101
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Abstract
The ability of GH, via its mediator peptide IGF-1, to influence regulation of cellular growth has been the focus of much interest in recent years. In this review, we will explore the association between GH and cancer. Available experimental data support the suggestion that GH/IGF-1 status may influence neoplastic tissue growth. Extensive epidemiological data exist that also support a link between GH/IGF-1 status and cancer risk. Epidemiological studies of patients with acromegaly indicate an increased risk of colorectal cancer, although risk of other cancers is unproven, and a long-term follow-up study of children deficient in GH treated with pituitary-derived GH has indicated an increased risk of colorectal cancer. Conversely, extensive studies of the outcome of GH replacement in childhood cancer survivors show no evidence of an excess of de novo cancers, and more recent surveillance of children and adults treated with GH has revealed no increase in observed cancer risk. However, given the experimental evidence that indicates GH/IGF-1 provides an anti-apoptotic environment that may favour survival of genetically damaged cells, longer-term surveillance is necessary; over many years, even a subtle alteration in the environmental milieu in this direction, although not inducing cancer, could result in acceleration of carcinogenesis. Finally, even if GH/IGF-1 therapy does result in a small increase in cancer risk compared to untreated patients with GH deficiency, it is likely that the eventual risk will be the same as the general population. Such a restoration to normality will need to be balanced against the known morbidity of untreated GH deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Jenkins
- Departments of Endocrinology, St Bartholomew's Hospital, London, UK.
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102
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Feng Y, Zhu Z, Xiao X, Choudhry V, Barrett JC, Dimitrov DS. Novel human monoclonal antibodies to insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-II that potently inhibit the IGF receptor type I signal transduction function. Mol Cancer Ther 2006; 5:114-20. [PMID: 16432169 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-05-0252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system plays an important role in a variety of physiologic processes and in diseases such as cancer. Although the role of the IGF system in cancer has been recognized many years ago, components of the system have only recently been targeted and shown to affect cell transformation, proliferation, survival, motility, and migration in tissue cultures and in mouse models of cancer. We have been hypothesizing that targeting IGF-II in addition to blocking its interaction with the IGF receptor type I (IGF-IR) would also allow to block that portion of the signal transduction through the insulin receptor that is due to its interaction with IGF-II. Lowering its level may also not induce up-regulation of its production as for IGF-I. Finally, targeting a diffusable ligand as IGF-II may not require penetration of the antibody inside tumors but could shift the equilibrium to IGF-II complexed with antibody so the ligand concentration would decrease in the tumor environment without the need for the antibody to penetrate the tumor. Here, we describe the identification and characterization of three novel anti-IGF-II fully human monoclonal antibodies. They bound with high (subnanomolar) affinity to IGF-II, did not cross-react with IGF-I and insulin, and potently inhibited signal transduction mediated by the IGF-IR interaction with IGF-II. The most potent neutralizer, IgG1 m610, inhibited phosphorylation of the IGF-IR and the insulin receptor, as well as phosphorylation of the downstream kinases Akt and mitogen-activated protein kinase with an IC(50) of the order of 1 nmol/L at IGF-II concentration of 10 nmol/L. It also inhibited growth of the prostate cancer cell line DU145 and migration of the breast cancer line cells MCF-7. These results indicate an immunotherapeutic potential of IgG1 m610 likely in combination with other antibodies and anticancer drugs but only further experiments in mouse models of cancer and human clinical trials could evaluate this possibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Feng
- Protein Interactions Group, Nanobiology Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, NIH Building 469, Frederick, MD 21702-1201, USA
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103
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Menu E, Jernberg-Wiklund H, Stromberg T, De Raeve H, Girnita L, Larsson O, Axelson M, Asosingh K, Nilsson K, Van Camp B, Vanderkerken K. Inhibiting the IGF-1 receptor tyrosine kinase with the cyclolignan PPP: an in vitro and in vivo study in the 5T33MM mouse model. Blood 2006; 107:655-60. [PMID: 16046527 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-01-0293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractInsulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) plays a pleiotropic role in multiple myeloma (MM), that is, in survival, proliferation, chemotaxis, and angiogenesis. Strategies targeting the IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R) may therefore be important to develop efficient anti-MM agents. In this work we investigated the effect of an IGF-1R tyrosine kinase (IGF-1RTK) inhibitor (picropodophyllin or PPP) in the 5T33MM mouse model. In vitro data showed that PPP reduced IGF-1R autophosphorylation and downstream ERK activation, leading to inhibition of IGF-1–stimulated proliferation and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) secretion of MM cells. In an in vivo study, PPP reduced the bone marrow tumor burden and serum paraprotein in 5T33MM mice by 77% and 90%, respectively, compared to vehicle-treated animals. Angiogenesis was assessed by quantifying the microvessel density on CD31-stained paraffin sections and this was reduced by 60% in the PPP-treated group. In a separate survival experiment, Kaplan-Meier analysis demonstrated a significant increase in survival in PPP-treated 5T33MM animals compared to the vehicle controls (28 versus 18 days). These data suggest that the IGF-1RTK inhibitor PPP possesses a marked antitumor activity and strongly points to the possibility of using IGF-1R inhibitors in the treatment of MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eline Menu
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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104
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Sachdev D, Yee D. Inhibitors of insulin-like growth factor signaling: a therapeutic approach for breast cancer. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2006; 11:27-39. [PMID: 16947084 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-006-9010-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The peptide growth factors IGF-I and IGF-II not only play a role in the development of the mammary gland but are also implicated in breast cancer. Several reagents disrupting IGF signaling have been developed and clinical trials validating IGF signaling as a target in cancer therapy are underway. This review highlights the approaches to inhibiting IGF signaling in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepali Sachdev
- Department of Medicine and Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Mayo Mail Code 806, 420 Delaware St, SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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105
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Jones HE, Gee JM, Hutcheson IR, Nicholson RI. Insulin-like growth factor-I receptor signaling and resistance in breast cancer. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2006; 1:33-46. [PMID: 30743767 DOI: 10.1586/17446651.1.1.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor-I receptor (IGF-IR) signaling is involved in many fundamental adverse aspects of cancer cell biology, such as proliferation, cell survival and migration. Its anti-apoptotic properties have implicated the receptor in mediating decreased sensitivity to chemotherapeutic drugs and radiation treatment; however, data are emerging that also indicates a role for IGF-IR signaling in resistance, not only to antihormones but also to antigrowth factor strategies such as agents that target the erb family of receptors. As such, IGF-IR is clearly an attractive therapeutic target for the treatment of cancer, including breast cancer, where there is evidence of clinical prominence of the IGF-IR pathway and, as such, numerous strategies are currently in development to inhibit IGF-IR signaling. This review focuses on the ability of the IGF-IR to contribute to resistance mechanisms that support breast cancer cell growth in the presence of antihormones and antigrowth factors and discusses methods to maximize antitumor effects by combination regimens cotargeting the IGF-IR that may delay, or even prevent, progression to the resistant phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen E Jones
- a Cardiff University, Tenovus Centre for Cancer Research, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3XF, UK.
| | - Julia Mw Gee
- a Cardiff University, Tenovus Centre for Cancer Research, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3XF, UK.
| | - Iain R Hutcheson
- a Cardiff University, Tenovus Centre for Cancer Research, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3XF, UK.
| | - Robert I Nicholson
- a Cardiff University, Tenovus Centre for Cancer Research, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3XF, UK.
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106
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Miller BS, Yee D. Type I Insulin-like Growth Factor Receptor as a Therapeutic Target in Cancer: Figure 1. Cancer Res 2005; 65:10123-7. [PMID: 16287993 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-2752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Data from experimental model systems and population studies have implicated type I insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF1R) signaling in many different human cancers. Drugs to disrupt IGF1R function have been developed and are now entering clinical trial. This brief review will identify key areas to consider as these clinical trials move forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley S Miller
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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107
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Zhang Y, Pan Q, Zhong H, Merajver SD, Kleer CG. Inhibition of CCN6 (WISP3) expression promotes neoplastic progression and enhances the effects of insulin-like growth factor-1 on breast epithelial cells. Breast Cancer Res 2005; 7:R1080-9. [PMID: 16457688 PMCID: PMC1410771 DOI: 10.1186/bcr1351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2005] [Revised: 10/03/2005] [Accepted: 10/13/2005] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION CCN6/WISP3 belongs to the CCN (Cyr61, CTGF, Nov) family of genes that contains a conserved insulin-like growth factor (IGF) binding protein motif. CCN6 is a secreted protein lost in 80% of the aggressive inflammatory breast cancers, and can decrease mammary tumor growth in vitro and in vivo. We hypothesized that inhibition of CCN6 might result in the loss of a growth regulatory function that protects mammary epithelial cells from the tumorigenic effects of growth factors, particularly IGF-1. METHOD We treated human mammary epithelial (HME) cells with a CCN6 hairpin short interfering RNA. RESULTS CCN6-deficient cells showed increased motility and invasiveness, and developed features of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Inhibition of CCN6 expression promoted anchorage-independent growth of HME cells and rendered them more responsive to the growth effects of IGF-1, which was coupled with the increased phosphorylation of IGF-1 receptor and insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1). CONCLUSION Specific stable inhibition of CCN6 expression in HME cells induces EMT, promotes anchorage-independent growth, motility and invasiveness, and sensitizes mammary epithelial cells to the growth effects of IGF-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Zhang
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical Center, 1150 W Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Quintin Pan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Michigan Medical Center, 1500 E. Medical Center Dr., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer and Geriatrics Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, 1500 E. Medical Center Dr. Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Hui Zhong
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical Center, 1150 W Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Sofia D Merajver
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Michigan Medical Center, 1500 E. Medical Center Dr., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer and Geriatrics Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, 1500 E. Medical Center Dr. Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Celina G Kleer
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical Center, 1150 W Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer and Geriatrics Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, 1500 E. Medical Center Dr. Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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108
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Yakar S, Leroith D, Brodt P. The role of the growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor axis in tumor growth and progression: Lessons from animal models. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2005; 16:407-20. [PMID: 15886048 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2005.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2005] [Accepted: 01/20/2005] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Over the past two decades it has become widely appreciated that a relationship exists between the insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) and cancer. Many cancers have been shown to overexpress the IGF-I receptor and produce the ligands (IGF-I or IGF-II) and some combinations of the six IGF-binding proteins. With the recent demonstration by epidemiological studies that an elevated serum IGF-I level is associated with an increased relative risk of developing a number of epithelial cancers, interest has been sparked in this area of research with the possibility of targeting the IGF-I receptor in cancer treatment protocols. This review highlights many of the most relevant studies in this exciting area of research, focusing in particular on lessons learned from animal models of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoshana Yakar
- Diabetes Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1758, USA.
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109
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Abstract
This review examines the rationale for targeting the insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I receptor in the therapy of human tumours and their metastases. The rationale is based on two crucial findings: 1) in experimental animals, normal cells are only partially affected by the deletion of the IGF-I receptor, whereas tumour cells undergo apoptosis when the IGF-I receptor is downregulated; and 2) cells with a deleted IGF-I receptor are refractory to transformation by viral and cellular oncogenes. This review focuses on the mechanisms underlying the experimental findings, and discusses the possibility of extrapolating the results obtained in animals to the cure of human tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Baserga
- Thomas Jefferson University, Kimmel Cancer Center, 233 S. 10th Street, 624 BLSB, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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110
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Kucab JE, Lee C, Chen CS, Zhu J, Gilks CB, Cheang M, Huntsman D, Yorida E, Emerman J, Pollak M, Dunn SE. Celecoxib analogues disrupt Akt signaling, which is commonly activated in primary breast tumours. Breast Cancer Res 2005; 7:R796-807. [PMID: 16168126 PMCID: PMC1242152 DOI: 10.1186/bcr1294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2004] [Revised: 06/20/2005] [Accepted: 07/05/2005] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Phosphorylated Akt (P-Akt) is an attractive molecular target because it contributes to the development of breast cancer and confers resistance to conventional therapies. Akt also serves as a signalling intermediate for receptors such as human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER)-2, which is overexpressed in 30% of breast cancers; therefore, inhibitors to this pathway are being sought. New celecoxib analogues reportedly inhibit P-Akt in prostate cancer cells. We therefore examined the potential of these compounds in the treatment of breast cancer. The analogues were characterized in MDA-MB-453 cells because they overexpress HER-2 and have very high levels of P-Akt. Methods To evaluate the effect of the celecoxib analogues, immunoblotting was used to identify changes in the phosphorylation of Akt and its downstream substrates glycogen synthase kinase (GSK) and 4E binding protein (4EBP-1). In vitro kinase assays were then used to assess the effect of the drugs on Akt activity. Cell death was evaluated by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage, nucleosomal fragmentation and MTS assays. Finally, tumour tissue microarrays were screened for P-Akt and HER-2 expression. Results OSU-03012 and OSU-O3013 inhibited P-Akt and its downstream signalling through 4EBP-1 and GSK at concentrations well below that of celecoxib. Disruption of P-Akt was followed by induction of apoptosis and more than 90% cell death. We also noted that the cytotoxicity of the celecoxib analogues was not significantly affected by serum. In contrast, the presence of 5% serum protected cells from celecoxib induced death. Thus, the structural modification of the celecoxib analogues increased P-Akt inhibition and enhanced the bioavailability of the drugs in vitro. To assess how many patients may potentially benefit from such drugs we screened tumour tissue microarrays. P-Akt was highly activated in 58% (225/390) of cases, whereas it was only similarly expressed in 35% (9/26) of normal breast tissues. Furthermore, HER-2 positive tumours expressed high levels of P-Akt (P < 0.01), supporting in vitro signal transduction. Conclusion We determined that Celecoxib analogues are potent inhibitors of P-Akt signalling and kill breast cancer cells that overexpress HER-2. We also defined an association between HER-2 and P-Akt in primary breast tissues, suggesting that these inhibitors may benefit patients in need of new treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill E Kucab
- British Columbia Research Institute for Children's and Women's Health, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Cathy Lee
- British Columbia Research Institute for Children's and Women's Health, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ching-Shih Chen
- Division of Medical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Jiuxiang Zhu
- Division of Medical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - C Blake Gilks
- Genetic Pathology Evaluation Centre, Vancouver Hospital and Health Sciences Centre and BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Maggie Cheang
- Genetic Pathology Evaluation Centre, Vancouver Hospital and Health Sciences Centre and BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - David Huntsman
- Genetic Pathology Evaluation Centre, Vancouver Hospital and Health Sciences Centre and BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Erika Yorida
- Genetic Pathology Evaluation Centre, Vancouver Hospital and Health Sciences Centre and BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Joanne Emerman
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Michael Pollak
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine and Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec
| | - Sandra E Dunn
- British Columbia Research Institute for Children's and Women's Health, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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111
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Del Monte P, Laurino C, Arvigo M, Palermo C, Minuto F, Barreca A. Effects of alpha-interferon on insulin-like growth factor-I, insulin-like growth factor-II and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 secretion by a human lung cancer cell line in vitro. J Endocrinol Invest 2005; 28:432-9. [PMID: 16075927 DOI: 10.1007/bf03347224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of our study was to evaluate the effect of alpha-interferon (alpha-IFN) on cell growth and on the different IGF system components in a human non-small cell lung cancer line (Calu-6) in vitro. Our results confirm the release of IGF-I and IGF-II by these cells. The amount of IGF-II in conditioned media (10.25 +/- 3.95 nM/10(6) cells, mean +/- SE) was more than 10-fold higher than that of IGF-I. alpha-IFN treatment reduced IGF-II levels in the media, with a maximal effect between 1 and 10 U/ml (delta% of control: -31 and -55%, respectively, p < 0.05). IGF-I was significantly reduced at 0.5 U/ml (p < 0.01). No difference, however, was observed in IGF mRNA expression between untreated and alpha-IFN treated cells. An increase in IGF-I and IGF-II intracellular levels in alpha-IFN treated cultures was observed, suggesting that alpha-IFN can regulate the transfer of these peptides into the cells. Furthermore, IGF type-I and particularly type-lI receptor expression was increased after alpha-IFN treatment. IGFBP-3 was detected only in trace amounts in the conditioned media; however, it showed an increase after alpha-IFN treatment (+110% at 1 U/ml). IGFBP-3 mRNA expression showed a slight increase after treatment with 1 and 10 U/ml. alpha-IFN (1-10 U/ml) reduced the stimulatory effect of IGF-I on cell replication (p < 0.01), inhibited (p < 0.01) cell replication in untreated and in fetal calf serum (FCS)-stimulated cells, and increased apoptosis in Calu-6 cells. Our data suggest that alpha-IFN may exert its effects at the cellular level in part through modification of the local IGF system.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Del Monte
- Division of Endocrinology, Galliera Hospital, Genova, Italy.
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112
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Zhang H, Yee D. The therapeutic potential of agents targeting the type I insulin-like growth factor receptor. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2005; 13:1569-77. [PMID: 15566314 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.13.12.1569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The type I insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF-1R) is a receptor tyrosine kinase that mediates insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-1) and IGF-2 signalling. Increased expression levels and/or enhanced activity of IGF-1R have been observed in many types of cancer. It is well documented that IGF-1R plays important roles in the proliferation, transformation, motility and metastasis of cancer cells. Therefore, IGF-1R has surfaced as an attractive target for cancer therapy. There are several aspects of this receptor that need to be considered when thinking about inhibitory strategies. In this review, several points relevant to targeting IGF-1R will be discussed, including the signalling pathways downstream of the receptor, the potential role for the insulin receptor in regulating IGF action and multiple cancer phenotypes regulated by this receptor. In addition, there are several strategies that could be used to inhibit IGF action. Inhibition of receptor function by lowering protein expression, decreasing kinase activity by small-molecule inhibitors, disrupting receptor function by monoclonal antibody blockade and neutralising circulating ligand all represent potential therapeutic strategies. As these strategies move forward to clinical trial, several important considerations need to be incorporated into the clinical trial design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhang
- University of Minnesota Cancer Center, MMC 806, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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113
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Lewis BC, Klimstra DS, Socci ND, Xu S, Koutcher JA, Varmus HE. The absence of p53 promotes metastasis in a novel somatic mouse model for hepatocellular carcinoma. Mol Cell Biol 2005; 25:1228-37. [PMID: 15684377 PMCID: PMC548003 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.25.4.1228-1237.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have generated a mouse model for hepatocellular carcinoma using somatic delivery of oncogene-bearing avian retroviral vectors to the liver cells of mice expressing the viral receptor TVA under the control of the albumin gene promoter (Alb-TVA mice). Viruses encoding mouse polyoma virus middle T antigen (PyMT) induced tumors, which can be visualized with magnetic resonance imaging, in 65% of TVA-positive animals. While these tumors can exceed 10 mm in diameter, they do not invade locally or metastasize to the lungs. Delivery of PyMT-expressing viruses to Alb-TVA mice lacking an intact p53 gene does not increase tumor incidence. However, the resulting tumors are poorly differentiated, invasive, and metastatic to the lungs. Gene expression microarrays identified over 100 genes that are differentially expressed between tumors found in p53 wild-type and p53 null mice. Some of these genes, such as cathepsin E and Igf2, have been previously implicated in tumor cell migration and invasion. Tumors induced in p53 null, TVA transgenic mice by PyMT mutants with changes in specific tyrosine residues fail to form metastases, indicating that metastasis is dependent on both the oncogene and the absence of p53.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Viral, Tumor/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/virology
- Cathepsin E/metabolism
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/physiology
- Genes, p53/physiology
- Insulin-Like Growth Factor II/metabolism
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/virology
- Lung Neoplasms/metabolism
- Lung Neoplasms/pathology
- Lung Neoplasms/secondary
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Mutation/genetics
- Polyomavirus/metabolism
- Retroviridae/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian C Lewis
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation St., LRB 521, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
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114
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Abstract
Abstract
Targeting hormonal and growth factor signaling pathways has proven to be useful in the treatment of breast cancer. In vitro, animal, and epidemiologic evidence provide a rationale for the relevance of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system to breast cancer biology. The IGF system has been implicated in promoting mitogenic, metastatic, and antiapoptotic phenotypes in breast cancer. As a consequence of the ability of IGF to promote tumorigenesis, pharmacologic interventions targeting the IGF system are being devised. Such strategies include decreasing ligand production, ligand binding, or receptor activation. In this article, directed anti-IGF strategies and the possible clinical impact of using such therapies for treating breast cancer are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Douglas Yee
- University of Minnesota Cancer Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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115
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Lynch L, Vodyanik PI, Boettiger D, Guvakova MA. Insulin-like growth factor I controls adhesion strength mediated by alpha5beta1 integrins in motile carcinoma cells. Mol Biol Cell 2004; 16:51-63. [PMID: 15509657 PMCID: PMC539151 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e04-05-0399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the intriguing questions regarding cell motility concerns the mechanism that makes stationary cells move. Here, we provide the first physical evidence that the onset of breast cancer cell motility in response to insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) correlates with lowering of adhesion strength from 2.52 +/- 0.20 to 1.52 +/- 0.13 microdynes/microm2 in cells attached to fibronectin via alpha5beta1 integrin. The adhesion strength depends on the dose of IGF-I and time of IGF-I treatment. Weakening of cell-matrix adhesion is blocked significantly (p < 0.01) by the catalytically inactive IGF-I receptor (IGF-IR) and the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI-3 kinase) inhibitor LY-294002, but it is unaffected by mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase inhibitor UO-126 and Src kinase inhibitor PP2. Sustained blockade of Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) with Y-27632 down-regulates adhesion strength in stationary, but not in IGF-I-treated, cells. Jasplakinolide, a drug that prevents actin filament disassembly, counteracts the effect of IGF-I on integrin-mediated cell adhesion. In the absence of growth factor signaling, ROCK supports a strong adhesion via alpha5beta1 integrin, whereas activation of the IGF-IR kinase reduces cell-matrix adhesion through a PI-3K-dependent, but ROCK-independent, mechanism. We propose that disassembly of the actin filaments via PI-3 kinase pathway contributes to weakening of adhesion strength and induction of cell movement. Understanding how cell adhesion and migration are coordinated has an important application in cancer research, developmental biology, and tissue bioengineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Lynch
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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116
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Põld M, Krysan K, Põld A, Dohadwala M, Heuze-Vourc'h N, Mao JT, Riedl KL, Sharma S, Dubinett SM. Cyclooxygenase-2 Modulates the Insulin-Like Growth Factor Axis in Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer. Cancer Res 2004; 64:6549-55. [PMID: 15374967 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-1225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Constitutive overexpression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) occurs frequently in several different malignancies, including lung, colon, breast, and prostate cancer. Clinical studies have established elevated serum insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I) content and IGF-I:IGF-binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3) ratio as risk factors for these same malignancies. Therefore, we sought to determine the link between COX-2 expression and the IGF axis in COX-2 gene-modified human non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells. Overexpression of COX-2 in NSCLC cells enhanced the antiapoptotic and mitogenic effects of IGF-I and IGF-II, facilitated the autophosphorylation of the type 1 IGF receptor, increased class IA phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase activity, and decreased expression of IGFBP-3. Thus, these findings show that COX-2 augments the stimulatory arm of the IGF axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehis Põld
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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Baserga R. Targeting the IGF-1 receptor: from rags to riches. Eur J Cancer 2004; 40:2013-5. [PMID: 15341972 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2004.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2004] [Accepted: 06/16/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Bähr C, Groner B. The insulin like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) as a drug target: novel approaches to cancer therapy. Growth Horm IGF Res 2004; 14:287-295. [PMID: 15231297 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2004.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R) is an important signaling molecule in cancer cells and plays an essential role in the establishment and maintenance of the transformed phenotype. Inhibition of IGF-1R signaling thus appears to be a promising strategy to interfere with the growth and survival of cancer cells. Different classes of molecules, e.g., antisense RNA, monoclonal antibodies and dominant negative IGF-1R gene variants, have been employed towards this aim. These agents have been able to reverse the transformed phenotype in several rodent and human cancer cell lines. The application of peptide aptamers specifically binding to the IGF-1R represents a novel approach to target IGF-1R signaling. The integration of peptide aptamers into targeted protein degradation vehicles and their transduction into cells allows the temporary elimination of the receptor protein. This review summarizes recently published data about inhibition of IGF-1R signaling and provides a perspective on upcoming possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinna Bähr
- Georg Speyer Haus, Institute for Biomedical Research, Paul-Ehrlich Str. 42-44, Frankfurt am Main D-60596, Germany
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119
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael N Pollak
- Department of Oncology, McGill University and Lady Davis Research Institute, 3999 Rue Côte Sainte Catherine, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1E2, Canada.
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