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Price EJ, Du M, McKeown NM, Batterham MJ, Beck EJ. Excluding whole grain-containing foods from the Nova ultraprocessed food category: a cross-sectional analysis of the impact on associations with cardiometabolic risk measures. Am J Clin Nutr 2024; 119:1133-1142. [PMID: 38417577 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2024.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whole grain (WG) consumption is linked with a reduced risk of chronic disease. However, the recommendations of the Nova classification system tend to contradict this evidence as high WG-containing foods, such as bread and cereals, are considered ultraprocessed, and intake is discouraged. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to explore associations of cardiometabolic risk measures with ultraprocessed food (UPF) intake as classified by Nova compared with when foods with ≥25% and ≥50% WG are removed from the Nova UPF category. METHODS A cross-sectional analysis of the 2015-18 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Nova was used to identify UPFs, and the WG Initiative's definition of a WG food and front-of-pack labeling requirements was used to identify high WG foods. Regression models were used to explore impacts on the association of UPF intake (quintiles) and cardiometabolic risk measures when high WG foods were excluded from the Nova UPF category. RESULTS Participants in the highest quintile of UPF intake had significantly higher weight [83.6 kg (0.8)], BMI (in kg/m2) [30.6 (0.3)], waist circumference [103.1 cm (0.6)], and weight-to-height ratio [0.63 (0.003)] compared to those in the lowest quintile (P < 0.0001 for all). The same was found when foods with ≥25% and ≥50% WG were removed. Positive associations for C-reactive protein were found when ≥25% and ≥50% WG-containing foods were removed only [2.32 mg/L (0.1), P = 0.0209; 2.37 mg/L (0.1), P = 0.0179, respectively]. Participants in the highest quintile had significantly lower total cholesterol after adjustment when foods with ≥50% WG were removed [4.98 mmol/L (0.04), P = 0.0292]. Adjusted R2 values remained relatively unchanged across each approach for all outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Foods high in WG may not significantly contribute to the deleterious associations previously observed between UPF intake and cardiometabolic risk factors. Consideration of their contribution to healthful dietary patterns and diet quality in the United States population should be made prior to the endorsement of Nova.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elissa J Price
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mengxi Du
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Nicola M McKeown
- Programs in Nutrition, Department of Health Sciences, Sargent College of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Marijka J Batterham
- National Institute for Applied Statistics Research Australia and Statistical Consulting Centre, School of Mathematics and Applied Statistics, Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Eleanor J Beck
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Medical, Indigenous, and Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, Medicine, and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.
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Guirette M, Lan J, McKeown NM, Brown MR, Chen H, de Vries PS, Kim H, Rebholz CM, Morrison AC, Bartz TM, Fretts AM, Guo X, Lemaitre RN, Liu CT, Noordam R, de Mutsert R, Rosendaal FR, Wang CA, Beilin LJ, Mori TA, Oddy WH, Pennell CE, Chai JF, Whitton C, van Dam RM, Liu J, Tai ES, Sim X, Neuhouser ML, Kooperberg C, Tinker LF, Franceschini N, Huan T, Winkler TW, Bentley AR, Gauderman WJ, Heerkens L, Tanaka T, van Rooij J, Munroe PB, Warren HR, Voortman T, Chen H, Rao DC, Levy D, Ma J. Genome-Wide Interaction Analysis With DASH Diet Score Identified Novel Loci for Systolic Blood Pressure. Hypertension 2024; 81:552-560. [PMID: 38226488 PMCID: PMC10922535 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.123.22334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet score lowers blood pressure (BP). We examined interactions between genotype and the DASH diet score in relation to systolic BP. METHODS We analyzed up to 9 420 585 single nucleotide polymorphisms in up to 127 282 individuals of 6 population groups (91% of European population) from the Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research in Genomic Epidemiology consortium (n=35 660) and UK Biobank (n=91 622) and performed European population-specific and cross-population meta-analyses. RESULTS We identified 3 loci in European-specific analyses and an additional 4 loci in cross-population analyses at Pinteraction<5e-8. We observed a consistent interaction between rs117878928 at 15q25.1 (minor allele frequency, 0.03) and the DASH diet score (Pinteraction=4e-8; P for heterogeneity, 0.35) in European population, where the interaction effect size was 0.42±0.09 mm Hg (Pinteraction=9.4e-7) and 0.20±0.06 mm Hg (Pinteraction=0.001) in Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research in Genomic Epidemiology and the UK Biobank, respectively. The 1 Mb region surrounding rs117878928 was enriched with cis-expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) variants (P=4e-273) and cis-DNA methylation quantitative trait loci variants (P=1e-300). Although the closest gene for rs117878928 is MTHFS, the highest narrow sense heritability accounted by single nucleotide polymorphisms potentially interacting with the DASH diet score in this locus was for gene ST20 at 15q25.1. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated gene-DASH diet score interaction effects on systolic BP in several loci. Studies with larger diverse populations are needed to validate our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Guirette
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA (M.G., J.L., J.M.)
| | - Jessie Lan
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA (M.G., J.L., J.M.)
| | - Nicola M McKeown
- Programs of Nutrition, Department of Health Sciences, Sargent College of Health & Rehabilitation Sciences, Boston University, MA (N.M.M.)
| | - Michael R Brown
- Human Genetics Center, Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (M.R.B., H.C., P.S.d.V., A.C.M.)
| | - Han Chen
- Human Genetics Center, Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (M.R.B., H.C., P.S.d.V., A.C.M.)
| | - Paul S de Vries
- Human Genetics Center, Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (M.R.B., H.C., P.S.d.V., A.C.M.)
| | - Hyunju Kim
- Department of Epidemiology (H.K., A.M.F.), Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Casey M Rebholz
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (C.M.R.)
| | - Alanna C Morrison
- Human Genetics Center, Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (M.R.B., H.C., P.S.d.V., A.C.M.)
| | - Traci M Bartz
- Departments of Biostatistics and Medicine (T.M.B.), Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Amanda M Fretts
- Department of Epidemiology (H.K., A.M.F.), Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Xiuqing Guo
- The Lundquist Institute at Harbor-University of California, Los Angeles, Torrance, CA (X.G.)
| | - Rozenn N Lemaitre
- Department of Medicine (R.N.L.), Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Ching-Ti Liu
- Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, MA (C.-T.L.)
| | - Raymond Noordam
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics (R.N.), Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands
| | - Renée de Mutsert
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology (R.d.M., F.R.R.), Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands
| | - Frits R Rosendaal
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology (R.d.M., F.R.R.), Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands
| | - Carol A Wang
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia (C.A.W., C.E.P)
- Mothers' and Babies' Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, NSW, Australia (C.A.W., C.E.P.)
| | - Lawrence J Beilin
- Medical School, Royal Perth Hospital Unit, University of Western Australia, Crawley (L.J.B., T.A.M.)
| | - Trevor A Mori
- Medical School, Royal Perth Hospital Unit, University of Western Australia, Crawley (L.J.B., T.A.M.)
| | - Wendy H Oddy
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia (W.H.O.)
| | - Craig E Pennell
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia (C.A.W., C.E.P)
- Mothers' and Babies' Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, NSW, Australia (C.A.W., C.E.P.)
| | - Jin Fang Chai
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System (J.F.C., C.W., R.M.v.D., E.S.T., X.S.)
| | - Clare Whitton
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System (J.F.C., C.W., R.M.v.D., E.S.T., X.S.)
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia (C.W.)
| | - Rob M van Dam
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System (J.F.C., C.W., R.M.v.D., E.S.T., X.S.)
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University (R.M.v.D.)
| | - Jianjun Liu
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (J.L.)
| | - E Shyong Tai
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System (J.F.C., C.W., R.M.v.D., E.S.T., X.S.)
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore (E.S.T.)
| | - Xueling Sim
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System (J.F.C., C.W., R.M.v.D., E.S.T., X.S.)
| | - Marian L Neuhouser
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA (M.L.N., C.K., L.F.T.)
| | - Charles Kooperberg
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA (M.L.N., C.K., L.F.T.)
| | - Lesley F Tinker
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA (M.L.N., C.K., L.F.T.)
| | - Nora Franceschini
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (N.F.)
| | - TianXiao Huan
- Framingham Heart Study and Population Sciences Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, MA (T.H., D.L.)
| | - Thomas W Winkler
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, University of Regensburg, Germany (T.W.W.)
| | - Amy R Bentley
- Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A.R.B.)
| | - W James Gauderman
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California (W.J.G.)
| | - Luc Heerkens
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University & Research, the Netherlands (L.H.)
| | - Toshiko Tanaka
- Longitudinal Studies Section, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD (T.T.)
| | - Jeroen van Rooij
- Department of Internal Medicine (J.v.R.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Patricia B Munroe
- Centre of Clinical Pharmacology & Precision Medicine, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom (P.B.M., H.R.W.)
| | - Helen R Warren
- Centre of Clinical Pharmacology & Precision Medicine, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom (P.B.M., H.R.W.)
| | - Trudy Voortman
- Department of Epidemiology (T.V.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Honglei Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing (H.C.)
| | - D C Rao
- Center for Biostatistics and Data Science, Institute for Informatics, Data Science, and Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (D.C.R.)
| | - Daniel Levy
- Framingham Heart Study and Population Sciences Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, MA (T.H., D.L.)
| | - Jiantao Ma
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA (M.G., J.L., J.M.)
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Chen L, Avendano EA, Valdes-Valderrama A, Lan JL, Tye D, Morin RA, Staffier KA, McKeown NM, Nirmala N. Physiologic Effects of Isolated or Synthetic Dietary Fiber in Children: A Scoping Review. Curr Dev Nutr 2024; 8:102074. [PMID: 38328774 PMCID: PMC10847057 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdnut.2023.102074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Fiber is an integral part of a healthy diet. Studies have shown that the fiber intake in children is below adequate amounts, leading to adverse health outcomes. Objectives This study aimed to perform a scoping review to assess the available evidence for the impact of isolated and synthetic dietary fiber on children's health outcomes. Methods A systematic literature search was conducted in Ovid Medline, Ovid Global Health, Embase, and Cochrane Library via Wiley to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in healthy children aged 1-18 y at baseline who consumed added, isolated, or synthetic dietary fiber. The outcomes of interest were categorized based on the Food and Drug Administration's guidance for industry on nondigestible carbohydrates and the Vahouny Fiber Symposium criteria, which included reduced fasting blood, glucose, total and/or LDL cholesterol concentrations, attenuation of postprandial glycemia/insulinemia, increased fecal bulk/laxation, reduced transit time, weight loss/reduction in adiposity, reduced energy intake from food consumption, increased satiety, bone health/enhanced mineral absorption, and blood pressure. We also cataloged additional reported outcomes. Results Of 3837 randomized controlled parallel or crossover trials screened at the abstract level, 160 were eligible for full-text review, and 32 included for data extraction. This scoping review presents analysis of data from 32 RCTs in children who were healthy, overweight/obese or had mild hypercholesterolemia. Inulin-type fructans (41%) and psyllium (22%) were the most frequently administered fiber types, with weight/adiposity, markers of lipid metabolism (41%), and bone-related markers (38%) being the most frequently reported health outcomes. Only a few RCTs have investigated the effects of laxation (9%), and none specifically studied the impact of fiber on reducing postprandial glycemia/insulinemia. Conclusions This scoping review demonstrates sufficient evidence for conducting systematic reviews and meta-analyses for several outcomes. Evidence gaps remain on the impact of isolated fibers on outcomes such as laxation, colonic transit time, and postprandial glycemia/insulinemia in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linfei Chen
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Esther A Avendano
- Institute for Clinical Research and Health Policy Studies, Center for Clinical Evidence Synthesis, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | - Jessie L Lan
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Dominique Tye
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Rebecca A Morin
- Hirsh Health Sciences Library, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Kara A Staffier
- American College of Life Style Medicine, Chesterfield, MO, United States
| | - Nicola M McKeown
- Department of Health Sciences, Sargent College of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Nanguneri Nirmala
- Institute for Clinical Research and Health Policy Studies, Center for Clinical Evidence Synthesis, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
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Ross AB, Shertukde SP, Livingston Staffier K, Chung M, Jacques PF, McKeown NM. The Relationship between Whole-Grain Intake and Measures of Cognitive Decline, Mood, and Anxiety-A Systematic Review. Adv Nutr 2023; 14:652-670. [PMID: 37085091 PMCID: PMC10334137 DOI: 10.1016/j.advnut.2023.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Greater intake of whole grains, compared to refined grains, is consistently associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes, both of which are associated with cognitive decline. To better understand the relationship between whole-grain intake, cognition, mood, and anxiety, a systematic review was conducted to synthesize available evidence linking whole grains to these outcomes. Four electronic databases were searched from inception to August 2021 for potentially relevant observational and interventional studies. Risk of bias (RoB) assessments were performed using the newly developed Nutrition Quality Evaluation Strengthening Tools, and the Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation approach was used to determine the strength of evidence for each outcome. In total, 23 studies [4 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and 19 observational studies] met the predefined eligibility criteria. Of these,12 studies included analysis of whole-grain intake and cognitive decline, 9 included mood outcomes, and 2 included both cognition and mood outcomes. The overall evidence for an association between whole-grain intake and cognition is inconclusive. With respect to mood outcomes, evidence from RCTs prospective cohort and case-control studies suggest that higher intake is linked to improved outcomes for mood and depression although the evidence is mixed for cross-sectional studies. Reporting of whole-grain intake fell short of suggested standards, and the strength of available evidence was low or very low for all outcomes. A high RoB toward studies reporting results was also noted, complicating both the interpretation of some studies and the combined evidence. Of note, few well-designed RCTs assessing the effect of whole-grain intake on measures of cognition, mood, and anxiety were identified, highlighting the need for more studies in this area. The available, although limited, evidence suggests that greater whole-grain intake is associated with better mood and anxiety-related scores and is inconclusive regarding cognitive outcomes. PROSPERO registration: CRD42021266355.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shruti P Shertukde
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Kara Livingston Staffier
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Mei Chung
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Paul F Jacques
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States; Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Nicola M McKeown
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States; Programs of Nutrition, Department of Health Sciences, Sargent College of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
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Ross AB, McKeown NM, Beck EJ, van der Kamp JW, Miller KB, Seal CJ. Whole grain definitions do not need to be complicated. Am J Clin Nutr 2023; 117:1043-1044. [PMID: 37137607 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2023.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicola M McKeown
- Sargent College of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Eleanor J Beck
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Kevin B Miller
- General Mills, Bell Institute of Health and Nutrition, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Chris J Seal
- Human Nutrition and Exercise Research Centre, Population Health Science Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, United Kingdom
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Webb P, Livingston Staffier K, Lee H, Howell B, Battaglia K, Bell BM, Matteson J, McKeown NM, Cash SB, Zhang FF, Decker Sparks JL, Blackstone NT. Measurement of diets that are healthy, environmentally sustainable, affordable, and equitable: A scoping review of metrics, findings, and research gaps. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1125955. [PMID: 37077905 PMCID: PMC10106581 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1125955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
IntroductionResearch on the impacts of dietary patterns on human and planetary health is a rapidly growing field. A wide range of metrics, datasets, and analytical techniques has been used to explore the role of dietary choices/constraints in driving greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, environmental degradation, health and disease outcomes, and the affordability of food baskets. Many argue that each domain is important, but few have tackled all simultaneously in analyzing diet-outcome relationships.MethodsThis paper reviews studies published between January 2015 and December 2021 (inclusive) that examined dietary patterns in relation to at least two of the following four thematic pillars: (i) planetary health, including, climate change, environmental quality, and natural resource impacts, (ii) human health and disease, (iii) economic outcomes, including diet cost/affordability, and (iv) social outcomes, e.g., wages, working conditions, and culturally relevant diets. We systematically screened 2,425 publications by title and abstract and included data from 42 eligible publications in this review.ResultsMost dietary patterns used were statistically estimated or simulated rather than observed. A rising number of studies consider the cost/affordability of dietary scenarios in relation to optimized environmental and health outcomes. However, only six publications incorporate social sustainability outcomes, which represents an under-explored dimension of food system concerns.DiscussionThis review suggests a need for (i) transparency and clarity in datasets used and analytical methods; (ii) explicit integration of indicators and metrics linking social and economic issues to the commonly assessed diet-climate-planetary ecology relationships; (iii) inclusion of data and researchers from low- and middle-income countries; (iv) inclusion of processed food products to reflect the reality of consumer choices globally; and (v) attention to the implications of findings for policymakers. Better understanding is urgently needed on dietary impacts on all relevant human and planetary domains simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Webb
- Gerald J. and Dorothy R. Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States
- *Correspondence: Patrick Webb,
| | - Kara Livingston Staffier
- Nutritional Epidemiology Program, Jean Mayer United States Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Hyomin Lee
- Gerald J. and Dorothy R. Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Brian Howell
- Gerald J. and Dorothy R. Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Kyra Battaglia
- Gerald J. and Dorothy R. Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Brooke M. Bell
- Gerald J. and Dorothy R. Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Julia Matteson
- Gerald J. and Dorothy R. Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Nicola M. McKeown
- Gerald J. and Dorothy R. Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Health Science, Sargent College of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Sean B. Cash
- Gerald J. and Dorothy R. Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Fang Fang Zhang
- Gerald J. and Dorothy R. Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jessica L. Decker Sparks
- Gerald J. and Dorothy R. Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Nicole Tichenor Blackstone
- Gerald J. and Dorothy R. Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States
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7
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Gervis JE, Ma J, Chui KKH, McKeown NM, Levy D, Lichtenstein AH. Bitter- and Umami-Related Genes are Differentially Associated with Food Group Intakes: the Framingham Heart Study. J Nutr 2023; 153:483-492. [PMID: 36774228 PMCID: PMC10196583 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2022.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As suboptimal diet quality remains the leading modifiable contributor to chronic disease risk, it is important to better understand the individual-level drivers of food choices. Recently, a genetic component of food choices was proposed based on variants (SNPs) in genes related to taste perception (taste-related SNPs). OBJECTIVES This study aimed to determine the cumulative contribution of taste-related SNPs for basic tastes (bitter, sweet, umami, salt, and sour), summarized as "polygenic taste scores," to food group intakes among adults. METHODS Cross-sectional analyses were performed on 6230 Framingham Heart Study participants (mean age ± SD: 50 ± 14 y; 54% female). Polygenic taste scores were derived for tastes with ≥2 related SNPs identified in prior genome-wide association studies, and food group intakes (servings per week [sev/wk]) were tabulated from food frequency questionnaires. Associations were determined via linear mixed-effects models, using false discovery rates and bootstrap resampling to determine statistical significance. RESULTS Thirty-three taste-related SNPs (9 bitter, 19 sweet, 2 umami, 2 sour, 1 salt) were identified and used to derive polygenic taste scores for bitter, sweet, umami, and sour. Per additional allele for higher bitter perception, whole grain intakes were lower by 0.17 (95% CI: -0.28, -0.06) sev/wk, and for higher umami perception, total and red/orange vegetable intakes were lower by 0.73 (95% CI: -1.12, -0.34) and 0.25 (95% CI: -0.40, -0.10) sev/wk, respectively. Subsequent analyses at the SNP level identified four novel SNP-diet associations-two bitter-related SNPs with whole grains (rs10960174 and rs6782149) and one umami-related SNP with total and red/orange vegetables (rs7691456)-which may have been driving the identified associations. CONCLUSIONS Taste-related genes for bitter and umami were differentially associated with food choices that may impact diet quality. Hence, a benefit could be derived from leveraging knowledge of taste-related genes when developing personalized risk reduction dietary guidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie E Gervis
- Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Jiantao Ma
- Nutritional Epidemiology and Data Science, Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Kenneth K H Chui
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Nicola M McKeown
- Department of Health Sciences, Sargent College of Health & Rehabilitation Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Daniel Levy
- Population Sciences Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Boston University and National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA.
| | - Alice H Lichtenstein
- Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA.
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8
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Lai CQ, Parnell LD, Lee YC, Zeng H, Smith CE, McKeown NM, Arnett DK, Ordovás JM. The impact of alcoholic drinks and dietary factors on epigenetic markers associated with triglyceride levels. Front Genet 2023; 14:1117778. [PMID: 36873949 PMCID: PMC9975169 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1117778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Many epigenetic loci have been associated with plasma triglyceride (TG) levels, but epigenetic connections between those loci and dietary exposures are largely unknown. This study aimed to characterize the epigenetic links between diet, lifestyle, and TG. Methods: We first conducted an epigenome-wide association study (EWAS) for TG in the Framingham Heart Study Offspring population (FHS, n = 2,264). We then examined relationships between dietary and lifestyle-related variables, collected four times in 13 years, and differential DNA methylation sites (DMSs) associated with the last TG measures. Third, we conducted a mediation analysis to evaluate the causal relationships between diet-related variables and TG. Finally, we replicated three steps to validate identified DMSs associated with alcohol and carbohydrate intake in the Genetics of Lipid-Lowering Drugs and Diet Network (GOLDN) study (n = 993). Results: In the FHS, the EWAS revealed 28 TG-associated DMSs at 19 gene regions. We identified 102 unique associations between these DMSs and one or more dietary and lifestyle-related variables. Alcohol and carbohydrate intake showed the most significant and consistent associations with 11 TG-associated DMSs. Mediation analyses demonstrated that alcohol and carbohydrate intake independently affect TG via DMSs as mediators. Higher alcohol intake was associated with lower methylation at seven DMSs and higher TG. In contrast, increased carbohydrate intake was associated with higher DNA methylation at two DMSs (CPT1A and SLC7A11) and lower TG. Validation in the GOLDN further supports the findings. Conclusion: Our findings imply that TG-associated DMSs reflect dietary intakes, particularly alcoholic drinks, which could affect the current cardiometabolic risk via epigenetic changes. This study illustrates a new method to map epigenetic signatures of environmental factors for disease risk. Identification of epigenetic markers of dietary intake can provide insight into an individual's risk of cardiovascular disease and support the application of precision nutrition. Clinical Trial Registration: www.ClinicalTrials.gov, the Framingham Heart Study (FHS), NCT00005121; the Genetics of Lipid Lowering Drugs and Diet Network (GOLDN), NCT01023750.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Qiang Lai
- USDA ARS, Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory, JM-USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Laurence D Parnell
- USDA ARS, Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory, JM-USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Yu-Chi Lee
- USDA ARS, Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory, JM-USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Haihan Zeng
- Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory, JM-USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Caren E Smith
- Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory, JM-USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Nicola M McKeown
- Programs of Nutrition, Department of Health Sciences, Sargent College of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States.,Nutrition Epidemiology and Data Science Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Donna K Arnett
- Office of the Provost, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - José M Ordovás
- Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory, JM-USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States.,IMDEA Food Institute, CEI UAM + CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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9
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Haslam DE, Chasman DI, Peloso GM, Herman MA, Dupuis J, Lichtenstein AH, Smith CE, Ridker PM, Jacques PF, Mora S, McKeown NM. Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Consumption and Plasma Lipoprotein Cholesterol, Apolipoprotein, and Lipoprotein Particle Size Concentrations in US Adults. J Nutr 2022; 152:2534-2545. [PMID: 36774119 PMCID: PMC9644170 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxac166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prospective cohort studies have found a relation between sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption (sodas and fruit drinks) and dyslipidemia. There is limited evidence linking SSB consumption to emerging features of dyslipidemia, which can be characterized by variation in lipoprotein particle size, remnant-like particle (RLP), and apolipoprotein concentrations. OBJECTIVES To examine the association between SSB consumption and plasma lipoprotein cholesterol, apolipoprotein, and lipoprotein particle size concentrations among US adults. METHODS We examined participants from the Framingham Offspring Study (FOS; 1987-1995, n = 3047) and the Women's Health Study (1992, n = 26,218). Concentrations of plasma LDL cholesterol, apolipoprotein B (apoB), HDL cholesterol, apolipoprotein A1 (apoA1), triglyceride (TG), and non-HDL cholesterol, as well as total cholesterol:HDL cholesterol ratio and apoB:apoA1 ratio, were quantified in both cohorts; concentrations of apolipoprotein E, apolipoprotein C3, RLP-TG, and RLP cholesterol (RLP-C) were measured in the FOS only. Lipoprotein particle sizes were calculated from nuclear magnetic resonance signals for lipoprotein particle subclass concentrations (TG-rich lipoprotein particles [TRL-Ps]: very large, large, medium, small, and very small; LDL particles [LDL-Ps]: large, medium, and small; HDL particles [HDL-Ps]: large, medium, and small). SSB consumption was estimated from food frequency questionnaire data. We examined the associations between SSB consumption and all lipoprotein and apoprotein measures in linear regression models, adjusting for confounding factors such as lifestyle, diet, and traditional lipoprotein risk factors. RESULTS SSB consumption was positively associated with LDL cholesterol, apoB, TG, RLP-TG, RLP-C, and non-HDL cholesterol concentrations and total cholesterol:HDL cholesterol and apoB:apoA1 ratios; and negatively associated with HDL cholesterol and apoA1 concentrations (P-trend range: <0.0001 to 0.008). After adjustment for traditional lipoprotein risk factors, SSB consumers had smaller LDL-P and HDL-P sizes; lower concentrations of large LDL-Ps and medium HDL-Ps; and higher concentrations of small LDL-Ps, small HDL-Ps, and large TRL-Ps (P-trend range: <0.0001 to 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Higher SSB consumption was associated with multiple emerging features of dyslipidemia that have been linked to higher cardiometabolic risk in US adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle E Haslam
- Nutritional Epidemiology Program, Jean Mayer US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Daniel I Chasman
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gina M Peloso
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mark A Herman
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Josée Dupuis
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA,National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study and Population Sciences Branch, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - Alice H Lichtenstein
- Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory, Jean Mayer US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Caren E Smith
- Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory, Jean Mayer US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paul M Ridker
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paul F Jacques
- Nutritional Epidemiology Program, Jean Mayer US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Samia Mora
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nicola M McKeown
- Programs of Nutrition, Department of Health Sciences, Sargent College of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
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10
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Abstract
Nicola M McKeown and colleagues advocate for the importance of translating the health impact of high fibre diets to patients and clients, with emphasis placed on incorporating a variety of plant based foods to achieve dietary fibre recommendations
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola M McKeown
- Programmes in Nutrition, Department of Health Sciences, College of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Sargent College, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - George C Fahey
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Joanne Slavin
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA
| | - Jan-Willem van der Kamp
- Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research, Microbiology and Systems Biology, Zeist, Netherlands
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11
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Lai CQ, Lee YC, Parnell L, Zeng H, Smith C, McKeown NM, Ordovas J. Triglyceride-Associated Epigenetic Markers and Diet and Lifestyle Habits in the Framingham Heart Study. Curr Dev Nutr 2022. [PMCID: PMC9194109 DOI: 10.1093/cdn/nzac078.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
The current evidence has shown that environmental and lifestyle factors (e.g., diet, physical activity, tobacco smoking, alcohol) are associated with DNA methylation patterns. However, the mechanisms underlying the relation between diet and other exposures and epigenetic profiles are not well understood. To reduce such knowledge gap, we investigated the links between lifestyle, including diet, and methylation marks with plasma triglyceride concentrations (TG).
Methods
We first conducted an epigenome-wide association study (EWAS) (Illumina HumanMethylation450 BeadChip) for TG in the Framingham Heart Study Offspring population (n = 2,178). We then examined the relationships between dietary and lifestyle-related variables, collected over 13 years, and differential DNA methylation marks associated with the last TG measures (exam 8). Second, we conducted a mediation analysis to examine the potential causal relationship between diet-related variables and TG.
Results
The EWAS analyses revealed 28 TG-associated DNA methylation sites at 19 regions (e.g., ABCG1, CPT1A, DHCR24, PHGDH, SLC7A11, SLC43A1, SREBF1, TXNIP). Within those methylation sites, we identified 427 significant associations between these DNA methylation sites and one or more dietary and lifestyle-related variables after accounting for multiple testing. The two most significant and consistent associations between TG-associated DNA methylation markers and diet were alcohol (g/day) and carbohydrate intake (% total energy), with P-values ranging from 10^(−4) to 10^(−56). Mediation analyses demonstrated that alcohol and carbohydrate intake independently affect TG via DNA methylation markers as mediators. For seven of the 19 identified differential DNA-methylation regions, higher alcohol intake was associated with decreased methylation and higher TG. In contrast, increased carbohydrate intake was associated with higher DNA methylation at two epigenetic loci (CPT1A and SLC7A11) and lower TG.
Conclusions
Our findings indicate that dietary factors (i.e., alcohol and carbohydrate) are associated with specific DNA methylation markers that could mediate some of the observed associations between diet and cardiometabolic risk factors.
Funding Sources
This work was funded by the US Department of Agriculture, under agreement no. 8050-51,000-107-000D.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Haihan Zeng
- JM-USDA Human Nutrition Research Ctr on Aging @ Tufts
| | - Caren Smith
- JM-USDA Human Nutrition Research Ctr on Aging @ Tufts
| | | | - Jose Ordovas
- JM-USDA Human Nutrition Research Ctr on Aging @ Tufts
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12
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Lee YC, Christensen JJ, Parnell LD, Smith CE, Shao J, McKeown NM, Ordovás JM, Lai CQ. Using Machine Learning to Predict Obesity Based on Genome-Wide and Epigenome-Wide Gene-Gene and Gene-Diet Interactions. Front Genet 2022; 12:783845. [PMID: 35047011 PMCID: PMC8763388 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.783845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is associated with many chronic diseases that impair healthy aging and is governed by genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors and their complex interactions. This study aimed to develop a model that predicts an individual's risk of obesity by better characterizing these complex relations and interactions focusing on dietary factors. For this purpose, we conducted a combined genome-wide and epigenome-wide scan for body mass index (BMI) and up to three-way interactions among 402,793 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), 415,202 DNA methylation sites (DMSs), and 397 dietary and lifestyle factors using the generalized multifactor dimensionality reduction (GMDR) method. The training set consisted of 1,573 participants in exam 8 of the Framingham Offspring Study (FOS) cohort. After identifying genetic, epigenetic, and dietary factors that passed statistical significance, we applied machine learning (ML) algorithms to predict participants' obesity status in the test set, taken as a subset of independent samples (n = 394) from the same cohort. The quality and accuracy of prediction models were evaluated using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC-AUC). GMDR identified 213 SNPs, 530 DMSs, and 49 dietary and lifestyle factors as significant predictors of obesity. Comparing several ML algorithms, we found that the stochastic gradient boosting model provided the best prediction accuracy for obesity with an overall accuracy of 70%, with ROC-AUC of 0.72 in test set samples. Top predictors of the best-fit model were 21 SNPs, 230 DMSs in genes such as CPT1A, ABCG1, SLC7A11, RNF145, and SREBF1, and 26 dietary factors, including processed meat, diet soda, French fries, high-fat dairy, artificial sweeteners, alcohol intake, and specific nutrients and food components, such as calcium and flavonols. In conclusion, we developed an integrated approach with ML to predict obesity using omics and dietary data. This extends our knowledge of the drivers of obesity, which can inform precision nutrition strategies for the prevention and treatment of obesity. Clinical Trial Registration: [www.ClinicalTrials.gov], the Framingham Heart Study (FHS), [NCT00005121].
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chi Lee
- USDA ARS, Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory, JM-USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jacob J. Christensen
- Department of Nutrition, Norwegian National Advisory Unit on FH, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Laurence D. Parnell
- USDA ARS, Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory, JM-USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Caren E. Smith
- Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory, JM-USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jonathan Shao
- Statistical and Bioinformatics Group, Northeast Area, USDA ARS, Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Nicola M. McKeown
- Nutritional Epidemiology Laboratory, JM-USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - José M. Ordovás
- Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory, JM-USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States
- CEI UAM + CSIC, IMDEA Food Institute, Madrid, Spain
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Chao-Qiang Lai
- USDA ARS, Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory, JM-USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States
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13
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Kissock KR, Vieux F, Mathias KC, Drewnowski A, Seal CJ, Masset G, Smith J, Mejborn H, McKeown NM, Beck EJ. Correction to: Aligning nutrient profiling with dietary guidelines: modifying the Nutri-Score algorithm to include whole grains. Eur J Nutr 2021; 61:555. [PMID: 34919175 PMCID: PMC8783902 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-021-02779-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katrina R Kissock
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia.,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Kevin C Mathias
- Skidmore College, Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Saratoga Springs, NY, USA
| | - Adam Drewnowski
- Center for Public Health Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Chris J Seal
- Public Health Sciences Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | | | - Jessica Smith
- General Mills Scientific and Regulatory Affairs, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Heddie Mejborn
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Nicola M McKeown
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA.,Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eleanor J Beck
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia. .,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.
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14
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Kissock KR, Vieux F, Mathias KC, Drewnowski A, Seal CJ, Masset G, Smith J, Mejborn H, McKeown NM, Beck EJ. Aligning nutrient profiling with dietary guidelines: modifying the Nutri-Score algorithm to include whole grains. Eur J Nutr 2021; 61:541-553. [PMID: 34817679 PMCID: PMC8783881 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-021-02718-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Whole grains, generally recognised as healthy choices, are not included in most nutrient profiling systems. We tested modifications to the Nutri-Score algorithm to determine whether including whole grains would provide an improved measure of food, and overall diet quality. Methods The whole-grain content of food, with a minimum cut-point of 25%, was added to the algorithm, following similar methods used to score other health-promoting components such as fibre. We applied and compared the original and the modified Nutri-Score to food composition and dietary intake data from Australia, France, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Results At the food level, correlations between whole-grain content and food nutritional score were strengthened using the modified algorithm in Australian data, but less so for the other countries. Improvements were greater in grain-specific food groups. The largest shift in Nutri-Score class was from B to A (best score). At the dietary intake level, whole-diet nutritional scores for individuals were calculated and compared against population-specific diet-quality scores. With modifications, correlations with diet-quality scores were improved slightly, suggesting that the modified score better aligns with national dietary guidelines. An inverse linear relationship between whole-diet nutritional score and whole-grain intake was evident, particularly with modifications (lower whole-diet nutritional score indicative of better diet quality). Conclusion Including a whole-grain component in the Nutri-Score algorithm is justified to align with dietary guidelines and better reflect whole grain as a contributor to improved dietary quality. Further research is required to test alternative algorithms and potentially other nutrient profiling systems. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00394-021-02718-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina R Kissock
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia.,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Kevin C Mathias
- Skidmore College, Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Saratoga Springs, NY, USA
| | - Adam Drewnowski
- Center for Public Health Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Chris J Seal
- Public Health Sciences Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | | | - Jessica Smith
- General Mills Scientific and Regulatory Affairs, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Heddie Mejborn
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Nicola M McKeown
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA.,Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eleanor J Beck
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia. .,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.
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15
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Sawicki CM, Jacques PF, Lichtenstein AH, Rogers GT, Ma J, Saltzman E, McKeown NM. Whole- and Refined-Grain Consumption and Longitudinal Changes in Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in the Framingham Offspring Cohort. J Nutr 2021; 151:2790-2799. [PMID: 34255848 PMCID: PMC8417925 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxab177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Greater whole grain (WG) consumption is associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD); however, few prospective studies have examined WG or refined grain (RG) intake and intermediate cardiometabolic risk factors. OBJECTIVES We examined the longitudinal association between WG and RG intake on changes in waist circumference (WC); fasting HDL cholesterol, triglyceride, and glucose concentrations; and blood pressure. METHODS Subjects were participants in the Framingham Offspring cohort study [n = 3121; mean ± SD baseline age: 54.9 ± 0.2 y; BMI (kg/m2) 27.2 ± 0.1]. FFQ, health, and lifestyle data were collected approximately every 4 y over a median 18-y follow-up. Repeated measure mixed models were used to estimate adjusted mean changes per 4-y interval in risk factors across increasing categories of WG or RG intake. RESULTS Greater WG intake was associated with smaller increases in WC (1.4 ± 0.2 compared with 3.0 ± 0.1 cm in the highest compared with the lowest category, respectively; P-trend < 0.001), fasting glucose concentration (0.7 ± 0.4 compared with 2.6 ± 0.2 mg/dL; P-trend < 0.001), and systolic blood pressure (SBP; 0.2 ± 0.5 compared with 1.4 ± 0.3 mm Hg; P-trend < 0.001) per 4-y interval. When stratified by sex, a stronger association with WC was observed among females than males. Higher intake of WG was associated with greater increases in HDL cholesterol and declines in triglyceride concentrations; however, these differences did not remain significant after adjustment for change in WC. Conversely, greater RG intake was associated with greater increases in WC (2.7 ± 0.2 compared with 1.8 ± 0.1 cm, P-trend < 0.001) and less decline in triglyceride concentration (-0.3 ± 1.3 compared with -7.0 ± 0.7 mg/dL, P-trend < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Among middle- to older-age adults, replacing RG with WG may be an effective dietary modification to attenuate abdominal adiposity, dyslipidemia, and hyperglycemia over time, thereby reducing the risk of cardiometabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleigh M Sawicki
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston MA, USA
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paul F Jacques
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston MA, USA
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alice H Lichtenstein
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston MA, USA
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gail T Rogers
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston MA, USA
| | - Jiantao Ma
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Edward Saltzman
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nicola M McKeown
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston MA, USA
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
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16
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Haslam DE, Peloso GM, Guirette M, Imamura F, Bartz TM, Pitsillides AN, Wang CA, Li-Gao R, Westra JM, Pitkänen N, Young KL, Graff M, Wood AC, Braun KVE, Luan J, Kähönen M, Kiefte-de Jong JC, Ghanbari M, Tintle N, Lemaitre RN, Mook-Kanamori DO, North K, Helminen M, Mossavar-Rahmani Y, Snetselaar L, Martin LW, Viikari JS, Oddy WH, Pennell CE, Rosendall FR, Ikram MA, Uitterlinden AG, Psaty BM, Mozaffarian D, Rotter JI, Taylor KD, Lehtimäki T, Raitakari OT, Livingston KA, Voortman T, Forouhi NG, Wareham NJ, de Mutsert R, Rich SS, Manson JE, Mora S, Ridker PM, Merino J, Meigs JB, Dashti HS, Chasman DI, Lichtenstein AH, Smith CE, Dupuis J, Herman MA, McKeown NM. Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Consumption May Modify Associations Between Genetic Variants in the CHREBP (Carbohydrate Responsive Element Binding Protein) Locus and HDL-C (High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol) and Triglyceride Concentrations. Circ Genom Precis Med 2021; 14:e003288. [PMID: 34270325 PMCID: PMC8373451 DOI: 10.1161/circgen.120.003288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Background: ChREBP (carbohydrate responsive element binding protein) is a transcription factor that responds to sugar consumption. Sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption and genetic variants in the CHREBP locus have separately been linked to HDL-C (high-density lipoprotein cholesterol) and triglyceride concentrations. We hypothesized that SSB consumption would modify the association between genetic variants in the CHREBP locus and dyslipidemia. Methods: Data from 11 cohorts from the Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research in Genomic Epidemiology consortium (N=63 599) and the UK Biobank (N=59 220) were used to quantify associations of SSB consumption, genetic variants, and their interaction on HDL-C and triglyceride concentrations using linear regression models. A total of 1606 single nucleotide polymorphisms within or near CHREBP were considered. SSB consumption was estimated from validated questionnaires, and participants were grouped by their estimated intake. Results: In a meta-analysis, rs71556729 was significantly associated with higher HDL-C concentrations only among the highest SSB consumers (β, 2.12 [95% CI, 1.16–3.07] mg/dL per allele; P<0.0001), but not significantly among the lowest SSB consumers (P=0.81; PDiff <0.0001). Similar results were observed for 2 additional variants (rs35709627 and rs71556736). For triglyceride, rs55673514 was positively associated with triglyceride concentrations only among the highest SSB consumers (β, 0.06 [95% CI, 0.02–0.09] ln-mg/dL per allele, P=0.001) but not the lowest SSB consumers (P=0.84; PDiff=0.0005). Conclusions: Our results identified genetic variants in the CHREBP locus that may protect against SSB-associated reductions in HDL-C and other variants that may exacerbate SSB-associated increases in triglyceride concentrations. Registration: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT00005133, NCT00005121, NCT00005487, and NCT00000479.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle E Haslam
- Nutritional Epidemiology Program (D.E.H., M. Guirette, K.A.L., N.M.M.), Tufts University, Boston, MA.,Channing Division of Network Medicine (D.E.H., J.E.M.), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Department of Nutrition (D.E.H.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Gina M Peloso
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, MA (G.M.P., A.N.P., J.D.)
| | - Melanie Guirette
- Nutritional Epidemiology Program (D.E.H., M. Guirette, K.A.L., N.M.M.), Tufts University, Boston, MA
| | - Fumiaki Imamura
- Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (F.I., J.L., N.G.F., N.J.W.)
| | - Traci M Bartz
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Biostatistics (T.M.B.), University of Washington, Seattle.,Department of Medicine (T.M.B., R.N.L., B.M.P.), University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Achilleas N Pitsillides
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, MA (G.M.P., A.N.P., J.D.)
| | - Carol A Wang
- School of Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia (C.A.W., C.E.P.)
| | - Ruifang Li-Gao
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology (R.L.G., D.O.M.-K., F.R.R., R.dM.), Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands
| | | | - Niina Pitkänen
- Auria Biobank (N.P.), University of Turku, Finland.,Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (N.P., O.T.R.), University of Turku, Finland
| | - Kristin L Young
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health (K.L.Y., M. Graff, K.N.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
| | - Mariaelisa Graff
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health (K.L.Y., M. Graff, K.N.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
| | - Alexis C Wood
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (A.C.W.)
| | - Kim V E Braun
- Department of Epidemiology (K.V.E.B., J.C.K.-d.J., M. Ghanbari, M.A.I.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jian'an Luan
- Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (F.I., J.L., N.G.F., N.J.W.)
| | - Mika Kähönen
- Department of Clinical Physiology (M.K.), Tampere University Hospital, Finland.,Department of Clinical Physiology (M.K.), Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center-Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Finland
| | - Jessica C Kiefte-de Jong
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care (J.C.L.d.J., D.O.M.-K.), Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands.,Department of Epidemiology (K.V.E.B., J.C.K.-d.J., M. Ghanbari, M.A.I.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mohsen Ghanbari
- Department of Epidemiology (K.V.E.B., J.C.K.-d.J., M. Ghanbari, M.A.I.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Rozenn N Lemaitre
- Department of Medicine (T.M.B., R.N.L., B.M.P.), University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Dennis O Mook-Kanamori
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology (R.L.G., D.O.M.-K., F.R.R., R.dM.), Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands.,Department of Public Health and Primary Care (J.C.L.d.J., D.O.M.-K.), Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands
| | - Kari North
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health (K.L.Y., M. Graff, K.N.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.,Carolina Center for Genome Science (K.N.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
| | - Mika Helminen
- Research Development and Innovation Centre (M.H.), Tampere University Hospital, Finland.,Faculty of Social Sciences, Health Sciences, Tampere University, Finland (M.H.)
| | - Yasmin Mossavar-Rahmani
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (Y.M.-R.)
| | - Linda Snetselaar
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City (L.S.)
| | - Lisa W Martin
- George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, D.C. (L.W.M.)
| | - Jorma S Viikari
- Department of Medicine (J.S.V.), University of Turku, Finland.,Division of Medicine (J.S.V.), Turku University Hospital, Finland
| | - Wendy H Oddy
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, HOB, Australia (W.H.O.)
| | - Craig E Pennell
- Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory (C.E.S.), Tufts University, Boston, MA.,School of Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia (C.A.W., C.E.P.)
| | - Frits R Rosendall
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology (R.L.G., D.O.M.-K., F.R.R., R.dM.), Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands
| | - M Arfan Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology (K.V.E.B., J.C.K.-d.J., M. Ghanbari, M.A.I.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Andre G Uitterlinden
- Department of Internal Medicine (A.G.U.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bruce M Psaty
- Department of Medicine (T.M.B., R.N.L., B.M.P.), University of Washington, Seattle.,Departments of Epidemiology and Health Services (B.M.P.), University of Washington, Seattle.,Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle, WA (B.M.P.)
| | - Dariush Mozaffarian
- Jean Mayer U.S. Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, and Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy (D.M.), Tufts University, Boston, MA
| | - Jerome I Rotter
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA (J.I.R., K.D.T.)
| | - Kent D Taylor
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA (J.I.R., K.D.T.)
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry (T.L.), Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center-Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Finland.,Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland (T.L.)
| | - Olli T Raitakari
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (N.P., O.T.R.), University of Turku, Finland.,Centre for Population Health Research (O.T.R.), University of Turku, Finland.,Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine (O.T.R.), Turku University Hospital, Finland
| | - Kara A Livingston
- Nutritional Epidemiology Program (D.E.H., M. Guirette, K.A.L., N.M.M.), Tufts University, Boston, MA
| | | | - Nita G Forouhi
- Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (F.I., J.L., N.G.F., N.J.W.)
| | - Nick J Wareham
- Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (F.I., J.L., N.G.F., N.J.W.)
| | - Renée de Mutsert
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology (R.L.G., D.O.M.-K., F.R.R., R.dM.), Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands
| | - Steven S Rich
- Center for Public Health Genomics and Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville (S.S.R.)
| | - JoAnn E Manson
- Channing Division of Network Medicine (D.E.H., J.E.M.), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Division of Preventive Medicine (J.E.M., S.M., P.M.R., D.I.C.), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Department of Epidemiology (J.E.M.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Samia Mora
- Division of Preventive Medicine (J.E.M., S.M., P.M.R., D.I.C.), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Cardiovascular Division of Medicine and Center for Lipid Metabolomics (S.M., P.M.R.), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Paul M Ridker
- Division of Preventive Medicine (J.E.M., S.M., P.M.R., D.I.C.), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Cardiovascular Division of Medicine and Center for Lipid Metabolomics (S.M., P.M.R.), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Jordi Merino
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics (J.M., J.B.M., H.S.D.), Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA.,Program in Metabolism (J.M., J.B.M.), Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (J.M., J.B.M.).,Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain (J.M.).,Diabetes Unit and Center for Genomic Medicine (J.M., H.S.D.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - James B Meigs
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics (J.M., J.B.M., H.S.D.), Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA.,Program in Metabolism (J.M., J.B.M.), Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (J.M., J.B.M.).,Division of General Internal Medicine (J.B.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Hassan S Dashti
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics (J.M., J.B.M., H.S.D.), Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA.,Diabetes Unit and Center for Genomic Medicine (J.M., H.S.D.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston.,Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine (H.S.D.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Daniel I Chasman
- Division of Preventive Medicine (J.E.M., S.M., P.M.R., D.I.C.), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | | | - Josée Dupuis
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, MA (G.M.P., A.N.P., J.D.)
| | - Mark A Herman
- Division Of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine and Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC (M.A.H.)
| | - Nicola M McKeown
- Nutritional Epidemiology Program (D.E.H., M. Guirette, K.A.L., N.M.M.), Tufts University, Boston, MA
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17
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Kim Y, Huan T, Joehanes R, McKeown NM, Horvath S, Levy D, Ma J. Higher diet quality relates to decelerated epigenetic aging. Am J Clin Nutr 2021; 115:163-170. [PMID: 34134146 PMCID: PMC8755029 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqab201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND DNA methylation-based epigenetic age measures have been used as biological aging markers and are associated with a healthy lifespan. Few population-based studies have examined the relation between diet and epigenetic age acceleration. OBJECTIVES We aimed to investigate the relation between diet quality and epigenetic age acceleration. METHODS We analyzed data from 1995 participants (mean age, 67 years; 55% women) of the Framingham Heart Study Offspring Cohort. Cross-sectional associations between the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) score and 3 whole-blood DNA methylation-derived epigenetic age acceleration measures-Dunedin Pace of Aging Methylation (DunedinPoAm), GrimAge acceleration (GrimAA), and PhenoAge acceleration (PhenoAA)-were examined. A mediation analysis was conducted to assess the mediating role of epigenetic age acceleration in relation to DASH and all-cause mortality. RESULTS A higher DASH score was associated with lower levels of DunedinPoAm (β = -0.05; SE = 0.02; P = 0.007), GrimAA (β = -0.09; SE = 0.02; P < 0.001), and PhenoAA (β = -0.07; SE = 0.02; P = 0.001). All 3 epigenetic measures mediated the association between the DASH score and all-cause mortality, with mean proportions of 22.1% for DunedinPoAm (Pmediation = 0.04), 45.1% for GrimAA (Pmediation = 0.001), and 22.9% for PhenoAA (Pmediation = 0.03). An interaction was observed between the DASH score and smoking status in relation to the epigenetic aging markers. The association between the DASH score and epigenetic aging markers tended to be stronger in "ever-smokers" (former and current smokers) compared to "never-smokers." The proportions of mediation were 31.3% for DunedinPoAm, 46.8% for GrimAA, and 10.3% for PhenoAA in ever-smokers, whereas no significant mediation was observed in never-smokers. CONCLUSIONS Higher diet quality is associated with slower epigenetic age acceleration, which partially explains the beneficial effect of diet quality on the lifespan. Our findings emphasize that adopting a healthy diet is crucial for maintaining healthy aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youjin Kim
- Nutrition Epidemiology and Data Science, Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tianxiao Huan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Roby Joehanes
- Population Sciences Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD & Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - Nicola M McKeown
- Nutrition Epidemiology and Data Science, Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA,Nutritional Epidemiology Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Steve Horvath
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA,Department of Biostatistics, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Daniel Levy
- Population Sciences Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD & Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
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18
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Roberts SB, Silver RE, Das SK, Fielding RA, Gilhooly CH, Jacques PF, Kelly JM, Mason JB, McKeown NM, Reardon MA, Rowan S, Saltzman E, Shukitt-Hale B, Smith CE, Taylor AA, Wu D, Zhang FF, Panetta K, Booth S. Healthy Aging-Nutrition Matters: Start Early and Screen Often. Adv Nutr 2021; 12:1438-1448. [PMID: 33838032 PMCID: PMC8994693 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmab032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The amount of time spent in poor health at the end of life is increasing. This narrative review summarizes consistent evidence indicating that healthy dietary patterns and maintenance of a healthy weight in the years leading to old age are associated with broad prevention of all the archetypal diseases and impairments associated with aging including: noncommunicable diseases, sarcopenia, cognitive decline and dementia, osteoporosis, age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, hearing loss, obstructive sleep apnea, urinary incontinence, and constipation. In addition, randomized clinical trials show that disease-specific nutrition interventions can attenuate progression-and in some cases effectively treat-many established aging-associated conditions. However, middle-aged and older adults are vulnerable to unhealthy dietary patterns, and typically consume diets with inadequate servings of healthy food groups and essential nutrients, along with an abundance of energy-dense but nutrient-weak foods that contribute to obesity. However, based on menu examples, diets that are nutrient-dense, plant-based, and with a moderately low glycemic load are better equipped to meet the nutritional needs of many older adults than current recommendations in US Dietary Guidelines. These summary findings indicate that healthy nutrition is more important for healthy aging than generally recognized. Improved public health messaging about nutrition and aging, combined with routine screening and medical referrals for age-related conditions that can be treated with a nutrition prescription, should form core components of a national nutrition roadmap to reduce the epidemic of unhealthy aging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rachel E Silver
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sai Krupa Das
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Roger A Fielding
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cheryl H Gilhooly
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paul F Jacques
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jennifer M Kelly
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joel B Mason
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nicola M McKeown
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Meaghan A Reardon
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sheldon Rowan
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Edward Saltzman
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Barbara Shukitt-Hale
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Caren E Smith
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Allen A Taylor
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dayong Wu
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Fang Fang Zhang
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Karen Panetta
- School of Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Sarah Booth
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
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19
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Abstract
Evidence mapping is a useful methodology for characterizing existing research on a broad topic and identifying gaps in the scientific literature. Evidence mapping entails conducting a systematic literature search and extracting information on study details, often in the form of a database. Researchers at Tufts University and the North American branch of the International Life Sciences Institute created the Diet-Related Fibers & Human Health Outcomes Database, which is publicly available and updated annually. The database captures intervention studies examining dietary fiber and 10 predefined physiological health outcomes, including weight/adiposity, blood pressure, gut microbiota, and bone health. The database and subsequent potential for evidence mapping may be particularly useful in light of new food labeling requirements by the US Food and Drug Administration that require fibers to have accepted scientific evidence of a physiological health benefit in order to be labeled as "dietary fiber." Following the success of the fiber database, Tufts University and the General Mills Bell Institute of Health and Nutrition collaborated to develop a whole grain database and evidence map. This work successfully highlighted the need for better consistency in how whole grains are reported with respect to amount and type of whole grains and intervention compliance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola M McKeown
- Nutritional Epidemiology Program at the Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kara A Livingston
- Nutritional Epidemiology Program at the Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Caleigh M Sawicki
- Nutritional Epidemiology Program at the Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kevin B Miller
- Global Scientific and Regulatory Affairs, General Mills, Inc., Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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20
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McKeown NM, Livingston KA, Sawicki CM, Miller KB. 评估膳食纤维、全谷物和健康关系证据图. Nutr Rev 2020; 78:36-40. [PMID: 32728745 PMCID: PMC7390651 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuaa053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
证据图是一种非常实用的证据总结方法,通过证据图可以全面检 索所关注问题的相关研究,准确展示该领域科学文章存在的问题。利 用证据图,可实现文献的系统检索,提取研究关键信息,形成信息数 据库。塔夫茨大学和国际生命科学学会(ILSI)北美分会创建了膳食 纤维和人类健康证据数据库,并公开,每年都会定期更新。该数据库 汇编了膳食纤维干预研究,包括10 种预先设定的生理健康结局指标, 包括体重/肥胖、血压、肠道微生物群和骨骼健康。根据美国食品和药 品监督管理局(FDA)颁布的新版食品标签要求,只有在有足够证据 支持膳食纤维与某种生理健康益处相关时,才能在标签上标识“膳食 纤维”。因此,该数据库和证据图的应用潜力就显得特别重要。基于膳 食纤维数据库的成功案例,塔夫茨大学和通用磨坊贝尔健康与营养研 究所又合作开发了一个全谷物数据库和证据图。该项工作强调了所报
告的全谷物数据一致性的重要性,包括全谷物的消费量和类型以及干 预的依从性。
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21
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Liu J, Rehm CD, Shi P, McKeown NM, Mozaffarian D, Micha R. A comparison of different practical indices for assessing carbohydrate quality among carbohydrate-rich processed products in the US. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0231572. [PMID: 32437371 PMCID: PMC7241725 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Healthier carbohydrate (carb)-rich foods are essential for health, but practical, validated indices for their identification are not established. We compared four pragmatic metrics, based on, per 10g of carb:(a) ≥1g fiber (10:1 carb:fiber), (b) ≥1g fiber and <1g free sugars (10:1:1 carb:fiber:free sugars), (c) ≥1g fiber and <2g free sugars (10:1:2 carb:fiber:free sugars); and (d) ≥1g fiber and, per each 1 g of fiber, <2g free sugars (10:1 carb:fiber, 1:2 fiber:free sugars; or 10:1|1:2). Using 2013-2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey /Food and Nutrient Database for Dietary Studies, we assessed, overall and for 12 food categories, whether each metric discriminated carb-rich products higher or lower (per 100g) in calories, total fat, saturated fat, protein, sugar, fiber, sodium, potassium, magnesium, folate, and 8 vitamins/minerals. Among 2,208 carb-rich products, more met 10:1 (23.2%) and 10:1|1:2 (21.3%), followed by 10:1:2 (19.2%) and 10:1:1 (16.4%) ratios, with variation by product sub-categories. The 10:1 and 10:1|1:2 ratios similarly identified products with lower calories, fat, free sugars, and sodium; and higher protein, fiber, potassium, magnesium, iron, vitamin B6, vitamin E, zinc and iron. The 10:1:2 and 10:1:1 ratios identified products with even larger differences in calories and free sugars, but smaller differences in other nutrients above and lower folate, thiamine, riboflavin, and niacin; the latter findings were attenuated after excluding breakfast cereals (~9% of products). These novel findings inform dietary guidance for consumers, policy, and industry to identify and promote the development of the healthier carb-rich foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxiu Liu
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Colin D. Rehm
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Peilin Shi
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Nicola M. McKeown
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Dariush Mozaffarian
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Renata Micha
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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22
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Koecher KJ, McKeown NM, Sawicki CM, Menon RS, Slavin JL. Effect of whole-grain consumption on changes in fecal microbiota: a review of human intervention trials. Nutr Rev 2020; 77:487-497. [PMID: 31086952 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuz008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Whole-grain (WG) consumption is known to have beneficial effects on human health. However, the influence of WGs on the microbiota is not well understood. To evaluate how WG intake modulates the gut microbiota composition, a literature review of human intervention studies was conducted. Whole grain, whether a mixed WG food or diet (n = 5) or specific WG intervention (WG wheat [n = 5], barley [n = 2], rye [n = 2] or rice, corn, or oats [n = 1 for each]), generally modified microbiota composition but did so inconsistently across measurements of microbial diversity and taxa. Interventions used both parallel and crossover designs and varied from single product substitutions to fully controlled diets with WG exposures of 3-12 weeks. The effect of amount of WG was difficult to capture due to variable reporting of WG. Methods used to measure microbiota varied in ability to resolve changes at different taxonomic levels, and comparisons of interventions using similar methods was lacking. Because many dietary components besides WGs alter gut microbiota, further research is needed, particularly in linking microbiota changes to health outcomes, and study design recommendations for future research on WGs and microbiota are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicola M McKeown
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Caleigh M Sawicki
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ravi S Menon
- General Mills, Inc., Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Joanne L Slavin
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
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23
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Miki AJ, Livingston KA, Karlsen MC, Folta SC, McKeown NM. Using Evidence Mapping to Examine Motivations for Following Plant-Based Diets. Curr Dev Nutr 2020; 4:nzaa013. [PMID: 32110769 PMCID: PMC7042611 DOI: 10.1093/cdn/nzaa013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Motivations to adopt plant-based diets are of great public health interest. We used evidence mapping to identify methods that capture motivations to follow plant-based diets and summarize demographic trends in dietary motivations. We identified 56 publications that described 90 samples of plant-based diet followers and their dietary motivations. We categorized the samples by type of plant-based diet: vegan (19%), vegetarian (33%), semivegetarian (24%), and other, unspecified plant-based diet followers (23%). Of 90 studies examined, 31% administered multiple-choice questions to capture motivations, followed by rate items (23%), Food Choice Questionnaire (17%), free response (9%), and rank choices (10%). Commonly reported motivations were health, sensory/taste/disgust, animal welfare, environmental concern, and weight loss. The methodological variation highlights the importance of using a structured questionnaire to investigate dietary motivations in epidemiological studies. Motivations among plant-based diet followers appear distinct, but evidence on the association between age and motivations appears limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akari J Miki
- Nutritional Epidemiology, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kara A Livingston
- Nutritional Epidemiology, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Sara C Folta
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nicola M McKeown
- Nutritional Epidemiology, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
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24
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Haslam DE, Peloso GM, Herman MA, Dupuis J, Lichtenstein AH, Smith CE, McKeown NM. Beverage Consumption and Longitudinal Changes in Lipoprotein Concentrations and Incident Dyslipidemia in US Adults: The Framingham Heart Study. J Am Heart Assoc 2020; 9:e014083. [PMID: 32098600 PMCID: PMC7335580 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.119.014083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Background Limited data are available on the prospective relationship between beverage consumption and plasma lipid and lipoprotein concentrations. Two major sources of sugar in the US diet are sugar‐sweetened beverages (SSBs) and 100% fruit juices. Low‐calorie sweetened beverages are common replacements. Methods and Results Fasting plasma lipoprotein concentrations were measured in the FOS (Framingham Offspring Study) (1991–2014; N=3146) and Generation Three (2002–2001; N=3584) cohorts. Beverage intakes were estimated from food frequency questionnaires and grouped into 5 intake categories. Mixed‐effect linear regression models were used to examine 4‐year changes in lipoprotein measures, and Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate hazard ratios for incident dyslipidemia, adjusting for potential confounding factors. We found that regular (>1 serving per day) versus low (<1 serving per month) SSB consumption was associated with a greater mean decrease in high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (β±standard error −1.6±0.4 mg/dL; Ptrend<0.0001) and increase in triglyceride (β±standard error: 4.4±2.2 mg/dL; Ptrend=0.003) concentrations. Long‐term regular SSB consumers also had a higher incidence of high triglyceride (hazard ratio, 1.52; 95% CI, 1.03–2.25) compared with low consumers. Although recent regular low‐calorie sweetened beverage consumers had a higher incidence of high non–high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (hazard ratio, 1.40; 95% CI, 1.17–1.69) and low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (hazard ratio, 1.27; 95% CI, 1.05–1.53) concentrations compared with low consumers, cumulative average intakes of low‐calorie sweetened beverages were not associated with changes in non–high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations, or incident dyslipidemias. Conclusions SSB intake was associated with adverse changes in high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations, along with a higher risk of incident dyslipidemia, suggesting that increased SSB consumption may contribute to the development of dyslipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle E Haslam
- Nutritional Epidemiology Program Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging Tufts University Boston MA USA
| | - Gina M Peloso
- Department of Biostatistics Boston University School of Public Health Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Mark A Herman
- Division Of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nutrition Department of Medicine Duke University School of Medicine Durham NC USA
| | - Josée Dupuis
- Department of Biostatistics Boston University School of Public Health Boston Massachusetts USA.,National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study and Population Sciences Branch Framingham MA USA
| | - Alice H Lichtenstein
- Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging Tufts University Boston MA USA
| | - Caren E Smith
- Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging Tufts University Boston MA USA
| | - Nicola M McKeown
- Nutritional Epidemiology Program Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging Tufts University Boston MA USA
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25
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Shams-White MM, Chui K, Deuster PA, McKeown NM, Must A. Comparison of Anthropometric Measures in US Military Personnel in the Classification of Overweight and Obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2020; 28:362-370. [PMID: 31904192 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to determine (1) the level of agreement between BMI, circumference-based equation (CBE) measures, waist circumference (WC), and bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) measures and (2) whether BMI, CBE measures, or WC alone or in combination adequately reflects adiposity in military personnel compared with BIA. METHODS BMI from measured height and weight (using military overweight cutoffs in men [BMI ≥ 27.5 kg/m2 ] and World Health Organization overweight cutoffs [BMI ≥ 25.0 kg/m2 ]), BMI body fat percentage (BF%), WC, CBE BF%, and BIA BF% were collected. Respondents (N = 389, 78% men) were categorized with normal fat versus overweight, obesity, or overfat. Levels of agreement and standard screening performance measures were compared between anthropometric measures and BIA. RESULTS World Health Organization BMI and BIA BF% classified the most men and women with overweight/obesity; WC with BMI (BMI + WC) and WC alone classified the fewest men and women with overweight/obesity. Levels of agreement were all statistically significant and highest for BMI (men: Cohen's κ = 0.711; women: Cohen's κ = 0.814) and lowest for WC and BMI + WC (all Cohen's κ ≤ 0.270). BMI + CBE performed best overall (sensitivity = 50.9%, false discovery rate = 5.4%). CONCLUSIONS Our findings support BMI + CBE as an easy-to-implement combination to assess adiposity in the military.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa M Shams-White
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kenneth Chui
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Patricia A Deuster
- Department of Military and Emergency Medicine, Consortium for Health and Military Performance, Department of Defense Center of Excellence, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Nicola M McKeown
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Aviva Must
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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26
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Dashti HS, Merino J, Lane JM, Song Y, Smith CE, Tanaka T, McKeown NM, Tucker C, Sun D, Bartz TM, Li-Gao R, Nisa H, Reutrakul S, Lemaitre RN, Alshehri TM, de Mutsert R, Bazzano L, Qi L, Knutson KL, Psaty BM, Mook-Kanamori DO, Perica VB, Neuhouser ML, Scheer FAJL, Rutter MK, Garaulet M, Saxena R. Genome-wide association study of breakfast skipping links clock regulation with food timing. Am J Clin Nutr 2019; 110:473-484. [PMID: 31190057 PMCID: PMC6669061 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqz076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the contribution of genetic variation to food timing, and breakfast has been determined to exhibit the most heritable meal timing. As breakfast timing and skipping are not routinely measured in large cohort studies, alternative approaches include analyses of correlated traits. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to elucidate breakfast skipping genetic variants through a proxy-phenotype genome-wide association study (GWAS) for breakfast cereal skipping, a commonly assessed correlated trait. METHODS We leveraged the statistical power of the UK Biobank (n = 193,860) to identify genetic variants related to breakfast cereal skipping as a proxy-phenotype for breakfast skipping and applied several in silico approaches to investigate mechanistic functions and links to traits/diseases. Next, we attempted validation of our approach in smaller breakfast skipping GWAS from the TwinUK (n = 2,006) and the Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research in Genomic Epidemiology (CHARGE) consortium (n = 11,963). RESULTS In the UK Biobank, we identified 6 independent GWAS variants, including those implicated for caffeine (ARID3B/CYP1A1), carbohydrate metabolism (FGF21), schizophrenia (ZNF804A), and encoding enzymes important for N6-methyladenosine RNA transmethylation (METTL4, YWHAB, and YTHDF3), which regulates the pace of the circadian clock. Expression of identified genes was enriched in the cerebellum. Genome-wide correlation analyses indicated positive correlations with anthropometric traits. Through Mendelian randomization (MR), we observed causal links between genetically determined breakfast skipping and higher body mass index, more depressive symptoms, and smoking. In bidirectional MR, we demonstrated a causal link between being an evening person and skipping breakfast, but not vice versa. We observed association of our signals in an independent breakfast skipping GWAS in another British cohort (P = 0.032), TwinUK, but not in a meta-analysis of non-British cohorts from the CHARGE consortium (P = 0.095). CONCLUSIONS Our proxy-phenotype GWAS identified 6 genetic variants for breakfast skipping, linking clock regulation with food timing and suggesting a possible beneficial role of regular breakfast intake as part of a healthy lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan S Dashti
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA,Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine,Address correspondence to HSD (e-mail:
| | - Jordi Merino
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA,Diabetes Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Jacqueline M Lane
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA,Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine
| | - Yanwei Song
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | | | - Toshiko Tanaka
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD
| | - Nicola M McKeown
- Nutritional Epidemiology Program, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA
| | - Chandler Tucker
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Dianjianyi Sun
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA
| | - Traci M Bartz
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Biostatistics and Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Ruifang Li-Gao
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Hoirun Nisa
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA
| | - Sirimon Reutrakul
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Rozenn N Lemaitre
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Tahani M Alshehri
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Renée de Mutsert
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Lydia Bazzano
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA
| | - Lu Qi
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA,Department of Nutrition, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Kristen L Knutson
- Center for Circadian and Sleep Medicine, Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Bruce M Psaty
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Epidemiology, Medicine, and Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, WA,Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle, WA
| | - Dennis O Mook-Kanamori
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands,Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Vesna Boraska Perica
- Department for Medical Biology, University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia
| | - Marian L Neuhouser
- Cancer Prevention Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Frank A J L Scheer
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA,Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,Medical Chronobiology Program, Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Martin K Rutter
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Gastroenterology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom,Manchester Diabetes Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Marta Garaulet
- Department of Physiology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain,IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Richa Saxena
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA,Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine,E-mail: )
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27
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Hennein R, Liu C, McKeown NM, Hoffmann U, Long MT, Levy D, Ma J. Increased Diet Quality is Associated with Long-Term Reduction of Abdominal and Pericardial Fat. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2019; 27:670-677. [PMID: 30825267 PMCID: PMC6430652 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examined the longitudinal associations between genetic risk, change in diet quality, and change in visceral adipose tissue (ΔVAT), abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue (ΔSAT), and pericardial adipose tissue (ΔPAT). METHODS A total of 1,677 Framingham Heart Study participants who had ectopic fat depots measured using computed tomography were analyzed. Diet quality was quantified using a Mediterranean-style diet score (MDS) and genetic risk by depot-specific genetic risk scores (GRSs). RESULTS Per SD improvement in MDS, there was 50 cm3 (95% CI: 14-86; P = 0.007) less fat accumulation in VAT, 52 cm3 (95% CI: 12-92; P = 0.01) less fat accumulation in SAT, and 1.3 cm3 (95% CI: 0.1-2.4; P = 0.04) less fat accumulation in PAT. No association was observed between GRSs and ΔVAT or ΔSAT. Each 1-SD increase in the PAT GRS was associated with a 1.2-cm3 (95% CI: 0.1-2.3; P = 0.03) increase in ΔPAT. In participants with higher PAT GRS, those with ΔMDS ≥ 0 had a favorable change in PAT compared with the counterparts with ΔMDS < 0 (P = 0.008). CONCLUSIONS Longitudinal improvements in diet quality are associated with less ectopic fat accumulation. This study suggests that diet quality may play a critical role in improving ectopic adiposity profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Hennein
- Population Sciences Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD & Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA (R.H., C.L., D.L., J.M.)
| | - Chunyu Liu
- Population Sciences Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD & Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA (R.H., C.L., D.L., J.M.)
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA (C.L.)
| | - Nicola M. McKeown
- Nutritional Epidemiology Program, Jean Mayer US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA (N.M.M.)
| | - Udo Hoffmann
- Radiology Department, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA (U.H.)
| | - Michelle T. Long
- Section of Gastroenterology, Evans Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA (M.T.L.)
| | - Daniel Levy
- Population Sciences Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD & Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA (R.H., C.L., D.L., J.M.)
| | - Jiantao Ma
- Population Sciences Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD & Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA (R.H., C.L., D.L., J.M.)
- Nutrition Data Science, Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University
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28
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Karlsen MC, Rogers G, Miki A, Lichtenstein AH, Folta SC, Economos CD, Jacques PF, Livingston KA, McKeown NM. Theoretical Food and Nutrient Composition of Whole-Food Plant-Based and Vegan Diets Compared to Current Dietary Recommendations. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11030625. [PMID: 30875784 PMCID: PMC6471973 DOI: 10.3390/nu11030625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Public interest in popular diets is increasing, in particular whole-food plant-based (WFPB) and vegan diets. Whether these diets, as theoretically implemented, meet current food-based and nutrient-based recommendations has not been evaluated in detail. Self-identified WFPB and vegan diet followers in the Adhering to Dietary Approaches for Personal Taste (ADAPT) Feasibility Survey reported their most frequently used sources of information on nutrition and cooking. Thirty representative days of meal plans were created for each diet. Weighted mean food group and nutrient levels were calculated using the Nutrition Data System for Research (NDSR) and data were compared to DRIs and/or USDA Dietary Guidelines/MyPlate meal plan recommendations. The calculated HEI-2015 scores were 88 out of 100 for both WFPB and vegan meal plans. Because of similar nutrient composition, only WFPB results are presented. In comparison to MyPlate, WFPB meal plans provide more total vegetables (180%), green leafy vegetables (238%), legumes (460%), whole fruit (100%), whole grains (132%), and less refined grains (−74%). Fiber level exceeds the adequate intakes (AI) across all age groups. WFPB meal plans failed to meet the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA)s for vitamin B12 and D without supplementation, as well as the RDA for calcium for women aged 51–70. Individuals who adhere to WFBP meal plans would have higher overall dietary quality as defined by the HEI-2015 score as compared to typical US intakes with the exceptions of calcium for older women and vitamins B12 and D without supplementation. Future research should compare actual self-reported dietary intakes to theoretical targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micaela C Karlsen
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University,150 Harrison Ave, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
| | - Gail Rogers
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University,150 Harrison Ave, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
| | - Akari Miki
- Nutritional Epidemiology Program at Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
| | - Alice H Lichtenstein
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University,150 Harrison Ave, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, 145 Harrison Ave, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
| | - Sara C Folta
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University,150 Harrison Ave, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
| | - Christina D Economos
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University,150 Harrison Ave, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, 145 Harrison Ave, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
| | - Paul F Jacques
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University,150 Harrison Ave, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
- Nutritional Epidemiology Program at Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
| | - Kara A Livingston
- Nutritional Epidemiology Program at Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
| | - Nicola M McKeown
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University,150 Harrison Ave, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
- Nutritional Epidemiology Program at Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
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Shams-White MM, Chui K, Deuster PA, McKeown NM, Must A. Investigating Items to Improve the Validity of the Five-Item Healthy Eating Score Compared with the 2015 Healthy Eating Index in a Military Population. Nutrients 2019; 11:E251. [PMID: 30678099 PMCID: PMC6412234 DOI: 10.3390/nu11020251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Military researchers utilize a five-item healthy eating score (HES-5) in the Global Assessment Tool (GAT) questionnaire to quickly assess the overall diet quality of military personnel. This study aimed to modify the HES-5 to improve its validity relative to the 2015 Healthy Eating Index (HEI-2015) in active duty military personnel (n = 333). A food frequency questionnaire was used to calculate HEI-2015 scores and to assess sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) intake in 8-oz (SSB-8) and 12-oz servings. GAT nutrition questions were used to calculate HES-5 scores and capture breakfast and post-exercise recovery fueling snack (RFsnack) frequencies. Two scoring options were considered for the highest RFsnack category: "4" vs. "5" (RFsnack-5). Potential candidates were added alone and in combination to the HES-5 and compared to the HEI-2015 with a Pearson correlation coefficient. Scores with the highest correlations were compared via a z-score equation to identify the simplest modification to the HES-5. Correlations between HES-5 and HEI-2015 scores in total participants, males, and females were 0.41, 0.45 and 0.32, respectively. Correlations were most significantly improved in total participants by adding RFsnack-5, SSB-8, RFsnack-5 + SSB-8, and RFsnack-5 + SSB-8 + breakfast, though the addition of SSB-8 + RFsnack-5 performed best (r = 0.53). Future work should consider scoring mechanisms, serving sizes, and question wording.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa M Shams-White
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, 150 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
- Cancer Prevention Fellowship Program, Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health 9609 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Kenneth Chui
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Tufts University, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
| | - Patricia A Deuster
- Consortium for Health and Military Performance, A DoD Center of Excellence, Department of Military and Emergency Medicine, Uniformed Services University, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.
| | - Nicola M McKeown
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, 150 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, 711 Washington Street, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
| | - Aviva Must
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, 150 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Tufts University, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
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30
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Sawicki CM, Livingston KA, Ross AB, Jacques PF, Koecher K, McKeown NM. Evaluating Whole Grain Intervention Study Designs and Reporting Practices Using Evidence Mapping Methodology. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10081052. [PMID: 30096913 PMCID: PMC6115963 DOI: 10.3390/nu10081052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Consumption of whole grains have been associated with reduced risk of chronic diseases in many observational studies; yet, results of intervention studies are mixed. We aimed to use evidence mapping to capture the methodological and reporting variability in whole grain intervention studies that may contribute to this inconsistency. We conducted a reproducible search in OVID Medline for whole grain human intervention studies (published 1946 to February 2018). After screening based on a priori criteria, we identified 202 publications describing a total of 213 unique trials. Over half (55%) were acute trials, lasting ≤1 day, 30% were moderate duration studies (up to 6 weeks) and 15% were of longer duration (more than 6 weeks). The majority of acute trials (75%) examined measures of glycaemia and/or insulinemia, while most of the longer trials included measures of cardiometabolic health (71%), appetite/satiety (57%) and weight/adiposity (56%). Among the moderate and long duration trials, there was a wide range of how whole grains were described but only 10 publications referenced an established definition. Only 55% of trials reported the actual amount of whole grains (in grams or servings), while 36% reported the amount of food/product and 9% did not report a dose at all. Of the interventions that provided a mixture of whole grains, less than half (46%) reported the distribution of the different grain types. Reporting of subject compliance also varied and only 22% used independent biomarkers of whole grain intake. This evidence map highlights the need to standardize both study protocols and reporting practices to support effective synthesis of study results and provide a stronger foundation to better inform nutrition scientists and public health policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleigh M Sawicki
- Nutritional Epidemiology, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
- Gerald J. and Dorothy R. Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
| | - Kara A Livingston
- Nutritional Epidemiology, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
| | - Alastair B Ross
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Paul F Jacques
- Nutritional Epidemiology, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
- Gerald J. and Dorothy R. Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
| | - Katie Koecher
- Bell Institute of Health, Nutrition and Food Safety, General Mills, Inc., Minneapolis, MN 55427, USA.
| | - Nicola M McKeown
- Nutritional Epidemiology, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
- Gerald J. and Dorothy R. Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
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Makarem N, Bandera EV, Lin Y, McKeown NM, Hayes RB, Parekh N. Associations of Whole and Refined Grain Intakes with Adiposity-Related Cancer Risk in the Framingham Offspring Cohort (1991-2013). Nutr Cancer 2018; 70:776-786. [PMID: 29781707 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2018.1470647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Case-control studies suggest that higher whole grain and lower refined grain intakes are associated with reduced cancer risk, but longitudinal evidence is limited. The objective of this prospective cohort study is to evaluate associations between whole and refined grains and their food sources in relation to adiposity-related cancer risk. Participants were adults from the Framingham Offspring cohort (N = 3,184; ≥18 yr). Diet, measured using a food frequency questionnaire, medical and lifestyle data were collected at exam 5 (1991-95). Between 1991 and 2013, 565 adiposity-related cancers were ascertained using pathology reports. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate adjusted hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals for associations of whole and refined grains with risk of adiposity-related cancers combined and with risk of breast and prostate cancers in exploratory site-specific analyses. Null associations between whole and refined grains and combined incidence of adiposity-related cancers were observed in multivariable-adjusted models (HR: 0.94; 95% CI: 0.71-1.23 and HR: 0.98; 95% CI: 0.70-1.38, respectively). In exploratory analyses, higher intakes of whole grains (oz eq/day) and whole grain food sources (servings/day) were associated with 39% and 47% lower breast cancer risk (HR: 0.61; 95% CI: 0.38-0.98 and HR: 0.53; 95% CI: 0.33-0.86, respectively). In conclusion, whole and refined grains were not associated with adiposity-related cancer risk. Whole grains may protect against breast cancer, but findings require confirmation within a larger sample and in other ethnic groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nour Makarem
- a Department of Medicine , Columbia University Medical Center , New York , NY , USA
| | - Elisa V Bandera
- b Department of Epidemiology, Rutgers School of Public Health , Rutgers the State University of New Jersey , Piscataway , New Jersey , USA
| | - Yong Lin
- c Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey , New Brunswick , New Jersey , USA
| | - Nicola M McKeown
- d Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University , Boston , Massachusetts , USA
| | - Richard B Hayes
- f Department of Population Health , NYU Langone School of Medicine , New York , NY , USA
| | - Niyati Parekh
- e Department of Public Health Nutrition , College of Global Public Health, New York University , New York , NY , USA.,f Department of Population Health , NYU Langone School of Medicine , New York , NY , USA
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Karlsen MC, Lichtenstein AH, Economos CD, Folta SC, Rogers G, Jacques PF, Livingston KA, Rancaño KM, McKeown NM. Web-Based Recruitment and Survey Methodology to Maximize Response Rates from Followers of Popular Diets: the Adhering to Dietary Approaches for Personal Taste (ADAPT) Feasibility Survey. Curr Dev Nutr 2018; 2:nzy012. [PMID: 29955724 PMCID: PMC5998370 DOI: 10.1093/cdn/nzy012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although there is interest in popular diets such as vegan and vegetarian, Paleo, and other "whole food" diets, existing cohort studies lack data for these subgroups. The use of electronic data capture and Web-based surveys in nutrition research may be valuable for future studies by allowing targeting of specific dietary subgroups. OBJECTIVE The aim was to perform a Feasibility Survey (FS) to assess the practicality of Web-based research methods to gather data and to maximize response rates among followers of popular diets. METHODS The FS was an open, voluntary, 15-min survey conducted over 8 wk in the summer of 2015. Recruitment targeted self-identified followers of popular diets from a convenience sample, offering no incentives, via social media and e-newsletters shared by recruitment partners. Feasibility was assessed by number of responses, survey completion rate, distribution of diets, geographic location, and willingness to participate in future research. RESULTS A total of 14,003 surveys were initiated; 13,787 individuals consented, and 9726 completed the survey (71% of consented). The numbers of unique visitors to the questionnaire site, view rate, and participation rate were not captured. Among respondents with complete demographic data, 83% were female and 93% were white. Diet designations were collapsed into the following groups: whole-food, plant-based (25%); vegan and raw vegan (19%); Paleo (14%); try to eat healthy (11%); vegetarian and pescatarian (9%); whole food (8%); Weston A Price (5%); and low-carbohydrate (low-carb) (4%). Forced-response, multiple-choice questions produced the highest response rates (0-2% selected "prefer not to answer"). The percentage who were willing to complete future online questionnaires was 86%, diet recall was 93%, and food diary was 75%; the percentages willing to provide a finger-stick blood sample, venipuncture blood sample, urine sample, and stool sample were 60%, 44%, 58%, and 42%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS This survey suggests that recruiting followers of popular diets is feasible with the use of Web-based methods. The unbalanced sample with respect to sex and race/ethnicity could be corrected with specific recruitment strategies using targeted online marketing techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micaela C Karlsen
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA
| | - Alice H Lichtenstein
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA
| | | | - Sara C Folta
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA
| | - Gail Rogers
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA
| | - Paul F Jacques
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA
| | | | - Katherine M Rancaño
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA
| | - Nicola M McKeown
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA
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Abstract
Increased sugar consumption is increasingly considered to be a contributor to the worldwide epidemics of obesity and diabetes and their associated cardiometabolic risks. As a result of its unique metabolic properties, the fructose component of sugar may be particularly harmful. Diets high in fructose can rapidly produce all of the key features of the metabolic syndrome. Here we review the biology of fructose metabolism as well as potential mechanisms by which excessive fructose consumption may contribute to cardiometabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Hannou
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism and Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Danielle E Haslam
- Nutritional Epidemiology Program, Jean Mayer US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nicola M McKeown
- Nutritional Epidemiology Program, Jean Mayer US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mark A Herman
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism and Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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McKeown NM, Dashti HS, Ma J, Haslam DE, Kiefte-de Jong JC, Smith CE, Tanaka T, Graff M, Lemaitre RN, Rybin D, Sonestedt E, Frazier-Wood AC, Mook-Kanamori DO, Li Y, Wang CA, Leermakers ETM, Mikkilä V, Young KL, Mukamal KJ, Cupples LA, Schulz CA, Chen TA, Li-Gao R, Huang T, Oddy WH, Raitakari O, Rice K, Meigs JB, Ericson U, Steffen LM, Rosendaal FR, Hofman A, Kähönen M, Psaty BM, Brunkwall L, Uitterlinden AG, Viikari J, Siscovick DS, Seppälä I, North KE, Mozaffarian D, Dupuis J, Orho-Melander M, Rich SS, de Mutsert R, Qi L, Pennell CE, Franco OH, Lehtimäki T, Herman MA. Sugar-sweetened beverage intake associations with fasting glucose and insulin concentrations are not modified by selected genetic variants in a ChREBP-FGF21 pathway: a meta-analysis. Diabetologia 2018; 61:317-330. [PMID: 29098321 PMCID: PMC5826559 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-017-4475-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) are a major dietary contributor to fructose intake. A molecular pathway involving the carbohydrate responsive element-binding protein (ChREBP) and the metabolic hormone fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) may influence sugar metabolism and, thereby, contribute to fructose-induced metabolic disease. We hypothesise that common variants in 11 genes involved in fructose metabolism and the ChREBP-FGF21 pathway may interact with SSB intake to exacerbate positive associations between higher SSB intake and glycaemic traits. METHODS Data from 11 cohorts (six discovery and five replication) in the CHARGE (Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research in Genomic Epidemiology) Consortium provided association and interaction results from 34,748 adults of European descent. SSB intake (soft drinks, fruit punches, lemonades or other fruit drinks) was derived from food-frequency questionnaires and food diaries. In fixed-effects meta-analyses, we quantified: (1) the associations between SSBs and glycaemic traits (fasting glucose and fasting insulin); and (2) the interactions between SSBs and 18 independent SNPs related to the ChREBP-FGF21 pathway. RESULTS In our combined meta-analyses of discovery and replication cohorts, after adjustment for age, sex, energy intake, BMI and other dietary covariates, each additional serving of SSB intake was associated with higher fasting glucose (β ± SE 0.014 ± 0.004 [mmol/l], p = 1.5 × 10-3) and higher fasting insulin (0.030 ± 0.005 [log e pmol/l], p = 2.0 × 10-10). No significant interactions on glycaemic traits were observed between SSB intake and selected SNPs. While a suggestive interaction was observed in the discovery cohorts with a SNP (rs1542423) in the β-Klotho (KLB) locus on fasting insulin (0.030 ± 0.011 log e pmol/l, uncorrected p = 0.006), results in the replication cohorts and combined meta-analyses were non-significant. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION In this large meta-analysis, we observed that SSB intake was associated with higher fasting glucose and insulin. Although a suggestive interaction with a genetic variant in the ChREBP-FGF21 pathway was observed in the discovery cohorts, this observation was not confirmed in the replication analysis. TRIAL REGISTRATION Trials related to this study were registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00005131 (Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities), NCT00005133 (Cardiovascular Health Study), NCT00005121 (Framingham Offspring Study), NCT00005487 (Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis) and NCT00005152 (Nurses' Health Study).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola M McKeown
- Nutritional Epidemiology Program, Jean Mayer US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, 711 Washington Street, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.
| | - Hassan S Dashti
- Nutrition & Genomics Laboratory, Jean Mayer US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA.
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Jiantao Ma
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study and Population Sciences Branch, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - Danielle E Haslam
- Nutritional Epidemiology Program, Jean Mayer US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, 711 Washington Street, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Jessica C Kiefte-de Jong
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Global Public Health, Leiden University College, The Hague, the Netherlands
| | - Caren E Smith
- Nutrition & Genomics Laboratory, Jean Mayer US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Toshiko Tanaka
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mariaelisa Graff
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Denis Rybin
- Boston University Data Coordinating Center, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Emily Sonestedt
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Alexis C Frazier-Wood
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Dennis O Mook-Kanamori
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Yanping Li
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Carol A Wang
- School of Women's and Infants' Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | | | - Vera Mikkilä
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kristin L Young
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kenneth J Mukamal
- Division of General Medicine and Primary Care, Harvard Medical School and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - L Adrienne Cupples
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study and Population Sciences Branch, Framingham, MA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Tzu-An Chen
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ruifang Li-Gao
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Tao Huang
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wendy H Oddy
- Telethon Kids Institute, Subiaco, WA, Australia
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Olli Raitakari
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Kenneth Rice
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - James B Meigs
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ulrika Ericson
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Lyn M Steffen
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Frits R Rosendaal
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mika Kähönen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital, and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center - Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Bruce M Psaty
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Group Health Research Institute, Group Health Cooperative, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Louise Brunkwall
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Andre G Uitterlinden
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jorma Viikari
- Department of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Ilkka Seppälä
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center - Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Kari E North
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Dariush Mozaffarian
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Josée Dupuis
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study and Population Sciences Branch, Framingham, MA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Stephen S Rich
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Renée de Mutsert
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Lu Qi
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Craig E Pennell
- School of Women's and Infants' Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Oscar H Franco
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mark A Herman
- Division Of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
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Hruby A, Guasch-Ferré M, Bhupathiraju SN, Manson JE, Willett WC, McKeown NM, Hu FB. Magnesium Intake, Quality of Carbohydrates, and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: Results From Three U.S. Cohorts. Diabetes Care 2017; 40:1695-1702. [PMID: 28978672 PMCID: PMC5711333 DOI: 10.2337/dc17-1143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Magnesium intake is inversely associated with risk of type 2 diabetes in many observational studies, but few have assessed this association in the context of the carbohydrate quality of the diet. We hypothesized that higher magnesium intake is associated with lower risk of type 2 diabetes, especially in the context of a poor carbohydrate-quality diet characterized by low cereal fiber or high glycemic index (GI) or glycemic load (GL). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS In the Nurses' Health Study (NHS; 1984-2012, n = 69,176), NHS2 (1991-2013, n = 91,471), and the Health Professionals' Follow-Up Study (1986-2012, n = 42,096), dietary intake was assessed from food frequency questionnaires every 4 years. Type 2 diabetes was ascertained by biennial and supplementary questionnaires. We calculated multivariate hazard ratios (HRs) of magnesium intake and incident diabetes, adjusted for age, BMI, family history of diabetes, physical activity, smoking, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, GL, energy intake, alcohol, cereal fiber, polyunsaturated fats, trans fatty acids, and processed meat, and we considered the joint associations of magnesium and carbohydrate quality on diabetes risk. RESULTS We documented 17,130 incident cases of type 2 diabetes over 28 years of follow-up. In pooled analyses across the three cohorts, those with the highest magnesium intake had 15% lower risk of type 2 diabetes compared with those with the lowest intake (pooled multivariate HR in quintile 5 vs. 1: 0.85 [95% CI 0.80-0.91], P < 0.0001). Higher magnesium intake was more strongly associated with lower risk of type 2 diabetes among participants with high GI or low cereal fiber than among those with low GI or high cereal fiber (both P interaction <0.001). CONCLUSIONS Higher magnesium intake is associated with lower risk of type 2 diabetes, especially in the context of lower carbohydrate-quality diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adela Hruby
- Nutritional Epidemiology Program, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA .,Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Marta Guasch-Ferré
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Shilpa N Bhupathiraju
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA.,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - JoAnn E Manson
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Walter C Willett
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA.,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Nicola M McKeown
- Nutritional Epidemiology Program, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA
| | - Frank B Hu
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA.,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnson W McRorie
- Clinical Scientist, Global Clinical Sciences, Procter & Gamble, Mason, OH
| | - Nicola M McKeown
- Scientist, Jean Mayer U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA
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Das SK, Vail TA, Lebrón-Torres N, Livingston KA, Roberts SB, Rogers GT, Gilhooly CH, Urban LE, Saltzman E, McKeown NM, Folta SC. Association of nutrition club membership with markers of health: a cross sectional study. BMC Public Health 2017; 17:310. [PMID: 28399838 PMCID: PMC5387219 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-017-4219-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nutrition clubs (NC) operate in community settings and provide members with nutrition education and meal replacements for weight management. NC are owned and operated by distributors of Herbalife products. There are over 6200 NC in the US, but there has been no independent assessment of the association of these NC with biomarkers of health. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional pilot study to compare the health status of 100 NC members to 100 community-matched controls (CC) in the greater Boston area. Each CC was matched to a NC member for community of residence (zip code), age category, gender, BMI category, race/ethnicity, education level (category), and readiness to make health changes. Measures obtained included cardio-metabolic risk factors, body composition, markers of nutritional status, reported health status, dietary intake, physical activity, sleep and depression. Results Participants were predominantly female (64%) and Hispanic (73%). NC members had significantly lower fasting insulin (P < 0.001) and lower HbA1c (P = 0.008), higher levels of 25 hydroxy-vitamin D (P = 0.001), and vitamin E:cholesterol ratio (P < 0.001), and lower prevalence of metabolic syndrome (P = 0.02) compared to CC. In addition, most of the NC members (99%) were satisfied with Herbalife NC membership for themselves and their families. A higher percentage of NC members (86%) compared to CC (32%) reported being in much better or somewhat better health compared to a year ago (P < 0.001); and they reported significantly better physical health (P = 0.03), and fewer sleep problems (P = 0.03). Conclusion Herbalife NC membership was positively associated with perceived health and measured cardiometabolic benefits. However, causality cannot be inferred from these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Krupa Das
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, 711 Washington Street, Boston, MA, 02111, USA. .,Gerald J., Dorothy R., Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Taylor A Vail
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, 711 Washington Street, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.,Gerald J., Dorothy R., Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Namibia Lebrón-Torres
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, 711 Washington Street, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.,Gerald J., Dorothy R., Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kara A Livingston
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, 711 Washington Street, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Susan B Roberts
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, 711 Washington Street, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.,Gerald J., Dorothy R., Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gail T Rogers
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, 711 Washington Street, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Cheryl H Gilhooly
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, 711 Washington Street, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.,Gerald J., Dorothy R., Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lorien E Urban
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, 711 Washington Street, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Edward Saltzman
- Gerald J., Dorothy R., Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nicola M McKeown
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, 711 Washington Street, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.,Gerald J., Dorothy R., Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sara C Folta
- Gerald J., Dorothy R., Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
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38
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Bartone DC, McKeown NM, Morrish KR, Smith CE, Lai C, Parnell LD, Ordovas JM. Sugar‐Sweetened Beverage Intake as a Modulator of Genetic Associations for Chronic Inflammation Relevant to Cardiovascular Disease. FASEB J 2017. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.31.1_supplement.644.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dianna C Bartone
- Tufts University Friedman School of Nutrition Science and PolicyBostonMA
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on AgingBostonMA
| | - Nicola M McKeown
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on AgingBostonMA
| | - Kurtis R Morrish
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on AgingBostonMA
| | - Caren E Smith
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on AgingBostonMA
| | - Chao‐Qiang Lai
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research ServiceJean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on AgingTufts UniversityBostonMA
| | - Laurence D Parnell
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research ServiceJean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on AgingTufts UniversityBostonMA
| | - Jose M Ordovas
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on AgingBostonMA
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39
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Karlsen MC, Lichtenstein AH, Economos CD, Folta SC, Rogers G, Jacques PF, Livingston KA, McKeown NM. Comparison of Self‐Reported Weight Status Among Followers of Popular Diets: Data from the ADAPT (Adhering to Dietary Approaches for Personal Taste) Feasibility Survey. FASEB J 2017. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.31.1_supplement.788.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sara C Folta
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science & Policy, Tufts UniversityBostonMA
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40
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Karlsen MC, Lichtenstein AH, Economos CD, Folta SC, Rogers G, Jacques PF, Livingston KA, Rancaño KM, McKeown NM. Web‐Based Recruitment and Survey Methodology to Capture Followers of Popular Diets: The Adhering to Dietary Approaches for Personal Taste (ADAPT) Feasibility Survey. FASEB J 2017. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.31.1_supplement.788.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sara C Folta
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science & Policy, Tufts UniversityBostonMA
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Haslam DE, McKeown NM, Herman MA, Lichtenstein AH, Dashti HS. Interactions between Genetics and Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Consumption on Health Outcomes: A Review of Gene-Diet Interaction Studies. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:368. [PMID: 29375475 PMCID: PMC5767076 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB), which includes soft drinks, fruit drinks, and other energy drinks, is associated with excess energy intake and increased risk for chronic metabolic disease among children and adults. Thus, reducing SSB consumption is an important strategy to prevent the onset of chronic diseases, and achieve and maintain a healthy body weight. The mechanisms by which excessive SSB consumption may contribute to complex chronic diseases may partially depend on an individual's genetic predisposition. Gene-SSB interaction investigations, either limited to single genetic loci or including multiple genetic variants, aim to use genomic information to define mechanistic pathways linking added sugar consumption from SSBs to those complex diseases. The purpose of this review is to summarize the available gene-SSB interaction studies investigating the relationships between genetics, SSB consumption, and various health outcomes. Current evidence suggests there are genetic predispositions for an association between SSB intake and adiposity; evidence for a genetic predisposition between SSB and type 2 diabetes or cardiovascular disease is limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle E. Haslam
- Nutritional Epidemiology Program, Jean Mayer U.S. Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Nicola M. McKeown
- Nutritional Epidemiology Program, Jean Mayer U.S. Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Mark A. Herman
- Division Of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Alice H. Lichtenstein
- Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory, Jean Mayer U.S. Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Hassan S. Dashti
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, United States
- *Correspondence: Hassan S. Dashti,
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McRorie JW, McKeown NM. Understanding the Physics of Functional Fibers in the Gastrointestinal Tract: An Evidence-Based Approach to Resolving Enduring Misconceptions about Insoluble and Soluble Fiber. J Acad Nutr Diet 2016; 117:251-264. [PMID: 27863994 DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2016.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Enduring misconceptions about the physical effects of fiber in the gut have led to misunderstandings about the health benefits attributable to insoluble and soluble fiber. This review will focus on isolated functional fibers (eg, fiber supplements) whose effects on clinical outcomes have been readily assessed in well-controlled clinical studies. This review will also focus on three health benefits (cholesterol lowering, improved glycemic control, and normalizing stool form [constipation and diarrhea]) for which reproducible evidence of clinical efficacy has been published. In the small bowel, clinically meaningful health benefits (eg, cholesterol lowering and improved glycemic control) are highly correlated with the viscosity of soluble fibers: high viscosity fibers (eg, gel-forming fibers such as b-glucan, psyllium, and raw guar gum) exhibit a significant effect on cholesterol lowering and improved glycemic control, whereas nonviscous soluble fibers (eg, inulin, fructooligosaccharides, and wheat dextrin) and insoluble fibers (eg, wheat bran) do not provide these viscosity-dependent health benefits. In the large bowel, there are only two mechanisms that drive a laxative effect: large/coarse insoluble fiber particles (eg, wheat bran) mechanically irritate the gut mucosa stimulating water and mucous secretion, and the high water-holding capacity of gel-forming soluble fiber (eg, psyllium) resists dehydration. Both mechanisms require that the fiber resist fermentation and remain relatively intact throughout the large bowel (ie, the fiber must be present in stool), and both mechanisms lead to increased stool water content, resulting in bulky/soft/easy-to-pass stools. Soluble fermentable fibers (eg, inulin, fructooligosaccharide, and wheat dextrin) do not provide a laxative effect, and some fibers can be constipating (eg, wheat dextrin and fine/smooth insoluble wheat bran particles). When making recommendations for a fiber supplement, it is essential to recognize which fibers possess the physical characteristics required to provide a beneficial health effect, and which fiber supplements are supported by reproducible, rigorous evidence of one or more clinically meaningful health benefits.
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Ma J, Jacques PF, Meigs JB, Fox CS, Rogers GT, Smith CE, Hruby A, Saltzman E, McKeown NM. Sugar-Sweetened Beverage but Not Diet Soda Consumption Is Positively Associated with Progression of Insulin Resistance and Prediabetes. J Nutr 2016; 146:2544-2550. [PMID: 27934644 DOI: 10.3945/jn.116.234047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have shown an inconsistent relation between habitual beverage consumption and insulin resistance and prediabetes. OBJECTIVE The objective of the present study was to test the hypothesis that the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs), rather than diet soda, is associated with long-term progression of insulin resistance and the development of prediabetes. METHODS We analyzed the prospective association between cumulative mean consumption of SSBs or diet soda and incident prediabetes (n = 1685) identified across a median of 14 y of follow-up in participants [mean ± SD age: 51.9 ± 9.2 y; 59.6% women; mean ± SD body mass index (BMI; kg/m2): 26.3 ± 4.4] of the Framingham Offspring cohort. The prospective association between beverage consumption and change in homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR; n = 2076) over ∼7 y was also analyzed. The cumulative mean consumption of SSBs and diet soda was estimated by using food-frequency questionnaires. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models and linear regression models were implemented to estimate the HRs of incident prediabetes and change in HOMA-IR, respectively. RESULTS After adjustment for multiple potential confounders, including baseline BMI, we observed that SSB intake was positively associated with incident prediabetes (P-trend < 0.001); the highest SSB consumers (>3 servings/wk; median: 6 servings/wk) had a 46% higher risk of developing prediabetes than did the SSB nonconsumers (HR: 1.46; 95% CI: 1.16, 1.83). Higher SSB intake was also associated with a greater increase in HOMA-IR (P-trend = 0.006). No prospective associations were observed between diet soda intake and risk of prediabetes (P-trend = 0.24) or changes in HOMA-IR (P-trend = 0.25). These associations were similar after additional adjustment for change in BMI. CONCLUSION Regular SSB intake, but not diet soda intake, is associated with a greater increase in insulin resistance and a higher risk of developing prediabetes in a group of middle-aged adults.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - James B Meigs
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; and
| | - Caroline S Fox
- Framingham Heart Study, Population Science Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Framingham, MA
| | | | | | | | - Edward Saltzman
- Energy Metabolism Laboratory, USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA
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Ma J, Jacques PF, Hwang SJ, Troy LM, McKeown NM, Chu AY, Fox CS. Dietary Guideline Adherence Index and Kidney Measures in the Framingham Heart Study. Am J Kidney Dis 2016; 68:703-715. [PMID: 27261331 DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2016.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND No observational studies have directly considered dietary guidelines when examining the prospective association between dietary intake and kidney measures. STUDY DESIGN Prospective cohort study. SETTING & PARTICIPANTS We examined participants who attended examinations 7 (1998-2001) and 8 (2005-2008) in the Framingham Offspring Cohort. PREDICTORS Individual components of Dietary Guidelines for Americans Adherence Index (DGAI) that reflect adherence to key dietary recommendations based on the 2005 guideline. OUTCOMES & MEASURES The primary outcome was incident low estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) at follow-up after exclusion of prevalent low eGFR at baseline. Low eGFR was defined as serum creatinine-based eGFR<60mL/min/1.73m2. RESULTS Among 1,822 participants (mean age, 59.4 years; 54.6% women), 181 incident cases of low eGFR were identified. After adjustment for potential confounders, compared to optimal adherence to meat and legume recommendations, low adherence was associated with higher odds of incident low eGFR (P for trend = 0.01); ORs in the lowest and intermediate adherence categories were 2.98 (95% CI, 1.13-7.92) and 1.65 (95% CI, 1.02-2.66), respectively. Low adherence to dairy product recommendations was also associated with higher odds of incident low eGFR compared to optimal adherence (P for trend = 0.03); ORs in the lowest and intermediate adherence categories were 1.98 (95% CI, 1.03-3.82) and 1.59 (95% CI, 0.81-3.11), respectively. In addition, low adherence to meat and legume recommendations was associated with rapid eGFR decline (P for trend = 0.01), and low adherence to dairy product recommendations was associated with rapid eGFR decline (P for trend = 0.01) and incident albuminuria (P for trend = 0.03). LIMITATIONS The DGAI was developed based on the 2005 Dietary Guidelines for Americans. CONCLUSIONS Better adherence to dietary recommendations for both meat and legumes and dairy products was associated with lower risk for developing adverse kidney measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiantao Ma
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study and Population Sciences Branch, Framingham, MA
| | - Paul F Jacques
- Nutritional Epidemiology Program, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA
| | - Shih-Jen Hwang
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study and Population Sciences Branch, Framingham, MA
| | - Lisa M Troy
- Department of Nutrition, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA
| | - Nicola M McKeown
- Nutritional Epidemiology Program, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA
| | - Audrey Y Chu
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study and Population Sciences Branch, Framingham, MA
| | - Caroline S Fox
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study and Population Sciences Branch, Framingham, MA.
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Makarem N, Nicholson JM, Bandera EV, McKeown NM, Parekh N. Consumption of whole grains and cereal fiber in relation to cancer risk: a systematic review of longitudinal studies. Nutr Rev 2016; 74:353-73. [PMID: 27257283 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuw003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Evidence from previous reviews is supportive of the hypothesis that whole grains may protect against various cancers. However, the reviews did not report risk estimates for both whole grains and cereal fiber and only case-control studies were evaluated. It is unclear whether longitudinal studies support this conclusion. OBJECTIVE To evaluate associations between whole grains and cereal fiber in relation to risk of lifestyle-related cancers data from longitudinal studies was evaluated. DATA SOURCES The following 3 databases were systematically searched: PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane CENTRAL. STUDY SELECTION A total of 43 longitudinal studies conducted in Europe and North America that reported multivariable-adjusted risk estimates for whole grains (n = 14), cereal fiber (n = 23), or both (n = 6) in relation to lifestyle-related cancers were included. DATA EXTRACTION Information on study location, cohort name, follow-up duration, sample characteristics, dietary assessment method, risk estimates, and confounders was extracted. DATA SYNTHESIS Of 20 studies examining whole grains and cancer, 6 studies reported a statistically significant 6%-47% reduction in risk, but 14 studies showed no association. Of 29 studies examining cereal fiber intake in relation to cancer, 8 showed a statistically significant 6%-49% reduction in risk, whereas 21 studies reported no association. CONCLUSIONS This systematic review concludes that most studies were suggestive of a null association. Whole grains and cereal fiber may protect against gastrointestinal cancers, but these findings require confirmation in additional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nour Makarem
- N. Makarem is with the Department of Nutrition, Food Studies and Public Health, New York University, New York, New York, USA. J.M. Nicholson is with the Department of Medical Library, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA. E.V. Bandera is with the Rutgers School of Public Health, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, and the Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA. N.M. McKeown is with the Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging and Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. N. Parekh is with the College of Global Public Health, Department of Nutrition, Food Studies and Public Health, and Department of Population Health, New York University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Joseph M Nicholson
- N. Makarem is with the Department of Nutrition, Food Studies and Public Health, New York University, New York, New York, USA. J.M. Nicholson is with the Department of Medical Library, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA. E.V. Bandera is with the Rutgers School of Public Health, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, and the Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA. N.M. McKeown is with the Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging and Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. N. Parekh is with the College of Global Public Health, Department of Nutrition, Food Studies and Public Health, and Department of Population Health, New York University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Elisa V Bandera
- N. Makarem is with the Department of Nutrition, Food Studies and Public Health, New York University, New York, New York, USA. J.M. Nicholson is with the Department of Medical Library, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA. E.V. Bandera is with the Rutgers School of Public Health, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, and the Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA. N.M. McKeown is with the Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging and Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. N. Parekh is with the College of Global Public Health, Department of Nutrition, Food Studies and Public Health, and Department of Population Health, New York University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Nicola M McKeown
- N. Makarem is with the Department of Nutrition, Food Studies and Public Health, New York University, New York, New York, USA. J.M. Nicholson is with the Department of Medical Library, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA. E.V. Bandera is with the Rutgers School of Public Health, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, and the Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA. N.M. McKeown is with the Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging and Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. N. Parekh is with the College of Global Public Health, Department of Nutrition, Food Studies and Public Health, and Department of Population Health, New York University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Niyati Parekh
- N. Makarem is with the Department of Nutrition, Food Studies and Public Health, New York University, New York, New York, USA. J.M. Nicholson is with the Department of Medical Library, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA. E.V. Bandera is with the Rutgers School of Public Health, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, and the Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA. N.M. McKeown is with the Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging and Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. N. Parekh is with the College of Global Public Health, Department of Nutrition, Food Studies and Public Health, and Department of Population Health, New York University, New York, New York, USA
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Ma J, McKeown NM, Hwang SJ, Hoffmann U, Jacques PF, Fox CS. Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Consumption Is Associated With Change of Visceral Adipose Tissue Over 6 Years of Follow-Up. Circulation 2016; 133:370-7. [PMID: 26755505 PMCID: PMC4729662 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.115.018704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) intake has been linked to abnormal abdominal adipose tissue. We examined the prospective association of habitual SSB intake and change in visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and subcutaneous adipose tissue. METHODS AND RESULTS The quantity (volume, cm(3)) and quality (attenuation, Hounsfield Unit) of abdominal adipose tissue were measured using computed tomography in 1003 participants (mean age 45.3 years, 45.0% women) at examination 1 and 2 in the Framingham's Third Generation cohort. The 2 exams were ≈ 6 years apart. At baseline, SSB and diet soda intake were assessed using a valid food frequency questionnaire. Participants were categorized into 4 groups: none to <1 serving/mo (nonconsumers), 1 serving/mo to <1 serving/week, 1 serving/week to 1 serving/d, and ≥ 1 serving/d (daily consumers) of either SSB or diet soda. After adjustment for multiple confounders including change in body weight, higher SSB intake was associated with greater change in VAT volume (P trend<0.001). VAT volume increased by 658 cm(3) (95% confidence interval [CI], 602 to 713), 649 cm(3) (95% CI, 582 to 716), 707 cm(3) (95% CI, 657 to 757), and 852 cm(3) (95% CI, 760 to 943) from nonconsumers to daily consumers. Higher SSB intake was also associated with greater decline of VAT attenuation (P trend=0.007); however, the association became nonsignificant after additional adjustment for VAT volume change. In contrast, diet soda consumption was not associated with change in abdominal adipose tissue. CONCLUSIONS Regular SSB intake was associated with adverse change in both VAT quality and quantity, whereas we observed no such association for diet soda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiantao Ma
- From National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study and Population Sciences Branch, Framingham, MA (J.M., S.H., C.S.F.); Nutritional Epidemiology Program at the Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA (N.M.M., P.F.J.); and Radiology Department, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (U.H.)
| | - Nicola M McKeown
- From National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study and Population Sciences Branch, Framingham, MA (J.M., S.H., C.S.F.); Nutritional Epidemiology Program at the Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA (N.M.M., P.F.J.); and Radiology Department, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (U.H.)
| | - Shih-Jen Hwang
- From National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study and Population Sciences Branch, Framingham, MA (J.M., S.H., C.S.F.); Nutritional Epidemiology Program at the Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA (N.M.M., P.F.J.); and Radiology Department, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (U.H.)
| | - Udo Hoffmann
- From National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study and Population Sciences Branch, Framingham, MA (J.M., S.H., C.S.F.); Nutritional Epidemiology Program at the Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA (N.M.M., P.F.J.); and Radiology Department, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (U.H.)
| | - Paul F Jacques
- From National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study and Population Sciences Branch, Framingham, MA (J.M., S.H., C.S.F.); Nutritional Epidemiology Program at the Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA (N.M.M., P.F.J.); and Radiology Department, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (U.H.)
| | - Caroline S Fox
- From National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study and Population Sciences Branch, Framingham, MA (J.M., S.H., C.S.F.); Nutritional Epidemiology Program at the Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA (N.M.M., P.F.J.); and Radiology Department, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (U.H.).
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Fretts AM, Follis JL, Nettleton JA, Lemaitre RN, Ngwa JS, Wojczynski MK, Kalafati IP, Varga TV, Frazier-Wood AC, Houston DK, Lahti J, Ericson U, van den Hooven EH, Mikkilä V, Kiefte-de Jong JC, Mozaffarian D, Rice K, Renström F, North KE, McKeown NM, Feitosa MF, Kanoni S, Smith CE, Garcia ME, Tiainen AM, Sonestedt E, Manichaikul A, van Rooij FJA, Dimitriou M, Raitakari O, Pankow JS, Djoussé L, Province MA, Hu FB, Lai CQ, Keller MF, Perälä MM, Rotter JI, Hofman A, Graff M, Kähönen M, Mukamal K, Johansson I, Ordovas JM, Liu Y, Männistö S, Uitterlinden AG, Deloukas P, Seppälä I, Psaty BM, Cupples LA, Borecki IB, Franks PW, Arnett DK, Nalls MA, Eriksson JG, Orho-Melander M, Franco OH, Lehtimäki T, Dedoussis GV, Meigs JB, Siscovick DS. Consumption of meat is associated with higher fasting glucose and insulin concentrations regardless of glucose and insulin genetic risk scores: a meta-analysis of 50,345 Caucasians. Am J Clin Nutr 2015; 102:1266-78. [PMID: 26354543 PMCID: PMC4625584 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.114.101238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies suggest that meat intake is associated with diabetes-related phenotypes. However, whether the associations of meat intake and glucose and insulin homeostasis are modified by genes related to glucose and insulin is unknown. OBJECTIVE We investigated the associations of meat intake and the interaction of meat with genotype on fasting glucose and insulin concentrations in Caucasians free of diabetes mellitus. DESIGN Fourteen studies that are part of the Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research in Genomic Epidemiology consortium participated in the analysis. Data were provided for up to 50,345 participants. Using linear regression within studies and a fixed-effects meta-analysis across studies, we examined 1) the associations of processed meat and unprocessed red meat intake with fasting glucose and insulin concentrations; and 2) the interactions of processed meat and unprocessed red meat with genetic risk score related to fasting glucose or insulin resistance on fasting glucose and insulin concentrations. RESULTS Processed meat was associated with higher fasting glucose, and unprocessed red meat was associated with both higher fasting glucose and fasting insulin concentrations after adjustment for potential confounders [not including body mass index (BMI)]. For every additional 50-g serving of processed meat per day, fasting glucose was 0.021 mmol/L (95% CI: 0.011, 0.030 mmol/L) higher. Every additional 100-g serving of unprocessed red meat per day was associated with a 0.037-mmol/L (95% CI: 0.023, 0.051-mmol/L) higher fasting glucose concentration and a 0.049-ln-pmol/L (95% CI: 0.035, 0.063-ln-pmol/L) higher fasting insulin concentration. After additional adjustment for BMI, observed associations were attenuated and no longer statistically significant. The association of processed meat and fasting insulin did not reach statistical significance after correction for multiple comparisons. Observed associations were not modified by genetic loci known to influence fasting glucose or insulin resistance. CONCLUSION The association of higher fasting glucose and insulin concentrations with meat consumption was not modified by an index of glucose- and insulin-related single-nucleotide polymorphisms. Six of the participating studies are registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT0000513 (Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities), NCT00149435 (Cardiovascular Health Study), NCT00005136 (Family Heart Study), NCT00005121 (Framingham Heart Study), NCT00083369 (Genetics of Lipid Lowering Drugs and Diet Network), and NCT00005487 (Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis).
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Fretts
- Departments of Epidemiology, Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, WA;
| | - Jack L Follis
- Department of Mathematics, Computer Science, and Cooperative Engineering, University of St. Thomas, Houston, TX
| | - Jennifer A Nettleton
- Division of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, TX
| | - Rozenn N Lemaitre
- Medicine, Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Julius S Ngwa
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Mary K Wojczynski
- Department of Genetics, Division of Statistical Genomics, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO
| | | | - Tibor V Varga
- Department of Clinical Sciences Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit and
| | - Alexis C Frazier-Wood
- USDA/Agricultural Research Service Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | | | | | - Ulrika Ericson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | | | - Vera Mikkilä
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, and Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | | | - Kenneth Rice
- Biostatistics, and Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Frida Renström
- Department of Clinical Sciences Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit and Department of Biobank Research
| | - Kari E North
- Department of Epidemiology, Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Nicola M McKeown
- Nutritional Epidemiology Program, Jean Mayer-USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, and
| | - Mary F Feitosa
- Department of Genetics, Division of Statistical Genomics, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO
| | - Stavroula Kanoni
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Caren E Smith
- Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory, Tufts University, Boston, MA
| | | | - Anna-Maija Tiainen
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Emily Sonestedt
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Ani Manichaikul
- Center for Public Health Genomics, Department of Public Health Sciences, Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Frank J A van Rooij
- Department of Epidemiology and Netherlands Genomics Initiative, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Maria Dimitriou
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Olli Raitakari
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - James S Pankow
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Luc Djoussé
- Department of Medicine Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA and
| | - Michael A Province
- Department of Genetics, Division of Statistical Genomics, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO
| | - Frank B Hu
- Department of Epidemiology and Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Chao-Qiang Lai
- Jean Mayer-USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, and Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory, Tufts University, Boston, MA
| | - Margaux F Keller
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute of Aging, Bethesda, MD; Department of Clinical Physiology
| | - Mia-Maria Perälä
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jerome I Rotter
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA
| | | | | | - Mika Kähönen
- School of Medicine, and Tampere University Hospital, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Kenneth Mukamal
- Division of General Medicine and Primary Care, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | | | - Jose M Ordovas
- Jean Mayer-USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, and Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory, Tufts University, Boston, MA; Department of Epidemiology and Population Genetics, Cardiovascular Research Center, Madrid, Spain; IMDEA Food Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Yongmei Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Satu Männistö
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - André G Uitterlinden
- Department of Epidemiology and Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Panos Deloukas
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom; Princess Al-Jawhara Al-Brahim Centre of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ilkka Seppälä
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, School of Medicine, and
| | - Bruce M Psaty
- Departments of Epidemiology, Medicine, Health Services and Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Group Health Research Institute, Group Health Cooperative, Seattle, WA
| | - L Adrienne Cupples
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA
| | - Ingrid B Borecki
- Department of Genetics, Division of Statistical Genomics, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO
| | - Paul W Franks
- Department of Clinical Sciences Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit and Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Donna K Arnett
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Mike A Nalls
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute of Aging, Bethesda, MD
| | - Johan G Eriksson
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland; General Practice Unit, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, School of Medicine, and
| | - George V Dedoussis
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - James B Meigs
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit and Diabetes Research Unit, General Medicine Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; and
| | - David S Siscovick
- Departments of Epidemiology, Medicine, Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, WA; New York Academy of Medicine, New York, NY
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Ma J, Karlsen MC, Chung M, Jacques PF, Saltzman E, Smith CE, Fox CS, McKeown NM. Potential link between excess added sugar intake and ectopic fat: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Nutr Rev 2015; 74:18-32. [PMID: 26518034 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuv047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT The effect of added sugar intake on ectopic fat accumulation is a subject of debate. OBJECTIVE A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was conducted to examine the potential effect of added sugar intake on ectopic fat depots. DATA SOURCES MEDLINE, CAB Abstracts, CAB Global Health, and EBM (Evidence-Based Medicine) Reviews - Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases were searched for studies published from 1973 to September 2014. DATA EXTRACTION RCTs with a minimum of 6 days' duration of added sugar exposure in the intervention group were selected. The dosage of added sugar intake as a percentage of total energy was extracted or calculated. Means and standard deviations of pre- and post-test measurements or changes in ectopic fat depots were collected. DATA SYNTHESIS Fourteen RCTs were included. Most of the studies had a medium to high risk of bias. Meta-analysis showed that, compared with eucaloric controls, subjects who consumed added sugar under hypercaloric conditions likely increased ectopic fat, particularly in the liver (pooled standardized mean difference = 0.9 [95%CI, 0.6-1.2], n = 6) and muscles (pooled SMD = 0.6 [95%CI, 0.2-1.0], n = 4). No significant difference was observed in liver fat, visceral adipose tissue, or muscle fat when isocaloric intakes of different sources of added sugars were compared. CONCLUSIONS Data from a limited number of RCTs suggest that excess added sugar intake under hypercaloric diet conditions likely increases ectopic fat depots, particularly in the liver and in muscle fat. There are insufficient data to compare the effect of different sources of added sugars on ectopic fat deposition or to compare intake of added sugar with intakes of other macronutrients. Future well-designed RCTs with sufficient power and duration are needed to address the role of sugars on ectopic fat deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiantao Ma
- J. Ma, M.C. Karlsen, P.F. Jacques, E. Saltzman, C.E. Smith, and N.M. McKeown are with the Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging (HNRCA) at Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. M. Chung is with the Nutrition/Infection Unit, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. C.S. Fox is with the NHLBI's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA. C.S. Fox is with Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Micaela C Karlsen
- J. Ma, M.C. Karlsen, P.F. Jacques, E. Saltzman, C.E. Smith, and N.M. McKeown are with the Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging (HNRCA) at Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. M. Chung is with the Nutrition/Infection Unit, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. C.S. Fox is with the NHLBI's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA. C.S. Fox is with Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mei Chung
- J. Ma, M.C. Karlsen, P.F. Jacques, E. Saltzman, C.E. Smith, and N.M. McKeown are with the Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging (HNRCA) at Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. M. Chung is with the Nutrition/Infection Unit, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. C.S. Fox is with the NHLBI's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA. C.S. Fox is with Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Paul F Jacques
- J. Ma, M.C. Karlsen, P.F. Jacques, E. Saltzman, C.E. Smith, and N.M. McKeown are with the Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging (HNRCA) at Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. M. Chung is with the Nutrition/Infection Unit, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. C.S. Fox is with the NHLBI's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA. C.S. Fox is with Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Edward Saltzman
- J. Ma, M.C. Karlsen, P.F. Jacques, E. Saltzman, C.E. Smith, and N.M. McKeown are with the Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging (HNRCA) at Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. M. Chung is with the Nutrition/Infection Unit, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. C.S. Fox is with the NHLBI's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA. C.S. Fox is with Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Caren E Smith
- J. Ma, M.C. Karlsen, P.F. Jacques, E. Saltzman, C.E. Smith, and N.M. McKeown are with the Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging (HNRCA) at Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. M. Chung is with the Nutrition/Infection Unit, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. C.S. Fox is with the NHLBI's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA. C.S. Fox is with Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Caroline S Fox
- J. Ma, M.C. Karlsen, P.F. Jacques, E. Saltzman, C.E. Smith, and N.M. McKeown are with the Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging (HNRCA) at Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. M. Chung is with the Nutrition/Infection Unit, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. C.S. Fox is with the NHLBI's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA. C.S. Fox is with Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nicola M McKeown
- J. Ma, M.C. Karlsen, P.F. Jacques, E. Saltzman, C.E. Smith, and N.M. McKeown are with the Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging (HNRCA) at Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. M. Chung is with the Nutrition/Infection Unit, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. C.S. Fox is with the NHLBI's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA. C.S. Fox is with Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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Van Rompay MI, McKeown NM, Goodman E, Eliasziw M, Chomitz VR, Gordon CM, Economos CD, Sacheck JM. Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Intake Is Positively Associated with Baseline Triglyceride Concentrations, and Changes in Intake Are Inversely Associated with Changes in HDL Cholesterol over 12 Months in a Multi-Ethnic Sample of Children. J Nutr 2015; 145:2389-95. [PMID: 26338888 PMCID: PMC4580956 DOI: 10.3945/jn.115.212662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intake of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) is linked to greater cardiometabolic risk in adults. Although longitudinal evidence is sparse among children, SSB intake reduction is targeted to reduce cardiometabolic risk factors in this group. OBJECTIVE We investigated characteristics associated with consumption of SSBs in a multi-ethnic sample of children/adolescents and measured cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between SSB intake and plasma HDL cholesterol and triglycerides (TGs) over 12 mo. METHODS In a diverse cohort of children aged 8-15 y, cross-sectional associations (n = 613) between baseline SSB intake and blood lipid concentrations and longitudinal associations (n = 380) between mean SSB intake, changes in SSB intake, and lipid changes over 12 mo were assessed with multivariable linear regression. RESULTS Greater SSB intake was associated with lower socioeconomic status, higher total energy intake, lower fruit/vegetable intake, and more sedentary time. In cross-sectional analysis, greater SSB intake was associated with higher plasma TG concentrations among consumers (62.4, 65.3, and 71.6 mg/dL in children who consumed >0 but <2, ≥2 but <7, and ≥7 servings/wk, respectively; P-trend: 0.03); plasma HDL cholesterol showed no cross-sectional association. In the longitudinal analysis, mean SSB intake over 12 mo was not associated with lipid changes; however, the 12-mo increase in plasma HDL-cholesterol concentration was greater among children who decreased their intake by ≥1 serving/wk (4.6 ± 0.8 mg/dL) compared with children whose intake stayed the same (2.0 ± 0.8 mg/dL) or increased (1.5 ± 0.8 mg/dL; P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS In a multi-ethnic sample of children, intake of SSBs was positively associated with TG concentrations among consumers, and changes in SSB intake were inversely associated with HDL cholesterol concentration changes over 12 mo. Further research in large diverse samples of children is needed to study the public health implications of reducing SSB intake among children of different racial/ethnic groups. The Daily D Health Study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01537809.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicola M McKeown
- Nutritional Epidemiology Program, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, and
| | - Elizabeth Goodman
- MassGeneral Hospital for Children, Boston, MA;,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and
| | - Misha Eliasziw
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA
| | - Virginia R Chomitz
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA
| | - Catherine M Gordon
- Divisions of Adolescent Medicine and,Endocrinology, Hasbro Children’s Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
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