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Oishi S, Fujii N. Peptide and peptidomimetic ligands for CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4). Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:5720-31. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ob25107h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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102
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Kim HY, Hwang JY, Oh YS, Kim SW, Lee HJ, Yun HJ, Kim S, Yang YJ, Jo DY. Differential effects of CXCR4 antagonists on the survival and proliferation of myeloid leukemia cells in vitro. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF HEMATOLOGY 2011; 46:244-52. [PMID: 22259630 PMCID: PMC3259516 DOI: 10.5045/kjh.2011.46.4.244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Revised: 12/07/2011] [Accepted: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Background Antagonists of CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4), including AMD3100, induce peripheral mobilization of hematopoietic stem cells and have been approved for clinical use. We explored whether the CXCR4 antagonists affected the survival and proliferation of myeloid leukemia cells in vitro. Methods The effects of CXCR4 antagonists AMD3100 and T140 on the survival and proliferation of myeloid leukemia cell lines (U937, HL-60, MO7e, KG1a, and K562) as well as CD34+ cells obtained from patients with AML and CML were analyzed by flow cytometry by using annexin V and a colorimetric cell proliferation assay. Results AMD3100, but not T140, stimulated the proliferation of leukemia cells in vitro in a dose-dependent manner for up to 5 days (~2-fold increase at a concentration of 10-5 M), which was not abrogated by pretreatment of the cells with pertussis toxin, but was attenuated by RNAi knockdown of CXCR7 transcripts. In contrast, AMD3100 induced a marked decrease in the cell numbers after 5-7 days. AMD3100, but not T140, induced phosphorylation of MAPK p44/p42. AMD3100 increased the number and size of leukemia cell colonies and reduced cell apoptosis during the first 5-7 days of incubation, but the phenomena were reversed during the later period of incubation. Conclusion The effects of CXCR4 antagonists on the proliferation of myeloid leukemia cells are not uniform. AMD3100, but not T140, exerts dual effects, initially enhancing and subsequently inhibiting the survival and proliferation of the cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha-Yon Kim
- Department of Medical Science, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
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103
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Demmer O, Dijkgraaf I, Schumacher U, Marinelli L, Cosconati S, Gourni E, Wester HJ, Kessler H. Design, synthesis, and functionalization of dimeric peptides targeting chemokine receptor CXCR4. J Med Chem 2011; 54:7648-62. [PMID: 21905730 DOI: 10.1021/jm2009716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The chemokine receptor CXCR4 is a critical regulator of inflammation and immune surveillance, and it is specifically implicated in cancer metastasis and HIV-1 infection. On the basis of the observation that several of the known antagonists remarkably share a C(2) symmetry element, we constructed symmetric dimers with excellent antagonistic activity using a derivative of a cyclic pentapeptide as monomer. To optimize the binding affinity, we investigated the influence of the distance between the monomers and the pharmacophoric sites in the synthesized constructs. The affinity studies in combination with docking computations support a two-site binding model. In a final step, 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA) was introduced as chelator for (radio-)metals, thus allowing to exploit these compounds as a new group of CXCR4-binding peptidic probes for molecular imaging and endoradiotherapeutic purposes. Both the DOTA conjugates and some of their corresponding metal complexes retain good CXCR4 affinity, and one (68)Ga labeled compound was studied as PET tracer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Demmer
- Institute for Advanced Study, Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 4, D-85748 Garching, Germany
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104
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Burger JA, Stewart DJ, Wald O, Peled A. Potential of CXCR4 antagonists for the treatment of metastatic lung cancer. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2011; 11:621-30. [PMID: 21504328 DOI: 10.1586/era.11.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Despite advances in surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy over the last decades, the death rate from lung cancer has remained largely unchanged, which is mainly due to metastatic disease. Because of the overall poor prognosis, new treatment strategies for lung cancer patients are urgently needed, and targeting CXCR4 constitutes such a novel, attractive strategy. Tumor cell migration and metastasis share many similarities with leukocyte trafficking, which is critically regulated by chemokine receptors and adhesion molecules. Lung cancer cells express CXCR4 (CD184), a seven-transmembrane G-protein-coupled chemokine receptor. Stromal cells within the tumor microenvironment constitutively secrete stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1/CXCL12), the ligand for CXCR4. Activation of CXCR4 induces lung cancer cell migration and adhesion to stromal cells, which in turn provides growth- and drug-resistance signals to the tumor cells. CXCR4 antagonists, such as Plerixafor (AMD3100) and T140 analogues (TN14003/BKT140), can disrupt CXCR4-mediated tumor cell adhesion to stromal cells and sensitize lung cancer cells to cytotoxic drugs. Therefore, targeting the CXCR4-CXCL12 axis is a novel, attractive therapeutic approach in small-cell lung cancer and non-small-cell lung cancer. In this article, we summarize data about the cellular and molecular microenvironment in small-cell lung cancer and non-small-cell lung cancer, as well as the role of CXCR4 in tumor-stroma crosstalk. In addition, we review the current status of the preclinical and clinical development of CXCR4 antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan A Burger
- Department of Leukemia, Unit 428, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, PO Box 301402, Houston, TX 77230-1402, USA.
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105
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Immunohistochemical detection of the CXCR4 expression in tumor tissue using the fluorescent peptide antagonist Ac-TZ14011-FITC. Transl Oncol 2011; 4:234-40. [PMID: 21804919 DOI: 10.1593/tlo.11115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2011] [Revised: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathology is fundamental in grading, staging, and treatment planning of malignancies. One relatively novel biomarker that may become more important in therapy and diagnostics is the chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4). Ac-TZ14011 peptide derivatives, functionalized with a radiolabel, can be used for molecular imaging of tumors. Direct fluorescent labeling of the small peptide Ac-TZ14011 with the fluorescent dye fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), however, provides an alternative for the detection of CXCR4 expression levels in cells and tumor tissue. In this study, Ac-TZ14011-FITC was validated for CXCR4 staining in human breast cancer cell lines MDAMB231 and MDAMB231(CXCR4+) during flow cytometric analysis. Its efficacy was compared to commercially available antibodies. Competition experiments validated the staining specificity. Confocal imaging revealed that CXCR4 staining was predominantly found on the cell membrane and/or in vesicles formed after endocytosis. Next to being able to differentiate "high" and "low" CXCR4-expressing tumor cells, the fluorescent peptide demonstrates potential in fluorescent immunohistochemistry of tumor tissue. Ac-TZ14011-FITC was able to differentiate MDAMB231 from MDAMB231(CXCR4+) tumor cells and tissue, proving its applicability in the detection of differences in CXCR4 expression levels.
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Inokuchi E, Oishi S, Kubo T, Ohno H, Shimura K, Matsuoka M, Fujii N. Potent CXCR4 antagonists containing amidine type Peptide bond isosteres. ACS Med Chem Lett 2011; 2:477-80. [PMID: 24900333 DOI: 10.1021/ml200047e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/27/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of FC131 [cyclo(-d-Tyr-Arg-Arg-Nal-Gly-)] analogues containing amidine type peptide bond isosteres were synthesized as selective CXC chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) antagonists. An isosteric amidine substructure was constructed by a macrocyclization process using nitrile oxide-mediated C-N bond formation. All of the amidine-containing FC131 analogues exhibited potent SDF-1 binding inhibition to CXCR4. The Nal-Gly-substituted analogue was characterized as one of the most potent cyclic pentapeptide-based CXCR4 antagonists reported to date. The improved activity against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type-1 X4 strains suggested that addition of another basic amidine group to the peptide backbone effectively increases the selective binding of the peptides to CXCR4 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eriko Inokuchi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Shinya Oishi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Kubo
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Ohno
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kazuya Shimura
- Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Masao Matsuoka
- Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Fujii
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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Taubert I, Saffrich R, Zepeda-Moreno A, Hellwig I, Eckstein V, Bruckner T, Ho AD, Wuchter P. Characterization of hematopoietic stem cell subsets from patients with multiple myeloma after mobilization with plerixafor. Cytotherapy 2011; 13:459-66. [DOI: 10.3109/14653249.2010.530652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Sharma M, Afrin F, Satija N, Tripathi RP, Gangenahalli GU. Stromal-derived factor-1/CXCR4 signaling: indispensable role in homing and engraftment of hematopoietic stem cells in bone marrow. Stem Cells Dev 2011; 20:933-46. [PMID: 21186999 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2010.0263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Homing and engraftment of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs) in bone marrow is the major determining factor in success of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. This is a complex, multistep process orchestrated by the coordinated interplay between adhesion molecules, cytokines, growth factors, and regulatory cofactors, many of which remain to be defined. Recent studies have highlighted the pivotal role of unique stromal-derived factor-1 (SDF-1)/CXCR4 signaling in the regulation of HSPC homing and subsequent engraftment. In addition, studies suggest that SDF-1/CXCR4 signaling acts as an essential survival-promoting factor of transplanted HSPCs as well as maintenance of quiescent HSCs in bone marrow niche. These pleiotropic effects exerted by SDF-1/CXCR4 axis make this unique signaling initiator very promising, not only for optimal hematopoietic reconstitution but also for the development of innovative approaches to achieve restoration, regeneration, or repair of other damaged tissues potentially amendable to reversal by stem cell transplantation. This goal can only be achieved when the role of SDF-1/CXCR4 axis in hematopoietic transplantation is clearly defined. Hence, this review presents current knowledge of the mechanisms through which SDF-1/CXCR4 signaling promotes restoration of hematopoiesis by regulating the homing and engraftment of HSPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menka Sharma
- Stem Cell and Gene Therapy Research Group, Division of Radiation Biosciences, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Defense Research and Development Organization, New Delhi, India
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109
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Göttle P, Kremer D, Jander S, Odemis V, Engele J, Hartung HP, Küry P. Activation of CXCR7 receptor promotes oligodendroglial cell maturation. Ann Neurol 2011; 68:915-24. [PMID: 21154415 DOI: 10.1002/ana.22214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Differentiation of oligodendroglial precursor cells is crucial for central nervous system (re)myelination and is influenced by multiple extrinsic and intrinsic factors. Chemokines, a group of small proteins, are highly conserved among mammals and have been implicated in a variety of biological processes during development, tissue homeostasis, and repair. We investigated whether the chemokine CXCL12 influences oligodendrocytes and what cellular differentiation/maturation processes are controlled by this molecule. METHODS Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis was induced using myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein. Immunostainings and quantitative gene expression analysis were used to study expression of the 2 currently known CXCL12 receptors on oligodendroglial cells. Stimulation of cultured primary oligodendroglial precursor cells was performed to determine the impact of the ligand/receptor interaction on morphological maturation and on myelin expression. Blocking and suppression experiments were conducted to reveal the identity of the transmitting receptor. RESULTS This analysis revealed the presence of CXCR4 as well as CXCR7 and that cellular maturation in vivo and in vitro is accompanied by upregulation of CXCR7 and downregulation of CXCR4. Of note, in the diseased demyelinating central nervous system, CXCR7 expression is maintained on oligodendroglial cells, whereas CXCR4 could not be detected. We then demonstrated that CXCL12 stimulation promotes morphological maturation of cultured primary oligodendrocyte precursor cells as well as their myelin expression. Pharmacological inhibition of the CXCR7 receptor was shown to block CXCL12-dependent effects entirely. INTERPRETATION Our findings suggest that a specific activation of the CXCR7 receptor could provide a means to promote oligodendroglial differentiation in the diseased or injured central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Göttle
- Department of Neurology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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110
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Kim HY, Hwang JY, Kim SW, Lee HJ, Yun HJ, Kim S, Jo DY. The CXCR4 Antagonist AMD3100 Has Dual Effects on Survival and Proliferation of Myeloma Cells In Vitro. Cancer Res Treat 2010; 42:225-34. [PMID: 21253325 PMCID: PMC3021742 DOI: 10.4143/crt.2010.42.4.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2010] [Accepted: 05/19/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose AMD3100, an antagonist of the CXCR4 chemokine receptor is soon to be used clinically for the peripheral mobilization of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in patients with multiple myeloma. AMD3100 has been shown to activate a G protein coupled with CXCR4 and thus acts as a partial CXCR4 agonist in vitro. Thus, we explored whether AMD3100 affected the survival and proliferation of myeloma cells in vitro. Materials and Methods The effects of AMD3100 on survival and proliferation of two myeloma cell lines (RPMI8226 and U266) as well as CD138+ cells obtained from several patients with multiple myeloma were analyzed by flow cytometry using annexin V and a colorimetric cell proliferation assay (CCK-8 assay). Results AMD3100, but not T140, another CXCR4 antagonist, stimulated the proliferation of myeloma cell lines and CD138+ primary human myeloma cells (-2-fold increase) in a dose-dependent manner in serum-free culture for up to 5 days, which was inhibited by pretreating the cells with pertussis toxin. AMD3100 enhanced the proliferation of U266 cells induced by interleukin-6 and partially reversed AG490-mediated growth inhibition and apoptosis induced by serum deprivation in RPMI8226 cells. AMD3100 induced the phosphorylation of Akt and MAPK p44/p42 in U266 cells and MAPK p44/p42 in RPMI8226 cells. In contrast, AMD3100 markedly increased the cell apoptosis and reduced the number of RPMI8226 cells after 5 to 7 days of culture under serum-free conditions. Conclusion AMD3100 exerts dual effects, initially enhancing and subsequently inhibiting the survival and proliferation of myeloma cells, signaling via CXCR4 in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha-Yon Kim
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
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111
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Beider K, Begin M, Abraham M, Wald H, Weiss ID, Wald O, Pikarsky E, Zeira E, Eizenberg O, Galun E, Hardan I, Engelhard D, Nagler A, Peled A. CXCR4 antagonist 4F-benzoyl-TN14003 inhibits leukemia and multiple myeloma tumor growth. Exp Hematol 2010; 39:282-92. [PMID: 21138752 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2010.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2010] [Revised: 11/07/2010] [Accepted: 11/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The chemokine receptor CXCR4 and its ligand CXCL12 are involved in the progression and dissemination of a diverse number of solid and hematological malignancies. Binding CXCL12 to CXCR4 activates a variety of intracellular signal transduction pathways that regulate cell chemotaxis, adhesion, survival, proliferation, and apoptosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Here, we demonstrate that the CXCR4 antagonist, 4F-benzoyl-TN14003 (BKT140), but not AMD3100, exhibits a CXCR4-dependent preferential cytotoxicity toward malignant cells of hematopoietic origin. BKT140 significantly and preferentially stimulated multiple myeloma apoptotic cell death. BKT140 treatment induced morphological changes, phosphatidylserine externalization, decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, caspase-3 activation, sub-G1 arrest, and DNA double-stranded breaks. RESULTS In vivo, subcutaneous injections of BKT140 significantly reduced, in a dose-dependent manner, the growth of human acute myeloid leukemia and multiple myeloma xenografts. Tumors from animals treated with BKT140 were smaller in size and weights, had larger necrotic areas and high apoptotic scores. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these results suggest a potential therapeutic use for BKT140 in multiple myeloma and leukemia patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Beider
- Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
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Pettersson S, Pérez-Nueno VI, Mena MP, Clotet B, Esté JA, Borrell JI, Teixidó J. Novel monocyclam derivatives as HIV entry inhibitors: Design, synthesis, anti-HIV evaluation, and their interaction with the CXCR4 co-receptor. ChemMedChem 2010; 5:1272-81. [PMID: 20533501 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201000124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The CXCR4 receptor has been shown to interact with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) envelope glycoprotein gp120, leading to fusion of viral and cell membranes. Therefore, ligands that can attach to this receptor represent an important class of therapeutic agents against HIV, thus inhibiting the first step in the cycle of viral infection: the virus-cell entry/fusion. Herein we describe the in silico design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of novel monocyclam derivatives as HIV entry inhibitors. In vitro activity testing of these compounds in cell cultures against HIV strains revealed EC(50) values in the low micromolar range without cytotoxicity at the concentrations tested. Docking and molecular dynamics simulations were performed to predict the binding interactions between CXCR4 and the novel monocyclam derivatives. A binding mode of these compounds is proposed which is consistent with the main existing site-directed mutagenesis data on the CXCR4 co-receptor. Moreover, molecular modeling comparisons were performed between these novel monocyclams, previously reported non-cyclam compounds from which the monocyclams are derived, and the well-known AMD3100 bicyclam CXCR4 inhibitors. Our results suggest that these three structurally diverse CXCR4 inhibitors bind to overlapping but not identical amino acid residues in the transmembrane regions of the receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Pettersson
- Institut Químic de Sarrià, Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain
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113
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CXCR4 nanobodies (VHH-based single variable domains) potently inhibit chemotaxis and HIV-1 replication and mobilize stem cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:20565-70. [PMID: 21059953 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1012865107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The important family of G protein-coupled receptors has so far not been targeted very successfully with conventional monoclonal antibodies. Here we report the isolation and characterization of functional VHH-based immunoglobulin single variable domains (or nanobodies) against the chemokine receptor CXCR4. Two highly selective monovalent nanobodies, 238D2 and 238D4, were obtained using a time-efficient whole cell immunization, phage display, and counterselection method. The highly selective VHH-based immunoglobulin single variable domains competitively inhibited the CXCR4-mediated signaling and antagonized the chemoattractant effect of the CXCR4 ligand CXCL12. Epitope mapping showed that the two nanobodies bind to distinct but partially overlapping sites in the extracellular loops. Short peptide linkage of 238D2 with 238D4 resulted in significantly increased affinity for CXCR4 and picomolar activity in antichemotactic assays. Interestingly, the monovalent nanobodies behaved as neutral antagonists, whereas the biparatopic nanobodies acted as inverse agonists at the constitutively active CXCR4-N3.35A. The CXCR4 nanobodies displayed strong antiretroviral activity against T cell-tropic and dual-tropic HIV-1 strains. Moreover, the biparatopic nanobody effectively mobilized CD34-positive stem cells in cynomolgus monkeys. Thus, the nanobody platform may be highly effective at generating extremely potent and selective G protein-coupled receptor modulators.
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114
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Qin Y, Verdegaal EME, Siderius M, Bebelman JP, Smit MJ, Leurs R, Willemze R, Tensen CP, Osanto S. Quantitative expression profiling of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) in metastatic melanoma: the constitutively active orphan GPCR GPR18 as novel drug target. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2010; 24:207-18. [PMID: 20880198 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-148x.2010.00781.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have been implicated in the tumorigenesis and metastasis of human cancers and are considered amongst the most desirable targets for drug development. Utilizing a robust quantitative PCR array, we quantified expression of 94 human GPCRs, including 75 orphan GPCRs and 19 chemokine receptors, and 36 chemokine ligands, in 40 melanoma metastases from different individuals and benign nevi. Inter-metastatic site comparison revealed that orphan GPR174 and CCL28 are statistically significantly overexpressed in subcutaneous metastases, while P2RY5 is overexpressed in brain metastases. Comparison between metastases (all three metastatic sites) and benign nevi revealed that 16 genes, including six orphan receptors (GPR18, GPR34, GPR119, GPR160, GPR183 and P2RY10) and chemokine receptors CCR5, CXCR4, and CXCR6, were statistically significantly differentially expressed. Subsequent functional experiments in yeast and melanoma cells indicate that GPR18, the most abundantly overexpressed orphan GPCR in all melanoma metastases, is constitutively active and inhibits apoptosis, indicating an important role for GPR18 in tumor cell survival. GPR18 and five other orphan GPCRs with yet unknown biological function may be considered potential novel anticancer targets in metastatic melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Qin
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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115
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Gravel S, Malouf C, Boulais PE, Berchiche YA, Oishi S, Fujii N, Leduc R, Sinnett D, Heveker N. The peptidomimetic CXCR4 antagonist TC14012 recruits beta-arrestin to CXCR7: roles of receptor domains. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:37939-43. [PMID: 20956518 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.c110.147470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
CXCR7 is an atypical chemokine receptor that signals through β-arrestin in response to agonists without detectable activation of heterotrimeric G-proteins. Its cognate chemokine ligand CXCL12 also binds CXCR4, a chemokine receptor of considerable clinical interest. Here we report that TC14012, a peptidomimetic inverse agonist of CXCR4, is an agonist on CXCR7. The potency of β-arrestin recruitment to CXCR7 by TC14012 is much higher than that of the previously reported CXCR4 antagonist AMD3100 and differs only by one log from that of the natural ligand CXCL12 (EC(50) 350 nM for TC14012, as compared with 30 nM for CXCL12 and 140 μM for AMD3100). Moreover, like CXCL12, TC14012 leads to Erk 1/2 activation in U373 glioma cells that express only CXCR7, but not CXCR4. Given that with TC14012 and AMD3100 two structurally unrelated CXCR4 antagonists turn out to be agonists on CXCR7, this likely reflects differences in the activation mechanism of the arrestin pathway by both receptors. To identify the receptor domain responsible for these opposed effects, we investigated CXCR4 and CXCR7 C terminus-swapping chimeras. Using quantitative bioluminescence resonance energy transfer, we find that the CXCR7 receptor core formed by the seven-transmembrane domains and the connecting loops determines the agonistic activity of both TC14012 and AMD3100. Moreover, we find that the CXCR7 chimera bearing the CXCR4 C-terminal constitutively associates with arrestin in the absence of ligands. Our data suggest that the CXCR4 and CXCR7 cores share ligand-binding surfaces for the binding of the synthetic ligands, indicating that CXCR4 inhibitors should be tested also on CXCR7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Gravel
- Department of Biochemistry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada
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Abstract
The chemokine receptor CXCR4 belongs to the large superfamily of G protein-coupled receptors and has been identified to play a crucial role in a number of biological processes, including the trafficking and homeostasis of immune cells such as T lymphocytes. CXCR4 has also been found to be a prognostic marker in various types of cancer, including leukemia and breast cancer, and recent evidence has highlighted the role of CXCR4 in prostate cancer. Furthermore, CXCR4 expression is upregulated in cancer metastasis, leading to enhanced signaling. These observations suggest that CXCR4 is important for the progression of cancer. The CXCR4-CXCL12 (stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1)) axis has additionally been identified to have a role in normal stem cell homing. Interestingly, cancer stem cells also express CXCR4, indicating that the CXCR4-SDF-1 axis may direct the trafficking and metastasis of these cells to organs that express high levels of SDF-1, such as the lymph nodes, lungs, liver, and bone. This review focuses on the current knowledge of CXCR4 regulation and how deregulation of this protein may contribute to the progression of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bungo Furusato
- Center for Prostate Disease Research, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Service University of the Health Sciences, 1530 E. Jefferson Street, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
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117
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Rana S, Baranski TJ. Third extracellular loop (EC3)-N terminus interaction is important for seven-transmembrane domain receptor function: implications for an activation microswitch region. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:31472-83. [PMID: 20663868 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.129213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The canonical heptahelical bundle architecture of seven-transmembrane domain (7TM) receptors is intertwined by three intra- and three extracellular loops, whose local conformations are important in receptor signaling. Many 7TM receptors contain a cysteine residue in the third extracellular loop (EC3) and a complementary cysteine residue on the N terminus. The functional role of such EC3-N terminus conserved cysteine pairs remains unclear. This study explores the role of the EC3-N terminus cysteine pairs on receptor conformation and G protein activation by disrupting them in the chemokine receptor CXCR4, while engineering a novel EC3-N terminus cysteine pair into the complement factor 5a receptor (C5aR), a chemo attractant receptor that lacks it. Mutated CXCR4 and C5aRs were expressed in engineered yeast. Mutation of the cysteine pair with the serine pair (C28S/C274S) in constitutively active mutant CXCR4 abrogated the receptor activation, whereas mutation with the aromatic pair (C28F-C274F) or the salt bridge pair (C28R/C274E), respectively, rescued or retained the receptor activation in response to CXCL12. In this context, the cysteine pair (Cys(30) and Cys(272)) engineered into the EC3-N terminus (Ser(30) and Ser(272)) of a novel constitutively active mutant of C5aR restrained the constitutive signaling without affecting the C5a-induced activation. Further mutational studies demonstrated a previously unappreciated role for Ser(272) on EC3 of C5aR and its interaction with the N terminus, thus defining a new microswitch region within the C5aR. Similar results were obtained with mutated CXCR4 and C5aRs expressed in COS-7 cells. These studies demonstrate a novel role of the EC3-N terminus cysteine pairs in G protein-coupled receptor activation and signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumendra Rana
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Lipid Research, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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Kang Y, Chen BJ, DeOliveira D, Mito J, Chao NJ. Selective enhancement of donor hematopoietic cell engraftment by the CXCR4 antagonist AMD3100 in a mouse transplantation model. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11316. [PMID: 20596257 PMCID: PMC2893128 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2009] [Accepted: 05/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction between stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) with CXCR4 chemokine receptors plays an important role in hematopoiesis following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. We examined the efficacy of post transplant administration of a specific CXCR4 antagonist (AMD3100) in improving animal survival and in enhancing donor hematopoietic cell engraftment using a congeneic mouse transplantation model. AMD3100 was administered subcutaneously at 5 mg/kg body weight 3 times a week beginning at day +2 post-transplant. Post-transplant administration of AMD3100 significantly improves animal survival. AMD3100 reduces pro-inflammatory cytokine/chemokine production. Furthermore, post transplant administration of AMD3100 selectively enhances donor cell engraftment and promotes recovery of all donor cell lineages (myeloid cells, T and B lymphocytes, erythrocytes and platelets). This enhancement results from a combined effect of increased marrow niche availability and greater cell division induced by AMD3100. Our studies shed new lights into the biological roles of SDF-1/CXCR4 interaction in hematopoietic stem cell engraftment following transplantation and in transplant-related mortality. Our results indicate that AMD3100 provides a novel approach for enhancing hematological recovery following transplantation, and will likely benefit patients undergoing transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubin Kang
- Divisions of Hematology, Oncology and Cellular Therapy, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Benny J. Chen
- Division of Cellular Therapy/Adult Bone Marrow Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Divino DeOliveira
- Division of Cellular Therapy/Adult Bone Marrow Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey Mito
- Division of Cellular Therapy/Adult Bone Marrow Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Nelson J. Chao
- Division of Cellular Therapy/Adult Bone Marrow Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Novel insight into stem cell mobilization-plasma sphingosine-1-phosphate is a major chemoattractant that directs the egress of hematopoietic stem progenitor cells from the bone marrow and its level in peripheral blood increases during mobilization due to activation of complement cascade/membrane attack complex. Leukemia 2010; 24:573-82. [PMID: 20033053 PMCID: PMC2838235 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2009.271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We reported that complement cascade (CC) becomes activated in bone marrow (BM) during mobilization of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs) induced by granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) and C5 cleavage plays an important role in optimal egress of HSPCs. In the current work, we explored whether CC is involved in mobilization of HSPCs induced by the CXCR4 antagonist, AMD3100. To address this question, we performed mobilization studies in mice that display a defect in the activation of the proximal steps of CC (Rag−/−, SCID, C2.Cfb−/−) as well as in mice that do not activate the distal steps of CC (C5−/−). We noticed that proximal CC activation-deficient mice (above C5 level), in contrast to distal step CC activation-deficient C5−/− ones mobilize normally in response to AMD3100 administration. We hypothesized that this discrepancy in mobilization could be explained by AMD3100 activating C5 in Rag−/−, SCID, C2.Cfb−/− animals in a non-canonical mechanism involving activated granulocytes. To support this granulocytes i) as first egress from BM and ii) secrete several proteases that cleave/activate C5 in response to AMD3100. We conclude that AMD3100-directed mobilization of HSPCs, similarly to G-CSF-induced mobilization, depends on activation of CC; however, in contrast to G-CSF, AMD3100 activates the distal steps of CC directly at the C5 level. Overall, these data support that C5 cleavage fragments and distal steps of CC activation are required for optimal mobilization of HSPCs.
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120
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Saini V, Marchese A, Majetschak M. CXC chemokine receptor 4 is a cell surface receptor for extracellular ubiquitin. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:15566-15576. [PMID: 20228059 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.103408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitin is one of the most highly conserved proteins in eukaryotes and plays major biological roles as a post-translational protein modifier. Ubiquitin is also a natural constituent of plasma, and several lines of evidence suggest that extracellular ubiquitin is an immune modulator with anti-inflammatory properties. In addition, ubiquitin treatment has been shown to limit inflammation and reduce organ injury in various disease models and species in vivo. However, its mechanism of action is unknown. Here we show that extracellular ubiquitin is a natural CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4 and CD184) agonist. Extracellular ubiquitin promotes intracellular Ca(2+) flux and reduces cAMP levels through a G protein-coupled receptor that signals via a Galpha(i/o) protein in THP1 cells. Toll-like receptor 4 stimulation reduces ubiquitin-binding sites, which enabled identification of four Galpha(i/o) PCRs as ubiquitin receptor candidates. Overexpression of candidate genes in HEK293 cells, gene silencing in THP1 cells, competition binding, and signaling studies with the CXCR4 agonist stromal cell-derived factor-1alpha (chemokine (CXC motif) ligand 12) and inhibitor AMD3100 identify CXCR4 as a functional ubiquitin receptor. Our finding uncovers a fundamentally new aspect of the role of ubiquitin in biology, has implications for the understanding of CXCR4-mediated events, and is expected to facilitate development of new therapeutic avenues for a variety of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Saini
- Department of Surgery, Burn and Shock Trauma Institute, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois 60153
| | - Adriano Marchese
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois 60153
| | - Matthias Majetschak
- Department of Surgery, Burn and Shock Trauma Institute, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois 60153; Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois 60153.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mutations of the gsp oncogene are responsible for 30-40% of GH-producing pituitary adenomas and 10% of nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas (NFPAs). However, the pathogenetic mechanism of the remaining pituitary tumours still remains to be identified. Recently, the interaction between the chemokine stromal cell-derived factor 1 and its receptor CXCR4 was found to play an important role in GH production and cell proliferation in various pituitary adenoma cell lines. As CXCR4 is a Gi-coupled chemokine receptor, its constitutive activating mutations may be involved in pituitary tumour formation by cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-independent, ERK-related pathways. PATIENTS AND METHODS We investigated whether somatic activating-mutations of CXCR4 might be a possible tumourigenic mechanism for gsp-negative GH-secreting pituitary adenomas and NFPAs. Direct sequencing of polymerase chain reaction-amplified products for coding exons of CXCR4 were performed using genomic deoxyribonucleic acid samples from 37 GH-producing pituitary tumour tissues that were negative for the gsp mutation and 14 CXCR4 expressing NFPAs. RESULTS Immunohistochemical analyses and double immunofluorescent staining of sectioned paraffin-embedded pituitary tissues revealed that CXCR4 is highly expressed in GH-producing pituitary adenomas and NFPAs. Direct sequencing showed that two synonymous mutations in exon 2 (87 C > T and 414 C > T) were detected in 4 out of 51 pituitary tumours. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that an activating mutation of the CXCR4 may not be a common pathogenetic mechanism in GH-producing pituitary tumours and NFPAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-ho Lee
- Endocrinology, Internal Medicine, Institute of Endocrine Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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122
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Abstract
Pharmacological manipulation of CXCR4 has proven clinically useful for mobilization of stem and progenitor cells and in several preclinical models of disease. It is a key component in the localization of leukocytes and stem cells. For patients with multiple myeloma and non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma, treatment with plerixafor, an inhibitor of CXCL12 binding to CXCR4, plus G-CSF mobilizes stem cells for autologous transplantation to a greater degree than the treatment with G-CSF alone, and in some cases when patients could not be mobilized with cytokines, chemotherapy, or the combination. Stem cells from healthy donors mobilized with single agent plerixafor have been used for allogeneic transplantation in acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) patients, although this is still in the early phase of clinical development. Plerixafor is also undergoing evaluation to mobilize tumor cells in patients with AML and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) to enhance the effectiveness of chemotherapy regimens. Plerixafor's effect on neutrophils may also restore circulating neutrophil counts to normal levels in patients with chronic neutropenias such as in WHIMs syndrome. Other areas where inhibition of CXCR4 may be useful based upon preclinical or clinical data include peripheral vascular disease, autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, pulmonary inflammation, and HIV.
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Park G, Masi T, Choi CK, Kim H, Becker JM, Sparer TE. Screening for novel constitutively active CXCR2 mutants and their cellular effects. Methods Enzymol 2010; 485:481-97. [PMID: 21050933 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-381296-4.00026-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines play an important role in inflammatory, developmental, and homeostatic processes. Deregulation of this system results in various diseases including tumorigenesis and cancer metastasis. Deregulation can occur when constitutively active mutant (CAM) chemokine receptors are locked in the "on" position. This can lead to cellular transformation/tumorigenesis. The CXC chemokine receptor 2 (CXCR2) is a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) expressed on neutrophils, some monocytes, endothelial cells, and some epithelial cells. CXCR2 activation with CXC chemokines induces leukocyte migration, trafficking, leukocyte degranulation, cellular differentiation, and angiogenesis. Activation of CXCR2 can lead to cellular transformation. We hypothesized that CAM CXCR2s may play a role in cancer development. In order to identify CXCR2 CAMs, potential mutant CXCR2 receptors were screened using a modified Saccharomyces cerevisiae high-throughput system. S. cerevisiae has been used successfully to identify GPCR/G-protein interactions and autocrine selection for peptide agonists. The CXCR2 CAMs identified from this screen were characterized in mammalian cells. Their ability to transform cells in vitro was shown using foci formation, soft-agar growth, impedance measurement assays, and in vivo tumor growth following hind flank inoculation into mice. Signaling pathways contributing to cellular transformation were identified using luciferase reporter assays. Studying constitutively active GPCRs is an approach to "capturing" pluridimensional GPCRs in a "locked" activation state. In order to address the residues necessary for CXCR2 activation, we used S. cerevisiae for screening novel CAMs and characterized them using mammalian reporter assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giljun Park
- The University of Tennessee, Department of Microbiology, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
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124
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Boulais PE, Dulude D, Cabana J, Heveker N, Escher E, Lavigne P, Leduc R. Photolabeling identifies transmembrane domain 4 of CXCR4 as a T140 binding site. Biochem Pharmacol 2009; 78:1382-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2009.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2009] [Revised: 07/14/2009] [Accepted: 07/15/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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125
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Sohy D, Yano H, de Nadai P, Urizar E, Guillabert A, Javitch JA, Parmentier M, Springael JY. Hetero-oligomerization of CCR2, CCR5, and CXCR4 and the protean effects of "selective" antagonists. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:31270-9. [PMID: 19758998 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.054809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokine receptors constitute an attractive family of drug targets in the frame of inflammatory diseases. However, targeting specific chemokine receptors may be complicated by their ability to form dimers or higher order oligomers. Using a combination of luminescence complementation and bioluminescence resonance energy transfer assays, we demonstrate for the first time the existence of hetero-oligomeric complexes composed of at least three chemokine receptors (CCR2, CCR5, and CXCR4). We show in T cells and monocytes that negative binding cooperativity takes place between the binding pockets of these receptors, demonstrating their functional interaction in leukocytes. We also show that specific antagonists of one receptor (TAK-779 or AMD3100) lead to functional cross-inhibition of the others. Finally, using the air pouch model in mice, we show that the CCR2 and CCR5 antagonist TAK-779 inhibits cell recruitment promoted by the CXCR4 agonist SDF-1 alpha, demonstrating that cross-inhibition by antagonists also occurs in vivo. Thus, antagonists of the therapeutically important chemokine receptors regulate the functional properties of other receptors to which they do not bind directly with important implications for the use of these agents in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Sohy
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus Erasme, 808 Route de Lennik, B-1070 Brussels, Belgium
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Acharya M, Edkins AL, Ozanne BW, Cushley W. SDF-1 and PDGF enhance alphavbeta5-mediated ERK activation and adhesion-independent growth of human pre-B cell lines. Leukemia 2009; 23:1807-17. [PMID: 19609283 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2009.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
CD23 acts through the alphavbeta5 integrin to promote growth of human pre-B cell lines in an adhesion-independent manner. alphavbeta5 is expressed on normal B-cell precursors in the bone marrow. Soluble CD23 (sCD23), short CD23-derived peptides containing the arg-lys-cys (RKC) motif recognized by alphavbeta5 and anti-alphavbeta5 monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) all sustain growth of pre-B cell lines. The chemokine stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) regulates key processes during B-cell development. SDF-1 enhanced the growth-sustaining effect driven by ligation of alphavbeta5 with anti-alphavbeta5 MAb 15F-11, sCD23 or CD23-derived RKC-containing peptides. This effect was restricted to B-cell precursors and was specific to SDF-1. The enhancement in growth was associated with the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and both these responses were attenuated by the MEK inhibitor U0126. Finally, platelet-derived growth factor also enhanced both alphavbeta5-mediated cell growth and ERK activation. The data suggest that adhesion-independent growth-promoting signals delivered to B-cell precursors through the alphavbeta5 integrin can be modulated by cross-talk with receptors linked to both G-protein and tyrosine kinase-coupled signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Acharya
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, UK
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127
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Burger JA, Stewart DJ. CXCR4 chemokine receptor antagonists: perspectives in SCLC. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2009; 18:481-90. [PMID: 19335276 DOI: 10.1517/13543780902804249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a particularly aggressive form of lung cancer characterized by early and widespread metastases and the ability to rapidly develop resistance against chemotherapeutic agents. Tumor cell migration and metastasis share many similarities with leukocyte trafficking, which is critically regulated by chemokine receptors and adhesion molecules. SCLC cells express high levels of CXCR4 (CD184), a seven-transmembrane G-protein-coupled chemokine receptor. Stromal cells within the bone marrow microenvironment and at extramedullary sites constitutively secrete stromal cell-derived factor-1 (CXCL12), the ligand for CXCR4. Activation of CXCR4 induces SCLC cell migration and adhesion to stromal cells that secrete CXCL12, which in turn provides growth- and drug resistance-signals to the tumor cells. CXCR4 antagonists, such as Plerixafor (AMD3100) and T140 analogues (TN14003/ BKT140), disrupt CXCR4-mediated SCLC cell-adhesion to stromal cells. In stromal cell co-cultures, CXCR4 antagonists also sensitize SCLC cells to cytotoxic drugs, such as etoposide, and thereby antagonize cell adhesion-mediated drug resistance. Therefore, targeting the CXCR4-CXCL12 axis is a novel, attractive therapeutic approach in SCLC. Here, we summarize preclinical data about CXCR4 in SCLC, and the current status of the preclinical and clinical development of CXCR4 antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan A Burger
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Leukemia, Houston, TX 77230-1402, USA.
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128
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The CXCR4 antagonist 4F-benzoyl-TN14003 stimulates the recovery of the bone marrow after transplantation. Leukemia 2009; 23:1378-88. [DOI: 10.1038/leu.2009.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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129
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Kalatskaya I, Berchiche YA, Gravel S, Limberg BJ, Rosenbaum JS, Heveker N. AMD3100 is a CXCR7 ligand with allosteric agonist properties. Mol Pharmacol 2009; 75:1240-7. [PMID: 19255243 DOI: 10.1124/mol.108.053389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The bicyclam AMD3100 is known as a small synthetic inhibitor of the CXCL12-binding chemokine receptor CXCR4. Here, we show that AMD3100 also binds to the alternative CXCL12 receptor CXCR7. CXCL12 or AMD3100 alone activate beta-arrestin recruitment to CXCR7, which we identify as a previously unreported signaling pathway of CXCR7. In addition, AMD3100 increases CXCL12 binding to CXCR7 and CXCL12-induced conformational rearrangements in the receptor dimer as measured by bioluminescence resonance energy transfer. Moreover, small but reproducible increases in the potency of CXCL12-induced arrestin recruitment to CXCR7 by AMD3100 are observed. Taken together, our data suggest that AMD3100 is an allosteric agonist of CXCR7. The finding that AMD3100 not only binds CXCR4, but also to CXCR7, with opposite effects on the two receptors, calls for caution in the use of the compound as a tool to dissect CXCL12 effects on the respective receptors in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Kalatskaya
- Department of Biochemistry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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130
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Abstract
Hematopoietic and epithelial cancer cells express CXCR4, a seven-transmembrane G-protein-coupled chemokine receptor. Stromal cells within the bone marrow microenvironment constitutively secrete stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1/CXCL12), the ligand for CXCR4. Activation of CXCR4 induces leukemia cell trafficking and homing to the marrow microenvironment, where CXCL12 retains leukemia cells in close contact with marrow stromal cells that provide growth and drug resistance signals. CXCR4 antagonists, such as Plerixafor (AMD3100) and T140 analogs, can disrupt adhesive tumor-stroma interactions and mobilize leukemia cells from their protective stromal microenvironment, making them more accessible to conventional drugs. Therefore, targeting the CXCR4-CXCL12 axis is a novel, attractive therapeutic approach that is explored in ongoing clinical trials in leukemia patients. Initially, CXCR4 antagonists were developed for the treatment of HIV, where CXCR4 functions as a co-receptor for virus entry into T cells. Subsequently, CXCR4 antagonists were noticed to induce leukocytosis, and are currently used clinically for mobilization of hematopoietic stem cells. However, because CXCR4 plays a key role in cross-talk between leukemia cells (and a variety of other tumor cells) and their microenvironment, cancer treatment may become the ultimate application of CXCR4 antagonists. Here, we summarize the development of CXCR4 antagonists and their preclinical and clinical activities, focusing on leukemia and other cancers.
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131
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Chapter 20 Expression of CXCR4, a G‐Protein–Coupled Receptor for CXCL12 in Yeast. Methods Enzymol 2009; 460:399-412. [DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(09)05220-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
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132
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Shim H, Oishi S, Fujii N. Chemokine receptor CXCR4 as a therapeutic target for neuroectodermal tumors. Semin Cancer Biol 2008; 19:123-34. [PMID: 19084067 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2008.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2008] [Revised: 11/17/2008] [Accepted: 11/17/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines (chemotactic cytokines) are a family of proteins associated with the trafficking and activation of leukocytes and other cell types in immune surveillance and inflammatory response. Besides their roles in the immune system, they play pleiotropic roles in tumor initiation, promotion, and progression. Chemokines can be classified into four subfamilies of chemokines, CXC, CC, C, or CX3C, based on their number and spacing of conserved cysteine residues near the N-terminus. This CXC subfamily can be further subclassified into two groups, depending on the presence or absence of a tripeptide motif glutamic acid-leucine-arginine (ELR) in the N-terminal domain. ELR(-)CXCL12, which binds to CXCR4 has been frequently implicated in various cancers. Over the past several years, studies have increasingly shown that the CXCR4/CXCL12 axis plays critical roles in tumor progression, such as invasion, angiogenesis, survival, homing to metastatic sites. This review focuses on involvement of CXCR4/CXCL12 interaction in neuroectodermal cancers and their therapeutic potentials. As an attractive therapeutic target of CXCR4/CXCL12 axis for cancer chemotherapy, development history and application of CXCR4 antagonists are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunsuk Shim
- Department of Radiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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133
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Luker KE, Gupta M, Luker GD. Imaging chemokine receptor dimerization with firefly luciferase complementation. FASEB J 2008; 23:823-34. [PMID: 19001056 DOI: 10.1096/fj.08-116749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Seven-transmembrane (G-protein coupled) receptors are key regulators of normal physiology and a large number of diseases, and this family of receptors is the target for almost half of all drugs. Cell culture models suggest that homodimerization and heterodimerization of 7-transmembrane receptors regulate processes including specificity of ligand binding and activation of downstream signaling pathways, making receptor dimerization a critical determinant of receptor biology and a promising new therapeutic target. To monitor receptor dimerization in cell-based assays and living animals, we developed a protein fragment complementation assay based on firefly luciferase to investigate dimerization of chemokine receptors CXCR4 and CXCR7, two 7-transmembrane receptors with central functions in normal development, cancer, and other diseases. Treatment with chemokine ligands and pharmacologic agents produced time- and dose-dependent changes in reporter signal. Chemokines regulated reporter bioluminescence for CXCR4 or CXCR7 homodimers without affecting signals from receptor heterodimers. In a tumor xenograft model of breast cancer, we used bioluminescence imaging to measure changes in receptor homodimerization in response to pharmacologic agents. This technology should be valuable for analyzing function and therapeutic modulation of receptor dimerization in intact cells and living mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E Luker
- Center for Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Pl., A526 BSRB, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA.
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Lapidot A, Berchanski A, Borkow G. Insight into the mechanisms of aminoglycoside derivatives interaction with HIV-1 entry steps and viral gene transcription. FEBS J 2008; 275:5236-57. [PMID: 18803669 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2008.06657.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, based on peptide models of HIV-1 RNA binding, NMR structures of Tat-responsive element-ligand complexes and aminoglycoside-RNA interactions, and HIV-1 Tat structure, we have designed and synthesized aminoglycoside-arginine conjugates (AACs) and aminoglycoside poly-arginine conjugates (APACs), to serve as Tat mimetics. These novel molecules inhibit HIV-1 infectivity with 50% effective concentration values in the low micromolar range, the most potent compounds being the hexa-arginine-neomycin B and nona-D-arginine-neomycin conjugates. Importantly, these compounds, in addition to acting as Tat antagonists, inhibit HIV-1 infectivity by blocking several steps in HIV-1 cell entry. The AACs and APACs inhibit HIV-1 cell entry by interacting with gp120 at the CD4-binding site, by interacting with CXCR4 at the binding site of the CXCR4 mAb 12G5, and apparently by interacting with transient structures of the ectodomain of gp41. In the current review, we discuss the mechanisms of anti-HIV-1 activities of these AACs, APACs and other aminoglycoside derivatives in detail. Targeting several key processes in the viral life cycle by the same compound not only may increase its antiviral efficacy, but more importantly, may reduce the capacity of the virus to develop resistance to the compound. AACs and APACs may thus serve as leading compounds for the development of multitargeting novel HIV-1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aviva Lapidot
- Department of Organic Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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135
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Luo Y, Lathia J, Mughal M, Mattson MP. SDF1alpha/CXCR4 signaling, via ERKs and the transcription factor Egr1, induces expression of a 67-kDa form of glutamic acid decarboxylase in embryonic hippocampal neurons. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:24789-800. [PMID: 18606818 PMCID: PMC2529007 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m800649200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2008] [Revised: 06/06/2008] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Stromal cell-derived factor alpha (SDF1alpha) and its cognate receptor CXCR4 play an important role in neuronal development in the hippocampus, but the genes directly regulated by SDF1alpha/CXCR4 signaling are unknown. To study the role of CXCR4 targeted genes in neuronal development, we used neuronal cultures established from embryonic day 18 rats. Hippocampal neurons express CXCR4 receptor proteins and are stimulated by SDF1alpha resulting in activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 and the transcription factor cAMP-response element-binding protein. SDF1alpha rapidly induces the expression of the early growth response gene Egr1, a transcription factor involved in activity-dependent neuronal responses, in a concentration-dependent manner. Gel-shift analysis showed that SDF1alpha enhances DNA binding activity to the Egr1-containing promoter for GAD67. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis using an Egr1 antibody indicated that SDF1alpha stimulation increases binding of Egr1 to a GAD67 promoter DNA sequence. SDF1alpha stimulation increases the expression of GAD67 at both the mRNA and protein levels, and increases the amount and neurite localization of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in neurons already expressing GABA. SDF1alpha-induced Egr1/GAD67 expression is mediated by the G protein-coupled CXCR4 receptor and activation of the ERK pathway. Reduction of Egr1 gene expression using small interfering RNA technology lowers the level of GAD67 transcripts and inhibits SDF1alpha-induced GABA production. Inhibition of CXCR4 activation in the developing mouse brain in utero greatly reduced Egr1 and GAD67 mRNA levels and GAD67 protein levels, suggesting a pivotal role for CXCR4 signaling in the development of GABAergic neurons in vivo. Our data suggest that SDF1alpha/CXCR4/G protein/ERK signaling induces the expression of the GAD67 system via Egr1 activation, a mechanism that may promote the maturation of GABAergic neurons during development.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Chemokine CXCL12/metabolism
- Chemokine CXCL12/pharmacology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Early Growth Response Protein 1/metabolism
- Embryo, Mammalian/cytology
- Embryo, Mammalian/enzymology
- Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases/metabolism
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/physiology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/physiology
- Glutamate Decarboxylase/biosynthesis
- Hippocampus/embryology
- Hippocampus/enzymology
- MAP Kinase Signaling System/drug effects
- MAP Kinase Signaling System/physiology
- Mice
- Neurites/enzymology
- Pregnancy
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Small Interfering/pharmacology
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, CXCR4/agonists
- Receptors, CXCR4/metabolism
- Response Elements/physiology
- gamma-Aminobutyric Acid/biosynthesis
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mark P. Mattson
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, NIA Intramural Research Program, National
Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224
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136
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Huang EH, Singh B, Cristofanilli M, Gelovani J, Wei C, Vincent L, Cook KR, Lucci A. A CXCR4 antagonist CTCE-9908 inhibits primary tumor growth and metastasis of breast cancer. J Surg Res 2008; 155:231-6. [PMID: 19482312 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2008.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2008] [Revised: 06/18/2008] [Accepted: 06/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CXCL12/CXCR4 signaling may be involved in tumor growth and angiogenesis, and homing of cancer cells to bone and other organs. Our purpose was to determine whether inhibition of CXCR4 with a peptide-based antagonist would reduce tumor growth and metastasis of breast cancer. METHODS We used two mouse models of breast cancer. In the first model, 1 x 10(6) MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells transfected with luciferase were implanted into the inguinal mammary fat pad to produce primary tumors. In the second model, 1 x 10(5) MDA-231-BSC12 cells were injected into the left cardiac ventricle to produce bone metastases. CTCE-9908, a peptide analog of CXCL12 that competitively binds to CXCR4, was used to test the effect of inhibiting CXCR4. Five mice from each mouse model were treated with CTCE-9908 (25 mg/kg, injected subcutaneously 5 d/wk). All mice were assessed weekly using bioluminescent imaging to quantify relative volumes of tumor burden. RESULTS Bioluminescencent imaging showed that the mice treated with CTCE-9908 had significantly less primary tumor burden than the control mice. At 5 and 6 wk, the mice treated with CTCE-9908 had a 7-fold reduction and 5-fold reduction in primary tumor burden, respectively. Treatment with CTCE-9908 also significantly inhibited the rate of metastases compared with the control group. At 5 and 6 wk, the mice treated with CTCE-9908 demonstrated a 9-fold reduction and 20-fold reduction in metastatic tumor burden, respectively. CONCLUSION Treatment with the CXCR4 antagonist CTCE-9908 significantly reduced metastasis as well as primary tumor growth in mouse models of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene H Huang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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137
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Abstract
Chemokines and their cognate receptors have key functions in cell growth, survival, and tissue-specific homing of cells. While these functions first were identified in normal immune cells, cancer cells may co-opt chemokine receptor signaling to promote primary tumor growth and metastasis. Our knowledge of signaling by chemokines and chemokine receptors in cancer is lacking, particularly as this signaling occurs in vivo. New insights into chemokine receptor signaling in cancer are needed to understand molecular regulation of primary and metastatic disease and develop targeted therapies to improve patient survival. To meet this need, we have developed a molecular imaging reporter to investigate activation of CXCR4, a chemokine receptor that regulates tumor growth and metastasis in a variety of common cancers. The reporter system uses a firefly luciferase-based protein fragment complementation assay to detect interactions between CXCR4 and beta-arrestin molecules, a common early step in chemokine receptor signaling. In cell-based assays, incubation with the chemokine ligand CXCL12 (SDF-1) produced dose-dependent increases in bioluminescence with >7-fold induction above basal levels of association between these proteins. Reporter activation could be blocked with specific inhibitors of CXCR4 signaling. These reporters enabled in vivo imaging of CXCR4 activation and inhibition in living mice. Overall, this research establishes a new imaging reporter for probing CXCR4 signaling in cancer and other diseases regulated by this chemokine receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E. Luker
- Center for Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Mudit Gupta
- Center for Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Gary D. Luker
- Center for Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
- Center for Molecular Imaging, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
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138
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Synthesis and biological evaluation of 1,3,3,4-tetrasubstituted pyrrolidine CCR5 receptor antagonists. Discovery of a potent and orally bioavailable anti-HIV agent. ChemMedChem 2008; 2:187-93. [PMID: 17163560 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200600182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A series of 1,3,3,4-tetrasubstituted pyrrolidine containing CCR5 receptor antagonists were designed, which were elaborated either by condensation of a lithium salt of 3-(N,N-dibenzyl)aminopropionic acid methyl ester with ethyl benzoformate or by Baylis-Hillman reaction of ethyl acrylate with ethyl benzoformate and subsequent 1,4-addition of benzylamine, in the key steps. These compounds bearing 4-(N,N-disubstituted)amino piperidine units showed low nanomolar potency against the CCR5 receptor, whereas molecules with a 4-phenylpiperidine moiety displayed poor activity. Asymmetric synthesis of the most potent compound 23 a gave rise to the (3R,4S)-enantiomer 30 and the (3S,4R)-enantiomer 31, which showed IC(50) values of 2.9 and 385.9 nM, respectively. These results indicated that (3R,4S)-configuration in the series of compounds is favored for their interaction with the CCR5 receptor. The possible binding mode of these antagonists with the CCR5 receptor was discussed using a computer-modeling method. Compound 30 displayed excellent replication inhibition of seven genetically diverse R5 HIV-1 strains in the PBMC model, in a concentration-dependent manner with EC(50) values ranging from 0.3 nM to 30 nM. This molecule showed oral bioavailabilities of 41.2 % and 21.6 % in rats and dogs, respectively. Thus, compound 30 is a promising candidate for the treatment of HIV-1 infection.
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139
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Mellado M, Carrasco YR. Imaging techniques: new insights into chemokine/chemokine receptor biology at the immune system. Pharmacol Ther 2008; 119:24-32. [PMID: 18573535 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2008.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2008] [Accepted: 04/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Our current knowledge of molecular and cellular responses in vivo is based mainly on event reconstruction from time-freeze observations. Conventional biochemical and genetic methods consider the cell as an individual entity and ligand/receptor pairs as isolated systems. In addition, the data refer to the average behavior of a pool of cells and/or receptors removed from their real-life context. The use of new technologies, particularly real-time imaging approaches, is showing us that biological responses are highly dynamic and extremely dependent on the context in which they take place, and therefore much more diverse than initially envisaged. This review focuses on the mechanistic insights that new imaging techniques, such as those based on resonance energy transfer and two-photon microscopy, contribute to our understanding of how receptors work within a single cell, and how cells work within a tissue. Cell movement is a complex and regulated process; it has a key role in embryogenesis, organogenesis, wound-healing and tumor invasion. Nonetheless, it is in immune system homeostasis and response that cell movement becomes essential. For this reason, immunology is being radically transformed and enriched by these new approaches. We will discuss the use of these techniques for studying chemokine/chemokine receptors and their role in the immune system function, and comment on the potential contribution to the design of therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Mellado
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, National Centre of Biotechnology/CSIC, Darwin 3, UAM-Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid E-28049, Spain.
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140
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Hachet-Haas M, Balabanian K, Rohmer F, Pons F, Franchet C, Lecat S, Chow KYC, Dagher R, Gizzi P, Didier B, Lagane B, Kellenberger E, Bonnet D, Baleux F, Haiech J, Parmentier M, Frossard N, Arenzana-Seisdedos F, Hibert M, Galzi JL. Small neutralizing molecules to inhibit actions of the chemokine CXCL12. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:23189-99. [PMID: 18556651 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m803947200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The chemokine CXCL12 and the receptor CXCR4 play pivotal roles in normal vascular and neuronal development, in inflammatory responses, and in infectious diseases and cancer. For instance, CXCL12 has been shown to mediate human immunodeficiency virus-induced neurotoxicity, proliferative retinopathy and chronic inflammation, whereas its receptor CXCR4 is involved in human immunodeficiency virus infection, cancer metastasis and in the rare disease known as the warts, hypogammaglobulinemia, immunodeficiency, and myelokathexis (WHIM) syndrome. As we screened chemical libraries to find inhibitors of the interaction between CXCL12 and the receptor CXCR4, we identified synthetic compounds from the family of chalcones that reduce binding of CXCL12 to CXCR4, inhibit calcium responses mediated by the receptor, and prevent CXCR4 internalization in response to CXCL12. We found that the chemical compounds display an original mechanism of action as they bind to the chemokine but not to CXCR4. The highest affinity molecule blocked chemotaxis of human peripheral blood lymphocytes ex vivo. It was also active in vivo in a mouse model of allergic eosinophilic airway inflammation in which we detected inhibition of the inflammatory infiltrate. The compound showed selectivity for CXCL12 and not for CCL5 and CXCL8 chemokines and blocked CXCL12 binding to its second receptor, CXCR7. By analogy to the effect of neutralizing antibodies, this molecule behaves as a small organic neutralizing compound that may prove to have valuable pharmacological and therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muriel Hachet-Haas
- Institut Gilbert Laustriat Biomolécules, Biotechnologie, Innovation thérapeutique, Université Louis Pasteur, 67401 Illkirch, France
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141
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Kleemann P, Papa D, Vigil-Cruz S, Seifert R. Functional reconstitution of the human chemokine receptor CXCR4 with G(i)/G (o)-proteins in Sf9 insect cells. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2008; 378:261-74. [PMID: 18523757 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-008-0313-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2008] [Accepted: 05/06/2008] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The chemokine stromal cell-derived factor-1alpha (SDF-1alpha) binds to the chemokine receptor CXCR4 that couples to pertussis toxin-sensitive G-proteins of the G(i)/G(o)-family. CXCR4 plays a role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, human immunodeficiency virus infection and various tumors, fetal development as well as endothelial progenitor and T-cell recruitment. To this end, most CXCR4 studies have focused on the cellular level. The aim of this study was to establish a reconstitution system for the human CXCR4 that allows for the analysis of receptor/G-protein coupling at the membrane level. We wished to study specifically constitutive CXCR4 activity and the G-protein-specificity of CXCR4. We co-expressed N- and C-terminally epitope-tagged human CXCR4 with various G(i)/G(o)-proteins and regulator of G-protein signaling (RGS)-proteins in Sf9 insect cells. Expression of CXCR4, G-proteins, and RGS-proteins was verified by immunoblotting. CXCR4 coupled more effectively to Galpha(i1) and Galpha(i2) than to Galpha(i3) and Galpha(o) and insect cell G-proteins as assessed by SDF-1alpha-stimulated high-affinity steady-state GTP hydrolysis. The RGS-proteins RGS4 and GAIP enhanced SDF-1alpha-stimulated GTP hydrolysis. SDF-1alpha stimulated [(35)S]guanosine 5'-[gamma-thio]triphosphate (GTPgammaS) binding to Galpha(i2). RGS4 did not enhance GTPgammaS binding. Na(+) salts of halides did not reduce basal GTPase activity. The bicyclam, 1-[[1,4,8,11-tetrazacyclotetradec-1-ylmethyl)phenyl]methyl]-1,4,8,11-tetrazacyclotetradecane (AMD3100), acted as CXCR4 antagonist but was devoid of inverse agonistic activity. Halides reduced the maximum SDF-1alpha-stimulated GTP hydrolysis in the order of efficacy I(-) > Br(-) > Cl(-). In addition, salts reduced the potency of SDF-1alpha at activating GTP hydrolysis. From our data, we conclude the following: (1) Sf9 cells are a suitable system for expression of functionally intact human CXCR4; (2) Human CXCR4 couples effectively to Galpha(i1) and Galpha(i2); (3) There is no evidence for constitutive activity of CXCR4; (4) RGS-proteins enhance agonist-stimulated GTP hydrolysis, showing that GTP hydrolysis becomes rate-limiting in the presence of SDF-1alpha; (5) By analogy to previous observations made for the beta(2)-adrenoceptor coupled to G(s), the inhibitory effects of halides on agonist-stimulated GTP hydrolysis may be due to increased GDP-affinity of G(i)-proteins, reducing the efficacy of CXCR4 at stimulating nucleotide exchange.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Kleemann
- Lehrstuhl für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Institut für Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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142
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Abstract
Targeting novel pathways associated with tumor angiogenesis, invasion and immunity, may lead to improvement in patient outcomes for renal cell carcinoma. Chemokines potentiate tumor growth, metastasis, angiogenesis and immune evasion through interactions with stromal cells and neoplastic cells. Further understanding of the mechanisms involved in chemokine-mediated angiogenesis and metastasis may lead to improved therapeutic strategies in this disease. Interactions between chemokine expression and signaling, and the VEGF and hypoxia-inducible factor pathways offer important opportunities to intervene in the process of renal cell carcinoma proliferation, angiogenesis and invasion. Modulation of the CXCR3/CXCR3-ligand or the CXCR4/CXCL12 biologic axis may be potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of renal cell carcinoma. Furthermore, combination treatment with agents targeting chemokine signaling with therapies directed at angiogenesis and tumor immunity may lead to improved outcomes in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen L Reckamp
- Assistant Professor of Medicine, Divisions of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research & Hematology and Hematopoeitic Transplantaion, City of Hope and Beckman Research Institute, 1500 E Duarte Road, MOB 1001, Duarte, CA 91010, USA, Tel.: +1 626 256 4673; +1 626 256 3155, Fax: +1 626 930 5461,
| | - Robert M Strieter
- Henry B Mulholland Professor of Internal Medicine, Chairman, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, PO Box 800466, Charlottesville, VA 22908–0466, USA, Tel.: +1 434 982 6999, Fax: +1 434 243 0399,
| | - Robert A Figlin
- Arthur and Rosalie Kaplan Professor of Medical Oncology, Chair, Division of Medical Oncology & Therapeutics Research, City of Hope and Beckman Research Institute, Associate Director for Clinical Research, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1500 E Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010–3000, Tel.: +1 626 471 9290, Fax: +1 626 930 5461,
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143
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Lapidot A, Peled A, Berchanski A, Pal B, Kollet O, Lapidot T, Borkow G. NeoR6 inhibits HIV-1-CXCR4 interaction without affecting CXCL12 chemotaxis activity. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2008; 1780:914-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2008.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2007] [Revised: 03/05/2008] [Accepted: 03/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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144
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Kucia MJ, Wysoczynski M, Wu W, Zuba-Surma EK, Ratajczak J, Ratajczak MZ. Evidence that very small embryonic-like stem cells are mobilized into peripheral blood. Stem Cells 2008; 26:2083-92. [PMID: 18511604 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2007-0922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Recently, we identified in murine adult tissues, including bone marrow, a population of very small embryonic-like (VSEL) stem cells. Here, we provide further evidence that under steady-state conditions these cells circulate at very low levels in peripheral blood (PB) ( approximately 100-200 cells/ml) and could be additionally mobilized during pharmacological granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor-induced or stress-related mobilization, as demonstrated in a model of toxic liver or skeletal muscle damage induced by injection of carbon tetrachloride or cardiotoxin, respectively. The number of circulating VSEL stem cells under steady-state conditions in PB of 2-month-old animals was five times higher than that in 1-year-old mice. In conclusion, this study supports a hypothesis that VSEL stem cells are a mobile pool of primitive stem cells that could be released from the stem cell niches into PB. Further studies are needed, however, to see whether the level of these cells circulating in PB could become a prognostic indicator to assess the regenerative potential of an adult organism and/or clinical outcome from an injury. Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda J Kucia
- Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, 500 South Floyd Street, Room 107, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA.
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145
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Iyer CV, Evans RJ, Lou Q, Lin D, Wang J, Kohn W, Yan LZ, Pulley S, Peng SB. Rapid and recurrent neutrophil mobilization regulated by T134, a CXCR4 peptide antagonist. Exp Hematol 2008; 36:1098-109. [PMID: 18495324 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2008.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2007] [Revised: 03/27/2008] [Accepted: 03/31/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The CXCR4/stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) axis plays important roles in development, leukocyte trafficking, HIV infection, and tumorigenesis. Its critical function in bone marrow stem cell and hematopoietic progenitor cell retention, homing and release has been well-characterized by genetic and pharmacological analyses. However, its role in neutrophil retention and release is still poorly understood. In this study, we demonstrated that T134, a peptide antagonist of human CXCR4, is also a potent antagonist of mouse CXCR4. Treatment of C57BL/6 mice with T134 resulted in a rapid and time-dependent increase of white blood cells (WBC) and neutrophils, as well as hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells in peripheral blood. Interestingly, recurrent WBC and neutrophil mobilization was achieved by repeated T134 treatment, and the T134-mediated increase and subsequent retreat of WBC and neutrophils correlated with T134 activity in the peripheral blood. Kinetic analysis revealed that T134 binding to CXCR4 did not induce any significant cell-surface receptor downregulation, indicating that T134-induced WBC and neutrophil mobilization is likely due to direct blockage of the CXCR4/SDF-1 interaction. The results from this study support an important role of CXCR4/SDF-1 axis in neutrophil retention and release in the marrow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandrasekar V Iyer
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
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146
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Potapova IA, Brink PR, Cohen IS, Doronin SV. Culturing of human mesenchymal stem cells as three-dimensional aggregates induces functional expression of CXCR4 that regulates adhesion to endothelial cells. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:13100-7. [PMID: 18334485 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m800184200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Culture-expanded human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) are increasingly used in a variety of preclinical and clinical studies. However, these cells have a low rate of engraftment to bone marrow or damaged tissues. Several laboratories have shown that during isolation and subculturing mesenchymal stem cells quickly lose the expression of CXCR4, the key receptor responsible for lymphocytes and hematopoietic stem cell homing. Here we show that culturing of hMSCs as three-dimensional aggregates (hMSC spheroids) restores CXCR4 functional expression. Expression of CXCR4 inversely correlates with the secretion of SDF-1 by hMSCs. Cells from hMSC spheroids up-regulate expression of CD49b, the alpha2 integrin subunit, and suppress the expression of CD49d, the alpha4 integrin subunit. Transfer of cells from the spheroids back to a monolayer suppresses the expression of CXCR4 and CD49b and restores the expression of CD49d. Treatment of cells from the spheroids with SDF-1 leads to CXCR4 internalization and activation of ERK-1,2. Adhesion of hMSCs to human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) was investigated. SDF-1, AMD-3100, or exposure of HUVECs to hypoxia did not affect adhesion of hMSCs from a monolayer to HUVECs. Adhesion of cells from hMSC spheroids to HUVECs was stimulated by SDF-1, AMD-3100, or by exposure of HUVECs to hypoxia. Stimulatory effects of hypoxia and addition of SDF-1 or AMD-3100 were not additive. Overall, our data indicate that the expression of CXCR4 by hMSCs regulates hMSC adhesion to endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina A Potapova
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Molecular Cardiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
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147
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Verzijl D, Storelli S, Scholten DJ, Bosch L, Reinhart TA, Streblow DN, Tensen CP, Fitzsimons CP, Zaman GJR, Pease JE, de Esch IJP, Smit MJ, Leurs R. Noncompetitive antagonism and inverse agonism as mechanism of action of nonpeptidergic antagonists at primate and rodent CXCR3 chemokine receptors. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2008; 325:544-55. [PMID: 18270317 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.107.134783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The chemokine receptor CXCR3 is involved in various inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, and allograft rejection in transplantation patients. The CXCR3 ligands CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11 are expressed at sites of inflammation, and they attract CXCR3-bearing lymphocytes, thus contributing to the inflammatory process. In this study, we characterize five nonpeptidergic compounds of different chemical classes that block the action of CXCL10 and CXCL11 at the human CXCR3, i.e., the 3H-pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-one derivatives N-1R-[3-(4-ethoxy-phenyl)-4-oxo-3,4-dihydro-pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-2-yl]-ethyl-N-pyridin-3-ylmethyl-2-(4-fluoro-3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-acetamide (VUF10472/NBI-74330) and N-1R-[3-(4-ethoxy-phenyl)-4-oxo-3,4-dihydro-pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-2-yl]-ethyl-N-pyridin-3-ylmethyl-2-(4-trifluoromethoxy-phenyl)-acetamide (VUF10085/AMG-487), the 3H-quinazolin-4-one decanoic acid {1-[3-(4-cyano-phenyl)-4-oxo-3,4-dihydro-quinazolin-2-yl]-ethyl}-(2-dimethylamino-ethyl)-amide (VUF5834), the imidazolium compound 1,3-bis-[2-(3,4-dichloro-phenyl)-2-oxo-ethyl]-3H-imidazol-1-ium bromide (VUF10132), and the quaternary ammonium anilide N,N-dimethyl-N-[4-[[[2-(4-methylphenyl)-6,7-dihydro-5H-benzocyclohepten-8-yl]-carbonyl]amino]benzyl] tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-aminium chloride (TAK-779). To understand the action of these CXCR3 antagonists in various animal models of disease, the compounds were also tested at rat and mouse CXCR3, as well as at CXCR3 from rhesus macaque, which was cloned and characterized for the first time in this study. Except for TAK-779, all compounds show slightly lower affinity for rodent CXCR3 than for primate CXCR3. In addition, we have characterized the molecular mechanism of action of the various antagonists at the human CXCR3 receptor. All tested compounds act as noncompetitive antagonists at CXCR3. Moreover, this noncompetitive behavior is accompanied by inverse agonistic properties of all five compounds as determined on an identified constitutively active mutant of CXCR3, CXCR3 N3.35A. It is interesting to note that all compounds except TAK-779 act as full inverse agonists at CXCR3 N3.35A. TAK-779 shows weak partial inverse agonism at CXCR3 N3.35A, and it probably has a different mode of interaction with CXCR3 than the other two classes of small-molecule inverse agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Verzijl
- Leiden/Amsterdam Center of Drug Research, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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148
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Liapi A, Pritchett J, Jones O, Fujii N, Parnavelas JG, Nadarajah B. Stromal-Derived Factor 1 Signalling Regulates Radial and Tangential Migration in the Developing Cerebral Cortex. Dev Neurosci 2007; 30:117-31. [DOI: 10.1159/000109857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2006] [Accepted: 10/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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149
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Martin SK, Dewar AL, Farrugia AN, Horvath N, Gronthos S, To LB, Zannettino ACW. Tumor angiogenesis is associated with plasma levels of stromal-derived factor-1alpha in patients with multiple myeloma. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 12:6973-7. [PMID: 17145816 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-06-0323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Multiple myeloma is an incurable hematologic malignancy characterized by increased bone marrow angiogenesis and extensive lytic bone disease. We have previously shown that elevated levels of stromal-derived factor-1alpha (SDF-1alpha) in peripheral blood plasma are associated with osteolysis in multiple myeloma patients. We have now examined whether SDF-1alpha levels also correlate with angiogenesis. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We examined the contribution of multiple myeloma plasma cell-derived SDF-1alpha in the stimulation of in vitro angiogenesis using a tube formation assay. We also collected trephine and peripheral blood plasma samples from patients with multiple myeloma to analyze microvessel density and SDF-1alpha levels, respectively. RESULTS We show that multiple myeloma plasma cell line-derived conditioned medium containing SDF-1alpha stimulates in vitro angiogenesis. In addition, in a large cohort of patients with multiple myeloma and its precursor condition monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance, we confirm previous findings that plasma cell burden correlates with both angiogenesis and plasma levels of SDF-1alpha. We now extend these observations and show the novel finding that peripheral blood plasma levels of SDF-1alpha positively correlate with the degree of bone marrow angiogenesis in multiple myeloma and monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance patients. CONCLUSIONS High levels of SDF-1alpha produced by multiple myeloma plasma cells promote osteolysis and bone marrow angiogenesis. Therefore, we propose that inhibition of SDF-1alpha may be an effective mechanism by which angiogenesis and osteolysis can be reduced in multiple myeloma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally K Martin
- Myeloma and Mesenchymal Research Group, Matthew Roberts Foundation Laboratory, Division of Haematology, Institute of Medical and Veterinary Science, University of Adelaide, Australia
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150
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Zhang W, Navenot JM, Frilot NM, Fujii N, Peiper SC. Association of nucleophosmin negatively regulates CXCR4-mediated G protein activation and chemotaxis. Mol Pharmacol 2007; 72:1310-21. [PMID: 17715399 DOI: 10.1124/mol.107.037119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
CXCR4, the primary receptor for CXCL12, plays a critical role in the development of hematopoietic, vascular, central nervous, and immune systems by mediating directional migration of precursor cells. This mechanism promotes homing of tumor cells to metastatic sites that secrete CXCL12, and CXCR4 expression is a negative prognostic factor in acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). To elucidate mechanisms that regulate CXCR4 signaling, we used a proteomic approach to identify proteins physically associated with CXCR4. Analysis of CXCR4 immune complexes identified nucleophosmin (NPM), which was confirmed by reciprocal coimmunoprecipitation for NPM. Constitutively active CXCR4 variants bound higher levels of NPM than the wild-type receptor, which was reversed by T140, an inverse agonist. NPM binding to CXCR4 localized interactions to the C terminus and cytoplasmic loop (CL)-3, but not CL-1 or CL-2. Alanine scanning mutagenesis demonstrated that positively charged amino acids in CL-3 were critical for NPM binding. Recombinant NPM decreased GTP binding in membrane fractions after activation of CXCR4 by CXCL12. Suppression of NPM expression enhanced chemotactic responses to CXCL12, and, conversely, overexpression of a cytosolic NPM mutant reduced chemotaxis induced by CXCL12. This study provides evidence for a novel role for NPM as a negative regulator of CXCR4 signaling induced by CXCL12 that may be relevant to the biology of AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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