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Hwang PA, Phan NN, Lu WJ, Ngoc Hieu BT, Lin YC. Low-molecular-weight fucoidan and high-stability fucoxanthin from brown seaweed exert prebiotics and anti-inflammatory activities in Caco-2 cells. Food Nutr Res 2016; 60:32033. [PMID: 27487850 PMCID: PMC4973444 DOI: 10.3402/fnr.v60.32033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study is to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of low-molecular-weight fucoidan (LMF) and high-stability fucoxanthin (HS-Fucox) in a lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory Caco-2 cell line co-culture with B. lactis. METHODS We used various methods such as transepithelial resistance (TER) assay, cytokine secretion assay, and tight junction protein mRNA expression assay to examine LMF and HS-Fucox anti-inflammatory properties. RESULTS LMF and HS-Fucox activated probiotic growth and reduced the inflammation of the intestinal epithelial cells. Moreover, the combination of LMFHS-Fucox dramatically enhanced the intestinal epithelial barrier and immune function against the lipopolysaccharide effect by inhibiting IL-1β and TNF-α and promoting IL-10 and IFN-γ. CONCLUSION These findings suggested that LMF and HS-Fucox, alone or in combination, could be the potential natural compounds to enhance the immune system and have an anti-inflammatory effect on the intestinal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pai-An Hwang
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Nam Nhut Phan
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, Chinese Culture University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Hồ Chí Minh, Vietnam
| | - Wen-Jung Lu
- Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Bui Thi Ngoc Hieu
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, Chinese Culture University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Chang Lin
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, Chinese Culture University, Taipei, Taiwan;
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102
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Wang Y, Li X, Ge T, Xiao Y, Liao Y, Cui Y, Zhang Y, Ho W, Yu G, Zhang T. Probiotics for prevention and treatment of respiratory tract infections in children: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e4509. [PMID: 27495104 PMCID: PMC4979858 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000004509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) represent one of the main health problems in children. Probiotics are viable bacteria that colonize the intestine and affect the host intestinal microbial balance. Accumulating evidence suggests that probiotic consumption may decrease the incidence of or modify RTIs. The authors systematically reviewed data from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to investigate the effect of probiotic consumption on RTIs in children. METHODS MEDLINE/PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science were systematically searched for RCTs regarding the effect of probiotics on RTIs in children. The outcomes included number of children experienced with at least 1 RTI episode, duration of illness episodes, days of illness per subject, and school/day care absenteeism due to infection. A random-effects model was used to calculate pooled relative risks, or mean difference (MD) with the corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS A total of 23 trials involving 6269 children were eligible for inclusion in the systematic review. None of the trials showed a high risk of bias. The quality of the evidence of outcomes was moderate. The age range of subjects was from newborn to 18 years. The results of meta-analysis showed that probiotic consumption significantly decreased the number of subjects having at least 1 RTI episode (17 RCTs, 4513 children, relative risk 0.89, 95% CI 0.82-0.96, P = 0.004). Children supplemented with probiotics had fewer numbers of days of RTIs per person compared with children who had taken a placebo (6 RCTs, 2067 children, MD -0.16, 95% CI -0.29 to 0.02, P = 0.03), and had fewer numbers of days absent from day care/school (8 RCTs, 1499 children, MD -0.94, 95% CI -1.72 to -0.15, P = 0.02). However, there was no statistically significant difference of illness episode duration between probiotic intervention group and placebo group (9 RCTs, 2817 children, MD -0.60, 95% CI -1.49 to 0.30, P = 0.19). CONCLUSION Based on the available data and taking into account the safety profile of RCTs, probiotic consumption appears to be a feasible way to decrease the incidence of RTIs in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhong Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition
- Correspondence: Yizhong Wang, Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, PR China (e-mail: ); Guangjun Yu, Department of Children's Healthcare, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, PR China (e-mail: ); Ting Zhang, Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, PR China (e-mail: )
| | - Xiaolu Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition
| | - Ting Ge
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition
| | - Yongmei Xiao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition
| | - Yang Liao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition
| | - Yun Cui
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yucai Zhang
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Wenzhe Ho
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Guangjun Yu
- Department of Children's Healthcare, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, PR China
- Correspondence: Yizhong Wang, Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, PR China (e-mail: ); Guangjun Yu, Department of Children's Healthcare, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, PR China (e-mail: ); Ting Zhang, Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, PR China (e-mail: )
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition
- Correspondence: Yizhong Wang, Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, PR China (e-mail: ); Guangjun Yu, Department of Children's Healthcare, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, PR China (e-mail: ); Ting Zhang, Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, PR China (e-mail: )
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103
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Kassa SR. Role of probiotics in rumen fermentation and animal performance: A review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.5897/ijlp2016.0285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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104
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Zhang Q, Yang F, Li X, Zhang HY, Chu XG, Zhang H, Wang LW, Gong ZJ. Trichostatin A protects against intestinal injury in rats with acute liver failure. J Surg Res 2016; 205:1-10. [PMID: 27620992 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2016.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors have been widely applied in the clinic as anticancer drugs against multiple neoplasms and proved their anti-inflammation under different pathology recently. Trichostatin A (TSA) is an HDAC inhibitor specific in class I and II HDAC enzymes. The aim of the present study was to elucidate the protective effects of TSA on acute liver failure (ALF) in rats and its potential mechanism. METHODS A total of 18 female Sprague-Dawley rats were separated into control, model, and TSA groups. We used Western blotting to determine the expression of HDACs, inflammatory cytokines, and acetylation of histone in liver and small intestine. The gene expression of inflammatory factors and Cox-2 was detected by a polymerase chain reaction. Colonic motility was assessed by spatiotemporal mapping. Histologic analysis and immunohistochemistry were performed. Intestinal permeability examination and levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and total bilirubin were also observed. RESULTS ALF procedure caused harm to histology of liver and small intestine, increased the intestinal permeability and serum levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and total bilirubin. It also interrupted the normal organization of colonic motor patterns by hurting enteric nervous system and pacemaker cells. Along with the decrease of inflammatory factors in ALF rats by TSA administration, all the damage to the liver, the small intestine, and the colon was repaired. CONCLUSIONS TSA alleviates the lesion in liver, as well as in small intestine and colon in ALF rats by directly inhibiting inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xun Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hai-Yue Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao-Gang Chu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Pharmaceutical Department, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lu-Wen Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zuo-Jiong Gong
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
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105
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Shah C, Mokashe N, Mishra V. Preparation, characterization and in vitro antioxidative potential of synbiotic fermented dairy products. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2016; 53:1984-92. [PMID: 27413225 PMCID: PMC4926925 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-016-2190-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The present study, evaluates the antioxidative potential of two synbiotic dairy products viz. synbiotic lassi with honey and whey based synbiotic drink with inulin and orange juice, along with their physicochemical and microbiological activity during storage period. Antioxidative potential of raw ingredients and probiotic cultures used to prepare synbiotic products was also evaluated. Synbiotic lassi with honey was prepared using Streptococcus thermophilus MTCC 5460 (MD2) and Lactobacillus helveticus MTCC 5463 (V3) as probiotics and honey as prebiotic. For preparation of whey based synbiotic drink, Lactobacillus helveticus MTCC 5463 and inulin were used as probiotic and prebiotic, respectively and orange juice was also incorporated. Titratable acidity and pH of both synbiotic products followed a similar pattern of increase or decrease during storage. Furthermore, no major changes were observed in viability of probiotic cultures under storage conditions adapted. The hydroxyl radical scavenging activity of synbiotic lassi with honey was found to significantly decrease from 107.76 to 79.41 % at the end of storage whereas, the activity of whey based synbiotic drink was 100.32 % which declined sharply to 79.21 % on 7th day but further increased to 102.59 % on 14th day. The DPPH (α, α-Diphenyl-β-Picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging activity of freshly prepared synbiotic lassi with honey was 28.43 % which decreased to 23.03 % on 7th day while for whey based synbiotic drink decreased from 26.85 % (0 day) to 17.12 % (7th day) and continued to decline. Moreover, probiotic strains used for synbiotic preparation also demonstrated good antioxidative activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Shah
- />Dairy Microbiology Department, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat India
| | - N. Mokashe
- />Department of Basic and Applied Sciences, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management (NIFTEM), HSIIDC Industrial Estate, Kundli, Sonepat, Haryana India
| | - V. Mishra
- />Department of Basic and Applied Sciences, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management (NIFTEM), HSIIDC Industrial Estate, Kundli, Sonepat, Haryana India
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106
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Hendaus MA, Jomha FA, Ehlayel M. Allergic diseases among children: nutritional prevention and intervention. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2016; 12:361-72. [PMID: 27022267 PMCID: PMC4788360 DOI: 10.2147/tcrm.s98100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Allergic diseases comprise a genetically heterogeneous group of chronic, immunomediated diseases. It has been clearly reported that the prevalence of these diseases has been on the rise for the last few decades, but at different rates, in various areas of the world. This paper discusses the epidemiology of allergic diseases among children and their negative impact on affected patients, their families, and societies. These effects include the adverse effects on quality of life and economic costs. Medical interest has shifted from tertiary or secondary prevention to primary prevention of these chronic diseases among high-risk infants in early life. Being simple, practical, and cost-effective are mandatory features for any candidate methods delivering these strategies. Dietary therapy fits this model well, as it is simple, practical, and cost-effective, and involves diverse methods. The highest priority strategy is feeding these infants breast milk. For those who are not breast-fed, there should be a strategy to maintain beneficial gut flora that positively influences intestinal immunity. We review the current use of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics, and safety and adverse effects. Other dietary modalities of possible potential in achieving this primary prevention, such as a Mediterranean diet, use of milk formula with modified (hydrolyzed) proteins, and the role of micronutrients, are also explored. Breast-feeding is effective in reducing the risk of asthma, allergic rhinitis, and atopic eczema among children. In addition, breast milk constitutes a major source of support for gut microbe colonization, due to its bifidobacteria and galactooligosaccharide content. The literature lacks consensus in recommending the addition of probiotics to foods for prevention and treatment of allergic diseases, while prebiotics may prove to be effective in reducing atopy in healthy children. There is insufficient evidence to support soy formulas or amino acid formulas for prevention of allergic disease. A healthy diet, such as the Mediterranean diet, may have a protective effect on the development of asthma and atopy in children. In children with asthma and allergic diseases, vitamin D deficiency correlates strongly with asthma, allergic rhinitis, and wheezing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Hendaus
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Academic General Pediatrics, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
- Weill Cornell Medical College, Doha, Qatar
| | - Fatima A Jomha
- School of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University, Khiara, Lebanona
| | - Mohammad Ehlayel
- Weill Cornell Medical College, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Allergy-Immunology, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
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107
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Glucose- and glycaemic factor-lowering effects of probiotics on diabetes: a meta-analysis of randomised placebo-controlled trials. Br J Nutr 2016; 115:1167-77. [PMID: 26899960 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114516000076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This meta-analysis examined the effect of probiotics on glucose and glycaemic factors in diabetes and its associated risk factors. All randomised-controlled trials published in English in multiple databases from January 2000 to June 2015 were systematically searched. Only studies that addressed glucose- and glycaemic-related factors as outcome variables were included. The main outcomes of interest in trials were mean changes in glucose, HbA1c, insulin and homoeostasis model assessment-estimated insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale to assess the quality of studies, a total of eleven studies with 614 subjects were included. The pooled mean difference and effect size with a 95% CI were extracted using a random-effect model. It was found that there are statistically significant pooled mean differences between the probiotics and the placebo-controlled groups on the reduction of glucose (-0·52 mmol/l, 95% CI -0·92, -0·11 mmol/l; P=0·01) and HbA1c (-0·32%, 95% CI -0·57, -0·07%; P=0·01). There was no statistically significant pooled mean difference between the probiotics and the placebo-controlled groups on the reduction of insulin (-0·48 µIU/ml, 95% CI -1·34, 0·38 µIU/ml; P=0·27) and HOMA-IR (pooled effect of -0·44, 95% CI -1·57, 0·70; P=0·45). Meta-regression analysis identified that probiotics had significant effects on reduction of glucose, HbA1c, insulin and HOMA-IR in participants with diabetes, but not in participants with other risk factors. The present meta-analysis suggested that probiotics may be used as an important dietary supplement in reducing the glucose metabolic factors associated with diabetes.
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108
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Xie J, Nie S, Yu Q, Yin J, Xiong T, Gong D, Xie M. Lactobacillus plantarum NCU116 Attenuates Cyclophosphamide-Induced Immunosuppression and Regulates Th17/Treg Cell Immune Responses in Mice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:1291-1297. [PMID: 26822718 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b06177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The balance of T helper cells 17 (Th17)/regulatory T cells (Treg) plays a key role in maintaining a normal immune response. It is well-known that cyclophosphamide (CTX) applied at high dose often damages the immune system by inhibiting immune cell proliferation. In this study, the immunomodulating effects of Lactobacillus plantarum NCU116 in CTX-induced immunosuppression mice were investigated. Results showed that the levels of cytokines interleukin (IL)-17 and IL-21 were significantly increased after 10 days of treatment with a high dose of NCU116 (46.92 ± 4.28 and 119.92 ± 10.89, respectively) compared with the model group (36.20 ± 2.63, 61.00 ± 6.92, respectively), and the levels of cytokines IL-23 and TGF-β3 of the three NCU116 treatment groups were significantly higher than that of the model group (90.48 ± 6.33 and 140.45 ± 14.30, respectively) (p < 0.05) and close to 62 and 69% of the normal group's level (140.98 ± 14.74 and 266.95 ± 23.11, respectively) at 10 days. The bacterium was also found to increase the expression levels of Th17 immune response and Treg immune response specific transcription factors RORγt and Foxp3. In addition, the bacterium significantly increased the number of CD4(+)T cells and dendrtic cells (DCs) and up-regulated mRNA expression of Toll-like receptors (TLRs). These findings demonstrated that NCU116 has the potential ability to enhance intestinal mucosa immunity and regulate the Th17/Treg balance, which may be attributed to the TLR pathway in DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhua Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University , Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Shaoping Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University , Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Qiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University , Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Junyi Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University , Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Tao Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University , Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Deming Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University , Nanchang 330047, China
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland , Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Mingyong Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University , Nanchang 330047, China
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109
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Al-Ghazzewi FH, Tester RF. Biotherapeutic agents and vaginal health. J Appl Microbiol 2016; 121:18-27. [PMID: 26757173 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of vaginal infection requires different drugs although the recurrence rate post treatment remains high due to adverse effects on the beneficial microbiota. Thus, there are clear clinical advantages for the use of biotherapeutic agents (prebiotics and/or probiotics) for treating these infections. Pre- and probiotic beneficial effects can be delivered topically or systemically. In general, both approaches have the potential to optimize, maintain and restore the ecology of the vaginal ecosystem. Specific carbohydrates provide a therapeutic approach for controlling infections by stimulating the growth of the indigenous lactobacilli but inhibiting the growth and adhesion of pathogens to the vaginal epithelial cells. Overall, little evidence exists to promote the prevention or treatment of vaginal disease with prebiotic carbohydrates in formulations such as pessaries, creams or douches. However, recent reports have promoted prebiotic applications in ecosystems other than the gut and include the mouth, skin and vagina. This review focuses on the utilization of pre- and probiotics for vaginal health.
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110
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Le Roy CI, Mappley LJ, La Ragione RM, Woodward MJ, Claus SP. Brachyspira pilosicoli-induced avian intestinal spirochaetosis. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY IN HEALTH AND DISEASE 2015; 26:28853. [PMID: 26679774 PMCID: PMC4683989 DOI: 10.3402/mehd.v26.28853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Avian intestinal spirochaetosis (AIS) is a common disease occurring in poultry that can be caused by Brachyspira pilosicoli, a Gram-negative bacterium of the order Spirochaetes. During AIS, this opportunistic pathogen colonises the lower gastrointestinal (GI) tract of poultry (principally, the ileum, caeca, and colon), which can cause symptoms such as diarrhoea, reduced growth rate, and reduced egg production and quality. Due to the large increase of bacterial resistance to antibiotic treatment, the European Union banned in 2006 the prophylactic use of antibiotics as growth promoters in livestock. Consequently, the number of outbreaks of AIS has dramatically increased in the UK resulting in significant economic losses. This review summarises the current knowledge about AIS infection caused by B. pilosicoli and discusses various treatments and prevention strategies to control AIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline I Le Roy
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Luke J Mappley
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Roberto M La Ragione
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guilford, UK.,Department of Bacteriology, APHA, Weybridge, UK
| | - Martin J Woodward
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Sandrine P Claus
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK;
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111
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Ibrahem MD. Evolution of probiotics in aquatic world: Potential effects, the current status in Egypt and recent prospectives. J Adv Res 2015; 6:765-91. [PMID: 26644914 PMCID: PMC4642160 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2013.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Revised: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The increase in the human population in addition to the massive demand for protein of animal origin forced the authorities to seek for additional sources of feed supplies. Aquaculture is the world worth coming expansion to compensate the shortage in animal protein. Feed in aquaculture plays an important role in the production cycle and exert threshold on both practical and economic aspects. Feed additive sectors are expanding day after day to achieve better growth and health for fish and shrimp and to meet the potential requirements of the culturists. Probiotic proved its successes in human and animal feeding practices and recently gained attention in aquaculture; it has beneficial effects in diseases control and competes with various environmental stressors as well as to promote the growth of the cultured organisms. Probiotics have the privilege to manipulate the non-specific innate immunity among fishes, hence help them into resist many pathogenic agents and are actively used worldwide. The present review is an informative compilation of the probiotics, their mode of action and their useful effects on fishes. The review also highlights the status of probiotics in aquaculture of Egypt, probiotic recent prospective for the possible role of probiotics in fish external and internal environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai D. Ibrahem
- Department of Fish Diseases and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, 12211 Giza, Egypt
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112
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Arora M, Baldi A. Regulatory categories of probiotics across the globe: a review representing existing and recommended categorization. Indian J Med Microbiol 2015; 33 Suppl:2-10. [PMID: 25657150 DOI: 10.4103/0255-0857.150868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Probiotics are friendly live microorganisms (in most cases, bacteria) that are similar to beneficial micro-organisms found in the human gut, whenever consumed, have potential to confer benefit to the health of consumers by maintaining, or improving their intestinal microbial flora and are available to consumers mainly in the form of dietary supplements and foods. All-time high interest in the field of probiotics is due to emerging probiotic industry. Probiotics are available in foods and dietary supplements, even as pharmaceutical formulations (capsules, tablets and powders) and in some other forms as well, but their claims of health benefits may challenge the traditional border between food and medicine. A number of probiotic products have been already introduced into the international market as food supplements, dietary supplements, natural health products, functional foods and many more other categories; as a result, the position of regulatory system for probiotics within existing categories become vague and quite unclear. Common terminology for probiotic products has become a necessity to achieve adequate regulatory control for discussion of probiotic-related issues among government, producers and consumers. The lack of a consistent terminology across the globe leads to legal uncertainty and confusion instead of being a direct obstacle for development of a mature market. This article will explain differences in regulatory categorizations across the globe; discuss the terms like food and drugs with a close relationship to probiotics, the problems associated with unsatisfactorily approached categorization as well as suggestive consolidations for the new categorization which will demarcate probiotics into categories explaining their nutritive claims, health claims or both.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A Baldi
- Department of Quality Assurance, Indo Soviet Friendship College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India
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113
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Could the beneficial effects of dietary calcium on obesity and diabetes control be mediated by changes in intestinal microbiota and integrity? Br J Nutr 2015; 114:1756-65. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114515003608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AbstractEvidence from animal and human studies has associated gut microbiota, increased translocation of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and reduced intestinal integrity (II) with the inflammatory state that occurs in obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Consumption of Ca may favour body weight reduction and glycaemic control, but its influence on II and gut microbiota is not well understood. Considering the impact of metabolic diseases on public health and the role of Ca on the pathophysiology of these diseases, this review critically discusses possible mechanisms by which high-Ca diets could affect gut microbiota and II. Published studies from 1993 to 2015 about this topic were searched and selected from Medline/PubMed, Scielo and Lilacs databases. High-Ca diets seem to favour the growth of lactobacilli, maintain II (especially in the colon), reduce translocation of LPS and regulate tight-junction gene expression. We conclude that dietary Ca might interfere with gut microbiota and II modulations and it can partly explain the effect of Ca on obesity and T2DM control. However, further research is required to define the supplementation period, the dose and the type of Ca supplement (milk or salt) required for more effective results. As Ca interacts with other components of the diet, these interactions must also be considered in future studies. We believe that more complex mechanisms involving extraintestinal disorders (hormones, cytokines and other biomarkers) also need to be studied.
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114
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Olnood CG, Beski SS, Choct M, Iji PA. Novel probiotics: Their effects on growth performance, gut development, microbial community and activity of broiler chickens. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2015; 1:184-191. [PMID: 29767136 PMCID: PMC5945945 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A total of 294 one-day-old Cobb broiler chickens were used to investigate the effects of four Lactobacillus strains on gut microbial profile and production performance. The six dietary treatments, each with 7 replicates were: 1) basal diet (negative control), 2) one of four strains of Lactobacillus (tentatively identified as Lactobacillus johnsonii, Lactobacillus crispatus, Lactobacillus salivarius and an unidentified Lactobacillus sp.) and 3) basal diet with added zinc-bacitracin (ZnB, 50 mg/kg). Results showed that the addition of probiotic Lactobacillus spp. to the feed did not significantly improve weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion rate (FCR) of broiler chickens raised in cages during the 6-week experimental period, but tended to increase the number of total anaerobic bacteria in the ileum and caeca, and the number of lactic acid bacteria and lactobacilli in the caeca; and to significantly increase the small intestinal weight (jejunum and ileum). Furthermore, all 4 probiotics tended to reduce the number of Enterobacteria in the ileum, compared with the control treatments. The probiotics did not affect the pH and the concentrations of short chain fatty acids (SCFA) and lactic acid in both the ileum and caeca.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen G. Olnood
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, Armidale 2351, Australia
- China Animal Husbandry Industry Company, Zhongmu Research Centre, Beijing 100095, China
| | | | - Mingan Choct
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, Armidale 2351, Australia
- Poultry Cooperative Research Centre, Armidale 2351, Australia
| | - Paul A. Iji
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, Armidale 2351, Australia
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Huang R, Tao X, Wan C, Li S, Xu H, Xu F, Shah NP, Wei H. In vitro probiotic characteristics of Lactobacillus plantarum ZDY 2013 and its modulatory effect on gut microbiota of mice. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:5850-61. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-9153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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116
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Brumini D, Criscione A, Bordonaro S, Vegarud GE, Marletta D. Whey proteins and their antimicrobial properties in donkey milk: a brief review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13594-015-0246-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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117
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Xing Y, Wang S, Fan J, Oso AO, Kim SW, Xiao D, Yang T, Liu G, Jiang G, Li Z, Li L, Zhang B. Effects of dietary supplementation with lysine-yielding Bacillus subtilis on gut morphology, cecal microflora, and intestinal immune response of Linwu ducks1. J Anim Sci 2015; 93:3449-57. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2014-8090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Y. Xing
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125, China
| | - S. Wang
- Hunan Microbiology Institute, Changsha, 410009, China
| | - J. Fan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125, China
| | - A. O. Oso
- Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Livestock Production, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, PMB 2240, Nigeria
| | - S. W. Kim
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
| | - D. Xiao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - T. Yang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125, China
| | - G. Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125, China
| | - G. Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125, China
| | - Z. Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - L. Li
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125, China
| | - B. Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
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118
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Liu CM, Hungate BA, Tobian AAR, Ravel J, Prodger JL, Serwadda D, Kigozi G, Galiwango RM, Nalugoda F, Keim P, Wawer MJ, Price LB, Gray RH. Penile Microbiota and Female Partner Bacterial Vaginosis in Rakai, Uganda. mBio 2015; 6:e00589. [PMID: 26081632 PMCID: PMC4471566 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00589-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a common vaginal bacterial imbalance associated with risk for HIV and poor gynecologic and obstetric outcomes. Male circumcision reduces BV-associated bacteria on the penis and decreases BV in female partners, but the link between penile microbiota and female partner BV is not well understood. We tested the hypothesis that having a female partner with BV increases BV-associated bacteria in uncircumcised men. We characterized penile microbiota composition and density (i.e., the quantity of bacteria per swab) by broad-coverage 16S rRNA gene-based sequencing and quantitative PCR (qPCR) in 165 uncircumcised men from Rakai, Uganda. Associations between penile community state types (CSTs) and female partner's Nugent score were assessed. We found seven distinct penile CSTs of increasing density (CST1 to 7). CST1 to 3 and CST4 to 7 were the two major CST groups. CST4 to 7 had higher prevalence and abundance of BV-associated bacteria, such as Mobiluncus and Dialister, than CST1 to 3. Men with CST4 to 7 were significantly more likely to have a female partner with a high Nugent score (P = 0.03). Men with two or more extramarital partners were significantly more likely to have CST4 to 7 than men with only marital partners (CST4 to 7 prevalence ratio, 1.84; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.16 to 2.92). Female partner Nugent BV is significantly associated with penile microbiota. Our data support the exchange of BV-associated bacteria through intercourse, which may explain BV recurrence and persistence. IMPORTANCE Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is sexually associated but not considered a sexually transmitted disease. Our findings suggest that the uncircumcised penis is an important niche for BV-associated genital anaerobes. In addition, we found a link between extramarital sexual relationships and BV-associated bacteria in men, which parallels earlier findings of the association between sexual activity and BV in women. This suggests the sexual transmissibility of BV-associated bacteria. Reducing bacterial exchange by barrier methods and managing carriage of BV-associated bacteria in men may decrease BV persistence and recurrence in women.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bruce A Hungate
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society and Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
| | - Aaron A R Tobian
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jacques Ravel
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Maria J Wawer
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Ronald H Gray
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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119
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Drissi F, Buffet S, Raoult D, Merhej V. Common occurrence of antibacterial agents in human intestinal microbiota. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:441. [PMID: 25999943 PMCID: PMC4423438 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Laboratory experiments have revealed many active mechanisms by which bacteria can inhibit the growth of other organisms. Bacteriocins are a diverse group of natural ribosomally synthesized antimicrobial peptides produced by a wide range of bacteria and which seem to play an important role in mediating competition within bacterial communities. In this study, we have identified and established the structural classification of putative bacteriocins encoded by 317 microbial genomes in the human intestine. On the basis of homologies to available bacteriocin sequences, mainly from lactic acid bacteria, we report the widespread occurrence of bacteriocins across the gut microbiota: 175 bacteriocins were found to be encoded in Firmicutes, 79 in Proteobacteria, 34 in Bacteroidetes, and 25 in Actinobacteria. Bacteriocins from gut bacteria displayed wide differences among phyla with regard to class distribution, net positive charge, hydrophobicity and secondary structure, but the α-helix was the most abundant structure. The peptide structures and physiochemical properties of bacteriocins produced by the most abundant bacteria in the gut, the Firmicutes and the Bacteroidetes, seem to ensure low antibiotic activity and participate in permanent intestinal host defense against the proliferation of harmful bacteria. Meanwhile, the potentially harmful bacteria, including the Proteobacteria, displayed highly effective bacteriocins, probably supporting the virulent character of diseases. These findings highlight the eventual role played by bacteriocins in gut microbial competition and their potential place in antibiotic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Drissi
- Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, UM 63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm 1095, Faculté de Médecine, Aix Marseille Université Marseille, France
| | - Sylvain Buffet
- Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, UM 63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm 1095, Faculté de Médecine, Aix Marseille Université Marseille, France
| | - Didier Raoult
- Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, UM 63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm 1095, Faculté de Médecine, Aix Marseille Université Marseille, France
| | - Vicky Merhej
- Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, UM 63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm 1095, Faculté de Médecine, Aix Marseille Université Marseille, France
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120
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de Almada CN, Nunes de Almada C, Martinez RCR, Sant’Ana ADS. Characterization of the intestinal microbiota and its interaction with probiotics and health impacts. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:4175-99. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6582-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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121
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Presti I, D'Orazio G, Labra M, La Ferla B, Mezzasalma V, Bizzaro G, Giardina S, Michelotti A, Tursi F, Vassallo M, Di Gennaro P. Evaluation of the probiotic properties of new Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium strains and their in vitro effect. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:5613-26. [PMID: 25744647 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6482-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Probiotic ingestion is recommended as a preventive approach to maintain the balance of the intestinal microbiota and to enhance the human well-being. During the whole life of each individual, the gut microbiota composition could be altered by lifestyle, diet, antibiotic therapies and other stress conditions, which may lead to acute and chronic disorders. Hence, probiotics can be administered for the prevention or treatment of some disorders, including lactose malabsorption, acute diarrhoea, irritable bowel syndrome, necrotizing enterocolitis and mild forms of inflammatory bowel disease. The probiotic-mediated effect is an important issue that needs to be addressed in relation to strain-specific probiotic properties. In this work, the probiotic properties of new Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium strains were screened, and their effects in vitro were evaluated. They were screened for probiotic properties by determining their tolerance to low pH and to bile salts, antibiotic sensitivity, antimicrobial activity and vitamin B8, B9 and B12 production, and by considering their ability to increase the antioxidant potential and to modulate the inflammatory status of systemic-miming cell lines in vitro. Three out of the examined strains presenting the most performant probiotic properties, as Lactobacillus plantarum PBS067, Lactobacillus rhamnosus PBS070 and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis PBSO75, were evaluated for their effects also on human intestinal HT-29 cell line. The obtained results support the possibility to move to another level of study, that is, the oral administration of these probiotical strains to patients with acute and chronic gut disorders, by in vivo experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Presti
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126, Milano, Italy
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122
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Bhat A, Irorere V, Bartlett T, Hill D, Kedia G, Charalampopoulos D, Nualkaekul S, Radecka I. Improving survival of probiotic bacteria using bacterial poly-γ-glutamic acid. Int J Food Microbiol 2015; 196:24-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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123
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124
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Sun J, Buys N. Effects of probiotics consumption on lowering lipids and CVD risk factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Ann Med 2015; 47:430-40. [PMID: 26340330 DOI: 10.3109/07853890.2015.1071872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This meta-analysis examined the effect of probiotics on the reduction of lipid components and coexisting risk factors associated with cardiovascular disease. All randomized controlled trials published in English on PubMed and Scopus from 2000 to 2014 were systematically searched. Using the PEDro scale to assess the quality of studies, a total of 15 studies with 788 subjects were selected for inclusion in the analysis. The mean difference and effect size with a 95% confidence interval (CI) were extracted from individual studies. Statistically significant pooled effects of probiotics were found on reduction of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, and inflammatory markers. Subgroup analysis revealed statistically significant effects of probiotics on total cholesterol and LDL when the medium was fermented milk or yogurt (P < 0.001) compared to capsule form, consumption was at least 8 weeks in duration (P < 0.001), and the probiotics consisted of multiple strains (P < 0.001) rather than a single strain. A significant reduction was found in LDL in trials which contained Lactobacillus Acidophilus strain (P < 0.001) compared to other types of strains. Our findings suggest that probiotic supplementation use is effective in lowering the lipid level and coexisting factors associated with cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Sun
- a Menzies Health Institute Queensland and School of Medicine, Griffith University , Gold Coast , Australia
| | - Nicholas Buys
- b Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University , Gold Coast , Australia
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125
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Malaguarnera G, Giordano M, Nunnari G, Bertino G, Malaguarnera M. Gut microbiota in alcoholic liver disease: Pathogenetic role and therapeutic perspectives. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:16639-16648. [PMID: 25469033 PMCID: PMC4248208 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i44.16639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is the commonest cause of cirrhosis in many Western countries and it has a high rate of morbidity and mortality. The pathogenesis is characterized by complex interactions between metabolic intermediates of alcohol. Bacterial intestinal flora is itself responsible for production of endogenous ethanol through the fermentation of carbohydrates. The intestinal metabolism of alcohol produces a high concentration of toxic acetaldehyde that modifies gut permeability and microbiota equilibrium. Furthermore it causes direct hepatocyte damage. In patients who consume alcohol over a long period, there is a modification of gut microbiota and, in particular, an increment of Gram negative bacteria. This causes endotoxemia and hyperactivation of the immune system. Endotoxin is a constituent of Gram negative bacteria cell walls. Two types of receptors, cluster of differentiation 14 and Toll-like receptors-4, present on Kupffer cells, recognize endotoxins. Several studies have demonstrated the importance of gut-liver axis and new treatments have been studied in recent years to reduce progression of ALD modifying gut microbiota. It has focused attention on antibiotics, prebiotics, probiotics and synbiotics.
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126
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Becknell B, Schober M, Korbel L, Spencer JD. The diagnosis, evaluation and treatment of acute and recurrent pediatric urinary tract infections. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2014; 13:81-90. [PMID: 25421102 DOI: 10.1586/14787210.2015.986097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common bacterial infections encountered by pediatricians. Currently, the diagnosis and management of acute UTI and recurrent UTI in children remain controversial. Recently published guidelines and large clinical trials have attempted to clarify UTI diagnostic and management strategies. In this manuscript, we review the diagnosis and management of acute and recurrent UTI in the pediatric population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Becknell
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Nephrology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
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127
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Bjerg AT, Kristensen M, Ritz C, Holst JJ, Rasmussen C, Leser TD, Wellejus A, Astrup A. Lactobacillus paracasei subsp paracasei L. casei W8 suppresses energy intake acutely. Appetite 2014; 82:111-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2014.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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128
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Medina NM, González CA, Daza SL, Restrepo O, Barahona Rosales R. DESEMPEÑO PRODUCTIVO DE POLLOS DE ENGORDE SUPLEMENTADOS CON BIOMASA DE <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> DERIVADA DE LA FERMENTACIÓN DE RESIDUOS DE BANANO. REVISTA DE LA FACULTAD DE MEDICINA VETERINARIA Y DE ZOOTECNIA 2014. [DOI: 10.15446/rfmvz.v61n3.46873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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129
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Urbanska AM, Bhathena J, Cherif S, Prakash S. Orally delivered microencapsulated probiotic formulation favorably impacts polyp formation in APC (Min/+) model of intestinal carcinogenesis. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 44:1-11. [PMID: 25060720 DOI: 10.3109/21691401.2014.898647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The development of intestinal polyps in an orthotopic colorectal mouse model, receiving a probiotic yogurt formulation containing microencapsulated live Lactobacillus acidophilus cells was investigated. The expression of various immunohistochemical markers namely CD8, Mac-1, Ki-67, and cleaved caspase-3, was evaluated. Results suggest that the probiotic formulation decreases overall intestinal inflammation. Mice receiving the probiotic formulation were found to develop almost two-fold fewer tumors in the small intestines. In the large intestine, however, there was no significant difference observed among polyp numbers. The formulation appears to have potential application in the prevention of various GI pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Malgorzata Urbanska
- a Biomedical Technology and Cell Therapy Research Laboratory, Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Physiology Artificial cells and Organs Research Center , Faculty of Medicine, McGill University , University Street, Montreal , QC , Canada
| | - Jasmine Bhathena
- a Biomedical Technology and Cell Therapy Research Laboratory, Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Physiology Artificial cells and Organs Research Center , Faculty of Medicine, McGill University , University Street, Montreal , QC , Canada
| | - Sofiane Cherif
- a Biomedical Technology and Cell Therapy Research Laboratory, Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Physiology Artificial cells and Organs Research Center , Faculty of Medicine, McGill University , University Street, Montreal , QC , Canada
| | - Satya Prakash
- a Biomedical Technology and Cell Therapy Research Laboratory, Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Physiology Artificial cells and Organs Research Center , Faculty of Medicine, McGill University , University Street, Montreal , QC , Canada
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130
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FLESCH AGT, POZIOMYCK AK, DAMIN DDC. The therapeutic use of symbiotics. ARQUIVOS BRASILEIROS DE CIRURGIA DIGESTIVA : ABCD = BRAZILIAN ARCHIVES OF DIGESTIVE SURGERY 2014; 27:206-9. [PMID: 25184774 PMCID: PMC4676381 DOI: 10.1590/s0102-67202014000300012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Functional foods are health promoters and their use is associated with reduced risk of chronic degenerative and non-transmissible diseases. Examples are symbiotic. The association of one (or more) probiotic with a one (or more) prebiotic is called symbiotic, being the prebiotics complementary and probiotics synergistic, thus presenting a multiplicative factor on their individual actions. OBJECTIVE To assess the evidences on the benefits of the use of symbiotics in the treatment of clinical and surgical situations. METHODS The headings symbiotic, probiotic and prebiotic were searched in Pubmed/Medline in the last 15 years, and were selected 25 articles, used for database. RESULTS The use of symbiotic may promote an increase in the number of bifidobacteria, glycemic control, reduction of blood cholesterol, balancing the intestinal flora which aids in reducing constipation and/or diarrhea, improves intestinal permeability and stimulation of the immune system. Clinical indications for these products has been expanded, in order to maximize the individual's physiological functions to provide greater. So, with the high interest in the clinical and nutritional control of disease, many studies have been conducted demonstrating the effectiveness of using symbiotic in improving and/or preventing various and/or symptoms of gastrointestinal diseases. CONCLUSION Symbiotic behave differently and positively in various pathological situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Gamarra Taborda FLESCH
- From the Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências
Cirúrgicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (Post-Graduate Surgical
Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Aline Kirjner POZIOMYCK
- From the Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências
Cirúrgicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (Post-Graduate Surgical
Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Daniel De Carvalho DAMIN
- From the Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências
Cirúrgicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (Post-Graduate Surgical
Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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131
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Benato L, Hastie P, O'Shaughnessy P, Murray JA, Meredith A. Effects of probiotic Enterococcus faecium
and Saccharomyces cerevisiae
on the faecal microflora of pet rabbits. J Small Anim Pract 2014; 55:442-6. [DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2013] [Revised: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Benato
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, Division of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre; Roslin Midlothian EH25 9RG
| | - P. Hastie
- Division of Veterinary Cell Sciences; Institute of Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow Veterinary School; Glasgow G61 1QH
| | - P. O'Shaughnessy
- Division of Veterinary Cell Sciences; Institute of Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow Veterinary School; Glasgow G61 1QH
| | - J.-A. Murray
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, Division of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre; Roslin Midlothian EH25 9RG
| | - A. Meredith
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, Division of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre; Roslin Midlothian EH25 9RG
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132
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Hanson L, Vande Vusse L, Duster M, Warrack S, Safdar N. Feasibility of Oral Prenatal Probiotics against Maternal Group B Streptococcus Vaginal and Rectal Colonization. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs 2014; 43:294-304. [DOI: 10.1111/1552-6909.12308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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133
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Rajkowska K, Kunicka-Styczyńska A. Phenotypic and Genotypic Characterization of Probiotic Yeasts. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2009.10818511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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134
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Meng J, Zhu X, Gao SM, Zhang QX, Sun Z, Lu RR. Characterization of surface layer proteins and its role in probiotic properties of three Lactobacillus strains. Int J Biol Macromol 2014; 65:110-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Revised: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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135
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Redondo LM, Chacana PA, Dominguez JE, Fernandez Miyakawa ME. Perspectives in the use of tannins as alternative to antimicrobial growth promoter factors in poultry. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:118. [PMID: 24723916 PMCID: PMC3973907 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics have been included in the formulation of feed for livestock production for more than 40 years as a strategy to improve feed conversion rates and to reduce costs. The use of antimicrobials as growth-promoting factors (AGP) in sub-therapeutic doses for long periods is particularly favorable for the selection of antimicrobial resistant microorganisms. In the last years, global concern about development of antimicrobial resistance and transference of resistance genes from animal to human strains has been rising. Removal of AGP from animal diets involves tremendous pressure on the livestock and poultry farmers, one of the main consequences being a substantial increase in the incidence of infectious diseases with the associated increase in the use of antibiotics for therapy, and concomitantly, economic cost. Therefore, alternatives to AGP are urgently needed. The challenge is to implement new alternatives without affecting the production performances of livestock and avoiding the increase of antimicrobial resistant microorganisms. Plant extracts and purified derived substances are showing promising results for animal nutrition, either from their efficacy as well as from an economical point of view. Tannins are plant derived compounds that are being successfully used as additives in poultry feed to control diseases and to improve animal performance. Successful use of any of these extracts as feed additives must ensure a product of consistent quality in enough quantity to fulfill the actual requirements of the poultry industry. Chestnut (hydrolysable) and Quebracho (condensed) tannins are probably the most readily available commercial products that are covering those needs. The present report intends to analyze the available data supporting their use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro M Redondo
- Instituto de Patobiología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria Buenos Aires, Argentina ; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pablo A Chacana
- Instituto de Patobiología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Johana E Dominguez
- Instituto de Patobiología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariano E Fernandez Miyakawa
- Instituto de Patobiología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria Buenos Aires, Argentina ; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas Buenos Aires, Argentina
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136
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The microbiology and immunology of normal physiologic birth: a plea for the nature of mother. J Perinat Neonatal Nurs 2013; 27:278-80. [PMID: 24164809 DOI: 10.1097/jpn.0b013e3182a9c996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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137
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Perinatal outcomes of prenatal probiotic and prebiotic administration: an integrative review. J Perinat Neonatal Nurs 2013; 27:288-301; quiz E1-2. [PMID: 24164813 DOI: 10.1097/jpn.0b013e3182a1e15d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this integrative review was to identify, critique, and synthesize the maternal and neonatal evidence on the prenatal use of probiotics and prebiotics to inform perinatal health professionals. A comprehensive literature search resulted in 37 studies of prenatal probiotics and 1 on antepartal prebiotics published from 1990 through 2011 that reported maternal, fetal, and/or neonatal outcomes. The methodologic quality of the studies reviewed was high, although investigators used different probiotic combinations and inconsistently reported perinatal clinical outcomes. The extraction of perinatal outcome variables resulted in identification of 9 maternal and 5 neonatal categories. Prenatal probiotics significantly reduced the incidence of bacterial vaginosis, increased colonization with vaginal Lactobacillus and intestinal Lactobacillus rhamnosus, altered immune markers in serum and breast milk, improved maternal glucose metabolism, and reduced the incidence of gestational diabetes and preeclampsia. Antepartally, probiotics were associated with significantly higher counts of Bifidobacterium and Lactococcus lactis (healthy intestinal flora) in neonatal stool. Prenatal prebiotics significantly increased maternal intestinal Bifidobacterium. No adverse events were reported and there was evidence of safety and tolerance of prenatal probiotics and prebiotics in the scientific investigations reviewed. It is recommended that in future investigations of prenatal probiotics researchers explicitly report maternal and neonatal outcomes.
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138
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Chong ESL. A potential role of probiotics in colorectal cancer prevention: review of possible mechanisms of action. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 30:351-74. [PMID: 24068536 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-013-1499-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A number of investigations, mainly using in vitro and animal models, have demonstrated a wide range of possible mechanisms, by which probiotics may play a role in colorectal cancer (CRC) prevention. In this context, the most well studied probiotics are certain strains from the genera of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria. The reported anti-CRC mechanisms of probiotics encompass intraluminal, systemic, and direct effects on intestinal mucosa. Intraluminal effects detailed in this review include competitive exclusion of pathogenic intestinal flora, alteration of intestinal microflora enzyme activity, reduction of carcinogenic secondary bile acids, binding of carcinogens and mutagens, and increasing short chain fatty acids production. Reduction of DNA damage and suppression of aberrant crypt foci formation have been well demonstrated as direct anti-CRC effects of probiotics on intestinal mucosa. Existing evidence clearly support a multifaceted immunomodulatory role of probiotics in CRC, particularly its ability to modulate intestinal inflammation, a well known risk factor for CRC. The effectiveness of probiotics in CRC prevention is dependent on the strain of the microorganism, while viability may not be a prerequisite for certain probiotic anticancer mechanisms, as indicated by several studies. Emerging data suggest synbiotic as a more effective approach than either prebiotics or probiotics alone. More in vivo especially human studies are warranted to further elucidate and confirm the potential role of probiotics (viable and non-viable), prebiotics and synbiotics in CRC chemoprevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Swee Lan Chong
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Human Health, Massey University, PO Box 11222, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand,
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139
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Chu CC, Spencer JL, Curzi MJ, Zavala JA, Seufferheld MJ. Gut bacteria facilitate adaptation to crop rotation in the western corn rootworm. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:11917-22. [PMID: 23798396 PMCID: PMC3718123 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1301886110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Insects are constantly adapting to human-driven landscape changes; however, the roles of their gut microbiota in these processes remain largely unknown. The western corn rootworm (WCR, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) is a major corn pest that has been controlled via annual rotation between corn (Zea mays) and nonhost soybean (Glycine max) in the United States. This practice selected for a "rotation-resistant" variant (RR-WCR) with reduced ovipositional fidelity to cornfields. When in soybean fields, RR-WCRs also exhibit an elevated tolerance of antiherbivory defenses (i.e., cysteine protease inhibitors) expressed in soybean foliage. Here we show that gut bacterial microbiota is an important factor facilitating this corn specialist's (WCR's) physiological adaptation to brief soybean herbivory. Comparisons of gut microbiota between RR- and wild-type WCR (WT-WCR) revealed concomitant shifts in bacterial community structure with host adaptation to soybean diets. Antibiotic suppression of gut bacteria significantly reduced RR-WCR tolerance of soybean herbivory to the level of WT-WCR, whereas WT-WCR were unaffected. Our findings demonstrate that gut bacteria help to facilitate rapid adaptation of insects in managed ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Ching Chu
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Joseph L. Spencer
- Illinois Natural History Survey, University of Illinois, Champaign, IL 61820
| | - Matías J. Curzi
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Jorge A. Zavala
- Cátedra de Bioquímica/Instituto de Investigación en Biociencias Agrícolas y Ambientales, Facultad de Agronomía, University of Buenos Aires-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas de Argentina, C1417DSE Buenos Aires, Argentina; and
| | - Manfredo J. Seufferheld
- Illinois Natural History Survey, University of Illinois, Champaign, IL 61820
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801
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Yadav H, Lee JH, Lloyd J, Walter P, Rane SG. Beneficial metabolic effects of a probiotic via butyrate-induced GLP-1 hormone secretion. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:25088-25097. [PMID: 23836895 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.452516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 441] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and diabetes are associated with excess caloric intake and reduced energy expenditure resulting in a negative energy balance. The incidence of diabetes has reached epidemic proportions, and childhood diabetes and obesity are increasing alarmingly. Therefore, it is important to develop safe, easily deliverable, and economically viable treatment alternatives for these diseases. Here, we provide data supporting the candidacy of probiotics as such a therapeutic modality against obesity and diabetes. Probiotics are live bacteria that colonize the gastrointestinal tract and impart beneficial effects for health. However, their widespread prescription as medical therapies is limited primarily because of the paucity of our understanding of their mechanism of action. Here, we demonstrate that the administration of a probiotic, VSL#3, prevented and treated obesity and diabetes in several mouse models. VSL#3 suppressed body weight gain and insulin resistance via modulation of the gut flora composition. VSL#3 promoted the release of the hormone GLP-1, resulting in reduced food intake and improved glucose tolerance. The VSL#3-induced changes were associated with an increase in the levels of a short chain fatty acid (SCFA), butyrate. Using a cell culture system, we demonstrate that butyrate stimulated the release of GLP-1 from intestinal L-cells, thereby providing a plausible mechanism for VSL#3 action. These findings suggest that probiotics such as VSL#3 can modulate the gut microbiota-SCFA-hormone axis. Moreover, our results indicate that probiotics are of potential therapeutic utility to counter obesity and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hariom Yadav
- From the Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch
| | - Ji-Hyeon Lee
- From the Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch
| | - John Lloyd
- the Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, and
| | - Peter Walter
- the Clinical Mass Spectrometry Core, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Sushil G Rane
- From the Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch,.
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141
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Ou J, Carbonero F, Zoetendal EG, DeLany JP, Wang M, Newton K, Gaskins HR, O'Keefe SJD. Diet, microbiota, and microbial metabolites in colon cancer risk in rural Africans and African Americans. Am J Clin Nutr 2013; 98:111-20. [PMID: 23719549 PMCID: PMC3683814 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.112.056689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 412] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiologic studies have suggested that most cases of sporadic colon cancer can be attributed to diet. The recognition that colonic microbiota have a major influence on colonic health suggests that they might mediate colonic carcinogenesis. OBJECTIVE To examine the hypothesis that the influence of diet on colon cancer risk is mediated by the microbiota through their metabolites, we measured differences in colonic microbes and their metabolites in African Americans with a high risk and in rural native Africans with a low risk of colon cancer. DESIGN Fresh fecal samples were collected from 12 healthy African Americans aged 50-65 y and from 12 age- and sex-matched native Africans. Microbiomes were analyzed with 16S ribosomal RNA gene pyrosequencing together with quantitative polymerase chain reaction of the major fermentative, butyrate-producing, and bile acid-deconjugating bacteria. Fecal short-chain fatty acids were measured by gas chromatography and bile acids by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. RESULTS Microbial composition was fundamentally different, with a predominance of Prevotella in native Africans (enterotype 2) and of Bacteroides in African Americans (enterotype 1). Total bacteria and major butyrate-producing groups were significantly more abundant in fecal samples from native Africans. Microbial genes encoding for secondary bile acid production were more abundant in African Americans, whereas those encoding for methanogenesis and hydrogen sulfide production were higher in native Africans. Fecal secondary bile acid concentrations were higher in African Americans, whereas short-chain fatty acids were higher in native Africans. CONCLUSION Our results support the hypothesis that colon cancer risk is influenced by the balance between microbial production of health-promoting metabolites such as butyrate and potentially carcinogenic metabolites such as secondary bile acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhai Ou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Scapin D, Grando WF, Rossi EM, Perez KJ, Malheiros PDS, Tondo EC. Antagonistic activity of Lactobacillus acidophilus LA10 against Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis SE86 in mice. Braz J Microbiol 2013; 44:57-61. [PMID: 24159284 PMCID: PMC3804178 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-83822013005000024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2011] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis is one of the main pathogens responsible for foodborne illness in Brazil. Probiotic bacteria can play a role in defense and recovery from enteropathogenic infections. In this study, the ability of Lactobacillus acidophilus LA10 to colonise and exert antagonistic effects in the gastrointestinal tract was tested before and during experimental infection in conventional mice contaminated with S. Enteritidis (SE86). A dose of 0.1 mL containing 108 viable cells of SE86 and L. acidophilus LA10 was orally administered by gavage to mice. The experiment was divided into groups. As a negative control, Group 1 was administered only sterile saline solution. As a positive control, Group 2 was administered only SE86. Group 3 was first administered SE86, and after 10 days, treated with L. acidophilus LA10. Group 4 was first administered L. acidophilus LA10, and after 10 days, challenged with SE86. The results demonstrated that a significant number of SE86 cells were able to colonize the gastrointestinal tract of mice, specifically in the colon and ileum. L. acidophilus LA10 demonstrated an antagonistic effect against SE86, with better results observed for Group 3 over Group 4. Thus, L. acidophilus LA10 shows potential antagonistic effects against S. Enteritidis SE86, especially if administered after infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane Scapin
- Laboratório de Pesquisa e Diagnóstico em Microbiologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade do Oeste de Santa Catarina, São Miguel do Oeste, SC, Brazil
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143
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Firouzi S, Barakatun-Nisak MY, Ismail A, Majid HA, Azmi KN. Role of probiotics in modulating glucose homeostasis: evidence from animal and human studies. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2013; 64:780-6. [DOI: 10.3109/09637486.2013.775227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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144
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Zhang Z, Shan QW, Wang LL, lv ZL, Jiang L, Huang YE. Effect of Bifidobacterium triple viable capsule on intestinal mucosal barrier function in rats with fatty liver induced by a high-fat diet. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2013; 21:130-137. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v21.i2.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the potential preventive effect of Bifidobacterium triple viable capsule (Bifico) on intestinal microflora and the expression of IL-17 and occludin proteins in ileum mucosa in rats with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease NAFLD induced by a high-fat diet.
METHODS: Thirty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups and were given a high-fat diet (group Ⅰ, n = 12), a high-fat diet and Bifico (group Ⅱ, n = 12), and an ordinary diet (group Ⅲ, n = 10). Rats of group Ⅱ were given Bifico gavage, while the other two groups were given the same amount of normal saline. Seventeen weeks later, the rats were killed for having a liver biopsy to confirm whether NAFLD was successfully induced. The 16S RNA method was used to detect the numbers of three main types of bacteria in the intestinal tract. The ultrastructure of ileum tissue was observed by electron microscopy, and the expression of occludin and IL-17 proteins was detected by immunohistochemistry.
RESULTS: Compared to group Ⅲ, there was a significant increase in the number of Escherichia coli, Lactobacillus, and Bifidobacteria, and expression of occludin in groups Ⅰ and Ⅱ (all P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the number of Lactobacillus and expression of occludin between groups Ⅰ and Ⅱ. The expression of IL-17 differed significantly between the three groups (all P < 0.05). Electron microscopy indicated that intestinal epithelial cells in rats given a high-fat diet showed a series of pathological injuries (e.g., hydropsia and necrosis), and the use of Bifico could relieve intestinal epithelial injury.
CONCLUSION: Bifico exerts a preventive effect on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease induced by a high-fat in rats possibly by protecting the intestinal mucosal barrier.
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Bull-Otterson L, Feng W, Kirpich I, Wang Y, Qin X, Liu Y, Gobejishvili L, Joshi-Barve S, Ayvaz T, Petrosino J, Kong M, Barker D, McClain C, Barve S. Metagenomic analyses of alcohol induced pathogenic alterations in the intestinal microbiome and the effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG treatment. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53028. [PMID: 23326376 PMCID: PMC3541399 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 387] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteric dysbiosis plays an essential role in the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease (ALD). Detailed characterization of the alterations in the gut microbiome is needed for understanding their pathogenic role in ALD and developing effective therapeutic approaches using probiotic supplementation. Mice were fed liquid Lieber-DeCarli diet without or with alcohol (5% v/v) for 6 weeks. A subset of mice were administered the probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) from 6 to 8 weeks. Indicators of intestinal permeability, hepatic steatosis, inflammation and injury were evaluated. Metagenomic analysis of the gut microbiome was performed by analyzing the fecal DNA by amplification of the V3-V5 regions of the 16S rRNA gene and large-scale parallel pyrosequencing on the 454 FLX Titanium platform. Chronic ethanol feeding caused a decline in the abundance of both Bacteriodetes and Firmicutes phyla, with a proportional increase in the gram negative Proteobacteria and gram positive Actinobacteria phyla; the bacterial genera that showed the biggest expansion were the gram negative alkaline tolerant Alcaligenes and gram positive Corynebacterium. Commensurate with the qualitative and quantitative alterations in the microbiome, ethanol caused an increase in plasma endotoxin, fecal pH, hepatic inflammation and injury. Notably, the ethanol-induced pathogenic changes in the microbiome and the liver were prevented by LGG supplementation. Overall, significant alterations in the gut microbiome over time occur in response to chronic alcohol exposure and correspond to increases in intestinal barrier dysfunction and development of ALD. Moreover, the altered bacterial communities of the gut may serve as significant therapeutic target for the prevention/treatment of chronic alcohol intake induced intestinal barrier dysfunction and liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Bull-Otterson
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Wenke Feng
- Department of Medicine, Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Irina Kirpich
- Department of Medicine, Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Yuhua Wang
- Department of Medicine, Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Xiang Qin
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Yanlong Liu
- Department of Medicine, Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Leila Gobejishvili
- Department of Medicine, Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Swati Joshi-Barve
- Department of Medicine, Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Tulin Ayvaz
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Joseph Petrosino
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Maiying Kong
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - David Barker
- Department of Medicine, Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Craig McClain
- Department of Medicine, Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
- Robley Rex VAMC, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Shirish Barve
- Department of Medicine, Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Schiffman SS, Rother KI. Sucralose, a synthetic organochlorine sweetener: overview of biological issues. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2013; 16:399-451. [PMID: 24219506 PMCID: PMC3856475 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2013.842523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Sucralose is a synthetic organochlorine sweetener (OC) that is a common ingredient in the world's food supply. Sucralose interacts with chemosensors in the alimentary tract that play a role in sweet taste sensation and hormone secretion. In rats, sucralose ingestion was shown to increase the expression of the efflux transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and two cytochrome P-450 (CYP) isozymes in the intestine. P-gp and CYP are key components of the presystemic detoxification system involved in first-pass drug metabolism. The effect of sucralose on first-pass drug metabolism in humans, however, has not yet been determined. In rats, sucralose alters the microbial composition in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), with relatively greater reduction in beneficial bacteria. Although early studies asserted that sucralose passes through the GIT unchanged, subsequent analysis suggested that some of the ingested sweetener is metabolized in the GIT, as indicated by multiple peaks found in thin-layer radiochromatographic profiles of methanolic fecal extracts after oral sucralose administration. The identity and safety profile of these putative sucralose metabolites are not known at this time. Sucralose and one of its hydrolysis products were found to be mutagenic at elevated concentrations in several testing methods. Cooking with sucralose at high temperatures was reported to generate chloropropanols, a potentially toxic class of compounds. Both human and rodent studies demonstrated that sucralose may alter glucose, insulin, and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) levels. Taken together, these findings indicate that sucralose is not a biologically inert compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan S. Schiffman
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
- Address correspondence to Susan S. Schiffman, PhD, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7911, USA. E-mail:
| | - Kristina I. Rother
- Section on Pediatric Diabetes & Metabolism, Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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147
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Effects of probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and Propionibacterium freudenreichii ssp. shermanii JS supplementation on intestinal and systemic markers of inflammation in ApoE*3Leiden mice consuming a high-fat diet. Br J Nutr 2012; 110:77-85. [PMID: 23211714 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114512004801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A high-fat diet disturbs the composition and function of the gut microbiota and generates local gut-associated and also systemic responses. Intestinal mast cells, for their part, secrete mediators which play a role in the orchestration of physiological and immunological functions of the intestine. Probiotic bacteria, again, help to maintain the homeostasis of the gut microbiota by protecting the gut epithelium and regulating the local immune system. In the present study, we explored the effects of two probiotic bacteria, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (GG) and Propionibacterium freudenreichii spp. shermanii JS (PJS), on high fat-fed ApoE*3Leiden mice by estimating the mast cell numbers and the immunoreactivity of TNF-α and IL-10 in the intestine, as well as plasma levels of several markers of inflammation and parameters of lipid metabolism. We found that mice that received GG and PJS exhibited significantly lower numbers of intestinal mast cells compared with control mice. PJS lowered intestinal immunoreactivity of TNF-α, while GG increased intestinal IL-10. PJS was also observed to lower the plasma levels of markers of inflammation including vascular cell adhesion molecule 1, and also the amount of gonadal adipose tissue. GG lowered alanine aminotransferase, a marker of hepatocellular activation. Collectively, these data demonstrate that probiotic GG and PJS tend to down-regulate both intestinal and systemic pro-inflammatory changes induced by a high-fat diet in this humanised mouse model.
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148
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Shen RL, Dang XY, Dong JL, Hu XZ. Effects of oat β-glucan and barley β-glucan on fecal characteristics, intestinal microflora, and intestinal bacterial metabolites in rats. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:11301-8. [PMID: 23113683 DOI: 10.1021/jf302824h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The primary objective was to determine the beneficial effects of oat β-glucan (OG) and barley β-glucan (BG) on gut health. A total of 200 male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 5 groups of 40 rats each, control group (CON), low-dose OG-administered group (OGL), high-dose OG-administered group (OGH), low-dose BG-administered group (BGL), and high-dose BG-administered group (BGH). OGL and OGH were administered oat β-glucan by intragastric gavage at a dose of 0.35 g/kg of body weight (BW) and 0.70 g/kg of BW daily for 6 weeks, and BGL and BGH were administered barley β-glucan. The CON received normal saline. Intestinal-health-related indexes were analyzed at baseline, week 3, week 6, and week 7. Cereal β-glucan significantly influenced the fecal water content, pH value, ammonia levels, β-glucuronidase activity, azoreductase activity, and colonic short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentrations (p < 0.05). Moreover, the population of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium increased (p < 0.05), whereas the number of Enterobacteriaceae decreased (p < 0.05) in a dose-dependent manner during the period of cereal β-glucan administration. These results suggested that cereal β-glucan might exert favorable effects on improving intestinal functions and health but the gut-health-promoting effects of oat β-glucan were better than those of barley β-glucan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Ling Shen
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, 5 Dongfeng Road, Zhengzhou 450002, Henan, People's Republic of China.
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Influence of encapsulated probiotics combined with pressurized longan juice on colon microflora and their metabolic activities on the exposure to simulated dynamic gastrointestinal tract. Food Res Int 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2012.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Abstract
The bacterial colonization is defined immediately after birth, through direct contact with maternal microbiota and may be influenced during lactation. There is emerging evidence indicating that quantitative and qualitative changes on gut microbiota contribute to alterations in the mucosal activation of immune system leading to intra- or extra-intestinal diseases. A balance between pathogenic and beneficial microbiota throughout childhood and adolescence is important to gastrointestinal health, including protection against pathogens, inhibition of pathogens, nutrient processing (synthesis of vitamin K), stimulation of angiogenesis, and regulation of host fat storage. Probiotics can promote an intentional modulation of intestinal microbiota favoring the health of the host. This paper is a review about modulation of intestinal microbiota on prevention and adjuvant treatment of pediatric gastrointestinal diseases.
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