., DeGraff, L. M., Lih, F. B., Garcia, V., Shaik, J. S. B., Tomer, K. B., Flake, G. P., Falck, J. R., Lee, C. R., Poloyac, S. M., Schwartzman, M. L., Zeldin, D. C. Vascular characterization of mice with endothelial expression of cytochrome P450 4F2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Cheng
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Matthew L Edin
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Samantha L Hoopes
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Hong Li
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - J Alyce Bradbury
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Joan P Graves
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Laura M DeGraff
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Fred B Lih
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Victor Garcia
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
| | | | - Kenneth B Tomer
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Gordon P Flake
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - John R Falck
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Craig R Lee
- University of North Carolina Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA; and
| | - Samuel M Poloyac
- School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Darryl C Zeldin
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA;
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103
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Elbarbry F, Vermehren-Schmaedick A, Balkowiec A. Modulation of arachidonic Acid metabolism in the rat kidney by sulforaphane: implications for regulation of blood pressure. ISRN PHARMACOLOGY 2014; 2014:683508. [PMID: 24734194 PMCID: PMC3964756 DOI: 10.1155/2014/683508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/09/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Background. We investigated the effects of sulforaphane (SF), the main active isothiocyanate in cruciferous vegetables, on arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism in the kidney and its effect on arterial blood pressure, using spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) as models. Methods. Rats were treated for 8 weeks with either drinking water alone (control) or SF (20 or 40 mg/kg) added to drinking water. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) was measured at 7-day intervals throughout the study. At the end of treatment rats were euthanized, and kidneys were harvested to prepare microsomes and measure enzymes involved in regulation of vasoactive metabolites: CYP4A, the key enzyme in the formation of 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, and the soluble epoxide hydrolase, which is responsible for the degradation of the vasodilator metabolites such as epoxyeicosatetraenoic acids. Effect of SF on kidney expression of CYP4A was investigated by immunoblotting. Results. We found that treatment with SF leads to significant reductions in both, the expression and activity of renal CYP4A isozymes, as well as the activity of soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH). Consistent with these data, we have found that treatment with SF resisted the progressive rise in MAP in the developing SHR in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusion. This is the first demonstration that SF modulates the metabolism of AA by both P450 enzymes and sEH in SHR rats. This may represent a novel mechanism by which SF protects SHR rats against the progressive rise in blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fawzy Elbarbry
- School of Pharmacy, Pacific University Oregon, 222 SE 8th Avenue, Hillsboro, OR 97123, USA
| | - Anke Vermehren-Schmaedick
- Department of Integrative Biosciences, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Agnieszka Balkowiec
- Department of Integrative Biosciences, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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Rowland A, Mangoni AA. Cytochrome P450 and ischemic heart disease: current concepts and future directions. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2013; 10:191-213. [PMID: 24274646 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2014.859675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The P450 enzymes (P450s) mediate the biotransformation of several drugs, steroid hormones, eicosanoids, cholesterol, vitamins, fatty acids and bile acids, many of which affect cardiovascular homeostasis. Experimental studies have demonstrated that several P450s modulate important steps in the pathogenesis of ischemic heart disease (IHD). AREAS COVERED This article discusses the current knowledge on i) the expression of P450s in cardiovascular and renal tissues; ii) the role of P450s in the pathophysiology of IHD, in particular the modulation of blood pressure and cardiac hypertrophy, coronary arterial tone, ischemia-reperfusion injury and the metabolism of cardiovascular drugs; iii) the available evidence from observational studies on the association between P450 gene polymorphisms and risk of myocardial infarction (MI); and iv) suggestions for further research in this area. EXPERT OPINION P450s exert important modulatory effects in experimental models of IHD and MI. However, observational studies have provided conflicting results on the association between P450 genetic polymorphisms and MI. Further, adequately powered studies are required to ascertain the biological and clinical impact of P450s on clinical IHD end-points, that is, fatal and nonfatal MI, revascularization and long-term outcomes post MI. Pharmacogenetic substudies of recently completed cardiovascular clinical trials might represent an alternative strategy in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Rowland
- Flinders University, School of Medicine, Department of Clinical Pharmacology , Bedford Park, SA 5042 , Australia
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105
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Association between the CYP4A11 T8590C variant and essential hypertension: new data from Han Chinese and a meta-analysis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80072. [PMID: 24278241 PMCID: PMC3836999 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective CYP4A11 oxidizes endogenous arachidonic acid to 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, a renal vasoconstrictor and natriuretic in humans. Previous studies demonstrated an association between a functional variant (T8590C) of CYP4A11 and essential hypertension, though with conflicting results. To elucidate this relationship, a case-control study and meta-analysis were performed to assess the possible association of essential hypertension with CYP4A11 genetic variations. Methods Associations between the T8590C polymorphism and essential hypertension were examined in 328 unrelated cases and 297 age-matched controls in Han Chinese individuals. High-resolution melting was used to identify the CYP4A11 variant. To further investigate the association, we conducted a meta-analysis including eight studies published previously in July 2012. Results The frequency of the CYP4A11 T8590C polymorphism showed no significant difference between cases and controls (all P>0.05). However, the meta-analysis showed that the CYP4A11 T8590C polymorphism may increase the risk of essential hypertension in an additive model (OR: 1.15, 95% CI: 1.02–1.29, P = 0.02), a dominant model (OR: 1.06, 95% CI: 1.01–1.32, P = 0.03), a recessive model (OR: 1.52, 95% CI: 1.15–2.02, P = 0.003) and a homozygote contrast (OR: 1.38, 95% CI: 1.07–1.78, P = 0.01). Also, a significant relationship was observed among Caucasians in the additive model, the homozygote contrast, the recessive model and the dominant model (all P<0.05). However, no association was observed in an Asian population (all P>0.05). Conclusions This meta-analysis suggests there is a significant association between the CYP4A11 T8590C variant and essential hypertension, especially in Caucasians. The case-control study did not find a significant association among the Han Chinese population, but the controls were poorly matched and meaningful conclusions cannot therefore be made. Further large-scale studies are needed to clarify whether the CYP4A11 T8590C polymorphism is associated with hypertension risk in Asians or has a gender-specific effect.
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106
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Alsaad AMS, Zordoky BNM, Tse MMY, El-Kadi AOS. Role of cytochrome P450-mediated arachidonic acid metabolites in the pathogenesis of cardiac hypertrophy. Drug Metab Rev 2013; 45:173-95. [PMID: 23600686 DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2012.754460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A plethora of studies have demonstrated the expression of cytochrome P450 (CYP) and soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) enzymes in the heart and other cardiovascular tissues. In addition, the expression of these enzymes is altered during several cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), including cardiac hypertrophy (CH). The alteration in CYP and sEH expression results in derailed CYP-mediated arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism. In animal models of CH, it has been reported that there is an increase in 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE) and a decrease in epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs). Further, inhibiting 20-HETE production by CYP ω-hydroxylase inhibitors and increasing EET stability by sEH inhibitors have been proven to protect against CH as well as other CVDs. Therefore, CYP-mediated AA metabolites 20-HETE and EETs are potential key players in the pathogenesis of CH. Some studies have investigated the molecular mechanisms by which these metabolites mediate their effects on cardiomyocytes and vasculature leading to pathological CH. Activation of several intracellular signaling cascades, such as nuclear factor of activated T cells, nuclear factor kappa B, mitogen-activated protein kinases, Rho-kinases, Gp130/signal transducer and activator of transcription, extracellular matrix degradation, apoptotic cascades, inflammatory cytokines, and oxidative stress, has been linked to the pathogenesis of CH. In this review, we discuss how 20-HETE and EETs can affect these signaling pathways to result in, or protect from, CH, respectively. However, further understanding of these metabolites and their effects on intracellular cascades will be required to assess their potential translation to therapeutic approaches for the prevention and/or treatment of CH and heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulaziz M S Alsaad
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2142J Katz Group-Rexall Center for Pharmacy and Health Research, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1
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Jarrar YB, Cho SA, Oh KS, Kim DH, Shin JG, Lee SJ. Identification of cytochrome P450s involved in the metabolism of arachidonic acid in human platelets. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2013; 89:227-34. [PMID: 23932368 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2013.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2013] [Revised: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Although cytochrome P450s (CYPs) have been identified in most human cells, identification of CYPs in human platelets remains poorly explored. CYP expressions in human platelets were screened by using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis followed by functional assays using arachidonic acid (ARA). CYP1A1, 2U1, 2J2, 4A11, 4F2, and 5A1 were expressed as both proteins and mRNAs in platelets. Ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase activity was observed in platelets and this activity was significantly decreased after treatment with the general P450 inhibitor SKF-525A and the CYP1A inhibitor, α-naphthoflavone (40-45%, P<0.001). Seventeen ARA metabolites were detected in ARA-treated platelets. Among these, the levels of 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid and epoxyeicosatrienoic acids were significantly decreased with the treatment of the P450 ω-hydroxylase inhibitor 17-octadecynoic acid (P<0.05-0.001). In summary, multiple ARA-metabolizing P450s were identified in human platelets. These findings may provide an important resource for understanding physiological function of platelet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazun B Jarrar
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacogenomics Research Center, Inje University College of Medicine, Inje University, Busan, South Korea
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Traber MG. Mechanisms for the prevention of vitamin E excess. J Lipid Res 2013; 54:2295-306. [PMID: 23505319 PMCID: PMC3735929 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r032946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Revised: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver is at the nexus of the regulation of lipoprotein uptake, synthesis, and secretion, and it is the site of xenobiotic detoxification by cytochrome P450 oxidation systems (phase I), conjugation systems (phase II), and transporters (phase III). These two major liver systems control vitamin E status. The mechanisms for the preference for α-tocopherol relative to the eight naturally occurring vitamin E forms largely depend upon the liver and include both a preferential secretion of α-tocopherol from the liver into the plasma for its transport in circulating lipoproteins for subsequent uptake by tissues, as well as the preferential hepatic metabolism of non-α-tocopherol forms. These mechanisms are the focus of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maret G Traber
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA.
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109
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Capdevila J, Wang W. Role of cytochrome P450 epoxygenase in regulating renal membrane transport and hypertension. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2013; 22:163-9. [PMID: 23302865 DOI: 10.1097/mnh.0b013e32835d911e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Cytochrome P450 (CYP)-epoxygenase is highly expressed in the kidney and its metabolism of arachidonic acid plays important roles in regulating renal Na transport and in modulating vasoactivity in the kidney. In the past several years, progress has been made not only in characterizing the specific CYP-epoxygenases responsible for the regulation of membrane transport and vasoactivity in the kidney but also in exploring the mechanism by which they regulate renal Na transport and vasodilation of preglomerular arterioles. This review summarizes and updates recent progress in this area of research. RECENT FINDINGS CYP-epoxygenase metabolites of arachidonic acid inhibit epithelial Na channel (ENaC) in the cortical collecting duct (CCD), and 11,12-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (11,12-EET) is mainly responsible for mediating the inhibitory effect on ENaC. Downregulation of CYP2C44 abolishes arachidonic acid mediated inhibition of ENaC and increases ENaC activity. In addition, 11,12-EET stimulates Ca-activated big conductance K channels in the CCD and afferent arterioles smooth muscles. Activation of big conductance K channels by 11,12-EET is responsible for EET-induced vasodilation in preglomerular arterioles. 11,12-EET-induced vasodilation is absent in preglomerular arterioles pretreated with okadaic acid. SUMMARY CYP-epoxygenase mediated suppression of renal Na transport is partially achieved by inhibition of ENaC activity in the CCD and CYP2C44-derived EETs are responsible for inhibition of ENaC. Stimulation of serine/threonine protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) contributes to 11,12-EET-induced activation of big conductance K channels and vasodilation in preglomerular arterioles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Capdevila
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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110
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Jarrar YB, Shin JG, Lee SJ. Expression of arachidonic acid-metabolizing cytochrome P450s in human megakaryocytic Dami cells. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2013; 49:492-500. [PMID: 23722412 PMCID: PMC3713264 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-013-9633-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450s (P450s) are involved in the metabolism of arachidonic acid (ARA), and ARA metabolites are associated with various cellular signaling pathways, such as blood hemostasis and inflammation. The present study demonstrates the expression of ARA-metabolizing P450s in the human megakaryocytic Dami cells using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunublotting analysis followed by activity assays using ARA as a substrate. In addition to the previously identified CYP5A1, both protein and mRNAs of CYP1A1, 2U1, and 2J2 bands were detected. Ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity was observed in Dami cells, and its activity was significantly decreased after treatment with the P450 inhibitor SKF-525A when compared to the control groups (60% reduction, P < 0.001). CYP1A1 protein expression in Dami cells was induced by 3-methylenecholantheren. This increase in CYP1A1 protein level was correlated with enhanced EROD activity (fourfold increase vs. the control), as well as with increased metabolites, such as 20-hydroxyeicosatrienoic acid (20-HETE), 14, 15-EET (14-,15-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid), and 14, 15-dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acid (14, 15-DHET). The expression of soluble epoxide hydrolase, an enzyme responsible for the synthesis of DHETs from EETs, was confirmed by RT-PCR. Furthermore, 15 ARA metabolites, including 8,9-EET, 14,15-EET, and 20-HETE, were detected by LC-MS/MS in ARA-treated Dami cells, and their levels were decreased with the treatment of the SKF-525A. The present data suggest the possibility that the P450s play a role in the metabolism of ARA and other CYP-related substrates in human megakaryocytes and that P450 expression in megakaryocytic cell lines may predict their existences in platelets with functional activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazun Bashir Jarrar
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics Research Center, Inje University College of Medicine, Inje University, 633-165 Gaegum-dong, Busanjin-gu, Busan, South Korea
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Wu CC, Mei S, Cheng J, Ding Y, Weidenhammer A, Garcia V, Zhang F, Gotlinger K, Manthati VL, Falck JR, Capdevila JH, Schwartzman ML. Androgen-sensitive hypertension associates with upregulated vascular CYP4A12-20-HETE synthase. J Am Soc Nephrol 2013; 24:1288-96. [PMID: 23641057 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2012070714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the mechanism underlying the effect of androgen on BP and cardiovascular disease is not well understood, recent studies suggest that 20-hydroxy-5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE), a primary cytochrome P450 4 (Cyp4)-derived eicosanoid, may mediate androgen-induced hypertension. Here, treatment of normotensive mice with 5α-dihydrotestosterone increased BP and induced both Cyp4a12 expression and 20-HETE levels in preglomerular microvessels. Administration of a 20-HETE antagonist prevented and reversed the effects of dihydrotestosterone on BP. Cyp4a14(-/-) mice, which exhibit androgen-sensitive hypertension in the male mice, produced increased levels of vascular 20-HETE; furthermore, administration of a 20-HETE antagonist normalized BP. To examine whether androgen-independent increases in 20-HETE are sufficient to cause hypertension, we studied Cyp4a12-transgenic mice, which express the CYP4A12-20-HETE synthase under the control of a doxycycline-sensitive promoter. Administration of doxycycline increased BP by 40%, and administration of a 20-HETE antagonist prevented this increase. Levels of CYP4A12 and 20-HETE in preglomerular microvessels of doxycycline-treated transgenic mice approximately doubled, correlating with increased 20-HETE-dependent sensitivity to phenylephrine-mediated vasoconstriction and with decreased acetylcholine-mediated vasodilation in the renal microvasculature. We observed a similar contribution of 20-HETE to myogenic tone in the mesenteric microvasculature. Taken together, these results suggest that 20-HETE both mediates androgen-induced hypertension and can cause hypertension independent of androgen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Chia Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
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Marklund M, McKeown NM, Blumberg JB, Chen CYO. Hepatic biotransformation of alkylresorcinols is mediated via cytochrome P450 and β-oxidation: a proof of concept study. Food Chem 2013; 139:925-30. [PMID: 23561191 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.01.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Revised: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Alkylresorcinols (AR) are phenolic lipids present in the bran of some cereals. AR may serve as a biomarker for whole grain wheat and rye intake. While AR pharmacokinetics and two major metabolites have been reported, the metabolic pathways contributing to their relatively rapid elimination from the circulation remain to be speculative. In this study, we investigated if ω- and β-oxidation mediate catabolism of the AR homologue C19:0 to form 3,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid and 3-(3,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-1-propanoic acid (DHPPA), using 3 in vitro platforms, human cytochrome P450 4F2 (CYP4F2), human liver S9, and HepG2 cells. One hydroxylated C19:0 metabolite was formed by CYP4F2 and one hydroxylated and one carboxylated C19:0 were tentatively identified after incubation of AR with S9. The formation of DHPPA was quantifiable when HepG2 cells were treated with C19:0 for 48 h. Our results are consistent with a metabolic pathway by which AR are degraded to phenolic acids via CYP4F2-mediated ω-oxidation and subsequent β-oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matti Marklund
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, 711 Washington Street, Boston, MA 02111, USA
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113
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Kim DH, Puri N, Sodhi K, Falck JR, Abraham NG, Shapiro J, Schwartzman ML. Cyclooxygenase-2 dependent metabolism of 20-HETE increases adiposity and adipocyte enlargement in mesenchymal stem cell-derived adipocytes. J Lipid Res 2013; 54:786-793. [PMID: 23293373 PMCID: PMC3617952 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m033894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
20-Hydroxy-5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE), a product of the cytochrome
P450 (CYP)-catalyzed ω-hydroxylation of arachidonic acid, induces
oxidative stress and, in clinical studies, is associated with increased body
mass index (BMI) and the metabolic syndrome. This study was designed to examine
the effects of exogenous 20-HETE on mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-derived
adipocytes. The expression levels of CYP4A11 and CYP4F2 (major 20-HETE synthases
in humans) in MSCs decreased during adipocyte differentiation; however,
exogenous administration of 20-HETE (0.1–1 μM) increased adipogenesis
in a dose-dependent manner in these cells (P < 0.05). The
inability of a 20-HETE analog to reproduce these effects suggested the
involvement of a metabolic product of 20-HETE in mediating its pro-adipogenic
effects. A cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 selective inhibitor enhanced, whereas a COX-2
selective or a dual COX-1/2 inhibitor attenuated adipogenesis induced by
20-HETE. The COX-derived metabolite of 20-HETE, 20-OH-PGE2, enhanced
adipogenesis and lipid accumulation in MSCs. The pro-adipogenic effects of
20-HETE and 20-OH-PGE2 resulted in the increased expression of the
adipogenic regulators PPARγ and β-catenin in MSC-derived adipocytes.
Taken together we show for the first time that 20-HETE-derived COX-2-dependent
20-OH-PGE2 enhances mature inflamed adipocyte hypertrophy in MSC
undergoing adipogenic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Hyun Kim
- Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV
| | - Nitin Puri
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo, OH
| | - Komal Sodhi
- Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV
| | - John R Falck
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center of Dallas, Dallas, TX
| | - Nader G Abraham
- Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV
| | - Joseph Shapiro
- Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV
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Edson KZ, Rettie AE. CYP4 enzymes as potential drug targets: focus on enzyme multiplicity, inducers and inhibitors, and therapeutic modulation of 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE) synthase and fatty acid ω-hydroxylase activities. Curr Top Med Chem 2013; 13:1429-40. [PMID: 23688133 PMCID: PMC4245146 DOI: 10.2174/15680266113139990110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The Cytochrome P450 4 (CYP4) family of enzymes in humans is comprised of thirteen isozymes that typically catalyze the ω-oxidation of endogenous fatty acids and eicosanoids. Several CYP4 enzymes can biosynthesize 20- hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, or 20-HETE, an important signaling eicosanoid involved in regulation of vascular tone and kidney reabsorption. Additionally, accumulation of certain fatty acids is a hallmark of the rare genetic disorders, Refsum disease and X-ALD. Therefore, modulation of CYP4 enzyme activity, either by inhibition or induction, is a potential strategy for drug discovery. Here we review the substrate specificities, sites of expression, genetic regulation, and inhibition by exogenous chemicals of the human CYP4 enzymes, and discuss the targeting of CYP4 enzymes in the development of new treatments for hypertension, stroke, certain cancers and the fatty acid-linked orphan diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katheryne Z. Edson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 357610, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Allan E. Rettie
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 357610, Seattle, WA 98195, Phone: 206-685-0615, Fax: 206-685-3252
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Diao X, Deng P, Xie C, Li X, Zhong D, Zhang Y, Chen X. Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics of 3-n-Butylphthalide (NBP) in Humans: The Role of Cytochrome P450s and Alcohol Dehydrogenase in Biotransformation. Drug Metab Dispos 2012; 41:430-44. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.112.049684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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Lai G, Wu J, Liu X, Zhao Y. 20-HETE induces hyperglycemia through the cAMP/PKA-PhK-GP pathway. Mol Endocrinol 2012; 26:1907-16. [PMID: 22918876 DOI: 10.1210/me.2012-1139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously generated cytochrome P450 4F2 (CYP4F2) transgenic mice and showed high 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE) production, which resulted in an elevation of blood pressure. However, it was unclear whether 20-HETE affected glucose metabolism. We measured fasting plasma glucose, insulin, hepatic CYP4F2 expression, and 20-HETE production by hepatic microsomes, and hepatic 20-HETE levels in transgenic mice. We also assessed glycogen phosphorylase (GP) activity and the cAMP/protein kinase A (PKA)-phosphorylase kinase (PhK)-GP pathway, as well as expressions of insulin receptor substrate 1 and glucose transporters in vivo and in vitro. The transgenic mice had overexpressed hepatic CYP4F2, high hepatic 20-HETE and fasting plasma glucose levels but normal insulin level. The GP activity was increased and the cAMP/PKA-PhK-GP pathway was activated in the transgenic mice compared with wild-type mice. Moreover, these alterations were eliminated with the addition of N-hydroxy-N'-(4-butyl-2 methylphenyl) formamidine, which is a selective 20-HETE inhibitor. The results were further validated in Bel7402 cells. In addition, the transgenic mice had functional insulin signaling, and 20-HETE had no effect on insulin signaling in Bel7402 cells, excluding that the observed hyperglycemia in CYP4F2 transgenic mice resulted from insulin dysfunction, because the target tissues were sensitive to insulin. Our study suggested that 20-HETE can induce hyperglycemia, at least in part, through the cAMP/PKA-PhK-GP pathway but not through the insulin-signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangrui Lai
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, Peoples Republic of China
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117
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Hypertension, cardiovascular risk and polymorphisms in genes controlling the cytochrome P450 pathway of arachidonic acid: A sex-specific relation? Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2012; 98:75-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2011.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2011] [Revised: 11/16/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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118
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Effects of CYP4F2 Gene Polymorphisms on Warfarin Clearance and Sensitivity in Korean Patients With Mechanical Cardiac Valves. Ther Drug Monit 2012; 34:275-82. [DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0b013e318256a77c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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119
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Capra V, Bäck M, Barbieri SS, Camera M, Tremoli E, Rovati GE. Eicosanoids and Their Drugs in Cardiovascular Diseases: Focus on Atherosclerosis and Stroke. Med Res Rev 2012; 33:364-438. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Capra
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences; University of Milan; Via Balzaretti 9 20133 Milan Italy
| | - Magnus Bäck
- Department of Cardiology and Center for Molecular Medicine; Karolinska University Hospital; Stockholm Sweden
| | | | - Marina Camera
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences; University of Milan; Via Balzaretti 9 20133 Milan Italy
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino; I.R.C.C.S Milan Italy
| | - Elena Tremoli
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences; University of Milan; Via Balzaretti 9 20133 Milan Italy
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino; I.R.C.C.S Milan Italy
| | - G. Enrico Rovati
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences; University of Milan; Via Balzaretti 9 20133 Milan Italy
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Tian T, Li J, Wang MY, Xie XF, Li QX. Protective effect of 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE) on adriamycin-induced toxicity of human renal tubular epithelial cell (HK-2). Eur J Pharmacol 2012; 683:246-51. [PMID: 22421401 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Revised: 02/29/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid is a cytochrome P4504A11 metabolite of arachidonic acid that plays an important role in the regulation of human renal functions. In the present study, we investigated the role of 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid on adriamycin induced toxicity in human renal tubular epithelial cells. Results showed that cell viability was decreased significantly and lactate dehydrogenase activity was increased significantly in a concentration-dependent manner when human renal tubular epithelial cells were incubated with adriamycin (10⁻⁷-10⁻³ mol/l) for 24h. In contrast, 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (0.1, 1, 10, 50 μmol/l) increased cell survival and decreased lactate dehydrogenase activity concentration dependently in human renal tubular epithelial cells. When 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (10, 50 μmol/l) was co-administered with adriamycin (10⁻³ mol/l), it significantly increased cell viability and decreased lactate dehydrogenase activity. On the other hand, N-hydroxy-N'-(4-butyl-2-methylphenyl)formamidine (HET-0016) (1 μM), a selective inhibitor of 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid synthesizing enzyme exaggerated cell viability reduction and lactate dehydrogenase activity augmentation induced by adriamycin. Adriamycin suppressed the expression of cytochrome P4504A11 gene and its protein production in human renal tubular epithelial cells. Furthermore, adriamycin was more effective than N-hydroxy-N'-(4-butyl-2-methylphenyl)formamidine at lowering the expression of cytochrome P4504A11 gene and its protein. These results suggest that 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid may protect adriamycin-induced toxicity of human renal tubular epithelial cells, meanwhile, adriamycin-induced toxicity of human renal tubular epithelial cells possibly involves inhibiting cytochrome P4504A11 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Tian
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical School of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
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121
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Liu X, Wu J, Liu H, Lai G, Zhao Y. Disturbed ratio of renal 20-HETE/EETs is involved in androgen-induced hypertension in cytochrome P450 4F2 transgenic mice. Gene 2012; 505:352-9. [PMID: 22387726 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Revised: 01/04/2012] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
We have previously established a cytochrome P450 4F2 (CYP4F2) transgenic mouse model. The present study elucidated the molecular foundation of hypertension by androgen-induction in this model. The renal expression of CYP4F2 in transgenic mice was highly expressed and strongly induced with 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) treatment determined by Western blot. DHT also increased the renal arachidonic acid ω-hydroxylation and urinary 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE) excretion (P<0.01), and furthermore elevated the systolic blood pressure by 10 and 22 mm Hg (P<0.05) in female and castrated male transgenic mice, respectively. HET0016 completely eliminated the androgen-induced effects (P<0.01). Endogenous Cyp4a ω-hydroxylases, evaluated by real-time quantitative PCR, were significantly suppressed in transgenic mice (P<0.05). Importantly, transgenic mice with increased 20-HETE showed decreased epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) and increased dihydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, contributing to significantly raised ratio of 20-HETE/EETs in the urine and kidney homogenate (P<0.01). These data demonstrate that the androgen aggravated hypertension possibly through an altered ratio of 20-HETE/EETs in CYP4F2 transgenic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoliang Liu
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
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122
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Chen L, Ackerman R, Guo AM. 20-HETE in neovascularization. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2011; 98:63-8. [PMID: 22227460 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2011.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2011] [Revised: 12/09/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 4A/F (CYP4A/F) converts arachidonic acid (AA) to 20-HETE by ω-hydroxylation. The contribution of 20-HETE to the regulation of myogenic response, blood pressure, and mitogenic actions has been well summarized. This review focuses on the emerging role of 20-HETE in physiological and pathological vascularization. 20-HETE has been shown to regulate vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) and endothelial cells (EC) by affecting their proliferation, migration, survival, and tube formation. Furthermore, the proliferation, migration, secretion of proangiogenic molecules (such as HIF-1α, VEGF, SDF-1α), and tube formation of endothelial progenitor cells (EPC) are stimulated by 20-HETE. These effects are mediated through c-Src- and EGFR-mediated downstream signaling pathways, including MAPK and PI3K/Akt pathways, eNOS uncoupling, and NOX/ROS system activation. Therefore, the CYP4A/F-20-HETE system may be a therapeutic target for the treatment of abnormal angiogenic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
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123
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Wu CC, Schwartzman ML. The role of 20-HETE in androgen-mediated hypertension. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2011; 96:45-53. [PMID: 21722750 PMCID: PMC3248593 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2011.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2011] [Revised: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Androgen plays an important role in blood pressure regulation. Epidemiological studies have shown that men have a higher prevalence for developing hypertension than aged-matched, premenopausal women. Interestingly, postmenopausal women and women with polycystic ovary syndrome, both of which have increased endogenous androgen production, have elevated risks for hypertension suggesting that androgen may contribute to its development. Studies from our laboratory and others have provided substantial evidence that 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE) mediates the hypertension seen in rodents treated with androgen. 20-HETE is the cytochrome P450 (CYP)-derived ω-hydroxylated metabolite of arachidonic acid. 20-HETE plays a complex role in blood pressure regulation. In the kidney tubules, 20-HETE decreases blood pressure by promoting natriuresis, while in the microvasculature it has a pressor effect. In the microcirculation, 20-HETE participates in the regulation of vascular tone by sensitizing the smooth muscle cells to constrictor stimuli and contributes to myogenic, mitogenic and angiogenic responses. In addition, 20-HETE acts on the endothelium to promote endothelial dysfunction and endothelial activation. Recently, we have demonstrated that 20-HETE induces endothelial ACE thus setting forth a potential feed forward mechanism through activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. In this review, we will discuss the pro-hypertensive effects of 20-HETE and its role in androgen-induced vascular dysfunction and hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Chia Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA. chengchia
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Lino Cardenas CL, Renault N, Farce A, Cauffiez C, Allorge D, Lo-Guidice JM, Lhermitte M, Chavatte P, Broly F, Chevalier D. Genetic polymorphism of CYP4A11 and CYP4A22 genes and in silico insights from comparative 3D modelling in a French population. Gene 2011; 487:10-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2011.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2011] [Revised: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 07/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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125
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Peripheral and central augmentation indexes in relation to the CYP4F2 polymorphisms in Chinese. J Hypertens 2011; 29:501-8. [PMID: 21150635 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0b013e328342673c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cytochrome (CYP) 4F2 isoform is a key metabolizing enzyme for the renal 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE), which, as an endogenous vasoconstrictor, may influence properties of the peripheral muscular arteries and arterioles. We, therefore, investigated the CYP4F2 polymorphisms in relation to arterial wave reflections, as measured by augmentation indexes (AIx) in Chinese. METHODS We performed arterial measurements by SphygmoCor and genotyped three CYP4F2 polymorphisms (V433M, rs3093089, and rs3093098) by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism in 1421 participants enrolled in the JingNing Population study. A replication study for the V433M polymorphism was performed in 924 Chinese recruited from a workplace setting. Urinary 20-HETE concentration was determined by ELISA in a randomly selected subsample of 318 JingNing individuals. RESULTS In spite of the fact that genetic associations were not significant (P ≥ 0.12) in all JingNing participants, there was significant (Pint ≤ 0.02) interaction of the V433M polymorphism with sex and pulse rate in relation to peripheral and central AIx. M433 allele carriers, compared with V433V homozygotes, had significantly greater peripheral (+5.0%, P = 0.0002) and central AIx (+3.2%, P = 0.001) in 693 men. The corresponding values were +2.7% (P = 0.04) and +1.9% (P = 0.04) in 490 individuals of the top tertile of pulse rate (≥ 76 beats/min), and were +4.0% (P = 0.02) and +3.3% (P = 0.02) in 315 replication participants with a pulse rate at least 76 beats/min. Urinary 20-HETE concentration was significantly higher (P = 0.002) in M433M (2.06 ng/ml) and V433M (1.13 ng/ml) individuals than in V433V homozygotes (0.98 ng/ml). CONCLUSION The CYP4F2 V433M polymorphism is associated with the size of arterial wave reflections in male Chinese, or individuals with a faster pulse rate.
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126
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Association of 1347 G/A cytochrome P450 4F2 (CYP4F2) gene variant with hypertension and stroke. Mol Biol Rep 2011; 39:1677-82. [PMID: 21625857 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-011-0907-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2010] [Accepted: 05/18/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Genetic variants of cytochrome P450 4F2 (CYP4F2) gene have been suggested to be risk factors for hypertension, cardiovascular diseases and stroke. In the present case-control study we investigated the association of 1347 G/A polymorphism (rs2108622) in the 11th exon region of CYP4F2 gene with hypertension, ischemic stroke and stroke subtypes classified according to TOAST (Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment) classification. Five hundred and seven stroke patients (hypertensives: normotensives = 279:228) and four hundred and eighty seven, age and sex matched controls (males: females = 356:131) (hypertensives: normotensives = 148:339) were involved in the study. The genotypes were determined by PCR-RFLP technique. Genotypes were confirmed by subjecting the PCR products to sequencing. Significant difference was observed in the genotypic distribution and allelic frequency between the stroke patients and healthy controls. AA genotype and A allele associated significantly with stroke and hypertension [P = 0.009; OR = 1.59 (95% CI = 1.119-2.283) and P = 0.010; OR = 1.26 (95% CI = 1.056-1.502); P = 0.01; OR = 1.58 (95% CI = 1.11-2.272) and P = 0.010; OR = 1.25(95% CI = 1.054-1.504) respectively]. A stepwise logistic regression analysis confirmed these findings. To establish that this polymorphism is associated with stroke independent of hypertension; we compared stroke patients without hypertension with normotensive controls. Significant difference was observed in genotypic distribution and allelic frequency between the two groups (P = 0.001 and 0.002 respectively). Evaluating the association of this polymorphism with stroke subtypes we found significant associations with cardioembolic stroke (P < 0.001). In conclusion our study suggests that 1347A allele of CYP4F2 gene is an important risk factor for hypertension and ischemic stroke.
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127
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Arachidonic acid ω-hydroxylase CYP4A11: inter-ethnic variations in the 8590T>C loss-of-function variant. Mol Biol Rep 2011; 39:1503-8. [PMID: 21617944 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-011-0888-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The human Cytochrome P450 4A11 (CYP4A11) is a major ω-hydroxylase involved in the regulation of blood pressure in the kidney through the conversion of arachidonic acid into 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE). Previous studies have reported a significant association between the 8590T>C genetic variant of CYP4A11 and hypertension. Interestingly, several population-based studies have reported ethnic differences in the prevalence of hypertension, with the highest prevalence in African populations. The aim of this work was to determine the frequency and inter-ethnic comparison of the CYP4A11 (8590T>C) functional polymorphism, in five new ethnic groups: European (99 French Caucasians), African (36 Gabonese and 50 Senegalese), South American (60 Peruvians) and North African (53 Tunisians) populations, using polymerase chain reaction-single strand conformational polymorphism and sequencing strategies. We confirmed that the CYP4A11 (8590T>C) functional polymorphism exhibits inter-ethnic frequency differences. Noteworthy, the highest 8590C allele frequency was observed in the Tunisian (30.2%), followed by Senegalese (20%) populations. In addition, the CC genotype was only found in the Gabonese and Tunisian populations (5.6% and 8.4%, respectively). These populations may be of major interest to help to clarify the linkage between hypertension and CYP4A11 (8590T>C) genotype in African populations. These findings provide data for further studies that investigate the potential association of CYP4A11 (8590T>C) variant with an incidence of hypertension genesis in respect of ethnicity.
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Abstract
Arachidonic acid is metabolized by enzymes of the CYP4A and 4F families to 20-hydroxyeicosatetraeonic acid (20-HETE), which plays an important role in the regulation of renal function, vascular tone, and the long-term control of arterial pressure. In the vasculature, 20-HETE is a potent vasoconstrictor, and upregulation of the production of this compound contributes to the elevation in oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction and the increase in peripheral vascular resistance associated with some forms of hypertension. In kidney, 20-HETE inhibits Na transport in the proximal tubule and thick ascending loop of Henle, and deficiencies in the renal formation of 20-HETE contributes to sodium retention and development of some salt-sensitive forms of hypertension. 20-HETE also has renoprotective actions and opposes the effects of transforming growth factor β to promote proteinuria and renal end organ damage in hypertension. Several new inhibitors of the synthesis of 20-HETE and 20-HETE agonists and antagonists have recently been developed. These compounds along with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α agonists that induce the renal formation of 20-HETE seem to have promise as antihypertensive agents. This review summarizes the rationale for the development of drugs that target the 20-HETE pathway for the treatment of hypertension and associated cardiovascular complications.
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Lee HJ, Park MK, Park YR, Kim D, Yun CH, Chun YJ, Shin HJ, Na HS, Chung MW, Lee CH. Expression of CYP2A6, CYP2D6 and CYP4A11 Polymorphisms in COS7 Mammalian Cell Line. Toxicol Res 2011; 27:25-9. [PMID: 24278547 PMCID: PMC3834515 DOI: 10.5487/tr.2011.27.1.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2011] [Revised: 01/16/2011] [Accepted: 01/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytochrome P450 (P450, CYP) are the superfamily of heme-containing monooxygenase enzymes, found throughout all nature including mammals, plants, and microorganisms. Mammalian P450 enzymes are involved in oxidative metabolism of a wide range of endo- and exogenous chemicals. Especially P450s involved in drug metabolisms are important for drug efficacy and polymorphisms of P450s in individuals reflect differences of drug responses between people. To study the functional differences of CYP2A6, CYP2D6, and CYP4A11 variants, we cloned the four CYP2A6, three CYP2D6, and three CYP4A11 variants, which were found in Korean populations, in mammalian expression vector pcDNA by PCR and examined their expressions in COS-7 mammalian cells using immunoblots using P450 specific polyclonal antibodies. Three of four CYP2A6, two of three CYP4A11, and two of three CYP2D6 variants showed expressions in COS-7 cells but the relative levels of expressions are remarkably different in those of each variants. Our findings may help to study and explain the differences between functions of CYP variants and drug responses in Korean populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Ja Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Seoul 100-715
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130
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Hsu MH, Savas U, Lasker JM, Johnson EF. Genistein, resveratrol, and 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-β-D-ribofuranoside induce cytochrome P450 4F2 expression through an AMP-activated protein kinase-dependent pathway. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2011; 337:125-36. [PMID: 21205922 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.110.175851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Activators of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) increase the expression of the human microsomal fatty acid ω-hydroxylase CYP4F2. A 24-h treatment of either primary human hepatocytes or the human hepatoma cell line HepG2 with 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-β-D-ribofuranoside (AICAR), which is converted to 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-β-D-ribofuranosyl 5'-monophosphate, an activator of AMPK, caused an average 2.5- or 7-fold increase, respectively, of CYP4F2 mRNA expression but not of CYP4A11 or CYP4F3, CYP4F11, and CYP4F12 mRNA. Activation of CYP4F2 expression by AICAR was significantly reduced in HepG2 cells by an AMPK inhibitor, 6-[4-(2-piperidin-1-yl-ethoxy)-phenyl)]-3-pyridin-4-yl-pyrrazolo[1,5-a]-pyrimidine (compound C) or by transfection with small interfering RNAs for AMPKα isoforms α1 and α2. A 2.5-fold increase in CYP4F2 mRNA expression was observed upon treatment of HepG2 cells with 6,7-dihydro-4-hydroxy-3-(2'-hydroxy[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)-6-oxo-thieno[2,3-b]pyridine-5-carbonitrile (A-769662), a direct activator for AMPK. In addition, the indirect activators of AMPK, genistein and resveratrol increased CYP4F2 mRNA expression in HepG2 cells. Pretreatment with compound C or 1,2-dihydro-3H-naphtho[2,1-b]pyran-3-one (splitomicin), an inhibitor of the NAD(+) activated deacetylase SIRT1, only partially blocked activation of CYP4F2 expression by resveratrol, suggesting that a SIRT1/AMPK-independent pathway also contributes to increased CYP4F2 expression. Compound C greatly diminished genistein activation of CYP4F2 expression. 7H-benz[de]benzimidazo[2,1-a]isoquinoline-7-one-3-carboxylic acid acetate (STO-609), a calmodulin kinase kinase (CaMKK) inhibitor, reduced the level of expression of CYP4F2 elicited by genistein, suggesting that CaMKK activation contributed to AMPK activation by genistein. Transient transfection studies in HepG2 cells with reporter constructs containing the CYP4F2 proximal promoter demonstrated that AICAR, genistein, and resveratrol stimulated transcription of the reporter gene. These results suggest that activation of AMPK by cellular stress and endocrine or pharmacologic stimulation is likely to activate CYP4F2 gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Hui Hsu
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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Yamaura Y, Yoshinari K, Yamazoe Y. Predicting Oxidation Sites with Order of Occurrence among Multiple Sites for CYP4A-mediated Reactions. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2011; 26:351-63. [DOI: 10.2133/dmpk.dmpk-11-rg-004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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132
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Wanders RJA, Komen J, Kemp S. Fatty acid omega-oxidation as a rescue pathway for fatty acid oxidation disorders in humans. FEBS J 2010; 278:182-94. [PMID: 21156023 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2010.07947.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acids (FAs) can be degraded via different mechanisms including α-, β- and ω-oxidation. In humans, a range of different genetic diseases has been identified in which either mitochondrial FA β-oxidation, peroxisomal FA β-oxidation or FA α-oxidation is impaired. Treatment options for most of these disorders are limited. This has prompted us to study FA ω-oxidation as a rescue pathway for these disorders, based on the notion that if the ω-oxidation of specific FAs could be upregulated one could reduce the accumulation of these FAs and the subsequent detrimental effects in the different groups of disorders. In this minireview, we describe our current state of knowledge in this area with special emphasis on Refsum disease and X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald J A Wanders
- Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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133
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Yang X, Croft KD, Lee YP, Mori TA, Puddey IB, Sipsas S, Barden A, Swinny E, Hodgson JM. The effects of a lupin-enriched diet on oxidative stress and factors influencing vascular function in overweight subjects. Antioxid Redox Signal 2010; 13:1517-24. [PMID: 20214496 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A diet enriched in lupin kernel flour can lower blood pressure, but mechanisms responsible are unclear. Lupin is a source of polyphenols, protein, and L-arginine, factors that may influence blood pressure via effects on oxidative stress and vascular function. Therefore, we aimed to determine the effects of a lupin-enriched diet on oxidative stress and factors influencing vascular function as potential mechanisms for demonstrated benefits on blood pressure. Overweight men and women (n = 88) were recruited to a 16-week parallel-design study. Participants were randomly assigned to replace 15%-20% of their usual daily energy intake with white bread (control) or lupin kernel flour-enriched bread (lupin). All measurements were taken at baseline and 16 weeks. At baseline, plasma F₂-isoprostanes and 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE) were positively associated with blood pressure, and plasma nitrite was negatively associated with blood pressure (p < 0.05). For lupin relative to control, the estimated differences in plasma F₂-isoprostanes (45 pmol/L; 95%CI: -68, 158), urinary F₂-isoprostanes (17 pmol/mmol creatinine; 95%CI: -43, 76), plasma 20-HETE (75 pmol/L; 95%CI: -91, 241), and plasma nitrite (-0.3 μmol/L; 95%CI: -1.1, 0.4) were not significant. Although regular consumption of lupin-enriched bread can lower blood pressure, these results do not support for the hypothesis that this is via effects on oxidative stress or vascular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingbin Yang
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, and the WAIMR Centre for Food and Genomic Medicine, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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134
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Jin Y, Zollinger M, Borell H, Zimmerlin A, Patten CJ. CYP4F enzymes are responsible for the elimination of fingolimod (FTY720), a novel treatment of relapsing multiple sclerosis. Drug Metab Dispos 2010; 39:191-8. [PMID: 21045201 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.110.035378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Fingolimod (FTY720, Gilenya, 2-amino-2-[2-(4-octylphenyl)ethyl]-1,3-propanediol) is a novel drug recently approved in the United States for the oral treatment of relapsing multiple sclerosis. The compound is eliminated predominantly by ω-hydroxylation, followed by further oxidation. The ω-hydroxylation was the major metabolic pathway in human liver microsomes (HLM). The enzyme kinetics in HLM were characterized by a Michaelis-Menten affinity constant (K(m)) of 183 μM and a maximum velocity (V(max)) of 1847 pmol/(min · mg). Rates of fingolimod metabolism by a panel of HLM from individual donors showed no correlation with marker activities of any of the major drug-metabolizing cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes or of flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO). Among 21 recombinant human P450 enzymes and FMO3, only CYP4F2 (and to some extent CYP4F3B) produced metabolite profiles similar to those in HLM. Ketoconazole, known to inhibit not only CYP3A but also CYP4F2, was an inhibitor of fingolimod metabolism in HLM with an inhibition constant (K(i)) of 0.74 μM (and by recombinant CYP4F2 with an IC(50) of 1.6 μM), whereas there was only a slight inhibition found with azamulin and none with troleandomycin. An antibody against CYP4F2 was able to inhibit the metabolism of fingolimod almost completely in HLM, whereas antibodies specific to CYP2D6, CYP2E1, and CYP3A4 did not show significant inhibition. Combining the results of these four enzyme phenotyping approaches, we demonstrated that CYP4F2 and possibly other enzymes of the CYP4F subfamily (e.g., CYP4F3B) are the major enzymes responsible for the ω-hydroxylation of fingolimod, the main elimination pathway of the drug in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Jin
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Basel, Switzerland.
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135
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Devos A, Lino Cardenas CL, Glowacki F, Engels A, Lo-Guidice JM, Chevalier D, Allorge D, Broly F, Cauffiez C. Genetic polymorphism of CYP2U1, a cytochrome P450 involved in fatty acids hydroxylation. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2010; 83:105-10. [PMID: 20630735 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2010.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2010] [Revised: 06/16/2010] [Accepted: 06/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The human cytochrome P450 2U1 (CYP2U1) has been described as a novel extrahepatic P450. CYP2U1 is a highly conserved gene mainly expressed in brain and thymus, but also at lower levels in kidney, lung or heart. This selective tissue distribution suggests important endogenous functions, in particular in the conversion of arachidonic acid into two bioactive compounds, the 19- and 20-HETE. To investigate the extent of CYP2U1 genetic polymorphism in 70 French individuals, a screening for sequence variations in the 5'-flanking and protein encoding regions was performed using PCR-SSCP and sequencing strategies. Four polymorphisms were identified and correspond to -204C>A and -241T>C in the 5'-flanking region, -37G>A in the 5'-untranslated region, and IVS2-17T>C in the intron 2. The most frequent mutations, -241T>C (59.7%) and IVS2-17T>C (66.0%), did not seem to alter CYP2U1 lung expression. These results suggest that CYP2U1 exhibits few genetic variations and support a probable role in endogenous processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurore Devos
- EA2679, Faculté de Médecine, Pôle Recherche, Université Lille Nord de France, France
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136
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Deng S, Zhu G, Liu F, Zhang H, Qin X, Li L, Zhiyi H. CYP4F2 gene V433M polymorphism is associated with ischemic stroke in the male Northern Chinese Han population. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2010; 34:664-8. [PMID: 20227456 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2010.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2009] [Revised: 03/07/2010] [Accepted: 03/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CYP4F2 is a member of the cytochrome P450 enzymes and is responsible for metabolizing arachidonic acid to 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE); 20-HETE plays a role in the regulation of vascular tone in the cerebral, coronary, and renal circulation. The present study aimed to evaluate whether or not the CYP4F2 gene polymorphism V433M (rs2108622) is involved in ischemic stroke in the Northern Chinese Han population. METHODS In a case-control study, the participants included 302 (193 males and 109 females) patients with ischemic stroke and 350 (212 males and 138 females) healthy subjects. The V433M polymorphism of the CYP4F2 gene was analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) with the restriction enzyme PvuII. RESULTS The frequencies of the GG genotype and the G allele were higher in participants with ischemic stroke than in the control group (P=0.018). Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed the significance of the rs2108622 in males after adjustment for confounding factors. No difference was found in all participants and females. CONCLUSION The GG genotype and G allele were associated with ischemic stroke in the male Northern Chinese Han population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumin Deng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
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137
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Association of common variants of CYP4A11 and CYP4F2 with stroke in the Han Chinese population. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2010; 20:187-94. [PMID: 20130494 DOI: 10.1097/fpc.0b013e328336eefe] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE 20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid has been shown to play an important role in cerebral vascular function. We hypothesized that polymorphisms in genes encoding 20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid synthesizing enzymes might confer susceptibility to stroke. METHODS AND RESULTS To test the hypothesis, haplotype tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms and potential functional polymorphisms of CYP4A11 and CYP4F2 genes were genotyped in 558 ischemic stroke patients, 221 hemorrhagic stroke patients and 557 controls. The association analyses were performed at both single nucleotide polymorphism and haplotype levels. We further verified our findings in an independent cohort of 551 ischemic stroke cases and 48 hemorrhagic stroke cases and 694 unaffected controls. We identified CYP4A11 C-296T and CYP4F2 V433M were associated with significantly increased risk of ischemic stroke (CT+TT vs. CC, adjusted odds ratio: 1.50, 95% confidence interval: 1.17-1.93, Pcombined=0.001, Pcorr=0.008; V/M+M/M vs. V/V, odds ratio: 1.38, 95% confidence interval: 1.15-1.65, Pcombined=5.6x10, Pcorr=0.005, respectively). Interestingly, the effects of CYP4F2 V433M on ischemic stroke in our study was only evident in male individuals. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that genetic variation in CYP4A11 and CYP4F2 alters susceptibility to stroke in the Han Chinese population.
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138
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Clarke MW, Burnett JR, Wu JHY, Hodgson JM, Ledowski T, Puddey IB, Croft KD. Vitamin E supplementation and hepatic drug metabolism in humans. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2010; 54:491-6. [PMID: 19755916 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0b013e3181bfae18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Meta-analyses studies suggest that high-dose vitamin E may be associated with increased mortality in some populations. Vitamin E may increase the production of CYP3A4 in the liver, and this could lead to an increase in drug metabolism, potentially lowering the efficacy of therapeutic drugs. We hypothesized that upregulation of CYP3A4 by alpha-tocopherol (alpha-TOH) would decrease the plasma concentration of the CYP3A4 substrate midazolam. Baseline metabolism of midazolam (1 mg intravenously) was determined in 12 healthy subjects before randomization into 2 groups of 6 to receive either RRR-alpha-TOH (750 IU/d) or placebo for 3 weeks. At completion, subjects were given an additional 1 mg intravenous bolus of midazolam. Plasma midazolam, 1-hydroxy-midazolam, and urinary alpha-TOH metabolite excretion were measured using gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Serum alpha-TOH was measured using high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Serum alpha-TOH increased by 100% (P = 0.002) and urinary alpha-TOH metabolite excretion increased 20-fold in the treatment group versus placebo (P = 0.001). There was no effect on the area under time curve of midazolam in subjects taking alpha-TOH compared with placebo. These findings do not support the hypothesis that alpha-TOH supplementation interferes with hepatic CYP3A4-mediated drug metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Clarke
- Department of Core Clinical Pathology and Biochemistry, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
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139
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Snider NT, Walker VJ, Hollenberg PF. Oxidation of the endogenous cannabinoid arachidonoyl ethanolamide by the cytochrome P450 monooxygenases: physiological and pharmacological implications. Pharmacol Rev 2010; 62:136-54. [PMID: 20133390 DOI: 10.1124/pr.109.001081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Arachidonoyl ethanolamide (anandamide) is an endogenous amide of arachidonic acid and an important signaling mediator of the endocannabinoid system. Given its numerous roles in maintaining normal physiological function and modulating pathophysiological responses throughout the body, the endocannabinoid system is an important pharmacological target amenable to manipulation directly by cannabinoid receptor ligands or indirectly by drugs that alter endocannabinoid synthesis and inactivation. The latter approach has the possible advantage of more selectivity, thus there is the potential for fewer untoward effects like those that are traditionally associated with cannabinoid receptor ligands. In that regard, inhibitors of the principal inactivating enzyme for anandamide, fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), are currently in development for the treatment of pain and inflammation. However, several pathways involved in anandamide synthesis, metabolism, and inactivation all need to be taken into account when evaluating the effects of FAAH inhibitors and similar agents in preclinical models and assessing their clinical potential. Anandamide undergoes oxidation by several human cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes, including CYP3A4, CYP4F2, CYP4X1, and the highly polymorphic CYP2D6, forming numerous structurally diverse lipids, which are likely to have important physiological roles, as evidenced by the demonstration that a P450-derived epoxide of anandamide is a potent agonist for the cannabinoid receptor 2. The focus of this review is to emphasize the need for a better understanding of the P450-mediated pathways of the metabolism of anandamide, because these are likely to be important in mediating endocannabinoid signaling as well as the pharmacological responses to endocannabinoid-targeting drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha T Snider
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 7720 Medical Science II, 1301 E. Catherine Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5622, USA.
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140
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Zordoky BNM, El-Kadi AOS. Effect of cytochrome P450 polymorphism on arachidonic acid metabolism and their impact on cardiovascular diseases. Pharmacol Ther 2010; 125:446-63. [PMID: 20093140 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2009.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2009] [Accepted: 12/24/2009] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain the leading cause of death in the developed countries. Taking into account the mounting evidence about the role of cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes in cardiovascular physiology, CYP polymorphisms can be considered one of the major determinants of individual susceptibility to CVDs. One of the important physiological roles of CYP enzymes is the metabolism of arachidonic acid. CYP epoxygenases such as CYP1A2, CYP2C, and CYP2J2 metabolize arachidonic acid to epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) which generally possess vasodilating, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, anti-thrombotic, natriuretic, and cardioprotective effects. Therefore, genetic polymorphisms causing lower activity of these enzymes are generally associated with an increased risk of several CVDs such as hypertension and coronary artery disease. EETs are further metabolized by soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) to the less biologically active dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids (DHETs). Therefore, sEH polymorphism has also been shown to affect arachidonic acid metabolism and to be associated with CVDs. On the other hand, CYP omega-hydroxylases such as CYP4A11 and CYP4F2 metabolize arachidonic acid to 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE) which has both vasoconstricting and natriuretic effects. Genetic polymorphisms causing lower activity of these enzymes are generally associated with higher risk of hypertension. Nevertheless, some studies have denied the association between polymorphisms in the arachidonic acid pathway and CVDs. Therefore, more research is needed to confirm this association and to better understand the pathophysiologic mechanisms behind it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beshay N M Zordoky
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2N8
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141
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Effects of CYP4F2 genetic polymorphisms and haplotypes on clinical outcomes in patients initiated on warfarin therapy. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2009; 19:781-9. [PMID: 19741565 DOI: 10.1097/fpc.0b013e3283311347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A variant in the CYP4F2 gene, rs2108622, has been recently shown to determine stable warfarin dose requirements. CYP4F2 has also been shown recently to metabolize vitamin K. METHODS Three hundred and eleven patients were recruited prospectively from two UK hospitals and followed-up for 6 months. Fine mapping of the whole CYP4F2 region was performed to try and define the haplotype structure of CYP4F2. Genotyping was performed on the Sequenom platform. Univariate and multiple regression analyses were undertaken to assess the effect of CYP4F2 on predefined clinical outcomes of warfarin response. RESULTS Fifty-nine single nucleotide polymorphisms in the CYP4F2 gene were analyzed. There was a high degree of linkage disequilibrium in the gene with two haplotype blocks. No association was found with warfarin stable dose and rs2108622 in our prospective cohort of patients even after adjustments to reduce patient heterogeneity. Interestingly, a single nucleotide polymorphism (rs2189784), which is in strong linkage disequilibrium with rs2108622, showed an association with time-to-therapeutic international normalized ratio which remained significant after the correction for multiple testing (Pc = 0.03). No association was shown with the haplotypes after false discovery rate correction. CONCLUSION Although we were unable to demonstrate an association between rs2108622 and stable warfarin dose, our finding of an association between rs2189784 and time-to-therapeutic international normalized ratio is consistent with the recent finding that CYP4F2 plays a role in vitamin K metabolism. However, the effect of CYP4F2 is relatively small in all studies undertaken so far, and thus seems unlikely to be of clinical relevance.
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142
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Wu JHY, Hodgson JM, Clarke MW, Indrawan AP, Barden AE, Puddey IB, Croft KD. Inhibition of 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid synthesis using specific plant lignans: in vitro and human studies. Hypertension 2009; 54:1151-8. [PMID: 19786646 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.109.139352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Sesamin, the major lignan found in sesame, has been shown to increase vitamin E levels by inhibiting its metabolism via the cytochrome P450 isozyme CYP4F2. CYP4F2 and CYP4A11 are the predominant human isoforms that synthesize 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE) from arachidonic acid. Considerable evidence suggests that 20-HETE may play a role in the pathogenesis of hypertension. We hypothesized that sesamin could be an inhibitor of 20-HETE synthesis. This study investigated the effects of sesamin on 20-HETE synthesis in vitro and the effect of sesame supplementation on plasma and urinary 20-HETE concentrations in humans. Human microsomes were used to investigate the potency and selectivity of sesamin inhibition of 20-HETE synthesis. Sesamin inhibited human renal and liver microsome 20-HETE synthesis with IC50 <20 micromol/L. It was selective toward CYP4F2 (IC50: 1.9 micromol/L) and had reduced activity toward CYP4A11 (IC50: >150 micromol/L), as well as cytochrome P epoxygenation of arachidonic acid (IC50: >50 micromol/L). In a randomized, controlled crossover trial, overweight men and women (n=33) consumed 25 g/d of sesame (approximately 50 mg/d of sesame lignan) or an isocaloric matched control for 5 weeks each. Relative to control, sesame supplementation resulted in a 28% decrease in plasma and a 32% decrease in urinary 20-HETE (P<0.001). Urinary sodium, potassium, and blood pressure were not affected. This study demonstrates for the first time that sesame supplementation in humans reduces the plasma and urinary levels of 20-HETE, likely via inhibition of CYP4F2 by sesame lignans. These results suggest that sesame lignans could be used for the investigation of potential roles of 20-HETE in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason H Y Wu
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, Royal Perth Hospital, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
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143
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Zhou SF, Liu JP, Chowbay B. Polymorphism of human cytochrome P450 enzymes and its clinical impact. Drug Metab Rev 2009; 41:89-295. [PMID: 19514967 DOI: 10.1080/03602530902843483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 502] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacogenetics is the study of how interindividual variations in the DNA sequence of specific genes affect drug response. This article highlights current pharmacogenetic knowledge on important human drug-metabolizing cytochrome P450s (CYPs) to understand the large interindividual variability in drug clearance and responses in clinical practice. The human CYP superfamily contains 57 functional genes and 58 pseudogenes, with members of the 1, 2, and 3 families playing an important role in the metabolism of therapeutic drugs, other xenobiotics, and some endogenous compounds. Polymorphisms in the CYP family may have had the most impact on the fate of therapeutic drugs. CYP2D6, 2C19, and 2C9 polymorphisms account for the most frequent variations in phase I metabolism of drugs, since almost 80% of drugs in use today are metabolized by these enzymes. Approximately 5-14% of Caucasians, 0-5% Africans, and 0-1% of Asians lack CYP2D6 activity, and these individuals are known as poor metabolizers. CYP2C9 is another clinically significant enzyme that demonstrates multiple genetic variants with a potentially functional impact on the efficacy and adverse effects of drugs that are mainly eliminated by this enzyme. Studies into the CYP2C9 polymorphism have highlighted the importance of the CYP2C9*2 and *3 alleles. Extensive polymorphism also occurs in other CYP genes, such as CYP1A1, 2A6, 2A13, 2C8, 3A4, and 3A5. Since several of these CYPs (e.g., CYP1A1 and 1A2) play a role in the bioactivation of many procarcinogens, polymorphisms of these enzymes may contribute to the variable susceptibility to carcinogenesis. The distribution of the common variant alleles of CYP genes varies among different ethnic populations. Pharmacogenetics has the potential to achieve optimal quality use of medicines, and to improve the efficacy and safety of both prospective and currently available drugs. Further studies are warranted to explore the gene-dose, gene-concentration, and gene-response relationships for these important drug-metabolizing CYPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Feng Zhou
- School of Health Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia.
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144
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Pearson T, Warren AY, Barrett DA, Khan RN. Detection of EETs and HETE-generating cytochrome P-450 enzymes and the effects of their metabolites on myometrial and vascular function. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2009; 297:E647-56. [PMID: 19549792 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00227.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P-450 (CYP450) enzymes of the CYP2 and -4 family in humans metabolize arachidonic acid to generate bioactive epoxyeicosatrienenoic acids (EETs) and hydroxyeicosatetrenoic acids (HETEs). We report significantly higher levels of CYP 2J2 protein expression following the onset of labor (n = 6, P < 0.05), implying increased EET-generating capacity within the uterus. Myometrial relaxation to 8,9-EET and 5,6-EET was observed, with the latter being inhibited by preincubation with 1 muM paxilline and is supported by whole cell recordings showing a modest effect of 5,6-EET on myometrial outward-current density (n = 4, P < 0.05). Only 5,6-EET of the EETs tested affected vascular reactivity (n = 6). Both 12- and 20-HETE (n = 5-6) caused vasoconstriction of partially depolarized blood vessels, with glibenclamide (n = 5) enhancing the effect of 12-HETE alone. Our findings signify a role for CYP2C9/19, -2J2, and -4A11/22 in late pregnancy, possibly related to the synthesis of lipid metabolites and downstream effects on vascular remodeling in the term pregnant uterus. The presence of CYP4A11/22 and their resultant procontractile metabolites could argue either a role in the control and initiation of labor and/or modification of the vascular delivery system to influence blood flow to the laboring uterus. The differential effects of the EETs and HETEs in the pregnant human uterus identify the CYP pathway as a novel modulator of myometrial and vascular physiology during late pregnancy.
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MESH Headings
- 8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic Acid/analogs & derivatives
- 8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic Acid/metabolism
- 8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic Acid/pharmacology
- Blood Vessels/drug effects
- Blood Vessels/metabolism
- Blood Vessels/physiology
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System/analysis
- Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System/metabolism
- Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System/physiology
- Eicosanoids/metabolism
- Eicosanoids/pharmacology
- Female
- Humans
- Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic Acids/metabolism
- Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic Acids/pharmacology
- Labor, Obstetric/drug effects
- Labor, Obstetric/metabolism
- Labor, Obstetric/physiology
- Myometrium/blood supply
- Myometrium/drug effects
- Myometrium/metabolism
- Myometrium/physiology
- Pregnancy
- Uterine Contraction/drug effects
- Uterine Contraction/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Pearson
- Academic Division of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Univ. of Nottingham, The Medical School, Derby City General Hospital, Derby DE22 3DT, UK
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145
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The role of 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid in adrenocorticotrophic hormone and dexamethasone-induced hypertension. J Hypertens 2009; 27:1609-16. [DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0b013e32832cc56c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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146
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Savas Ü, Machemer DEW, Hsu MH, Gaynor P, Lasker JM, Tukey RH, Johnson EF. Opposing roles of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha and growth hormone in the regulation of CYP4A11 expression in a transgenic mouse model. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:16541-16552. [PMID: 19366684 PMCID: PMC2713544 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m902074200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
CYP4A11 transgenic mice (CYP4A11 Tg) were generated to examine in vivo regulation of the human CYP4A11 gene. Expression of CYP4A11 in mice yields liver and kidney P450 4A11 levels similar to those found in the corresponding human tissues and leads to an increased microsomal capacity for omega-hydroxylation of lauric acid. Fasted CYP4A11 Tg mice exhibit 2-3-fold increases in hepatic CYP4A11 mRNA and protein, and this response is absent in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha) null mice. Dietary administration of either of the PPARalpha agonists, fenofibrate or clofibric acid, increases hepatic and renal CYP4A11 levels by 2-3-fold, and these responses were also abrogated in PPARalpha null mice. Basal liver CYP4A11 levels are reduced differentially in PPARalpha-/- females (>95%) and males (<50%) compared with PPARalpha-/+ mice. Quantitative and temporal differences in growth hormone secretion are known to alter hepatic lipid metabolism and to underlie sexually dimorphic gene expression, respectively. Continuous infusion of low levels of growth hormone reduced CYP4A11 expression by 50% in PPARalpha-proficient male and female transgenic mice. A larger decrease was observed for the expression of CYP4A11 in PPARalpha-/- CYP4A11 Tg male mice to levels similar to that of female PPARalpha-deficient mice. These results suggest that PPARalpha contributes to the maintenance of basal CYP4A11 expression and mediates CYP4A11 induction in response to fibrates or fasting. In contrast, increased exposure to growth hormone down-regulates CYP4A11 expression in liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Üzen Savas
- From the Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Daniel E W Machemer
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Mei-Hui Hsu
- From the Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Pryce Gaynor
- Institute for Biomedical Research, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, New Jersey 07601
| | - Jerome M Lasker
- Institute for Biomedical Research, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, New Jersey 07601
| | - Robert H Tukey
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Eric F Johnson
- From the Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037.
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147
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Liu X, Zhao Y, Wang L, Yang X, Zheng Z, Zhang Y, Chen F, Liu H. Overexpression of cytochrome P450 4F2 in mice increases 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid production and arterial blood pressure. Kidney Int 2009; 75:1288-1296. [PMID: 19279555 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2009.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 4F2 (CYP4F2) activity is thought to be a factor in the pathogenesis of hypertension through its bioactive metabolite 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE). We previously found that a gain-in-function CYP4F2 variant in a Chinese cohort was associated with elevated urinary 20-HETE and hypertension. To further explore this association we generated a transgenic mouse model expressing CYP4F2 driven by a modified mouse kidney androgen-regulated protein promoter. This heterologous promoter regulated the expression of luciferase and his-tagged CYP4F2 in transfected HEK 293 cells. In the kidney of transgenic mice, CYP4F2 was localized to renal proximal tubule epithelia and was expressed at a higher level than in control mice, leading to increased urinary 20-HETE excretion. Assessment of CYP4F2 activity by an arachidonic acid hydroxylation assay showed that 20-HETE production was significantly higher in kidney microsomes of transgenic mice compared to control mice, as was their systolic blood pressure. There was a positive correlation of blood pressure with urinary 20-HETE levels. Our results show that increased expression of CYP4F2 in mice enhanced 20-HETE production and elevated blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoliang Liu
- Department of Medical Genetics, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yanyan Zhao
- Department of Medical Genetics, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
| | - Luzeng Wang
- Department of Laboratory Animal Center, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Xianghong Yang
- Department of Pathology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Zhihong Zheng
- Department of Laboratory Animal Center, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Department of Medical Genetics, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Fangjie Chen
- Department of Medical Genetics, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Department of Medical Genetics, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
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148
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Fu Z, Nakayama T, Sato N, Izumi Y, Kasamaki Y, Shindo A, Ohta M, Soma M, Aoi N, Sato M, Ozawa Y, Ma Y, Matsumoto K, Doba N, Hinohara S. A haplotype of the CYP4F2 gene associated with myocardial infarction in Japanese men. Mol Genet Metab 2009; 96:145-7. [PMID: 19097922 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2008.11.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2008] [Accepted: 11/05/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This study assessed associations between the CYP4F2 gene and myocardial infarction (MI), using a haplotype-based case-control study of 234 MI patients and 248 controls genotyped for 5 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (rs3093105, rs3093135, rs1558139, rs2108622, rs3093200). For men, G allele frequency of rs2108622 and frequency of the T-C-G haplotype were significantly higher, and frequency of the T-C-A haplotype was significantly lower for MI patients than for controls (P=0.006, P=0.001 and P=0.002, respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyan Fu
- Department of Advanced Medical Science, Division of Molecular Diagnostics, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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149
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Wang Y, Zhao J, Kalsotra A, Turman CM, Grill RJ, Dash PK, Strobel HW. CYP4Fs expression in rat brain correlates with changes in LTB4 levels after traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma 2009; 25:1187-94. [PMID: 18847377 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2008.0542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 4Fs constitute a subgroup of the cytochrome P450 superfamily and are involved in cellular protection and metabolism of numerous molecules, including drugs, toxins, and eicosanoids. CYP4Fs are widely distributed in rat brain with each isoform having a unique distribution pattern throughout different brain regions. The present study shows that traumatic brain injury (TBI) triggers inflammation and elicits changes in mRNA expression of CYP4Fs in the frontal and occipital lobes and the hippocampus. At 24 h post-injury, almost all CYP4F mRNA expression is suppressed compared with sham control throughout these three regions, while at 2 weeks post-injury, all CYP4F mRNAs increase, reaching levels higher than those at 24 h post-injury or uninjured controls. These changes in CYP4F levels inversely correlate with levels of leukotriene B4 (LTB4) levels in the brain following injury at the same time points. TBI also causes changes in CYP4F protein expression and localization around the injury site. CYP4F1 and CYP4F6 immunoreactivity increases in surrounding astrocytes, while CYP4F4 immunoreactivity shifts from endothelia of cerebral vessels to astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Vivian L. Smith Center for Neurological Research, University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas 77225, USA
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150
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Tsai IJ, Croft KD, Mori TA, Falck JR, Beilin LJ, Puddey IB, Barden AE. 20-HETE and F2-isoprostanes in the metabolic syndrome: the effect of weight reduction. Free Radic Biol Med 2009; 46:263-70. [PMID: 19013235 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2008.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2008] [Revised: 10/06/2008] [Accepted: 10/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE) is a cytochrome P450 metabolite of arachidonic acid that regulates vascular function and sodium homeostasis. Studies showing an association between 20-HETE excretion, raised BMI, and oxidative stress suggest that 20-HETE may be important in the development of cardiovascular disease in the metabolic syndrome (MetS). We investigated whether 20-HETE and F(2)-isoprostanes (markers of oxidative stress) were altered in the MetS before and after weight reduction. A case-controlled comparison of 30 participants with the MetS and matched controls showed that plasma and urinary 20-HETE and F(2)-isoprostanes were significantly elevated in the MetS group. There was a significant gender x group interaction such that women with the MetS had higher urinary 20-HETE and F(2)-isoprostanes compared to controls (p<0.0001). In a randomized controlled trial, 42 participants with the MetS were assigned to 16 weeks of weight maintenance or a 12-week weight-loss program followed by 4 weeks weight stabilization. Relative to the weight-maintenance group, a 4-kg loss in weight resulted in a 2-mm Hg fall in blood pressure (BP) but did not alter urinary or plasma 20-HETE or F(2)-isoprostanes. 20-HETE and oxidative stress may be important mediators of cardiovascular disease risk in the MetS. Although a 4% reduction in body weight reduced BP, there were no changes in plasma or urinary 20-HETE or F(2)-isoprostanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Jung Tsai
- University of Western Australia School of Medicine and Pharmacology, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, WA 6000, Australia
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