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Maier O, Fischer R, Agresti C, Pfizenmaier K. TNF receptor 2 protects oligodendrocyte progenitor cells against oxidative stress. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 440:336-41. [PMID: 24076392 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.09.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The neuroprotective role of TNF receptor 2 (TNFR2) has been shown in various studies. However, a direct role of TNFR2 in oligodendrocyte function has not yet been demonstrated. Using primary oligodendrocytes of transgenic mice expressing human TNFR2, we show here that TNFR2 is primarily expressed on oligodendrocyte progenitor cells. Interestingly, preconditioning with a TNFR2 agonist protects these cells from oxidative stress, presumably by increasing the gene expression of distinct anti-apoptotic and detoxifying proteins, thereby providing a potential mechanism for the neuroprotective role of TNFR2 in oligodendrocyte progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaf Maier
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, Stuttgart University, Allmandring 31, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
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102
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Wortzman ME, Clouthier DL, McPherson AJ, Lin GHY, Watts TH. The contextual role of TNFR family members in CD8+T-cell control of viral infections. Immunol Rev 2013; 255:125-48. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Derek L. Clouthier
- The Department of Immunology; University of Toronto; Toronto; ON; Canada
| | - Ann J. McPherson
- The Department of Immunology; University of Toronto; Toronto; ON; Canada
| | - Gloria H. Y. Lin
- The Department of Immunology; University of Toronto; Toronto; ON; Canada
| | - Tania H. Watts
- The Department of Immunology; University of Toronto; Toronto; ON; Canada
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103
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Wortzman ME, Lin GHY, Watts TH. Intrinsic TNF/TNFR2 interactions fine-tune the CD8 T cell response to respiratory influenza virus infection in mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68911. [PMID: 23874808 PMCID: PMC3706430 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
TNF is an important inflammatory mediator and a target for intervention. TNF is produced by many cell types and is involved in innate inflammation as well as adaptive immune responses. CD8 T cells produce TNF and can also respond to TNF. Deficiency of TNF or TNFR2 has been shown to affect anti-viral immunity. However, as the complete knockout of TNF or its receptors has effects on multiple cell types as well as on lymphoid architecture, it has been difficult to assess the role of TNF directly on T cells during viral infection. Here we have addressed this issue by analyzing the effect of CD8 T cell intrinsic TNF/TNFR2 interactions during respiratory influenza infection in mice, using an adoptive transfer model in which only the T cells lack TNF or TNFR2. During a mild influenza infection, the capacity of the responding CD8 T cells to produce TNF increases from day 6 through day 12, beyond the time of viral clearance. Although T cell intrinsic TNF is dispensable for initial expansion of CD8 T cells up to day 9 post infection, intrinsic TNF/TNFR2 interactions potentiate contraction of the CD8 T cell response in the lung between day 9 and 12 post infection. On the other hand, TNF or TNFR2-deficient CD8 T cells in the lung express lower levels of IFN-γ and CD107a per cell than their wild type counterparts. Comparison of TNF levels on the TNFR2 positive and negative T cells is consistent with TNF/TNFR2 interactions inducing feedback downregulation of TNF production by T cells, with greater effects in the lung compared to spleen. Thus CD8 T cell intrinsic TNF/TNFR2 interactions fine-tune the response to influenza virus in the lung by modestly enhancing effector functions, but at the same time potentiating the contraction of the CD8 T cell response post-viral clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gloria H. Y. Lin
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tania H. Watts
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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104
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Goldstein JD, Pérol L, Zaragoza B, Baeyens A, Marodon G, Piaggio E. Role of cytokines in thymus- versus peripherally derived-regulatory T cell differentiation and function. Front Immunol 2013; 4:155. [PMID: 23801992 PMCID: PMC3685818 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) are essential players in the control of immune responses. Recently, accordingly to their origin, two main subsets of Tregs have been described: thymus-derived Tregs (tTregs) and peripherally derived Tregs (pTregs). Numerous signaling pathways including the IL-2/STAT5 or the TGF-β/Smad3 pathways play a crucial role in segregating the two lineages. Here, we review some of the information existing on the distinct requirements of IL-2, TGF-β, and TNF-α three major cytokines involved in tTreg and pTreg generation, homeostasis and function. Today it is clear that signaling via the IL-2Rβ chain (CD122) common to IL-2 and IL-15 is required for proper differentiation of tTregs and for tTreg and pTreg survival in the periphery. This notion has led to the development of promising therapeutic strategies based on low-dose IL-2 administration to boost the patients’ own Treg compartment and dampen autoimmunity and inflammation. Also, solid evidence points to TGF-β as the master regulator of pTreg differentiation and homeostasis. However, therapeutic administration of TGF-β is difficult to implement due to toxicity and safety issues. Knowledge on the role of TNF-α on the biology of Tregs is fragmentary and inconsistent between mice and humans. Moreover, emerging results from the clinical use of TNF-α inhibitors indicate that part of their anti-inflammatory effect may be dependent on their action on Tregs. Given the profusion of clinical trials testing cytokine administration or blocking to modulate inflammatory diseases, a better knowledge of the effects of cytokines on tTregs and pTregs biology is necessary to improve the efficiency of these immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémie David Goldstein
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie Univ Paris 06, INSERM U959 , Paris , France ; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7211 , Paris , France ; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U959, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (I3) , Paris , France
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105
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Abo-ouf H, Hooper AWM, White EJ, Janse van Rensburg HJ, Trigatti BL, Igdoura SA. Deletion of tumor necrosis factor-α ameliorates neurodegeneration in Sandhoff disease mice. Hum Mol Genet 2013; 22:3960-75. [DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Suleiman A Igdoura
- Department of Biology,
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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106
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Zelová H, Hošek J. TNF-α signalling and inflammation: interactions between old acquaintances. Inflamm Res 2013; 62:641-51. [PMID: 23685857 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-013-0633-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 494] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Revised: 03/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Inflammation is a very important part of innate immunity and is regulated in many steps. One such regulating step is the cytokine network, where tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) plays one of the most important roles. METHODS A PubMed and Web of Science databases search was performed for studies providing evidences on the role of TNF-α in inflammation, apoptosis, and cancer. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION This review concisely summarizes the role of this pro-inflammatory cytokine during inflammation. It is focused mainly on TNF-α intracellular signaling and its influence on the typical inflammatory features in the organism. Being one of the most important pro-inflammatory cytokines, TNF-α participates in vasodilatation and edema formation, and leukocyte adhesion to epithelium through expression of adhesion molecules; it regulates blood coagulation, contributes to oxidative stress in sites of inflammation, and indirectly induces fever. The connection between TNF-α and cancer is mentioned as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Zelová
- Department of Natural Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackého tř. 1/3, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic
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107
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Montgomery SL, Narrow WC, Mastrangelo MA, Olschowka JA, O'Banion MK, Bowers WJ. Chronic neuron- and age-selective down-regulation of TNF receptor expression in triple-transgenic Alzheimer disease mice leads to significant modulation of amyloid- and Tau-related pathologies. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2013; 182:2285-97. [PMID: 23567638 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Revised: 02/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation, through production of proinflammatory molecules and activated glial cells, is implicated in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. One such proinflammatory mediator is tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), a multifunctional cytokine produced in excess and associated with amyloid β-driven inflammation and cognitive decline. Long-term global inhibition of TNF receptor type I (TNF-RI) and TNF-RII signaling without cell or stage specificity in triple-transgenic AD mice exacerbates hallmark amyloid and neurofibrillary tangle pathology. These observations revealed that long-term pan anti-TNF-α inhibition accelerates disease, cautions against long-term use of anti-TNF-α therapeutics for AD, and urges more selective regulation of TNF signaling. We used adeno-associated virus vector-delivered siRNAs to selectively knock down neuronal TNF-R signaling. We demonstrate divergent roles for neuronal TNF-RI and TNF-RII where loss of opposing TNF-RII leads to TNF-RI-mediated exacerbation of amyloid β and Tau pathology in aged triple-transgenic AD mice. Dampening of TNF-RII or TNF-RI+RII leads to a stage-independent increase in Iba-1-positive microglial staining, implying that neuronal TNF-RII may act nonautonomously on the microglial cell population. These results reveal that TNF-R signaling is complex, and it is unlikely that all cells and both receptors will respond positively to broad anti-TNF-α treatments at various stages of disease. In aggregate, these data further support the development of cell-, stage-, and/or receptor-specific anti-TNF-α therapeutics for AD.
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MESH Headings
- Adenoviridae/genetics
- Aging/metabolism
- Alzheimer Disease/genetics
- Alzheimer Disease/metabolism
- Alzheimer Disease/pathology
- Amyloid beta-Peptides/metabolism
- Animals
- Brain/pathology
- Disease Progression
- Down-Regulation/physiology
- Gene Knockdown Techniques
- Genetic Vectors
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Microglia/metabolism
- Neurons/metabolism
- Plaque, Amyloid/metabolism
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/deficiency
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I/deficiency
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I/genetics
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II/deficiency
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II/genetics
- Signal Transduction/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara L Montgomery
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
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108
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Rauert-Wunderlich H, Siegmund D, Maier E, Giner T, Bargou RC, Wajant H, Stühmer T. The IKK inhibitor Bay 11-7082 induces cell death independent from inhibition of activation of NFκB transcription factors. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59292. [PMID: 23527154 PMCID: PMC3603909 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) displays an NFκB activity-related gene expression signature and about 20% of primary MM samples harbor genetic alterations conducive to intrinsic NFκB signaling activation. The relevance of blocking the classical versus the alternative NFκB signaling pathway and the molecular execution mechanisms involved, however, are still poorly understood. Here, we comparatively tested NFκB activity abrogation through TPCA-1 (an IKK2 inhibitor), BAY 11-7082 (an IKK inhibitor poorly selective for IKK1 and IKK2), and MLN4924 (an NEDD8 activating enzyme (NAE)-inhibitor), and analyzed their anti-MM activity. Whereas TPCA-1 interfered selectively with activation of the classical NFκB pathway, the other two compounds inhibited classical and alternative NFκB signaling without significant discrimination. Noteworthy, whereas TPCA-1 and MLN4924 elicited rather mild anti-MM effects with slight to moderate cell death induction after 1 day BAY 11-7082 was uniformly highly toxic to MM cell lines and primary MM cells. Treatment with BAY 11-7082 induced rapid cell swelling and its initial effects were blocked by necrostatin-1 or the ROS scavenger BHA, but a lasting protective effect was not achieved even with additional blockade of caspases. Because MLN4924 inhibits the alternative NFκB pathway downstream of IKK1 at the level of p100 processing, the quite discordant effects between MLN4924 and BAY 11-7082 must thus be due to blockade of IKK1-mediated NFκB-independent necrosis-inhibitory functions or represent an off-target effect of BAY 11-7082. In accordance with the latter, we further observed that concomitant knockdown of IKK1 and IKK2 did not have any major short-term adverse effect on the viability of MM cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilka Rauert-Wunderlich
- Division of Molecular Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine II, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Daniela Siegmund
- Division of Molecular Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine II, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Eduard Maier
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tina Giner
- Department of Dermatology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ralf C. Bargou
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Harald Wajant
- Division of Molecular Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine II, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Thorsten Stühmer
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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109
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Palmitoylation of TNF alpha is involved in the regulation of TNF receptor 1 signalling. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2013; 1833:602-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2012.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Revised: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 11/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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110
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Giardino Torchia ML, Conze DB, Jankovic D, Ashwell JD. Balance between NF-κB p100 and p52 regulates T cell costimulation dependence. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 190:549-55. [PMID: 23248260 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
c-IAP1 and c-IAP2 are ubiquitin protein ligases (E3s) that repress noncanonical NF-κB activation. We have created mice that bear a mutation in c-IAP2 that inactivates its E3 activity and interferes, in a dominant-negative fashion, with c-IAP1 E3 activity (c-IAP2(H570A)). The immune response of these animals was explored by infecting them with the Th1-inducing parasite Toxoplasma gondii. Surprisingly, c-IAP2(H570A) mice succumbed because of T cell production of high levels of proinflammatory cytokines. Unlike naive wild-type (WT) cells, which require signals generated by the TCR and costimulatory receptors to become fully activated, naive c-IAP2(H570A) T cells proliferated and produced high levels of IL-2 and IFN-γ to stimulation via TCR alone. c-IAP2(H570A) T cells had constitutive noncanonical NF-κB activation, and IκB kinase inhibition reduced their proliferation to anti-TCR alone to WT levels but had no effect when costimulation via CD28 was provided. Notably, T cells from nfkb2(-/-) mice, which cannot generate the p52 component of noncanonical NF-κB, were also costimulation independent, consistent with the negative role of this unprocessed protein in canonical NF-κB activation. Whereas T cells from nfkb2(+/-) mice behaved like WT, coexpression of a single copy of c-IAP2(H570A) resulted in cleavage of p100, upregulation of p52, and T cell costimulation independence. Thus, p100 represses and p52 promotes costimulation, and the ratio regulates T cell dependence on costimulatory signals.
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111
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Saldanha-Araujo F, Haddad R, Farias KCRMD, Souza ADPA, Palma PV, Araujo AG, Orellana MD, Voltarelli JC, Covas DT, Zago MA, Panepucci RA. Mesenchymal stem cells promote the sustained expression of CD69 on activated T lymphocytes: roles of canonical and non-canonical NF-κB signalling. J Cell Mol Med 2012; 16:1232-44. [PMID: 21777379 PMCID: PMC3823077 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2011.01391.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are known to induce the conversion of activated T cells into regulatory T cells in vitro. The marker CD69 is a target of canonical nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) signalling and is transiently expressed upon activation; however, stable CD69 expression defines cells with immunoregulatory properties. Given its enormous therapeutic potential, we explored the molecular mechanisms underlying the induction of regulatory cells by MSCs. Peripheral blood CD3+ T cells were activated and cultured in the presence or absence of MSCs. CD4+ cell mRNA expression was then characterized by microarray analysis. The drug BAY11-7082 (BAY) and a siRNA against v-rel reticuloendotheliosis viral oncogene homolog B (RELB) were used to explore the differential roles of canonical and non-canonical NF-κB signalling, respectively. Flow cytometry and real-time PCR were used for analyses. Genes with immunoregulatory functions, CD69 and non-canonical NF-κB subunits (RELB and NFKB2) were all expressed at higher levels in lymphocytes co-cultured with MSCs. The frequency of CD69+ cells among lymphocytes cultured alone progressively decreased after activation. In contrast, the frequency of CD69+ cells increased significantly following activation in lymphocytes co-cultured with MSCs. Inhibition of canonical NF-κB signalling by BAY immediately following activation blocked the induction of CD69; however, inhibition of canonical NF-κB signalling on the third day further induced the expression of CD69. Furthermore, late expression of CD69 was inhibited by RELB siRNA. These results indicate that the canonical NF-κB pathway controls the early expression of CD69 after activation; however, in an immunoregulatory context, late and sustained CD69 expression is promoted by the non-canonical pathway and is inhibited by canonical NF-κB signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Saldanha-Araujo
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Stem Cell and Cell Therapy, Center for Cell Therapy, Regional Blood Center and Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo (FMRP-USP), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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112
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Schlegel N, Leweke R, Meir M, Germer CT, Waschke J. Role of NF-κB activation in LPS-induced endothelial barrier breakdown. Histochem Cell Biol 2012; 138:627-41. [PMID: 22718247 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-012-0983-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial barrier breakdown contributes to organ failure in sepsis. The key mechanism by which the potent sepsis inductor lipopolysaccharide (LPS) disrupts the endothelial barrier is controversial. Here, we tested the hypothesis that NF-κB activation is critically involved in endothelial barrier breakdown. Application of LPS to monolayers of porcine pulmonary artery endothelial cells (PAEC) and human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HDMEC) induced a rapid and sustained activation of NF-κB as revealed by translocation of its subunit p65 into the nuclei in nuclear extraction assays and by immunostaining. Measurements of transendothelial electrical resistance (TER) and intercellular gap formation demonstrated significant breakdown of endothelial barrier properties following LPS treatment for 3 h. Interestingly, monolayers recovered spontaneously beginning after 10 h. Increased cAMP prevented LPS-induced loss of endothelial barrier properties, but did not block NF-κB activation. Application of the cell-permeable NEMO-binding domain (NBD) synthetic peptide was effective to prevent NF-κB activation, but did neither block LPS-induced loss of TER nor intercellular gap formation. NBD peptide alone did not alter endothelial barrier properties, but enhanced the barrier-compromising effects when applied in combination with LPS. Similarly, siRNA-mediated knock-down of p65 in HDMECs did not prevent LPS-induced barrier breakdown. Known targets of NF-κB-derived protein expression of caveolin or vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP) remained unaltered by LPS treatment of endothelial cells. In summary, our data indicate that NF-κB activation by LPS is not critically involved in disruption of endothelial barrier properties. Rather, our data suggest that NF-κB activation acts as a part of a rescue mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Schlegel
- Department of Surgery I, University of Würzburg, Oberdürrbacher Str. 6, 97080 Würzburg, Germany.
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113
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Samodova AV, Dobrodeeva LK. The role of shedding in the activity of immunocompetent cells with the reagin protective mechanism. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1134/s0362119712040123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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114
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Ji W, Li Y, Wan T, Wang J, Zhang H, Chen H, Min W. Both internalization and AIP1 association are required for tumor necrosis factor receptor 2-mediated JNK signaling. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2012; 32:2271-9. [PMID: 22743059 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.112.253666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The proinflammtory cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF), primarily via TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1), induces nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB)-dependent cell survival, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and caspase-dependent cell death, regulating vascular endothelial cell (EC) activation and apoptosis. However, signaling by the second receptor, TNFR2, is poorly understood. The goal of this study was to dissect how TNFR2 mediates NF-κB and JNK signaling in vascular EC, and its relevance to in vivo EC function. METHODS AND RESULTS We show that TNFR2 contributes to TNF-induced NF-κB and JNK signaling in EC as TNFR2 deletion or knockdown reduces the TNF responses. To dissect the critical domains of TNFR2 that mediate the TNF responses, we examine the activity of TNFR2 mutant with a specific deletion of the TNFR2 intracellular region, which contains conserved domain I, domain II, domain III, and 2 TNFR-associated factor-2-binding sites. Deletion analyses indicate that different sequences on TNFR2 have distinct roles in NF-κB and JNK activation. Specifically, deletion of the TNFR-associated factor-2-binding sites (TNFR2-59) diminishes the TNFR2-mediated NF-κB, but not JNK activation; whereas, deletion of domain II or domain III blunts TNFR2-mediated JNK but not NF-κB activation. Interestingly, we find that the TNFR-associated factor-2-binding sites ensure TNFR2 on the plasma membrane, but the di-leucine LL motif within the domain II and aa338-355 within the domain III are required for TNFR2 internalization as well as TNFR2-dependent JNK signaling. Moreover, domain III of TNFR2 is responsible for association with ASK1-interacting protein-1, a signaling adaptor critical for TNF-induced JNK signaling. While TNFR2 containing the TNFR-associated factor-2-binding sites prevents EC cell death, a specific activation of JNK without NF-κB activation by TNFR2-59 strongly induces caspase activation and EC apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS Our data reveal that both internalization and ASK1-interacting protein-1 association are required for TNFR2-dependent JNK and apoptotic signaling. Controlling TNFR2-mediated JNK and apoptotic signaling in EC may provide a novel strategy for the treatment of vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Ji
- Interdepartmental Program in Vascular Biology and Therapeutics, Yale University School of Medicine, 10 Amistad St., 401B, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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115
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Liu WH, Chang LS. Suppression of Akt/Foxp3-mediated miR-183 expression blocks Sp1-mediated ADAM17 expression and TNFα-mediated NFκB activation in piceatannol-treated human leukemia U937 cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2012; 84:670-80. [PMID: 22705645 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2012.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Revised: 06/07/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
To address the mechanism of piceatannol in inhibiting TNFα-mediated pathway, studies on piceatannol-treated human leukemia U937 cells were conducted. Piceatannol treatment reduced TNFα shedding and NFκB activation and decreased the release of soluble TNFα into the culture medium of U937 cells. Moreover, ADAM17 expression was down-regulated in piceatannol-treated cells. Over-expression of ADAM17 abrogated the ability of piceatannol to suppress TNFα-mediated NFκB activation. Piceatannol-evoked β-TrCP up-regulation promoted Sp1 degradation, thus reducing transcriptional level of ADAM17 gene in U937 cells. Piceatannol treatment induced p38 MAPK phosphorylation but inactivation of Akt and ERK. In contrast to p38 MAPK inhibitor or restoration of ERK activation, transfection of constitutive active Akt abolished the effect of piceatannol on β-TrCP, Sp1 and ADAM17 expression. Piceatannol-elicited down-regulation of miR-183 expression was found to cause β-TrCP up-regulation. Inactivation of Akt resulted in Foxp3 down-regulation and reduced miR-183 expression in piceatannol-treated cells. Knock-down of Foxp3 and chromatin immunoprecipitating revealed that Foxp3 genetically regulated transcription of miR-183 gene. Taken together, our data indicate that suppression of Akt/Foxp3-mediated miR-183 expression blocks Sp1-mediated ADAM17 expression in piceatannol-treated U937 cells. Consequently, piceatannol suppresses TNFα shedding, leading to inhibition of TNFα/NFκB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Hsin Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
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116
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The tumor necrosis factor receptor stalk regions define responsiveness to soluble versus membrane-bound ligand. Mol Cell Biol 2012; 32:2515-29. [PMID: 22547679 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.06458-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The family of tumor necrosis factor receptors (TNFRs) and their ligands form a regulatory signaling network that controls immune responses. Various members of this receptor family respond differently to the soluble and membrane-bound forms of their respective ligands. However, the determining factors and underlying molecular mechanisms of this diversity are not yet understood. Using an established system of chimeric TNFRs and novel ligand variants mimicking the bioactivity of membrane-bound TNF (mTNF), we demonstrate that the membrane-proximal extracellular stalk regions of TNFR1 and TNFR2 are crucial in controlling responsiveness to soluble TNF (sTNF). We show that the stalk region of TNFR2, in contrast to the corresponding part of TNFR1, efficiently inhibits both the receptor's enrichment/clustering in particular cell membrane regions and ligand-independent homotypic receptor preassembly, thereby preventing sTNF-induced, but not mTNF-induced, signaling. Thus, the stalk regions of the two TNFRs not only have implications for additional TNFR family members, but also provide potential targets for therapeutic intervention.
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117
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Bluml S, Scheinecker C, Smolen JS, Redlich K. Targeting TNF receptors in rheumatoid arthritis. Int Immunol 2012; 24:275-81. [DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxs047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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118
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Abstract
The noncanonical nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway mediates activation of the p52/RelB NF-κB complex and, thereby, regulates specific immunological processes. This NF-κB pathway relies on the inducible processing of NF-κB2 precursor protein, p100, as opposed to the degradation of IκBα in the canonical NF-κB pathway. A central signaling component of the noncanonical NF-κB pathway is NF-κB-inducing kinase (NIK), which functions together with a downstream kinase, IKKα (inhibitor of NF-κB kinase α), to induce phosphorylation-dependent ubiquitination and processing of p100. Under normal conditions, NIK is targeted for continuous degradation by a tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor-associated factor-3 (TRAF3)-dependent E3 ubiquitin ligase. In response to signals mediated by a subset of TNF receptor superfamily members, NIK becomes stabilized as a result of TRAF3 degradation, leading to the activation of noncanonical NF-κB. This review discusses both the historical perspectives and the recent progress in the regulation and biological function of the noncanonical NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Cong Sun
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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119
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Cabal-Hierro L, Lazo PS. Signal transduction by tumor necrosis factor receptors. Cell Signal 2012; 24:1297-305. [PMID: 22374304 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2012.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 310] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a key mediator in the inflammatory response which is implicated in the onset of a number of diseases. Research on TNF led to the characterization of the largest family of cytokines known until now, the TNF superfamily, which exert their biological effects through the interaction with transmembrane receptors of the TNFR superfamily. TNF itself exerts its biological effects interacting with two different receptors: TNFR1 and TNFR2. TNFR1 presents a death domain on its intracellular region. In contrast to TNFR1, TNFR2 does not have a death domain. Activation of TNFR1 implies the consecutive formation of two different TNF receptor signalling complexes. Complex I controls the expression of antiapoptotic proteins that prevent the triggering of cell death processes, whereas Complex II triggers cell death processes. TNFR2 only signals for antiapoptotic reactions. However, recent evidence indicates that TNFR2 also signals to induce TRAF2 degradation. TRAF2 is a key mediator in signal transduction of both TNFR1 and TNFR2. Thus, this novel signalling pathway has two important implications: on one hand, it represents an auto regulatory loop for TNFR2; on the other hand, when this signal is triggered TNFR1 activity is modified so that antiapoptotic pathways are inhibited and apoptotic reactions are enhanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Cabal-Hierro
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular and Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, 33071 Oviedo, Spain
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120
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Abstract
Single-chain variable fragments (scFvs) specific for tumor-associated cell surface antigens are the most broadly used reagents to direct therapeutic or diagnostic effector molecules, such as toxins, radioisotopes, and CD3-stimulating scFvs, to tumors. One novel class of effector molecules that can be targeted to tumors by scFvs are ligands of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family. Typically, these molecules have apoptosis inducing and/or immune stimulating properties and are therefore highly attractive for cancer treatment. N-terminal fusion of scFvs does not interfere with the receptor binding capabilities of TNF ligands and thus allows the straightforward generation of scFv TNF ligand fusion proteins. We report here a protocol for the purification of eukaryotically produced scFv TNF ligand fusion proteins based on affinity chromatography on anti-Flag agarose and further describe assays for the determination of the targeting index of this type of scFv-targeted proteins.
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121
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Murray SE, Polesso F, Rowe AM, Basak S, Koguchi Y, Toren KG, Hoffmann A, Parker DC. NF-κB–inducing kinase plays an essential T cell–intrinsic role in graft-versus-host disease and lethal autoimmunity in mice. J Clin Invest 2011; 121:4775-86. [PMID: 22045568 PMCID: PMC3223068 DOI: 10.1172/jci44943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2010] [Accepted: 09/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
NF-κB–inducing kinase (NIK) is an essential upstream kinase in noncanonical NF-κB signaling. NIK-dependent NF-κB activation downstream of several TNF receptor family members mediates lymphoid organ development and B cell homeostasis. Peripheral T cell populations are normal in the absence of NIK, but the role of NIK during in vivo T cell responses to antigen has been obscured by other developmental defects in NIK-deficient mice. Here, we have identified a T cell–intrinsic requirement for NIK in graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), wherein NIK-deficient mouse T cells transferred into MHC class II mismatched recipients failed to cause GVHD. Although NIK was not necessary for antigen receptor signaling, it was absolutely required for costimulation through the TNF receptor family member OX40 (also known as CD134). When we conditionally overexpressed NIK in T cells, mice suffered rapid and fatal autoimmunity characterized by hyperactive effector T cells and poorly suppressive Foxp3(+) Tregs. Together, these data illuminate a critical T cell–intrinsic role for NIK during immune responses and suggest that its tight regulation is critical for avoiding autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan E Murray
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA.
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122
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Fischer R, Maier O, Siegemund M, Wajant H, Scheurich P, Pfizenmaier K. A TNF receptor 2 selective agonist rescues human neurons from oxidative stress-induced cell death. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27621. [PMID: 22110694 PMCID: PMC3215731 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Accepted: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) plays a dual role in neurodegenerative diseases. Whereas TNF receptor (TNFR) 1 is predominantly associated with neurodegeneration, TNFR2 is involved in tissue regeneration and neuroprotection. Accordingly, the availability of TNFR2-selective agonists could allow the development of new therapeutic treatments of neurodegenerative diseases. We constructed a soluble, human TNFR2 agonist (TNC-scTNF(R2)) by genetic fusion of the trimerization domain of tenascin C to a TNFR2-selective single-chain TNF molecule, which is comprised of three TNF domains connected by short peptide linkers. TNC-scTNF(R2) specifically activated TNFR2 and possessed membrane-TNF mimetic activity, resulting in TNFR2 signaling complex formation and activation of downstream signaling pathways. Protection from neurodegeneration was assessed using the human dopaminergic neuronal cell line LUHMES. First we show that TNC-scTNF(R2) interfered with cell death pathways subsequent to H(2)O(2) exposure. Protection from cell death was dependent on TNFR2 activation of the PI3K-PKB/Akt pathway, evident from restoration of H(2)O(2) sensitivity in the presence of PI3K inhibitor LY294002. Second, in an in vitro model of Parkinson disease, TNC-scTNF(R2) rescues neurons after induction of cell death by 6-OHDA. Since TNFR2 is not only promoting anti-apoptotic responses but also plays an important role in tissue regeneration, activation of TNFR2 signaling by TNC-scTNF(R2) appears a promising strategy to ameliorate neurodegenerative processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Fischer
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany.
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123
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Nagano K, Alles N, Mian AH, Shimoda A, Morimoto N, Tamura Y, Shimokawa H, Akiyoshi K, Ohya K, Aoki K. The tumor necrosis factor type 2 receptor plays a protective role in tumor necrosis factor-α-induced bone resorption lacunae on mouse calvariae. J Bone Miner Metab 2011; 29:671-81. [PMID: 21626455 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-011-0270-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2010] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α exerts its biological function via TNF type 1 and type 2 receptors (TNFR1 and TNFR2). We have previously reported that bone resorption induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in TNFR2-deficient mice is accelerated compared to that in wild-type (WT) mice. Although these results suggested that TNFR2 might have a protective role in bone resorption, we could not exclude the possibility that TNFR2 has no role in bone resorption. To clarify the role of TNFR2, we developed a TNF-α-induced bone resorption model using cholesterol-bearing pullulan nanogel as a TNF-α carrier to minimize the influence of inflammatory cytokines other than TNF-α. Injections of human TNF-α (hTNF), an agonist of mouse TNFR1, stimulated bone resorption lacunae on the calvariae in WT mice, but mouse TNF-α (mTNF), an agonist of both mouse TNFR1 and TNFR2, could not. To eliminate the possibility that the TNFR1 agonistic effects of hTNF were stronger than those of mTNF, we used the same model in TNFR2-deficient mice. Injection of mTNF resulted in clear bone resorption lacunae to the same extent observed after using hTNF in the TNFR2-deficient mice. Histomorphometric analysis of osteoclast number supported the observed changes in bone resorption lacunae. These data suggest that TNFR2 has a protective role in TNF-α-induced bone resorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Nagano
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Hard Tissue Engineering, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan
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124
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Abstract
The huge majority of myeloma cell lines express TNFR2 while a substantial subset of them failed to show TNFR1 expression. Stimulation of TNFR1 in the TNFR1-expressing subset of MM cell lines had no or only a very mild effect on cellular viability. Surprisingly, however, TNF stimulation enhanced cell death induction by CD95L and attenuated the apoptotic effect of TRAIL. The contrasting regulation of TRAIL- and CD95L-induced cell death by TNF could be traced back to the concomitant NFκB-mediated upregulation of CD95 and the antiapoptotic FLIP protein. It appeared that CD95 induction, due to its strength, overcompensated a rather moderate upregulation of FLIP so that the net effect of TNF-induced NFκB activation in the context of CD95 signaling is pro-apoptotic. TRAIL-induced cell death, however, was antagonized in response to TNF because in this context only the induction of FLIP is relevant. Stimulation of TNFR2 in myeloma cells leads to TRAF2 depletion. In line with this, we observed cell death induction in TNFR1-TNFR2-costimulated JJN3 cells. Our studies revealed that the TNF-TNF receptor system adjusts the responsiveness of the extrinsic apoptotic pathway in myeloma cells by multiple mechanisms that generate a highly context-dependent net effect on myeloma cell survival.
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125
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Uribe-Herranz M, Casinghino SR, Bosch-Presegué L, Fodor WL, Costa C. Identification of soluble and membrane-bound isoforms of porcine tumor necrosis factor receptor 2. Xenotransplantation 2011; 18:131-46. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3089.2011.00634.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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126
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Gentle IE, Wong WWL, Evans JM, Bankovacki A, Cook WD, Khan NR, Nachbur U, Rickard J, Anderton H, Moulin M, Lluis JM, Moujalled DM, Silke J, Vaux DL. In TNF-stimulated cells, RIPK1 promotes cell survival by stabilizing TRAF2 and cIAP1, which limits induction of non-canonical NF-kappaB and activation of caspase-8. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:13282-91. [PMID: 21339290 PMCID: PMC3075675 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.216226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Revised: 01/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
RIPK1 is involved in signaling from TNF and TLR family receptors. After receptor ligation, RIPK1 not only modulates activation of both canonical and NIK-dependent NF-κB, but also regulates caspase-8 activation and cell death. Although overexpression of RIPK1 can cause caspase-8-dependent cell death, when RIPK1(-/-) cells are exposed to TNF and low doses of cycloheximide, they die more readily than wild-type cells, indicating RIPK1 has pro-survival as well as pro-apoptotic activities. To determine how RIPK1 promotes cell survival, we compared wild-type and RIPK1(-/-) cells treated with TNF. Although TRAF2 levels remained constant in TNF-treated wild-type cells, TNF stimulation of RIPK1(-/-) cells caused TRAF2 and cIAP1 to be rapidly degraded by the proteasome, which led to an increase in NIK levels. This resulted in processing of p100 NF-κB2 to p52, a decrease in levels of cFLIP(L), and activation of caspase-8, culminating in cell death. Therefore, the pro-survival effect of RIPK1 is mediated by stabilization of TRAF2 and cIAP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian E. Gentle
- From the Department of Biochemistry and La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - W. Wei-Lynn Wong
- From the Department of Biochemistry and La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Joseph M. Evans
- From the Department of Biochemistry and La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Alexandra Bankovacki
- From the Department of Biochemistry and La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Wendy D. Cook
- From the Department of Biochemistry and La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Nufail R. Khan
- From the Department of Biochemistry and La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Ulrich Nachbur
- From the Department of Biochemistry and La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - James Rickard
- From the Department of Biochemistry and La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Holly Anderton
- From the Department of Biochemistry and La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Maryline Moulin
- From the Department of Biochemistry and La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Josep Maria Lluis
- From the Department of Biochemistry and La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Donia M. Moujalled
- From the Department of Biochemistry and La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - John Silke
- From the Department of Biochemistry and La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - David L. Vaux
- From the Department of Biochemistry and La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Victoria 3086, Australia
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127
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Abstract
Extensive research has been performed to unravel the mechanistic signaling pathways mediated by tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1), by contrast there is limited knowledge on cellular signaling upon activation of TNFR2. Recently published data have revealed that these two receptors not only function independently, but also can influence each other via cross-talk between the different signaling pathways initiated by TNFR1 and TNFR2 stimulation. Furthermore, the complexity of this cross-talk is also dependent on the different signaling kinetics between TNFR1 and TNFR2, by which a delicate balance between cell survival and apoptosis can be maintained. Some known signaling factors and the kinetics that are involved in the receptor cross-talk between TNFR1 and TNFR2 are the topic of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petrus J W Naudé
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
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128
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Kim JY, Morgan M, Kim DG, Lee JY, Bai L, Lin Y, Liu ZG, Kim YS. TNFα induced noncanonical NF-κB activation is attenuated by RIP1 through stabilization of TRAF2. J Cell Sci 2011; 124:647-56. [PMID: 21266470 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.075770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The current paradigm of noncanonical NF-κB signaling suggests that the loss of TRAF2, TRAF3 or cIAP1 and cIAP2 leads to stabilization of NF-κB-inducing kinase (NIK) to activate the noncanonical pathway. Although a crucial role of RIP1 in the TNFα-induced canonical NF-κB pathway has been well established, its involvement in noncanonical activation of NF-κB through the TNFR1 receptor, is unknown. Here we show that TNFα is capable of activating the noncanonical NF-κB pathway, but that activation of this pathway is negatively regulated by RIP1. In the absence of RIP1, TNFR1 stimulation leads to activation of the noncanonical NF-κB pathway through TRAF2 degradation, leading to NIK stabilization, IKKα phosphorylation and the processing of p100 to generate p52. Thus although RIP1(-/-) mouse embryonic fibroblasts are sensitive at early time points to cell death induced by TNFα, probably as a result of lack of canonical NF-κB activation, the late activation of the noncanonical NF-κB pathway protects the remaining cells from further cell death. The TNFR1-dependent noncanonical NF-κB activation in RIP1(-/-) cells suggests that there is functional interplay between the two NF-κB pathways during TNFR1 signaling, which might regulate the number and kinds of NF-κB transcription factors and thus finely control NF-κB-dependent gene transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo-Young Kim
- Institute for Medical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 443-749, Korea
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129
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Wajant H, Gerspach J, Pfizenmaier K. Engineering death receptor ligands for cancer therapy. Cancer Lett 2011; 332:163-74. [PMID: 21236560 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2010.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2010] [Revised: 12/02/2010] [Accepted: 12/18/2010] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
CD95, TNFR1, TRAILR1 and TRAILR2 belong to a subgroup of TNF receptors which is characterized by a conserved cell death-inducing protein domain that connects these receptors to the apoptotic machinery of the cell. Activation of death receptors in malignant cells attracts increasing attention as a principle to fight cancer. Besides agonistic antibodies the major way to stimulate death receptors is the use of their naturally occurring "death ligands" CD95L, TNF and TRAIL. However, dependent from the concept followed to develop a death ligand-based therapy various limiting aspects have to be taken into consideration on the way to a "bedside" usable drug. Problems arise in particular from the cell associated transmembrane nature of the death ligands, the poor serum half life of the soluble fragments derived from the transmembrane ligands, the ubiquitous expression of the death receptors and the existence of additional non-death receptors of the death ligands. Here, we summarize strategies how these limitations can be overcome by genetic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Wajant
- Division of Molecular Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
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130
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Abstract
The non-canonical NF-κB pathway is an important arm of NF-κB signaling that predominantly targets activation of the p52/RelB NF-κB complex. This pathway depends on the inducible processing of p100, a molecule functioning as both the precursor of p52 and a RelB-specific inhibitor. A central signaling component of the non-canonical pathway is NF-κB-inducing kinase (NIK), which integrates signals from a subset of TNF receptor family members and activates a downstream kinase, IκB kinase-α (IKKα), for triggering p100 phosphorylation and processing. A unique mechanism of NIK regulation is through its fate control: the basal level of NIK is kept low by a TRAF-cIAP destruction complex and signal-induced non-canonical NF-κB signaling involves NIK stabilization. Tight control of the fate of NIK is important, since deregulated NIK accumulation is associated with lymphoid malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Cong Sun
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, 7455 Fannin Street, Box 902, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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131
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Ablamunits V, Bisikirska B, Herold KC. Acquisition of regulatory function by human CD8(+) T cells treated with anti-CD3 antibody requires TNF. Eur J Immunol 2010; 40:2891-901. [PMID: 21038470 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201040485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Anti-CD3 mAb can modulate graft rejection and attenuate autoimmune diseases but their mechanism(s) of action remain unclear. CD8(+) T cells with regulatory function are induced in vitro by Teplizumab, a humanized anti-CD3 antibody and inhibit responses of autologous and allogeneic T cells. They inhibit CD4(+) T-cell proliferation by mechanisms involving TNF and CCL4, and by blocking target cell entry into G2/M phase of cell cycle but neither kill them, nor compete for IL-2. CD8(+) Treg can be isolated from peripheral blood following treatment of patients with Type 1 diabetes with Teplizumab, but not from untreated patients. The induction of CD8(+) Treg by anti-CD3 mAb requires TNF and signaling through the NF-κB cascade. The CD8(+) Treg express CD25, glucocorticoid-induced TNF receptor family, CTLA-4, Foxp3, and TNFR2, and the combined expression of TNFR2 and CD25 identifies a potent subpopulation of CD8(+) Treg. These studies have identified a novel mechanism of immune regulation by anti-CD3 mAb and markers that may be used to track inducible CD8(+) Treg in settings such as chronic inflammation or immune therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitaly Ablamunits
- Departments of Immunobiology and Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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132
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Grinberg-Bleyer Y, Saadoun D, Baeyens A, Billiard F, Goldstein JD, Grégoire S, Martin GH, Elhage R, Derian N, Carpentier W, Marodon G, Klatzmann D, Piaggio E, Salomon BL. Pathogenic T cells have a paradoxical protective effect in murine autoimmune diabetes by boosting Tregs. J Clin Invest 2010; 120:4558-68. [PMID: 21099113 DOI: 10.1172/jci42945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2010] [Accepted: 09/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Tregs play a major role in prevention of autoimmune diseases. The suppressive effect of Tregs on effector T cells (Teffs), the cells that can mediate autoimmunity, has been extensively studied. However, the in vivo impact of Teff activation on Tregs during autoimmunity has not been explored. In this study, we have shown that CD4+ Teff activation strongly boosts the expansion and suppressive activity of Tregs. This helper function of CD4+ T cells, which we believe to be novel, was observed in the pancreas and draining lymph nodes in mouse recipients of islet-specific Teffs and Tregs. Its physiological impact was assessed in autoimmune diabetes. When islet-specific Teffs were transferred alone, they induced diabetes. Paradoxically, when the same Teffs were cotransferred with islet-specific Tregs, they induced disease protection by boosting Treg expansion and suppressive function. RNA microarray analyses suggested that TNF family members were involved in the Teff-mediated Treg boost. In vivo experiments showed that this Treg boost was partially dependent on TNF but not on IL-2. This feedback regulatory loop between Teffs and Tregs may be critical to preventing or limiting the development of autoimmune diseases.
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133
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Li T, Morgan MJ, Choksi S, Zhang Y, Kim YS, Liu ZG. MicroRNAs modulate the noncanonical transcription factor NF-kappaB pathway by regulating expression of the kinase IKKalpha during macrophage differentiation. Nat Immunol 2010; 11:799-805. [PMID: 20711193 PMCID: PMC2926307 DOI: 10.1038/ni.1918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2010] [Accepted: 07/13/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs are key regulators of many biological processes, including cell differentiation. Here we show that during human monocyte-macrophage differentiation, expression of the microRNAs miR-223, miR-15a and miR-16 decreased considerably, which led to higher expression of the serine-threonine kinase IKKalpha in macrophages. In macrophages, higher IKKalpha expression in conjunction with stabilization of the kinase NIK induced larger amounts of p52. Because of low expression of the transcription factor RelB in untreated macrophages, high p52 expression repressed basal transcription of both canonical and noncanonical NF-kappaB target genes. However, proinflammatory stimuli in macrophages resulted in greater induction of noncanonical NF-kappaB target genes. Thus, a decrease in certain microRNAs probably prevents macrophage hyperactivation yet primes the macrophage for certain responses to proinflammatory stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Li
- Cell and Cancer Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 37 Convent Dr., Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Michael J. Morgan
- Cell and Cancer Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 37 Convent Dr., Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Swati Choksi
- Cell and Cancer Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 37 Convent Dr., Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Yan Zhang
- Cell and Cancer Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 37 Convent Dr., Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - You-Sun Kim
- Institute for Medical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 443-749 Korea
| | - Zheng-gang Liu
- Cell and Cancer Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 37 Convent Dr., Bethesda, MD 20892
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134
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Veroni C, Gabriele L, Canini I, Castiello L, Coccia E, Remoli ME, Columba-Cabezas S, Aricò E, Aloisi F, Agresti C. Activation of TNF receptor 2 in microglia promotes induction of anti-inflammatory pathways. Mol Cell Neurosci 2010; 45:234-44. [PMID: 20600925 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2010.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2010] [Revised: 05/20/2010] [Accepted: 06/22/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Fine regulation of the innate immune response following brain injury or infection is important to avoid excessive activation of microglia and its detrimental consequences on neural cell viability and function. To get insights on the molecular networks regulating microglia activation, we analyzed expression, regulation and functional relevance of tumor necrosis factor receptors (TNFR) 2 in cultured mouse microglia. We found that microglia upregulate TNFR2 mRNA and protein and shed large amounts of soluble TNFR2, but not TNFR1, in response to pro-inflammatory stimuli and through activation of TNFR2 itself. By microarray analysis, we demonstrate that TNFR2 stimulation in microglia regulates expression of genes involved in immune processes, including molecules with anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective function like granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, adrenomedullin and IL-10. In addition, we identify IFN-γ as a regulator of the balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory/neuroprotective factors induced by TNFR2 stimulation. These data indicate that, through TNFR2, microglia may contribute to the counter-regulatory response activated in neuropathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Veroni
- Departments of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
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Chen X, Hamano R, Subleski JJ, Hurwitz AA, Howard OMZ, Oppenheim JJ. Expression of costimulatory TNFR2 induces resistance of CD4+FoxP3- conventional T cells to suppression by CD4+FoxP3+ regulatory T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:174-82. [PMID: 20525892 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0903548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Our previous study showed that TNFR2 is preferentially expressed by CD4(+)FoxP3(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs), and expression of this receptor identified maximally suppressive Tregs. TNFR2 is also expressed by a small fraction of CD4(+)FoxP3(-) conventional T cells (Tconvs) in normal mice, and its expression is upregulated by T cell activation. This raises questions about the role of TNFR2 signaling in the function of Tconv cells. In this study, by using FoxP3/gfp knock-in mice, we showed that TNFR2 signaling did not induce FoxP3(-) CD4 cells to become suppressive. Ki-67, a marker of proliferation, was concomitantly expressed with TNFR2 by CD4 cells, independent of forkhead box P3 expression, in normal mice and Lewis lung carcinoma-bearing mice. TNFR2 is associated with greater suppressive functions when expressed by Tregs and is associated with greater resistance to suppression when expressed by Tconv cells. In mice bearing 4T1 breast tumor or Lewis lung carcinoma, intratumoral Tconv cells expressing elevated levels of TNFR2 acquired the capacity to resist suppression by lymph node-derived Tregs. However, they remained susceptible to inhibition by more suppressive tumor-infiltrating Tregs, which expressed higher levels of TNFR2. Our data indicate that TNFR2 also costimulates Tconv cells. However, intratumoral Tregs expressing more TNFR2 are able to overcome the greater resistance to suppression of intratumoral Tconv cells, resulting in a dominant immunosuppressive tumor environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chen
- Basic Science Program, Science Applications International Corporation-Frederick, Inc., National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
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