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Opening the Selectivity Pocket in the Human Lysine Deacetylase Sirtuin2 – New Opportunities, New Questions. CHEM REC 2018; 18:1701-1707. [DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201800044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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102
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Pehar M, Harlan BA, Killoy KM, Vargas MR. Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Metabolism and Neurodegeneration. Antioxid Redox Signal 2018; 28:1652-1668. [PMID: 28548540 PMCID: PMC5962335 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) participates in redox reactions and NAD+-dependent signaling processes, which involve the cleavage of NAD+ coupled to posttranslational modifications of proteins or the production of second messengers. Either as a primary cause or as a secondary component of the pathogenic process, mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress are prominent features of several neurodegenerative diseases. Activation of NAD+-dependent signaling pathways has a major effect in the capacity of the cell to modulate mitochondrial function and counteract the deleterious effects of increased oxidative stress. Recent Advances: Progress in the understanding of the biological functions and compartmentalization of NAD+-synthesizing and NAD+-consuming enzymes have led to the emergence of NAD+ metabolism as a major therapeutic target for age-related diseases. CRITICAL ISSUES Three distinct families of enzymes consume NAD+ as substrate: poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs), ADP-ribosyl cyclases (CD38/CD157) and sirtuins. Two main strategies to increase NAD+ availability have arisen. These strategies are based on the utilization of NAD+ intermediates/precursors or the inhibition of the NAD+-consuming enzymes, PARPs and CD38. An increase in endogenous sirtuin activity seems to mediate the protective effect that enhancing NAD+ availability confers in several models of neurodegeneration and age-related diseases. FUTURE DIRECTIONS A growing body of evidence suggests the beneficial role of enhancing NAD+ availability in models of neurodegeneration. The challenge ahead is to establish the value and safety of the long-term use of these strategies for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 28, 1652-1668.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Pehar
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Benjamin A Harlan
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Kelby M Killoy
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Marcelo R Vargas
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston, South Carolina
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103
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Ong AL, Ramasamy TS. Role of Sirtuin1-p53 regulatory axis in aging, cancer and cellular reprogramming. Ageing Res Rev 2018; 43:64-80. [PMID: 29476819 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory role of Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), one of the most extensively studied members of its kind in histone deacetylase family in governing multiple cellular fates, is predominantly linked to p53 activity. SIRT1 deacetylates p53 in a NAD+-dependent manner to inhibit transcription activity of p53, in turn modulate pathways that are implicated in regulation of tissue homoeostasis and many disease states. In this review, we discuss the role of SIRT1-p53 pathway and its regulatory axis in the cellular events which are implicated in cellular aging, cancer and reprogramming. It is noteworthy that these cellular events share few common regulatory pathways, including SIRT1-p53-LDHA-Myc, miR-34a,-Let7 regulatory network, which forms a positive feedback loop that controls cell cycle, metabolism, proliferation, differentiation, epigenetics and many others. In the context of aging, SIRT1 expression is reduced as a protective mechanism against oncogenesis and for maintenance of tissue homeostasis. Interestingly, its activation in aged cells is evidenced in response to DNA damage to protect the cells from p53-dependent apoptosis or senescence, predispose these cells to neoplastic transformation. Importantly, the dual roles of SIRT1-p53 axis in aging and tumourigenesis, either as tumour suppressor or tumour promoter are determined by SIRT1 localisation and type of cells. Conceptualising the distinct similarity between tumorigenesis and cellular reprogramming, this review provides a perspective discussion on involvement of SIRT1 in improving efficiency in the induction and maintenance of pluripotent state. Further research in understanding the role of SIRT1-p53 pathway and their associated regulators and strategies to manipulate this regulatory axis very likely foster the development of therapeutics and strategies for treating cancer and aging-associated degenerative diseases.
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104
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Zhou M, Luo J, Zhang H. Role of Sirtuin 1 in the pathogenesis of ocular disease (Review). Int J Mol Med 2018; 42:13-20. [PMID: 29693113 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Sirtuin (SIRT)1, a member of the SIRT family, is a highly conserved NAD+‑dependent histone deacetylase, which has a regulatory role in numerous physiological and pathological processes by removing acetyl groups from various proteins. SIRT1 controls the activity of numerous transcription factors and cofactors, which impacts the downstream gene expression, and eventually alleviates oxidative stress and associated damage. Numerous studies have revealed that dysfunction of SIRT1 is linked with ocular diseases, including cataract, age‑associated macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy and glaucoma, while ectopic upregulation of SIRT1 protects against various ocular diseases. In the present review, the significant role of SIRT1 and the potential therapeutic value of modulating SIRT1 expression in ocular development and eye diseases is summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengwen Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hunan Clinical Research Center of Ophthalmic Disease, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
| | - Jing Luo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hunan Clinical Research Center of Ophthalmic Disease, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
| | - Huiming Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
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105
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Zullo A, Simone E, Grimaldi M, Gagliardi M, Zullo L, Matarazzo MR, Mancini FP. Effect of nutrient deprivation on the expression and the epigenetic signature of sirtuin genes. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2018; 28:418-424. [PMID: 29499851 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Revised: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Over the last decades advances in understanding the molecular bases of the close relationship between nutrition, metabolism, and diseases have been impressive. However, there are always novel frontiers coming up and epigenetics is one of these. Sirtuins, are pivotal factors in the control of metabolic pathways according to nutrient availability. In the present study we evaluated the effect of nutrient deprivation on expression, DNA methylation and chromatin status of the sirtuin genes. METHODS AND RESULTS We performed these studies in mouse hepatoma cells, that were grown in standard medium, or in media containing low glucose concentration, or no glucose, or no amino acids. We applied quantitative real-time PCR to cDNA, methylation-enriched DNA and nuclease-treated DNA in order to evaluate gene expression, DNA methylation, and chromatin condensation, respectively. This study shows that the expression of sirtuin genes varies following nutrient deprivation. Moreover, we observed that changes of DNA methylation and chromatin condensation occur at the transcription start site of sirtuin genes following nutrient deprivation. CONCLUSIONS Epigenetic mechanisms may have a role in the sirtuin response to nutrient deprivations in cultured hepatoma cells. Replicating these results in vivo to achieve a comprehensive understanding of the epigenetic control of sirtuin expression following nutrient deprivations might open up novel therapeutic possibilities to cure metabolic diseases and promote human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Zullo
- Department of Sciences and Technologies, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy; CEINGE Advanced Biotechnologies, Naples, Italy.
| | - E Simone
- Department of Sciences and Technologies, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy
| | - M Grimaldi
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Charité University Hospital, Berlin, Germany
| | - M Gagliardi
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics 'Adriano Buzzati-Traverso', CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - L Zullo
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology (NSYN), IIT-Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
| | - M R Matarazzo
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics 'Adriano Buzzati-Traverso', CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - F P Mancini
- Department of Sciences and Technologies, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy.
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106
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Dai H, Sinclair DA, Ellis JL, Steegborn C. Sirtuin activators and inhibitors: Promises, achievements, and challenges. Pharmacol Ther 2018; 188:140-154. [PMID: 29577959 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 316] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The NAD+-dependent protein lysine deacylases of the Sirtuin family regulate various physiological functions, from energy metabolism to stress responses. The human Sirtuin isoforms, SIRT1-7, are considered attractive therapeutic targets for aging-related diseases, such as type 2 diabetes, inflammatory diseases and neurodegenerative disorders. We review the status of Sirtuin-targeted drug discovery and development. Potent and selective pharmacological Sirt1 activators and inhibitors are available, and initial clinical trials have been carried out. Several promising inhibitors and activators have also been described for other isoforms. Progress in understanding the mechanisms of Sirtuin modulation by such compounds provides a rational basis for further drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Dai
- GlaxoSmithKline, 1250S. Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - David A Sinclair
- Department of Genetics, Paul F. Glenn Laboratories for the Biological Mechanisms of Aging, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - James L Ellis
- GlaxoSmithKline, 1250S. Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Clemens Steegborn
- Department of Biochemistry and Research Center for Bio-Macromolecules, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany.
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107
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Zullo A, Simone E, Grimaldi M, Musto V, Mancini FP. Sirtuins as Mediator of the Anti-Ageing Effects of Calorie Restriction in Skeletal and Cardiac Muscle. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E928. [PMID: 29561771 PMCID: PMC5979282 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19040928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fighting diseases and controlling the signs of ageing are the major goals of biomedicine. Sirtuins, enzymes with mainly deacetylating activity, could be pivotal targets of novel preventive and therapeutic strategies to reach such aims. Scientific proofs are accumulating in experimental models, but, to a minor extent, also in humans, that the ancient practice of calorie restriction could prove an effective way to prevent several degenerative diseases and to postpone the detrimental signs of ageing. In the present review, we summarize the evidence about the central role of sirtuins in mediating the beneficial effects of calorie restriction in skeletal and cardiac muscle since these tissues are greatly damaged by diseases and advancing years. Moreover, we entertain the possibility that the identification of sirtuin activators that mimic calorie restriction could provide the benefits without the inconvenience of this dietary style.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Zullo
- Department of Sciences and Technologies, University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy.
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate s.c.ar.l., 80145 Naples, Italy.
| | - Emanuela Simone
- Department of Sciences and Technologies, University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy.
| | - Maddalena Grimaldi
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Charité University Hospital, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Vincenzina Musto
- Department of Sciences and Technologies, University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy.
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108
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Developing evidence in the literature suggests that sirtuin 5 (SIRT5) may be involved in metabolic reprogramming, an emerging hallmark of cancer by which neoplastic cells reconfigure their metabolism to support the anabolic demands of rapid cell division. SIRT5 is one of the seven members of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-dependent sirtuin family of lysine deacetylases. It removes succinyl, malonyl, and glutaryl groups from protein targets within the mitochondrial matrix and other subcellular compartments. SIRT5 substrates include a number of proteins integral to metabolism. Recent Advances: New work has begun to elucidate the roles of SIRT5 in glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid cycle, fatty acid oxidation, nitrogen metabolism, pentose phosphate pathway, antioxidant defense, and apoptosis. CRITICAL ISSUES In this study, we summarize biological functions of SIRT5 reported in normal tissues and in cancer and discuss potential mechanisms whereby SIRT5 may impact tumorigenesis, particularly focusing on its reported roles in metabolic reprogramming. Finally, we review current efforts to target SIRT5 pharmacologically. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The biological significance of SIRT5 has been elucidated in the context of only an extremely small fraction of its targets and interactors. There is no doubt that further studies in this area will provide a wealth of insights into functions of SIRT5 and its targets in normal and neoplastic cells. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 28, 677-690.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Angela H. Guo
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Costas A. Lyssiotis
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - David B. Lombard
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Institute of Gerontology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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109
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Tian YG, Zhang J. Protective effect of SIRT3 on acute lung injury by increasing manganese superoxide dismutase-mediated antioxidation. Mol Med Rep 2018; 17:5557-5565. [PMID: 29363727 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.8469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolonged exposure to hyperoxia results in acute lung injury (ALI). Pulmonary damage caused by oxygen toxicity occurs due to the generation of reactive oxygen species and subsequent formation of more potent oxidants. The present study demonstrated that sirtuin 3 (SIRT3) may attenuate hyperoxia‑induced ALI due to its potential antioxidative effect. In the present study, a hyperoxia‑induced acute lung injury mouse model, reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction, western blotting, retroviral mediated gene over‑expression and knockdown assays revealed that the expression of SIRT3 in the lung tissue of mice with hyperoxia‑induced ALI was decreased and overexpression of SIRT3 may significantly reduce hyperoxia‑induced ALI, as reflected by decreases in protein concentration, infiltrated neutrophils in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and wet/dry ratio of lung tissues. Furthermore, overexpression of SIRT3 increased the protein levels and enzymatic activity of manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), and inhibited oxidative stress in the lungs of ALI mice. Additionally, the current study demonstrated that SIRT3 promoted the expression of MnSOD, and this regulation was crucial for the protective effect of SIRT3 on hyperoxia‑induced ALI. In summary, the results of the current study indicated that SIRT3 overexpression may effectively ameliorate hyperoxia‑induced ALI in mice, which indicates a potential application for SIRT3‑based gene therapy to treat clinical adult respiratory distress syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Gang Tian
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shengli Oilfield Central Hospital, Dongying, Shandong 257034, P.R. China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shengli Oilfield Central Hospital, Dongying, Shandong 257034, P.R. China
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110
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Fang Y, Wang J, Xu L, Cao Y, Xu F, Yan L, Nie M, Yuan N, Zhang S, Zhao R, Wang H, Wu M, Zhang X, Wang J. Autophagy maintains ubiquitination-proteasomal degradation of Sirt3 to limit oxidative stress in K562 leukemia cells. Oncotarget 2018; 7:35692-35702. [PMID: 27232755 PMCID: PMC5094955 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Sirtuin protein family member 3 (Sirt3) has been suggested as a positive regulator in alleviating oxidative stress by acting on the mitochondrial antioxidant machinery in solid tumors; however, its role and regulation in hematological malignancies has been poorly understood. Here, we show that contrary to what has been reported in solid tumors, in K562 leukemia cells elevated Sirt3 was associated with mitochondrial stress, and depletion of Sirt3 decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and lipid oxidation, but increased the ratio of reduced glutathione (GSH) to oxidized glutathione (GSSG), suggesting an opposite role of Sirt3 in regulating oxidative stress in the leukemia cells. Notably, loss of autophagy by deletion of autophagy essential gene or by pharmacological inhibition on autophagic degradation caused a significant accumulation of Sirt3. However, induced activation of autophagy did not cause autophagic degradation of Sirt3. Furthermore, inhibiting proteasome activity accumulated Sirt3 in autophagy-intact but not autophagy-defective cells, and disrupting functional autophagy either genetically or pharmacologically caused significantly less ubiquitination of Sirt3. Therefore, our data suggest that basal but not enhanced autophagy activity maintains ubiquitination-proteasomal degradation of Sirt3 to limit lipid oxidative stress, representing an adaptive mechanism by which autophagy, in collaboration with the ubiquitination-proteasomal system, controls oxidative stress by controlling the levels of certain proteins in K562 leukemia cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Fang
- Hematology Center of Cyrus Tang Medical Institute, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, Soochow University School of Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Hematology Center of Cyrus Tang Medical Institute, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, Soochow University School of Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Li Xu
- Hematology Center of Cyrus Tang Medical Institute, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, Soochow University School of Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Yan Cao
- Hematology Center of Cyrus Tang Medical Institute, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, Soochow University School of Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Fei Xu
- Hematology Center of Cyrus Tang Medical Institute, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, Soochow University School of Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Lili Yan
- Hematology Center of Cyrus Tang Medical Institute, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, Soochow University School of Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Meilan Nie
- Hematology Center of Cyrus Tang Medical Institute, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, Soochow University School of Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Na Yuan
- Hematology Center of Cyrus Tang Medical Institute, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, Soochow University School of Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Suping Zhang
- Hematology Center of Cyrus Tang Medical Institute, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, Soochow University School of Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Ruijin Zhao
- Hematology Center of Cyrus Tang Medical Institute, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, Soochow University School of Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Hongbin Wang
- Hematology Center of Cyrus Tang Medical Institute, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, Soochow University School of Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Mengyin Wu
- Hematology Center of Cyrus Tang Medical Institute, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, Soochow University School of Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaoying Zhang
- Hematology Center of Cyrus Tang Medical Institute, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, Soochow University School of Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Jianrong Wang
- Hematology Center of Cyrus Tang Medical Institute, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, Soochow University School of Medicine, Suzhou, China
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Gallego-Jara J, Écija Conesa A, de Diego Puente T, Lozano Terol G, Cánovas Díaz M. Characterization of CobB kinetics and inhibition by nicotinamide. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0189689. [PMID: 29253849 PMCID: PMC5734772 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysine acetylation has emerged as a global protein regulation system in all domains of life. Sirtuins, or Sir2-like enzymes, are a family of histone deacetylases characterized by their employing NAD+ as a co-substrate. Sirtuins can deacetylate several acetylated proteins, but a consensus substrate recognition sequence has not yet been established. Product inhibition of many eukaryotic sirtuins by nicotinamide and its analogues has been studied in vitro due to their potential role as anticancer agents. In this work, the kinetics of CobB, the main Escherichia coli deacetylase, have been characterized. To our knowledge, this is the first kinetic characterization of a sirtuin employing a fully acetylated and natively folded protein as a substrate. CobB deacetylated several acetyl-CoA synthetase acetylated lysines with a single kinetic rate. In addition, in vitro nicotinamide inhibition of CobB has been characterized, and the intracellular nicotinamide concentrations have been determined under different growth conditions. The results suggest that nicotinamide can act as a CobB regulator in vivo. A nicotinamidase deletion strain was thus phenotypically characterized, and it behaved similarly to the ΔcobB strain. The results of this work demonstrate the potential regulatory role of the nicotinamide metabolite in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Gallego-Jara
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Immunology (B), Faculty of Chemistry, University of Murcia, Campus of Espinardo, Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘‘Campus Mare Nostrum”, Murcia, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Ana Écija Conesa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Immunology (B), Faculty of Chemistry, University of Murcia, Campus of Espinardo, Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘‘Campus Mare Nostrum”, Murcia, Spain
| | - Teresa de Diego Puente
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Immunology (B), Faculty of Chemistry, University of Murcia, Campus of Espinardo, Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘‘Campus Mare Nostrum”, Murcia, Spain
| | - Gema Lozano Terol
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Immunology (B), Faculty of Chemistry, University of Murcia, Campus of Espinardo, Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘‘Campus Mare Nostrum”, Murcia, Spain
| | - Manuel Cánovas Díaz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Immunology (B), Faculty of Chemistry, University of Murcia, Campus of Espinardo, Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘‘Campus Mare Nostrum”, Murcia, Spain
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Lüscher B, Bütepage M, Eckei L, Krieg S, Verheugd P, Shilton BH. ADP-Ribosylation, a Multifaceted Posttranslational Modification Involved in the Control of Cell Physiology in Health and Disease. Chem Rev 2017; 118:1092-1136. [PMID: 29172462 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) regulate protein functions and interactions. ADP-ribosylation is a PTM, in which ADP-ribosyltransferases use nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) to modify target proteins with ADP-ribose. This modification can occur as mono- or poly-ADP-ribosylation. The latter involves the synthesis of long ADP-ribose chains that have specific properties due to the nature of the polymer. ADP-Ribosylation is reversed by hydrolases that cleave the glycosidic bonds either between ADP-ribose units or between the protein proximal ADP-ribose and a given amino acid side chain. Here we discuss the properties of the different enzymes associated with ADP-ribosylation and the consequences of this PTM on substrates. Furthermore, the different domains that interpret either mono- or poly-ADP-ribosylation and the implications for cellular processes are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Lüscher
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University , 52057 Aachen, Germany
| | - Mareike Bütepage
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University , 52057 Aachen, Germany
| | - Laura Eckei
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University , 52057 Aachen, Germany
| | - Sarah Krieg
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University , 52057 Aachen, Germany
| | - Patricia Verheugd
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University , 52057 Aachen, Germany
| | - Brian H Shilton
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University , 52057 Aachen, Germany.,Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario , Medical Sciences Building Room 332, London, Ontario Canada N6A 5C1
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113
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Lazo-Gomez R, Tapia R. Quercetin prevents spinal motor neuron degeneration induced by chronic excitotoxic stimulus by a sirtuin 1-dependent mechanism. Transl Neurodegener 2017; 6:31. [PMID: 29201361 PMCID: PMC5697078 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-017-0102-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Excitotoxicity is a mechanism of foremost importance in the selective motor neuron degeneration characteristic of motor neuron disorders. Effective therapeutic strategies are an unmet need for these disorders. Polyphenols, such as quercetin and resveratrol, are plant-derived compounds that activate sirtuins (SIRTs) and have shown promising results in some models of neuronal death, although their effects have been scarcely tested in models of motor neuron degeneration. Methods In this work we investigated the effects of quercetin and resveratrol in an in vivo model of excitotoxic motor neuron death induced by the chronic infusion of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) into the rat spinal cord tissue. Quercetin and resveratrol were co-infused with AMPA and motor behavior and muscle strength were assessed daily for up to ten days. Then, animals were fixed and lumbar spinal cord tissue was analyzed by histological and immunocytological procedures. Results We found that the chronic infusion of AMPA [1 mM] caused a progressive motor neuron degeneration, accompanied by astrogliosis and microgliosis, and motor deficits and paralysis of the rear limbs. Quercetin infusion ameliorated AMPA-induced paralysis, rescued motor neurons, and prevented both astrogliosis and microgliosis, and these protective effects were prevented by EX527, a very selective SIRT1 inhibitor. In contrast, neither resveratrol nor EX527 alone improved motor behavior deficits or reduced motor neuron degeneration, albeit both reduced gliosis. Conclusions These results suggest that quercetin exerts its beneficial effects through a SIRT1-mediated mechanism, and thus SIRT1 plays an important role in excitotoxic neurodegeneration and therefore its pharmacological modulation might provide opportunities for therapy in motor neuron disorders. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40035-017-0102-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Lazo-Gomez
- División de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, 04510 Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Ricardo Tapia
- División de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, 04510 Ciudad de México, Mexico
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Lee JH, Yang B, Lindahl AJ, Damaschke N, Boersma MD, Huang W, Corey E, Jarrard DF, Denu JM. Identifying Dysregulated Epigenetic Enzyme Activity in Castrate-Resistant Prostate Cancer Development. ACS Chem Biol 2017; 12:2804-2814. [PMID: 28949514 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.6b01035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
There is a tremendous need for novel strategies aimed at directly assessing activities of histone modifiers to probe epigenetic determinants associated with disease progression. Here, we developed a high-throughput peptide microarray assay to identify altered histone lysine (de)acetylation activity in prostate cancer (PCa). This microarray-based activity assay revealed up-regulated histone acetyltransferase (HAT) activity against specific histone H3 sites in a castrate-resistant (CR) PCa cell line compared to its hormone-sensitive (HS) isogenic counterpart. NAD+-dependent deacetylation assays revealed down-regulated sirtuin activity in validated CR lines. Levels of acetyltransferases GCN5, PCAF, CBP, and p300 were unchanged between matched HS and CR cell lines. However, autoacetylation of p300 at K1499, a modification known to enhance HAT activity and a target of deacetylation by SIRT2, was highly elevated in CR cells, while SIRT2 protein level was reduced in CR cells. Interrogation of HS and matched CR xenograft lines reveals that H3K18 hyperacetylation, increased p300 activity, and decreased SIRT2 expression are associated with progression to CR in 8/12 (66%). Tissue microarray analysis revealed that hyperacetylation of H3K18 is a feature of CRPC. Inhibition of p300 results in lower H3K18ac levels and increased expression of androgen receptors. Thus, a novel histone array identifies altered enzyme activities during the progression to CRPC and may be utilized in a personalized medicine approach. Reduced SIRT2 expression and increased p300 activity lead to a concerted mechanism of hyperacetylation at specific histone lysine sites (H3K9, H3K14, and H3K18) in CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Hee Lee
- Department
of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Wisconsin
Institute for Discovery and the Morgridge Institute for Research, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53715, United States
| | - Bing Yang
- Department
of Urology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Anastasia J. Lindahl
- Department
of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Wisconsin
Institute for Discovery and the Morgridge Institute for Research, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53715, United States
| | - Nathan Damaschke
- Department
of Urology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Melissa D. Boersma
- Wisconsin
Institute for Discovery and the Morgridge Institute for Research, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53715, United States
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
| | - Wei Huang
- Department
of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Eva Corey
- Department
of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - David F. Jarrard
- Department
of Urology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
- Carbone
Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
- Molecular
and Environmental Toxicology Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - John M. Denu
- Department
of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Wisconsin
Institute for Discovery and the Morgridge Institute for Research, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53715, United States
- Carbone
Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
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115
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Krautkramer KA, Dhillon RS, Denu JM, Carey HV. Metabolic programming of the epigenome: host and gut microbial metabolite interactions with host chromatin. Transl Res 2017; 189:30-50. [PMID: 28919341 PMCID: PMC5659875 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian gut microbiota has been linked to host developmental, immunologic, and metabolic outcomes. This collection of trillions of microbes inhabits the gut and produces a myriad of metabolites, which are measurable in host circulation and contribute to the pathogenesis of human diseases. The link between endogenous metabolite availability and chromatin regulation is a well-established and active area of investigation; however, whether microbial metabolites can elicit similar effects is less understood. In this review, we focus on seminal and recent research that establishes chromatin regulatory roles for both endogenous and microbial metabolites. We also highlight key physiologic and disease settings where microbial metabolite-host chromatin interactions have been established and/or may be pertinent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly A Krautkramer
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, Wis; Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, Madison, Wis.
| | - Rashpal S Dhillon
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, Wis; Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, Madison, Wis
| | - John M Denu
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, Wis; Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, Madison, Wis; Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wis
| | - Hannah V Carey
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, Wis
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Alterations of sirtuins in mitochondrial cytochrome c-oxidase deficiency. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186517. [PMID: 29059204 PMCID: PMC5653369 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sirtuins are NAD+ dependent deacetylases, which regulate mitochondrial energy metabolism as well as cellular response to stress. The NAD/NADH-system plays a crucial role in oxidative phosphorylation linking sirtuins and the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Furthermore, sirtuins are able to directly deacetylate and activate different complexes of the respiratory chain. This prompted us to analyse sirtuin levels in skin fibroblasts from patients with cytochrome c-oxidase (COX) deficiency and to test the impact of different pharmaceutical activators of sirtuins (SRT1720, paeonol) to modulate sirtuins and possibly respiratory chain enzymes in patient cells in vitro. Methods We assayed intracellular levels of sirtuin 1 and the mitochondrial sirtuins SIRT3 and SIRT4 in human fibroblasts from patients with COX- deficiency. Furthermore, sirtuins were measured after inhibiting complex IV in healthy control fibroblasts by cyanide and after incubation with activators SRT1720 and paeonol. To determine the effect of sirtuin inhibition at the cellular level we measured total cellular acetylation (control and patient cells, with and without treatment) by Western blot. Results We observed a significant decrease in cellular levels of all three sirtuins at the activity, protein and transcriptional level (by 15% to 50%) in COX-deficient cells. Additionally, the intracellular concentration of NAD+ was reduced in patient cells. We mimicked the biochemical phenotype of COX- deficiency by incubating healthy fibroblasts with cyanide and observed reduced sirtuin levels. A pharmacological activation of sirtuins resulted in normalized sirtuin levels in patient cells. Hyper acetylation was also reversible after treatment with sirtuin activators. Pharmacological modulation of sirtuins resulted in altered respiratory chain complex activities. Conclusions We found inhibition of situins 1, 3 and 4 at activity, protein and transcriptional levels in fibroblasts from patient with COX-deficiency. Pharmacological activators were able to restore reduced sirtuin levels and thereby modulate respiratory chain activities.
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117
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Bioenergetic state regulates innate inflammatory responses through the transcriptional co-repressor CtBP. Nat Commun 2017; 8:624. [PMID: 28935892 PMCID: PMC5608947 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00707-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The innate inflammatory response contributes to secondary injury in brain trauma and other disorders. Metabolic factors such as caloric restriction, ketogenic diet, and hyperglycemia influence the inflammatory response, but how this occurs is unclear. Here, we show that glucose metabolism regulates pro-inflammatory NF-κB transcriptional activity through effects on the cytosolic NADH:NAD+ ratio and the NAD(H) sensitive transcriptional co-repressor CtBP. Reduced glucose availability reduces the NADH:NAD+ ratio, NF-κB transcriptional activity, and pro-inflammatory gene expression in macrophages and microglia. These effects are inhibited by forced elevation of NADH, reduced expression of CtBP, or transfection with an NAD(H) insensitive CtBP, and are replicated by a synthetic peptide that inhibits CtBP dimerization. Changes in the NADH:NAD+ ratio regulate CtBP binding to the acetyltransferase p300, and regulate binding of p300 and the transcription factor NF-κB to pro-inflammatory gene promoters. These findings identify a mechanism by which alterations in cellular glucose metabolism can influence cellular inflammatory responses. Several metabolic factors affect cellular glucose metabolism as well as the innate inflammatory response. Here, the authors show that glucose metabolism regulates pro-inflammatory responses through effects on the cytosolic NADH:NAD+ ratio and the NAD(H)-sensitive transcription co-repressor CtBP.
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118
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Sica A, Strauss L, Consonni FM, Travelli C, Genazzani A, Porta C. Metabolic regulation of suppressive myeloid cells in cancer. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2017; 35:27-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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119
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Bolívar BE, Welch JT. Studies of the Binding of Modest Modulators of the Human Enzyme, Sirtuin 6, by STD NMR. Chembiochem 2017; 18:931-940. [PMID: 28222243 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201600655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Pyrazinamide (PZA), an essential constituent of short-course tuberculosis chemotherapy, binds weakly but selectively to Sirtuin 6 (SIRT6). Despite the structural similarities between nicotinamide (NAM), PZA, and pyrazinoic acid (POA), these inhibitors modulate SIRT6 by different mechanisms and through different binding sites, as suggested by saturation transfer difference (STD) NMR. Available experimental evidence, such as that derived from crystal structures and kinetic experiments, has been of only limited utility in elucidation of the mechanistic details of sirtuin inhibition by NAM or other inhibitors. For instance, crystallographic structural analysis of sirtuin binding sites does not help us understand important differences in binding affinities among sirtuins or capture details of such dynamic process. Hence, STD NMR was utilized throughout this study. Our results not only agreed with the binding kinetics experiments but also gave a qualitative insight into the binding process. The data presented herein suggested some details about the geometry of the binding epitopes of the ligands in solution with the apo- and holoenzyme. Recognition that SIRT6 is affected selectively by PZA, an established clinical agent, suggests that the rational development of more potent and selective NAM surrogates might be possible. These derivatives might be accessible by employing the malleability of this scaffold to assist in the identification by STD NMR of the motifs that interact with the apo- and holoenzymes in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz E Bolívar
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY, 12205, USA
| | - John T Welch
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY, 12205, USA
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120
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Metabolism and chromatin dynamics in health and disease. Mol Aspects Med 2017; 54:1-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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121
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Tasselli L, Zheng W, Chua KF. SIRT6: Novel Mechanisms and Links to Aging and Disease. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2017; 28:168-185. [PMID: 27836583 PMCID: PMC5326594 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
SIRT6, a member of the Sirtuin family of NAD+-dependent enzymes, has established roles in chromatin signaling and genome maintenance. Through these functions, SIRT6 protects against aging-associated pathologies including metabolic disease and cancer, and can promote longevity in mice. Research from the past few years revealed that SIRT6 is a complex enzyme with multiple substrates and catalytic activities, and uncovered novel SIRT6 functions in the maintenance of organismal health span. Here, we review these new discoveries and models of SIRT6 biology in four areas: heterochromatin stabilization and silencing; stem cell biology; cancer initiation and progression; and regulation of metabolic homeostasis. We discuss the possible implications of these findings for therapeutic interventions in aging and aging-related disease processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Tasselli
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
| | - Wei Zheng
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Katrin F Chua
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
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122
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Qin HT, Li HQ, Liu F. Selective histone deacetylase small molecule inhibitors: recent progress and perspectives. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2016; 27:621-636. [PMID: 28033734 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2017.1276565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Since the first pan-HDAC inhibitor SAHA was approved by U.S. FDA 10 years ago, HDACs including SIRT1-7 have received significant attention due to the fact that aberrant histone deacetylase activtiy has been implicated in a variety of human diseases, such as cancers, virus infection, and neurodegenerative diseases. During the past years, a considerable achievement of development of isoform- or class-selective HDAC inhibitors has been made, yielding many drug candidates for further clinical studies, which represents a state-of-the-art technology in the drug discovery arena. Areas covered: This review covers new patents and articles about isoform- or class-selective HDAC inhibitors during the last four years, as well as the therapeutic potential of these compounds. Expert opinion: HDACs represent one of the most promising therapeutic targets, particularly for tumor therapy though their roles in cancer are still blurry. From 2012 to present, along with the advances of structural biology and homology models, lots of isoform- or class-selective HDAC inhibitors, such as hydroxamic acids and benzamides with various capping groups were found, providing a promising way to circumvent drug toxicity and side-effect issues, as well as providing chemical probes for further better understanding of the biological process related to specific isoform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Tao Qin
- a Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and Department of Medicinal Chemistry , College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University , Suzhou , PR China
| | - Huan-Qiu Li
- b Department of Medicinal Chemistry , College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University , Suzhou , PR China
| | - Feng Liu
- a Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and Department of Medicinal Chemistry , College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University , Suzhou , PR China
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Jaworski DM, Namboodiri AMA, Moffett JR. Acetate as a Metabolic and Epigenetic Modifier of Cancer Therapy. J Cell Biochem 2016; 117:574-88. [PMID: 26251955 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic networks are significantly altered in neoplastic cells. This altered metabolic program leads to increased glycolysis and lipogenesis and decreased dependence on oxidative phosphorylation and oxygen consumption. Despite their limited mitochondrial respiration, cancer cells, nonetheless, derive sufficient energy from alternative carbon sources and metabolic pathways to maintain cell proliferation. They do so, in part, by utilizing fatty acids, amino acids, ketone bodies, and acetate, in addition to glucose. The alternative pathways used in the metabolism of these carbon sources provide opportunities for therapeutic manipulation. Acetate, in particular, has garnered increased attention in the context of cancer as both an epigenetic regulator of posttranslational protein modification, and as a carbon source for cancer cell biomass accumulation. However, to date, the data have not provided a clear understanding of the precise roles that protein acetylation and acetate oxidation play in carcinogenesis, cancer progression or treatment. This review highlights some of the major issues, discrepancies, and opportunities associated with the manipulation of acetate metabolism and acetylation-based signaling in cancer development and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane M Jaworski
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Aryan M A Namboodiri
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - John R Moffett
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
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Park JB. Javamide-I-O-methyl ester increases p53 acetylation and induces cell death via activating caspase 3/7 in monocytic THP-1 cells. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 23:1647-1652. [PMID: 27823629 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2016.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Javamide-I and-II are phenolic amide compounds found in Coffea sp. Previous study suggested that javamide-II may be a potent compound with Sirt1/2 inhibition activity. PURPOSE However, the effects of javamide-I and the its O-methyl ester on Sirt inhibition, p53 acetylation and cell death have not been investigated. METHODS The isolation and synthesis of javamide-I and its O-methyl ester analogue were confirmed by NMR. Their potential effects on Sirt1/2/3, p53 acetylation and cell death were examined using sirt assay, silico analysis, Western blot, caspase 3/7 and apoptotic assay methods. RESULTS Javamide-I and its O-methyl ester demonstrated a similar inhibition pattern; Sirt1 (IC50 of 19µM) better than Sirt2 (IC50 of 104µM) and Sirt3 (IC50 of 160µM). However, javamide-I and its O-methyl ester were found to inhibit Sirt1 better than Sirt2, which is different from javamide-II able to inhibit Sirt2 stronger than Sirt1. In silico analysis, javamide-I and its O-methyl ester showed a competitive binding pattern against NAD+, which was also supported by the kinetic analysis with Ki=20.1µM for javamide-I and 19.5µM for the O-methyl ester. However, the O-methyl ester increased p53 acetylation better than javamide-I in monocytic THP-1 cells. Since caspase 3/7 activation is often followed by the p53 activation, we investigated their effects on caspase 3/7, and found that O-methyl ester again activated caspase 3/7 greater than javamide-I in the cells, eventually leading to apoptotic cell death. CONCLUSION These data suggest that the O-methyl modification in javamide-I may play a critical role in increasing p53 acetylation, activating caspase, and eventually inducing the THP-1 cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae B Park
- Diet, Genomics, and Immunology Laboratory, Bldg. 307C, Rm. 131, BHNRC, ARS, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705, United States.
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125
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Kaufmann T, Kukolj E, Brachner A, Beltzung E, Bruno M, Kostrhon S, Opravil S, Hudecz O, Mechtler K, Warren G, Slade D. SIRT2 regulates nuclear envelope reassembly through ANKLE2 deacetylation. J Cell Sci 2016; 129:4607-4621. [PMID: 27875273 PMCID: PMC5201015 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.192633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sirtuin 2 (SIRT2) is an NAD-dependent deacetylase known to regulate microtubule dynamics and cell cycle progression. SIRT2 has also been implicated in the pathology of cancer, neurodegenerative diseases and progeria. Here, we show that SIRT2 depletion or overexpression causes nuclear envelope reassembly defects. We link this phenotype to the recently identified regulator of nuclear envelope reassembly ANKLE2. ANKLE2 acetylation at K302 and phosphorylation at S662 are dynamically regulated throughout the cell cycle by SIRT2 and are essential for normal nuclear envelope reassembly. The function of SIRT2 therefore extends beyond the regulation of microtubules to include the regulation of nuclear envelope dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Kaufmann
- Department of Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Dr Bohr-Gasse 9, Vienna 1030, Austria.,Department of Molecular Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences FH Campus Wien, Helmut-Qualtinger-Gasse 2, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Eva Kukolj
- Department of Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Dr Bohr-Gasse 9, Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Andreas Brachner
- Department of Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Dr Bohr-Gasse 9, Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Etienne Beltzung
- Department of Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Dr Bohr-Gasse 9, Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Melania Bruno
- Department of Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Dr Bohr-Gasse 9, Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Sebastian Kostrhon
- Department of Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Dr Bohr-Gasse 9, Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Susanne Opravil
- Institute of Molecular Pathology, Dr Bohr-Gasse 7, Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Otto Hudecz
- Institute of Molecular Pathology, Dr Bohr-Gasse 7, Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Karl Mechtler
- Institute of Molecular Pathology, Dr Bohr-Gasse 7, Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Graham Warren
- Department of Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Dr Bohr-Gasse 9, Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Dea Slade
- Department of Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Dr Bohr-Gasse 9, Vienna 1030, Austria
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Janetzko J, Trauger SA, Lazarus MB, Walker S. How the glycosyltransferase OGT catalyzes amide bond cleavage. Nat Chem Biol 2016; 12:899-901. [PMID: 27618188 PMCID: PMC5172607 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.2173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The essential human enzyme O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT), known for modulating the functions of nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins through serine and threonine glycosylation, was unexpectedly implicated in the proteolytic maturation of the cell cycle regulator host cell factor-1 (HCF-1). Here we show that HCF-1 cleavage occurs via glycosylation of a glutamate side chain followed by on-enzyme formation of an internal pyroglutamate, which undergoes spontaneous backbone hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Janetzko
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
| | - Sunia A. Trauger
- Small Molecule Mass Spectrometry, Division of Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael B. Lazarus
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
| | - Suzanne Walker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
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127
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Kalous KS, Wynia-Smith SL, Olp MD, Smith BC. Mechanism of Sirt1 NAD+-dependent Protein Deacetylase Inhibition by Cysteine S-Nitrosation. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:25398-25410. [PMID: 27756843 PMCID: PMC5207242 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.754655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The sirtuin family of proteins catalyze the NAD+-dependent deacylation of acyl-lysine residues. Humans encode seven sirtuins (Sirt1-7), and recent studies have suggested that post-translational modification of Sirt1 by cysteine S-nitrosation correlates with increased acetylation of Sirt1 deacetylase substrates. However, the mechanism of Sirt1 inhibition by S-nitrosation was unknown. Here, we show that Sirt1 is transnitrosated and inhibited by the physiologically relevant nitrosothiol S-nitrosoglutathione. Steady-state kinetic analyses and binding assays were consistent with Sirt1 S-nitrosation inhibiting binding of both the NAD+ and acetyl-lysine substrates. Sirt1 S-nitrosation correlated with Zn2+ release from the conserved sirtuin Zn2+-tetrathiolate and a loss of α-helical structure without overall thermal destabilization of the enzyme. Molecular dynamics simulations suggested that Zn2+ loss due to Sirt1 S-nitrosation results in repositioning of the tetrathiolate subdomain away from the rest of the catalytic domain, thereby disrupting the NAD+ and acetyl-lysine-binding sites. Sirt1 S-nitrosation was reversed upon exposure to the thiol-based reducing agents, including physiologically relevant concentrations of the cellular reducing agent glutathione. Reversal of S-nitrosation resulted in full restoration of Sirt1 activity only in the presence of Zn2+, consistent with S-nitrosation of the Zn2+-tetrathiolate as the primary source of Sirt1 inhibition upon S-nitrosoglutathione treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey S Kalous
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226
| | - Sarah L Wynia-Smith
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226
| | - Michael D Olp
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226
| | - Brian C Smith
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226
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Abstract
The hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count (HELLP) syndrome is frequently observed in mothers whose offspring have long-chain fatty acid oxidation defects. We previously found that fatty acid oxidation is compromised not only in these inborn errors of metabolism but also in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) from all pregnancies complicated by the HELLP syndrome. Sirtuins are oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)dependent deacetylases linked to the metabolic status of the cell. SIRT 4 is known to have regulatory functions in fatty acid oxidation. The HELLP syndrome is often associated with short-term hypoxia. We studied sirtuins (SIRT 1, SIRT 3, and SIRT 4) in HUVECs from pregnancies complicated by the HELLP syndrome and uncomplicated pregnancies exposed to hypoxia (n = 7 controls, 7 HELLP; 0, 10, 60, or 120 minutes of 2% O2). Protein levels of SIRT 4 were significantly higher in HUVECs from HELLP compared to control after 60 and 120 minutes of hypoxia. The NAD+ levels increased in a time-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mareike Sandvoß
- 1 Department of Paediatric Kidney, Liver and Metabolic Diseases, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Arne Björn Potthast
- 1 Department of Paediatric Kidney, Liver and Metabolic Diseases, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Anibh Martin Das
- 1 Department of Paediatric Kidney, Liver and Metabolic Diseases, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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129
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Imai SI, Guarente L. It takes two to tango: NAD + and sirtuins in aging/longevity control. NPJ Aging Mech Dis 2016; 2:16017. [PMID: 28721271 PMCID: PMC5514996 DOI: 10.1038/npjamd.2016.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The coupling of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) breakdown and protein deacylation is a unique feature of the family of proteins called ‘sirtuins.’ This intimate connection between NAD+ and sirtuins has an ancient origin and provides a mechanistic foundation that translates the regulation of energy metabolism into aging and longevity control in diverse organisms. Although the field of sirtuin research went through intensive controversies, an increasing number of recent studies have put those controversies to rest and fully established the significance of sirtuins as an evolutionarily conserved aging/longevity regulator. The tight connection between NAD+ and sirtuins is regulated at several different levels, adding further complexity to their coordination in metabolic and aging/longevity control. Interestingly, it has been demonstrated that NAD+ availability decreases over age, reducing sirtuin activities and affecting the communication between the nucleus and mitochondria at a cellular level and also between the hypothalamus and adipose tissue at a systemic level. These dynamic cellular and systemic processes likely contribute to the development of age-associated functional decline and the pathogenesis of diseases of aging. To mitigate these age-associated problems, supplementation of key NAD+ intermediates is currently drawing significant attention. In this review article, we will summarize these important aspects of the intimate connection between NAD+ and sirtuins in aging/longevity control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Ichiro Imai
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Leonard Guarente
- Department of Biology and Glenn Laboratories for the Science of Aging, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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130
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Effects of Oxidative Stress on Mesenchymal Stem Cell Biology. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:2989076. [PMID: 27413419 PMCID: PMC4928004 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2989076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent stem cells present in most fetal and adult tissues. Ex vivo culture-expanded MSCs are being investigated for tissue repair and immune modulation, but their full clinical potential is far from realization. Here we review the role of oxidative stress in MSC biology, as their longevity and functions are affected by oxidative stress. In general, increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) inhibit MSC proliferation, increase senescence, enhance adipogenic but reduce osteogenic differentiation, and inhibit MSC immunomodulation. Furthermore, aging, senescence, and oxidative stress reduce their ex vivo expansion, which is critical for their clinical applications. Modulation of sirtuin expression and activity may represent a method to reduce oxidative stress in MSCs. These findings have important implications in the clinical utility of MSCs for degenerative and immunological based conditions. Further study of oxidative stress in MSCs is imperative in order to enhance MSC ex vivo expansion and in vivo engraftment, function, and longevity.
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131
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Knyphausen P, de Boor S, Kuhlmann N, Scislowski L, Extra A, Baldus L, Schacherl M, Baumann U, Neundorf I, Lammers M. Insights into Lysine Deacetylation of Natively Folded Substrate Proteins by Sirtuins. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:14677-94. [PMID: 27226597 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.726307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Sirtuins are NAD(+)-dependent lysine deacylases, regulating a variety of cellular processes. The nuclear Sirt1, the cytosolic Sirt2, and the mitochondrial Sirt3 are robust deacetylases, whereas the other sirtuins have preferences for longer acyl chains. Most previous studies investigated sirtuin-catalyzed deacylation on peptide substrates only. We used the genetic code expansion concept to produce natively folded, site-specific, and lysine-acetylated Sirt1-3 substrate proteins, namely Ras-related nuclear, p53, PEPCK1, superoxide dismutase, cyclophilin D, and Hsp10, and analyzed the deacetylation reaction. Some acetylated proteins such as Ras-related nuclear, p53, and Hsp10 were robustly deacetylated by Sirt1-3. However, other reported sirtuin substrate proteins such as cyclophilin D, superoxide dismutase, and PEPCK1 were not deacetylated. Using a structural and functional approach, we describe the ability of Sirt1-3 to deacetylate two adjacent acetylated lysine residues. The dynamics of this process have implications for the lifetime of acetyl modifications on di-lysine acetylation sites and thus constitute a new mechanism for the regulation of proteins by acetylation. Our studies support that, besides the primary sequence context, the protein structure is a major determinant of sirtuin substrate specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Knyphausen
- From the Institute for Genetics and Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-associated Diseases (CECAD), Joseph-Stelzmann-Strasse 26, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne and
| | - Susanne de Boor
- From the Institute for Genetics and Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-associated Diseases (CECAD), Joseph-Stelzmann-Strasse 26, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne and
| | - Nora Kuhlmann
- From the Institute for Genetics and Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-associated Diseases (CECAD), Joseph-Stelzmann-Strasse 26, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne and
| | - Lukas Scislowski
- From the Institute for Genetics and Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-associated Diseases (CECAD), Joseph-Stelzmann-Strasse 26, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne and
| | - Antje Extra
- From the Institute for Genetics and Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-associated Diseases (CECAD), Joseph-Stelzmann-Strasse 26, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne and
| | - Linda Baldus
- From the Institute for Genetics and Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-associated Diseases (CECAD), Joseph-Stelzmann-Strasse 26, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne and
| | - Magdalena Schacherl
- the Institute for Biochemistry, Zülpicher Strasse 47b, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Ulrich Baumann
- the Institute for Biochemistry, Zülpicher Strasse 47b, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Ines Neundorf
- the Institute for Biochemistry, Zülpicher Strasse 47b, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Michael Lammers
- From the Institute for Genetics and Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-associated Diseases (CECAD), Joseph-Stelzmann-Strasse 26, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne and
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132
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Gui J, Potthast A, Rohrbach A, Borns K, Das AM, von Versen-Höynck F. Gestational diabetes induces alterations of sirtuins in fetal endothelial cells. Pediatr Res 2016; 79:788-98. [PMID: 26717002 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2015.269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gestational diabetes (GDM) has long-term consequences for the offspring. Sirtuins (SIRTs) are associated with vascular and metabolic functions. We studied the impact of GDM on SIRT activity and expression in fetal endothelial colony-forming cells (ECFCs) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) from pregnancies complicated by GDM. METHODS ECFCs and HUVECs were isolated from cord and cord blood of 10 uncomplicated pregnancies (NPs) and 10 GDM pregnancies. Nicotinamidadenindinukleotid (NAD(+)) concentration, SIRT1 and SIRT3 activity, transcription levels of SIRT1, SIRT3, and SIRT4, and protein levels of SIRT1, SIRT3, and SIRT4 were determined in vitro with or without SIRT activators resveratrol (RSV) and paeonol. RESULTS Fetal ECFCs from GDM pregnancies showed a decreased NAD(+) concentration, reduced SIRT1 and SIRT3 activity, and lower transcription levels of SIRT1, SIRT3, and SIRT4. HUVECs from GDM pregnancies had decreased NAD(+) concentrations and transcription levels of SIRT1 and SIRT4. RSV markedly enhanced the expression and activity of SIRTs in ECFCs and HUVECs, while paeonol was active only in ECFCs. CONCLUSION A reduction of SIRT activity and expression in fetal endothelial cells provides potential mechanistic insights into the pathophysiology of long-term cardiovascular complications observed in the offspring of GDM pregnancies. SIRT activators can increase SIRT activity in ECFCs, which opens perspectives for new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Gui
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Arne Potthast
- Department of Pediatrics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anne Rohrbach
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Katja Borns
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anibh M Das
- Department of Pediatrics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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133
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Harlan BA, Pehar M, Sharma DR, Beeson G, Beeson CC, Vargas MR. Enhancing NAD+ Salvage Pathway Reverts the Toxicity of Primary Astrocytes Expressing Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis-linked Mutant Superoxide Dismutase 1 (SOD1). J Biol Chem 2016; 291:10836-46. [PMID: 27002158 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.698779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+)) participates in redox reactions and NAD(+)-dependent signaling pathways. Although the redox reactions are critical for efficient mitochondrial metabolism, they are not accompanied by any net consumption of the nucleotide. On the contrary, NAD(+)-dependent signaling processes lead to its degradation. Three distinct families of enzymes consume NAD(+) as substrate: poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases, ADP-ribosyl cyclases (CD38 and CD157), and sirtuins (SIRT1-7). Because all of the above enzymes generate nicotinamide as a byproduct, mammalian cells have evolved an NAD(+) salvage pathway capable of resynthesizing NAD(+) from nicotinamide. Overexpression of the rate-limiting enzyme in this pathway, nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase, increases total and mitochondrial NAD(+) levels in astrocytes. Moreover, targeting nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase to the mitochondria also enhances NAD(+) salvage pathway in astrocytes. Supplementation with the NAD(+) precursors nicotinamide mononucleotide and nicotinamide riboside also increases NAD(+) levels in astrocytes. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is caused by the progressive degeneration of motor neurons in the spinal cord, brain stem, and motor cortex. Superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) mutations account for up to 20% of familial ALS and 1-2% of apparently sporadic ALS cases. Primary astrocytes isolated from mutant human superoxide dismutase 1-overexpressing mice as well as human post-mortem ALS spinal cord-derived astrocytes induce motor neuron death in co-culture. Increasing total and mitochondrial NAD(+) content in ALS astrocytes increases oxidative stress resistance and reverts their toxicity toward co-cultured motor neurons. Taken together, our results suggest that enhancing the NAD(+) salvage pathway in astrocytes could be a potential therapeutic target to prevent astrocyte-mediated motor neuron death in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Harlan
- From the Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and
| | - Mariana Pehar
- From the Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and
| | - Deep R Sharma
- From the Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and
| | - Gyda Beeson
- South Carolina College of Pharmacy Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
| | - Craig C Beeson
- South Carolina College of Pharmacy Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
| | - Marcelo R Vargas
- From the Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and
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134
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Al-Wahab Z, Mert I, Tebbe C, Chhina J, Hijaz M, Morris RT, Ali-Fehmi R, Giri S, Munkarah AR, Rattan R. Metformin prevents aggressive ovarian cancer growth driven by high-energy diet: similarity with calorie restriction. Oncotarget 2016; 6:10908-23. [PMID: 25895126 PMCID: PMC4484428 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Caloric restriction (CR) was recently demonstrated by us to restrict ovarian cancer growth in vivo. CR resulted in activation of energy regulating enzymes adenosine monophosphate activated kinase (AMPK) and sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) followed by downstream inhibition of Akt-mTOR. In the present study, we investigated the effects of metformin on ovarian cancer growth in mice fed a high energy diet (HED) and regular diet (RD) and compared them to those seen with CR in an immunocompetent isogeneic mouse model of ovarian cancer. Mice either on RD or HED diet bearing ovarian tumors were treated with 200 mg/kg metformin in drinking water. Metformin treatment in RD and HED mice resulted in a significant reduction in tumor burden in the peritoneum, liver, kidney, spleen and bowel accompanied by decreased levels of growth factors (IGF-1, insulin and leptin), inflammatory cytokines (MCP-1, IL-6) and VEGF in plasma and ascitic fluid, akin to the CR diet mice. Metformin resulted in activation of AMPK and SIRT1 and inhibition of pAkt and pmTOR, similar to CR. Thus metformin can closely mimic CR's tumor suppressing effects by inducing similar metabolic changes, providing further evidence of its potential not only as a therapeutic drug but also as a preventive agent.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ismail Mert
- Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.,Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Women's Health, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Calvin Tebbe
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Women's Health, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Jasdeep Chhina
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Women's Health, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Miriana Hijaz
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Women's Health, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | | | - Rouba Ali-Fehmi
- Department of Pathology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Shailendra Giri
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA.,Josephine Cancer Institute, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Adnan R Munkarah
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Women's Health, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA.,Josephine Cancer Institute, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Ramandeep Rattan
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Women's Health, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA.,Josephine Cancer Institute, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
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135
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Seidel J, Klockenbusch C, Schwarzer D. Investigating Deformylase and Deacylase Activity of Mammalian and Bacterial Sirtuins. Chembiochem 2016; 17:398-402. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201500611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Julian Seidel
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry (IFIB); University of Tübingen; Hoppe-Seyler-Strasse 4 72076 Tübingen Germany
| | - Cordula Klockenbusch
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry (IFIB); University of Tübingen; Hoppe-Seyler-Strasse 4 72076 Tübingen Germany
| | - Dirk Schwarzer
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry (IFIB); University of Tübingen; Hoppe-Seyler-Strasse 4 72076 Tübingen Germany
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136
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DesJarlais R, Tummino PJ. Role of Histone-Modifying Enzymes and Their Complexes in Regulation of Chromatin Biology. Biochemistry 2016; 55:1584-99. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.5b01210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Renee DesJarlais
- Lead Discovery, Janssen Research & Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Peter J. Tummino
- Lead Discovery, Janssen Research & Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
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137
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Abstract
Sirtuin-family deacylases promote health and longevity in mammals. The sirtuin SIRT5 localizes predominantly to the mitochondrial matrix. SIRT5 preferentially removes negatively charged modifications from its target lysines: succinylation, malonylation, and glutarylation. It regulates protein substrates involved in glucose oxidation, ketone body formation, ammonia detoxification, fatty acid oxidation, and ROS management. Like other sirtuins, SIRT5 has recently been linked with neoplasia. Therefore, targeting SIRT5 pharmacologically could conceivably provide new avenues for treatment of metabolic disease and cancer, necessitating development of SIRT5-selective modulators. Here we describe the generation of SIRT5 bacterial expression plasmids, and their use to express and purify catalytically active and inactive forms of SIRT5 protein from E. coli. Additionally, we describe an approach to assay the catalytic activity of purified SIRT5, potentially useful for identification and validation of SIRT5-specific modulators.
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138
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Yu W, Denu RA, Krautkramer KA, Grindle KM, Yang DT, Asimakopoulos F, Hematti P, Denu JM. Loss of SIRT3 Provides Growth Advantage for B Cell Malignancies. J Biol Chem 2015; 291:3268-79. [PMID: 26631723 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.702076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
B cell malignancies comprise a diverse group of cancers that proliferate in lymph nodes, bone marrow, and peripheral blood. SIRT3 (sirtuin 3) is the major deacetylase within the mitochondrial matrix that promotes aerobic metabolism and controls reactive oxygen species (ROS) by deacetylating and activating isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (IDH2) and superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2). There is controversy as to whether SIRT3 acts as an oncogene or a tumor suppressor, and here we investigated its role in B cell malignancies. In mantle cell lymphoma patient samples, we found that lower SIRT3 protein expression was associated with worse overall survival. Further, SIRT3 protein expression was reduced in chronic lymphocytic leukemia primary samples and malignant B cell lines compared to primary B cells from healthy donors. This lower level of expression correlated with hyperacetylation of IDH2 and SOD2 mitochondrial proteins, lowered enzymatic activities, and higher ROS levels. Overexpression of SIRT3 decreased proliferation and diminished the Warburg-like phenotype in SIRT3-deficient cell lines, and this effect is largely dependent on deacetylation of IDH2 and SOD2. Lastly, depletion of SIRT3 from malignant B cell lines resulted in greater susceptibility to treatment with an ROS scavenger but did not result in greater sensitivity to inhibition of the hypoxia-inducible factor-1α pathway, suggesting that loss of SIRT3 increases proliferation via ROS-dependent but hypoxia-inducible factor-1α-independent mechanisms. Our study suggests that SIRT3 acts as a tumor suppressor in B cell malignancies, and activating the SIRT3 pathway might represent a novel therapeutic approach for treating B cell malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yu
- From the Wisconsin Institute for Discovery and the Department of Biomolecular Chemistry
| | - Ryan A Denu
- the Medical Scientist Training Program, and the Departments of Medicine and
| | - Kimberly A Krautkramer
- From the Wisconsin Institute for Discovery and the Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, the Medical Scientist Training Program, and
| | | | - David T Yang
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705 and
| | - Fotis Asimakopoulos
- the Departments of Medicine and the University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, Wisconsin 53792
| | - Peiman Hematti
- the Departments of Medicine and the University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, Wisconsin 53792
| | - John M Denu
- From the Wisconsin Institute for Discovery and the Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, the University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, Wisconsin 53792
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139
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Ekblad T, Schüler H. Sirtuins are Unaffected by PARP Inhibitors Containing Planar Nicotinamide Bioisosteres. Chem Biol Drug Des 2015; 87:478-82. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Torun Ekblad
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics; Karolinska Institutet; 17177 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Herwig Schüler
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics; Karolinska Institutet; 17177 Stockholm Sweden
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140
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He X, Duan Y, Yao K, Li F, Hou Y, Wu G, Yin Y. β-Hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate, mitochondrial biogenesis, and skeletal muscle health. Amino Acids 2015; 48:653-664. [PMID: 26573541 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-015-2126-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The metabolic roles of mitochondria go far beyond serving exclusively as the major producer of ATP in tissues and cells. Evidence has shown that mitochondria may function as a key regulator of skeletal muscle fiber types and overall well-being. Maintaining skeletal muscle mitochondrial content and function is important for sustaining health throughout the lifespan. Of great importance, β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB, a metabolite of L-leucine) has been proposed to enhance the protein deposition and efficiency of mitochondrial biogenesis in skeletal muscle, as well as muscle strength in both exercise and clinical settings. Specifically, dietary supplementation with HMB increases the gene expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma co-activator 1-alpha (PGC-1α), which represents an upstream inducer of genes of mitochondrial metabolism, coordinates the expression of both nuclear- and mitochondrion-encoded genes in mitochondrial biogenesis. Additionally, PGC-1α plays a key role in the transformation of skeletal muscle fiber type, leading to a shift toward type I muscle fibers that are rich in mitochondria and have a high capacity for oxidative metabolism. As a nitrogen-free metabolite, HMB holds great promise to improve skeletal muscle mass and function, as well as whole-body health and well-being of animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.,Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Yehui Duan
- Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central China, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 644 Yuanda Road, Furong District, Changsha, 410125, Hunan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Kang Yao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China. .,Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central China, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 644 Yuanda Road, Furong District, Changsha, 410125, Hunan, China.
| | - Fengna Li
- Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central China, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 644 Yuanda Road, Furong District, Changsha, 410125, Hunan, China
| | - Yongqing Hou
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China
| | - Guoyao Wu
- Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central China, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 644 Yuanda Road, Furong District, Changsha, 410125, Hunan, China.,Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China.,Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Yulong Yin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China. .,Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central China, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 644 Yuanda Road, Furong District, Changsha, 410125, Hunan, China. .,Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China.
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141
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Kugel S, Feldman JL, Klein MA, Silberman DM, Sebastián C, Mermel C, Dobersch S, Clark AR, Getz G, Denu JM, Mostoslavsky R. Identification of and Molecular Basis for SIRT6 Loss-of-Function Point Mutations in Cancer. Cell Rep 2015; 13:479-488. [PMID: 26456828 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromatin factors have emerged as the most frequently dysregulated family of proteins in cancer. We have previously identified the histone deacetylase SIRT6 as a key tumor suppressor, yet whether point mutations are selected for in cancer remains unclear. In this manuscript, we characterized naturally occurring patient-derived SIRT6 mutations. Strikingly, all the mutations significantly affected either stability or catalytic activity of SIRT6, indicating that these mutations were selected for in these tumors. Further, the mutant proteins failed to rescue sirt6 knockout (SIRT6 KO) cells, as measured by the levels of histone acetylation at glycolytic genes and their inability to rescue the tumorigenic potential of these cells. Notably, the main activity affected in the mutants was histone deacetylation rather than demyristoylation, pointing to the former as the main tumor-suppressive function for SIRT6. Our results identified cancer-associated point mutations in SIRT6, cementing its function as a tumor suppressor in human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sita Kugel
- The Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Jessica L Feldman
- The Department of Biomolecular Chemistry and the Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Mark A Klein
- The Department of Biomolecular Chemistry and the Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Dafne M Silberman
- Center for Pharmacological and Botanical Studies (CEFYBO)-CONICET, Facultad de Medicina, UBA, Buenos Aires 1121, Argentina
| | - Carlos Sebastián
- The Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Craig Mermel
- The Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Stephanie Dobersch
- Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim 61231, Germany
| | - Abbe R Clark
- The Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Gad Getz
- The Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - John M Denu
- The Department of Biomolecular Chemistry and the Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53715, USA.
| | - Raul Mostoslavsky
- The Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; The Center for Regenerative Medicine, The Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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142
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Shen Y, Wei W, Zhou DX. Histone Acetylation Enzymes Coordinate Metabolism and Gene Expression. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 20:614-621. [PMID: 26440431 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Histone lysine acetylation is well known for being important in the epigenetic regulation of gene expression in eukaryotic cells. Recent studies have uncovered a plethora of acetylated proteins involved in important metabolic pathways, such as photosynthesis and respiration in plants. Enzymes involved in histone acetylation and deacetylation are being identified as regulators of acetylation of metabolic enzymes. Importantly, key metabolites, such as acetyl-CoA and NAD(+), are involved in protein acetylation and deacetylation processes, and their cellular levels may regulate the activity of histone acetyltransferases (HAT) and deacetylases (HDAC). Further research is required to determine whether and how HATs and HDACs sense cellular metabolite signals to control gene expression and metabolic enzyme activity through lysine acetylation and deacetylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Shen
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), University Paris-sud 11, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Wei Wei
- Institute of interdisciplinary Scientific Research, Jianghan University, 430056, Wuhan, China
| | - Dao-Xiu Zhou
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), University Paris-sud 11, 91405 Orsay, France.
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143
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Intracellular Mono-ADP-Ribosylation in Signaling and Disease. Cells 2015; 4:569-95. [PMID: 26426055 PMCID: PMC4695847 DOI: 10.3390/cells4040569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A key process in the regulation of protein activities and thus cellular signaling pathways is the modification of proteins by post-translational mechanisms. Knowledge about the enzymes (writers and erasers) that attach and remove post-translational modifications, the targets that are modified and the functional consequences elicited by specific modifications, is crucial for understanding cell biological processes. Moreover detailed knowledge about these mechanisms and pathways helps to elucidate the molecular causes of various diseases and in defining potential targets for therapeutic approaches. Intracellular adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-ribosylation refers to the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)-dependent modification of proteins with ADP-ribose and is catalyzed by enzymes of the ARTD (ADP-ribosyltransferase diphtheria toxin like, also known as PARP) family as well as some members of the Sirtuin family. Poly-ADP-ribosylation is relatively well understood with inhibitors being used as anti-cancer agents. However, the majority of ARTD enzymes and the ADP-ribosylating Sirtuins are restricted to catalyzing mono-ADP-ribosylation. Although writers, readers and erasers of intracellular mono-ADP-ribosylation have been identified only recently, it is becoming more and more evident that this reversible post-translational modification is capable of modulating key intracellular processes and signaling pathways. These include signal transduction mechanisms, stress pathways associated with the endoplasmic reticulum and stress granules, and chromatin-associated processes such as transcription and DNA repair. We hypothesize that mono-ADP-ribosylation controls, through these different pathways, the development of cancer and infectious diseases.
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144
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Cao D, Wang M, Qiu X, Liu D, Jiang H, Yang N, Xu RM. Structural basis for allosteric, substrate-dependent stimulation of SIRT1 activity by resveratrol. Genes Dev 2015; 29:1316-25. [PMID: 26109052 PMCID: PMC4495401 DOI: 10.1101/gad.265462.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cao et al. solved the structure of SIRT1 in complex with resveratrol and an AMC-containing peptide. The structural information provides valuable insights into regulation of SIRT1 activity and should benefit the development of authentic SIRT1 activators. Sirtuins with an extended N-terminal domain (NTD), represented by yeast Sir2 and human SIRT1, harbor intrinsic mechanisms for regulation of their NAD-dependent deacetylase activities. Elucidation of the regulatory mechanisms is crucial for understanding the biological functions of sirtuins and development of potential therapeutics. In particular, SIRT1 has emerged as an attractive therapeutic target, and the search for SIRT1-activating compounds (STACs) has been actively pursued. However, the effectiveness of a class of reported STACs (represented by resveratrol) as direct SIRT1 activators is under debate due to the complication involving the use of fluorogenic substrates in in vitro assays. Future efforts of SIRT1-based therapeutics necessitate the dissection of the molecular mechanism of SIRT1 stimulation. We solved the structure of SIRT1 in complex with resveratrol and a 7-amino-4-methylcoumarin (AMC)-containing peptide. The structure reveals the presence of three resveratrol molecules, two of which mediate the interaction between the AMC peptide and the NTD of SIRT1. The two NTD-bound resveratrol molecules are principally responsible for promoting tighter binding between SIRT1 and the peptide and the stimulation of SIRT1 activity. The structural information provides valuable insights into regulation of SIRT1 activity and should benefit the development of authentic SIRT1 activators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duanfang Cao
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mingzhu Wang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiayang Qiu
- Department of Structural Biology and Biophysics, Pfizer Groton Research Laboratories, Groton, Connecticut 06340, USA
| | - Dongxiang Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hualiang Jiang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Na Yang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Rui-Ming Xu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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145
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Abstract
Heart failure is a leading cause of death worldwide. Despite medical advances, the dismal prognosis of heart failure has not been improved. The heart is a high energy-demanding organ. Impairments of cardiac energy metabolism and mitochondrial function are intricately linked to cardiac dysfunction. Mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to impaired myocardial energetics and increased oxidative stress in heart failure, and the opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pore triggers cell death and myocardial remodeling. Therefore, there has been growing interest in targeting mitochondria and metabolism for heart failure therapy. Recent developments suggest that mitochondrial protein lysine acetylation modulates the sensitivity of the heart to stress and hence the propensity to heart failure. This article reviews the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in heart failure, with a special emphasis on the regulation of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+)/NADH) ratio and sirtuin-dependent lysine acetylation by mitochondrial function. Strategies for targeting NAD(+)-sensitive mechanisms in order to intervene in protein lysine acetylation and, thereby, improve stress tolerance, are described, and their usefulness in heart failure therapy is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Fung Lee
- Mitochondria and Metabolism Center, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington
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146
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Chen B, Wang J, Huang Y, Zheng W. Human SIRT3 tripeptidic inhibitors containing N(ε)-thioacetyl-lysine. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015. [PMID: 26220157 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Built upon our lead pan-SIRT1/2/3 tripeptidic inhibitors that contain the catalytic mechanism-based sirtuin inhibitory warhead N(ε)-thioacetyl-lysine, three of their analogs (i.e., 7, 9, and 19) were discovered in the current study to exhibit a significantly enhanced SIRT3 inhibitory selectivity while maintaining the SIRT3 inhibitory potency. These compounds represent novel lead compounds for developing more potent and selective SIRT3 inhibitors of the catalytic mechanism-based type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Juan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Yajun Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Weiping Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu Province, PR China.
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147
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Sebastián C, Mostoslavsky R. The role of mammalian sirtuins in cancer metabolism. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2015; 43:33-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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148
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Kumar S, Lombard DB. Mitochondrial sirtuins and their relationships with metabolic disease and cancer. Antioxid Redox Signal 2015; 22:1060-77. [PMID: 25545135 PMCID: PMC4389911 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2014.6213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Maintenance of metabolic homeostasis is critical for cellular and organismal health. Proper regulation of mitochondrial functions represents a crucial element of overall metabolic homeostasis. Mitochondrial sirtuins (SIRT3, SIRT4, and SIRT5) play pivotal roles in promoting this homeostasis by regulating numerous aspects of mitochondrial metabolism in response to environmental stressors. RECENT ADVANCES New work has illuminated multiple links between mitochondrial sirtuins and cancer. SIRT5 has been shown to regulate the recently described post-translational modifications succinyl-lysine, malonyl-lysine, and glutaryl-lysine. An understanding of these modifications is still in its infancy. Enumeration of SIRT3 and SIRT5 targets via advanced proteomic techniques promises to dramatically enhance insight into functions of these proteins. CRITICAL ISSUES In this review, we highlight the roles of mitochondrial sirtuins and their targets in cellular and organismal metabolic homeostasis. Furthermore, we discuss emerging roles for mitochondrial sirtuins in suppressing and/or promoting tumorigenesis, depending on the cellular and molecular context. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Currently, hundreds of potential SIRT3 and SIRT5 molecular targets have been identified in proteomic experiments. Future studies will need to validate the major targets of these enzymes, and elucidate how acetylation and/or acylation modulate their functionality. A great deal of interest exists in targeting sirtuins pharmacologically; this endeavor will require development of sirtuin-specific modulators (activators and inhibitors) as potential treatments for cancer and metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surinder Kumar
- 1 Department of Pathology, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan
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149
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Abstract
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Protein acetylation of lysine ε-amino
groups is abundant in cells, particularly within mitochondria. The
contribution of enzyme-catalyzed and nonenzymatic acetylation in mitochondria
remains unresolved. Here, we utilize a newly developed approach to
measure site-specific, nonenzymatic acetylation rates for 90 sites
in eight native purified proteins. Lysine reactivity (as second-order
rate constants) with acetyl-phosphate and acetyl-CoA ranged over 3
orders of magnitude, and higher chemical reactivity tracked with likelihood
of dynamic modification in vivo, providing evidence
that enzyme-catalyzed acylation might not be necessary to explain
the prevalence of acetylation in mitochondria. Structural analysis
revealed that many highly reactive sites exist within clusters of
basic residues, whereas lysines that show low reactivity are engaged
in strong attractive electrostatic interactions with acidic residues.
Lysine clusters are predicted to be high-affinity substrates of mitochondrial
deacetylase SIRT3 both in vitro and in vivo. Our analysis describing rate determination of lysine acetylation
is directly applicable to investigate targeted and proteome-wide acetylation,
whether or not the reaction is enzyme catalyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josue Baeza
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry and ‡Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53715, United States
| | - Michael J. Smallegan
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry and ‡Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53715, United States
| | - John M. Denu
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry and ‡Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53715, United States
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150
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Fan J, Krautkramer KA, Feldman JL, Denu JM. Metabolic regulation of histone post-translational modifications. ACS Chem Biol 2015; 10:95-108. [PMID: 25562692 DOI: 10.1021/cb500846u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Histone post-translational modifications regulate transcription and other DNA-templated functions. This process is dynamically regulated by specific modifying enzymes whose activities require metabolites that either serve as cosubstrates or act as activators/inhibitors. Therefore, metabolism can influence histone modification by changing local concentrations of key metabolites. Physiologically, the epigenetic response to metabolism is important for nutrient sensing and environment adaption. In pathologic states, the connection between metabolism and histone modification mediates epigenetic abnormality in complex disease. In this review, we summarize recent studies of the molecular mechanisms involved in metabolic regulation of histone modifications and discuss their biological significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Fan
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry and the Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53715, United States
| | - Kimberly A. Krautkramer
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry and the Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53715, United States
| | - Jessica L. Feldman
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry and the Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53715, United States
| | - John M. Denu
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry and the Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53715, United States
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