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Carmona-Antoñanzas G, Tocher DR, Taggart JB, Leaver MJ. An evolutionary perspective on Elovl5 fatty acid elongase: comparison of Northern pike and duplicated paralogs from Atlantic salmon. BMC Evol Biol 2013; 13:85. [PMID: 23597093 PMCID: PMC3637385 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-13-85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The ability to produce physiologically critical LC-PUFA from dietary fatty acids differs greatly among teleost species, and is dependent on the possession and expression of fatty acyl desaturase and elongase genes. Atlantic salmon, as a result of a recently duplicated genome, have more of these enzymes than other fish. Recent phylogenetic studies show that Northern pike represents the closest extant relative of the preduplicated ancestral salmonid. Here we characterise a pike fatty acyl elongase, elovl5, and compare it to Atlantic salmon elovl5a and elovl5b duplicates. Results Phylogenetic analyses show that Atlantic salmon paralogs are evolving symmetrically, and they have been retained in the genome by purifying selection. Heterologous expression in yeast showed that Northern pike Elovl5 activity is indistinguishable from that of the salmon paralogs, efficiently elongating C18 and C20 substrates. However, in contrast to salmon, pike elovl5 was predominantly expressed in brain with negligible expression in liver and intestine. Conclusions We suggest that the predominant expression of Elovl5b in salmon liver and Elovl5a in salmon intestine is an adaptation, enabled by genome duplication, to a diet rich in terrestrial invertebrates which are relatively poor in LC-PUFA. Pike have retained an ancestral expression profile which supports the maintenance of PUFA in the brain but, due to a highly piscivorous LC-PUFA-rich diet, is not required in liver and intestine. Thus, the characterisation of elovl5 in Northern pike provides insights into the evolutionary divergence of duplicated genes, and the ecological adaptations of salmonids which have enabled colonisation of nutrient poor freshwaters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Carmona-Antoñanzas
- Institute of Aquaculture, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland FK9 4LA, UK.
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102
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Rogers LK, Valentine CJ, Keim SA. DHA supplementation: current implications in pregnancy and childhood. Pharmacol Res 2013; 70:13-9. [PMID: 23266567 PMCID: PMC3602397 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2012.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Revised: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Dietary supplementation with ω-3 long chain fatty acids including docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) has increased in popularity in recent years and adequate DHA supplementation during pregnancy and early childhood is of clinical importance. Some evidence has been built for the neuro-cognitive benefits of supplementation with long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) such as DHA during pregnancy; however, recent data indicate that the anti-inflammatory properties may be of at least equal significance. Adequate DHA availability in the fetus/infant optimizes brain and retinal maturation in part by influencing neurotransmitter pathways. The anti-inflammatory properties of LCPUFA are largely mediated through modulation of signaling either directly through binding to receptors or through changes in lipid raft formation and receptor presentation. Our goal is to review the current findings on DHA supplementation, specifically in pregnancy and infant neurodevelopment, as a pharmacologic agent with both preventative and therapeutic value. Given the overall benefits of DHA, maternal and infant supplementation may improve neurological outcomes especially in vulernable populations. However, optimal composition of the supplement and dosing and treatment strategies still need to be determined to lend support for routine supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynette K Rogers
- Center for Perinatal Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, 700 Children’s Dr., Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.
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103
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Hoffmann M. The human frontal lobes and frontal network systems: an evolutionary, clinical, and treatment perspective. ISRN NEUROLOGY 2013; 2013:892459. [PMID: 23577266 PMCID: PMC3612492 DOI: 10.1155/2013/892459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Frontal lobe syndromes, better termed as frontal network systems, are relatively unique in that they may manifest from almost any brain region, due to their widespread connectivity. The understandings of the manifold expressions seen clinically are helped by considering evolutionary origins, the contribution of the state-dependent ascending monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems, and cerebral connectivity. Hence, the so-called networktopathies may be a better term for the syndromes encountered clinically. An increasing array of metric tests are becoming available that complement that long standing history of qualitative bedside assessments pioneered by Alexander Luria, for example. An understanding of the vast panoply of frontal systems' syndromes has been pivotal in understanding and diagnosing the most common dementia syndrome under the age of 60, for example, frontotemporal lobe degeneration. New treatment options are also progressively becoming available, with recent evidence of dopaminergic augmentation, for example, being helpful in traumatic brain injury. The latter include not only psychopharmacological options but also device-based therapies including mirror visual feedback therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hoffmann
- Director Stroke and Cognitive Neurology Programs, James A. Haley Veterans' Hospital, 13000 Bruce B. Down's Boulevard, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- Cognitive Neurologist and Director SciBrain, Roskamp Neurosciences Institute, 2040 Whitfield Avenue, Sarasota, FL 34243, USA
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104
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Bortolozo EAFQ, Sauer E, Santos MDS, Baggio SR, Santos Junior GD, Farago PV, Cândido LMB, Pilatti LA. Supplementation with the omega-3 docosahexaenoic acid: influence on the lipid composition and fatty acid profile of human milk. REV NUTR 2013. [DOI: 10.1590/s1415-52732013000100003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: This study assessed the impact of supplementing the diet of women during pregnancy and lactation with fish oil containing the omega-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid, and its influence on the composition of human milk. METHODS: The sample comprised 60 women aged 18 to 38 years with appropriate dietary pattern, all of them healthy and nonsmokers. The intervention consisted of a daily supplementation with fish oil capsules that corresponded to a daily intake of 315mg of docosahexaenoic acid and 80mg of eicosapentaenoic acid during the third trimester of pregnancy and the first three months postpartum. The total fat content and fatty acid profile of their milk were determined by creamatocrit and gas chromatography. Descriptive statistics were used for data analysis and the significance level was set at p<0.05. RESULTS: There was no statistical difference between the fat contents of the study (fish oil capsules) and control (capsules containing corn starch as filler) groups. However, the milk of women taking fish oil contained higher docosahexaenoic and eicosapentaenoic acid levels 30 and 60 days after delivery. These results demonstrate that high omega-3 intake can influence its concentration in human milk. CONCLUSIONS: Given the importance of docosahexaenoic acid in the neonatal period, it is appropriate for pregnant and breastfeeding women to supplement on long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, which may be done by adding fish oil to the regular diet.
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105
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Jones KL, Will MJ, Hecht PM, Parker CL, Beversdorf DQ. Maternal diet rich in omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids during gestation and lactation produces autistic-like sociability deficits in adult offspring. Behav Brain Res 2013; 238:193-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2012.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Revised: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Abstract
The effects of sunflower oil, olive oil, margarine, soybean oil and butter on cholesterol and triglyceride levels were investigated in the brain of rats. Rats were fed with a diet containing 15% of the oils for a period of 8 weeks. The rats were then decapitated, brain samples were removed, homogenized and cholesterol and TG levels were measured. Brain cholesterol and Triglycerides levels of all animals receiving different oils were significantly higher according to the contol except TG level of animals receiving margarine. Brain cholesterol levels of the vegetable oils were statistically higher than those receiving saturated oil. Thus, cholesterol level of the rats fed with olive oil group was significantly higher than that of the other groups but those receiving sunflower oil group and Triglycerides level of the animals receiving olive oil was significantly higher than that of the other groups except animal supplemented with soybean oil. Thus, it is concluded that brain lipid levels of rats are differently effected by various oils and mechanism of which needs to be investigated.
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107
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Ruxton CHS, Calder PC, Reed SC, Simpson MJA. The impact of long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on human health. Nutr Res Rev 2012; 18:113-29. [PMID: 19079899 DOI: 10.1079/nrr200497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A considerable literature has been published on the health benefits of fish, oil-rich fish and fish oils and their constituent long-chain (LC) n-3 PUFA. Evidence from epidemiological studies highlights the cardioprotective attributes of diets rich in fish, especially oil-rich fish. Data from intervention trials are consistent in suggesting that LC n-3 PUFA lower the risk of CVD, probably by the multiple mechanisms of lowering serum triacylglycerols, improving the LDL:HDL ratio, anti-arrhythmic effects on heart muscle, improved plaque stability, anti-thrombotic effects and reduced endothelial activation. Research indicates LC n-3 PUFA provision has an impact during development, and there is preliminary evidence that docosahexaenoic acid supplementation during pregnancy could optimise brain and retina development in the infant. LC n-3 PUFA are also postulated to ameliorate behavioural and mental health disturbances such as depression, schizophrenia, dementia and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. However, despite some positive evidence in each of these areas, use of LC n-3 PUFA in these conditions remains at the experimental stage. In the case of immune function, there is little doubt that LC n-3 PUFA have a positive effect. Although intervention trials in rheumatoid arthritis show strong evidence of benefit, evidence for efficacy in other inflammatory conditions, including Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, psoriasis, lupus, multiple sclerosis, cystic fibrosis and asthma, is inconsistent or inadequate. More promising evidence in some conditions may come from studies which attempt to modify the fetal environment using LC n-3 PUFA supplementation during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H S Ruxton
- Nutrition Communications, Front Lebanon, Cupar KY15 4EA, UK
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108
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Morse NL. Benefits of docosahexaenoic acid, folic acid, vitamin D and iodine on foetal and infant brain development and function following maternal supplementation during pregnancy and lactation. Nutrients 2012; 4:799-840. [PMID: 22852064 PMCID: PMC3407995 DOI: 10.3390/nu4070799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Revised: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Scientific literature is increasingly reporting on dietary deficiencies in many populations of some nutrients critical for foetal and infant brain development and function. PURPOSE To highlight the potential benefits of maternal supplementation with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and other important complimentary nutrients, including vitamin D, folic acid and iodine during pregnancy and/or breast feeding for foetal and/or infant brain development and/or function. METHODS English language systematic reviews, meta-analyses, randomised controlled trials, cohort studies, cross-sectional and case-control studies were obtained through searches on MEDLINE and the Cochrane Register of Controlled Trials from January 2000 through to February 2012 and reference lists of retrieved articles. Reports were selected if they included benefits and harms of maternal supplementation of DHA, vitamin D, folic acid or iodine supplementation during pregnancy and/or lactation. RESULTS Maternal DHA intake during pregnancy and/or lactation can prolong high risk pregnancies, increase birth weight, head circumference and birth length, and can enhance visual acuity, hand and eye co-ordination, attention, problem solving and information processing. Vitamin D helps maintain pregnancy and promotes normal skeletal and brain development. Folic acid is necessary for normal foetal spine, brain and skull development. Iodine is essential for thyroid hormone production necessary for normal brain and nervous system development during gestation that impacts childhood function. CONCLUSION Maternal supplementation within recommended safe intakes in populations with dietary deficiencies may prevent many brain and central nervous system malfunctions and even enhance brain development and function in their offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy L Morse
- Efamol Ltd., 14 Mole Business Park, Leatherhead KT22 7BA, UK.
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109
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Lee DY, Platt V, Bowen B, Louie K, Canaria CA, McMurray CT, Northen T. Resolving brain regions using nanostructure initiator mass spectrometry imaging of phospholipids. Integr Biol (Camb) 2012; 4:693-9. [PMID: 22543711 DOI: 10.1039/c2ib20043k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In a variety of neurological diseases, pathological progression is cell type and region specific. Previous reports suggest that mass spectrometry imaging has the potential to differentiate between brain regions enriched in specific cell types. Here, we utilized a matrix-free surface mass spectrometry approach, nanostructure initiator mass spectrometry (NIMS), to show that spatial distributions of multiple lipids can be used as a 'fingerprint' to discriminate between neuronal- and glial- enriched brain regions. In addition, glial cells from different brain regions can be distinguished based on unique lipid profiles. NIMS images were generated from sagittal brain sections and were matched with immunostained serial sections to define glial cell enriched areas. Tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS QTOF) on whole brain extracts was used to identify 18 phospholipids. Multivariate statistical analysis (Nonnegative Matrix Factorization) enhanced differentiation of brain regions and cell populations compared to single ion imaging methods. This analysis resolved brain regions that are difficult to distinguish using conventional stains but are known to have distinct physiological functions. This method accurately distinguished the frontal (or somatomotor) and dorsal (or retrosplenial) regions of the cortex from each other and from the pons region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do Yup Lee
- Lawrence Berkeley Laboratories, Life Sciences Division, 1 Cyclotron Rd., Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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110
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Dietary supplementation of female rats with elk velvet antler improves physical and neurological development of offspring. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2012; 2012:640680. [PMID: 22550542 PMCID: PMC3323865 DOI: 10.1155/2012/640680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Elk velvet antler (EVA) has a traditional use for promotion of general health. However, evidence of EVA effects at different lifestages is generally lacking. This paper investigated the effects of long-term maternal dietary EVA supplementation on physical, reflexological and neurological development of rat offspring. Female Wistar rats were fed standard chow or chow containing 10% EVA for 90 days prior to mating and throughout pregnancy and lactation. In each dietary group, 56 male and 56 female pups were assessed for physical, neuromotor, and reflexologic development postnatally. Among the examined physical developmental parameters, incisor eruption occurred one day earlier in pups nursing dams receiving EVA. Among neuromotor developmental parameters, duration of supported and unsupported standing was longer for pups nursing EVA supplemented dams. Acquisition of neurological reflex parameters (righting reflex, negative geotaxis, cliff avoidance acoustic startle) occurred earlier in pups nursing dams receiving EVA. Longterm maternal EVA supplementation prior to and during pregnancy and lactation accelerated certain physical, reflexologic, and neuromotor developmental milestones and caused no discernible adverse effects on developing offspring. The potential benefits of maternal EVA supplementation on postnatal development warrants further investigation to determine whether EVA can be endorsed for the promotion of maternal and child health.
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111
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de Souza AS, Rocha MS, Tavares do Carmo MDG. Effects of a normolipidic diet containing trans fatty acids during perinatal period on the growth, hippocampus fatty acid profile, and memory of young rats according to sex. Nutrition 2012; 28:458-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2011.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Revised: 07/13/2011] [Accepted: 08/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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112
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Sabel KG, Strandvik B, Petzold M, Lundqvist-Persson C. Motor, mental and behavioral developments in infancy are associated with fatty acid pattern in breast milk and plasma of premature infants. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2012; 86:183-8. [PMID: 22440244 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2012.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2011] [Revised: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate any association between infants' early development and PUFA concentrations in early breast milk and infants' plasma phospholipids at 44 weeks gestational age. Fifty-one premature infants were included. The quality of general movement was assessed at 3 months, and motor, mental and behavioral development at 3, 6, 10 and 18 months corrected age using Bayley's Scales of Infant Development (BSID-II). Linoleic acid, the major n-6/n-3 FA ratios, Mead acid and the EFA deficiency index in early breast milk were negatively associated with development up to 18 months of age. DHA and AA, respectively, in infants' plasma phospholipids was positively, but the AA/DHA ratio negatively, associated with development from 6 to 18 months of age. Our data suggest that the commonly found high n-6 concentration in breast milk is associated with less favorable motor, mental and behavioral development up to 18 months of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- K-G Sabel
- Borås Children's Hospital, Borås KGS, Sweden
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113
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Abstract
PURPOSE This article will summarize the current evidence on the effects of omega-3 fatty acids on prevention and treatment of mental illness. BACKGROUND Omega-3 fatty acids are involved in many physiologic processes. Since they cannot be made de novo in the body, they are considered essential nutrients. As the Western diet evolved, dietary intake of fatty acids has shifted to increased omega-6 fatty acids and decreased omega-3 fatty acids intake. These changes have been correlated with numerous differences in prevalence and course of mental illnesses. METHODS A MEDLINE search from 1966 to December 2010 was completed to identify studies comparing changes in symptoms, functioning, other outcomes, and/or side effects in patients treated with omega-3 fatty acids for mental illness. The studies were reviewed and reported by specific psychiatric disorder studied. CONCLUSIONS Omega-3 fatty acids play a role in many biologic functions. Epidemiologic data implicate omega-3 fatty acid deficiencies in many mental illnesses. Data are most robust for omega-3 fatty acids' role in affective disorders. However, data are conflicting, negative, or absent for most mental illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Gören
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA.
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114
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Nochera CL, Goossen LH, Brutus AR, Cristales M, Eastman B. Consumption of DHA + EPA by low-income women during pregnancy and lactation. Nutr Clin Pract 2011; 26:445-50. [PMID: 21724916 DOI: 10.1177/0884533611406133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ω-3-fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is important in infant brain development and maturation. The advisable intake of the ω-3 fatty acids DHA and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) for pregnant and lactating women is 300 mg/d or 9 g/month. The objective of this cross-sectional study was to test the hypothesis that low-income pregnant/or lactating women do not consume advisable amounts of DHA+EPA and to determine whether any of the measured demographic factors were related to DHA and EPA consumption. METHODS This study was conducted September 2007 to March 2008 and used the N-3 Fatty Acid Food Frequency Questionnaire for dietary assessment in a convenience sample of women (N = 68) enrolled in a local maternal infant health program. Women who reported fish or seafood allergies were excluded. The monthly consumption of DHA+EPA from food sources was measured, and participant race, ethnicity, country of origin, primary language, level of education, marital status, intake of prenatal vitamins containing DHA+EPA, and warnings of fish toxicity were assessed. The data were analyzed using 1-way analysis of variance and t tests. RESULTS The average reported DHA+EPA intake was 1.18 g/month across all race/ethnicities. African Americans consumed significantly more DHA+EPA, 2.79 g/month, compared with Hispanics (1.64 g) and Caucasians (0.93 g). United States natives consumed significantly more DHA+EPA than immigrants (2.45 g vs 1.55 g). CONCLUSIONS Low-income pregnant/and lactating women in the study consumed less than the advisable amounts of DHA+EPA. Both ethnicity and country of origin are related to DHA+EPA intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen L Nochera
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Grand Valley State University, 1 Campus Drive, Allendale, MI 49401, USA.
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115
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Magharious M, D'Onofrio PM, Hollander A, Zhu P, Chen J, Koeberle PD. Quantitative iTRAQ analysis of retinal ganglion cell degeneration after optic nerve crush. J Proteome Res 2011; 10:3344-62. [PMID: 21627321 DOI: 10.1021/pr2004055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are central nervous system (CNS) neurons that transmit visual information from the retina to the brain. Apoptotic RGC degeneration causes visual impairment that can be modeled by optic nerve crush. Neuronal apoptosis is also a salient feature of CNS trauma, ischemia (stroke), and diseases of the CNS such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, multiple sclerosis, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Optic nerve crush induces the apoptotic cell death of ∼ 70% of RGCs within the first 14 days after injury. This model is particularly attractive for studying adult neuron apoptosis because the time-course of RGC death is well established and axon regeneration within the myelinated optic nerve can be concurrently evaluated. Here, we performed a large scale iTRAQ proteomic study to identify and quantify proteins of the rat retina at 1, 3, 4, 7, 14, and 21 days after optic nerve crush. In total, 337 proteins were identified, and 110 were differentially regulated after injury. Of these, 58 proteins were upregulated (>1.3 ×), 46 were downregulated (<0.7 ×), and 6 showed both positive and negative regulation over 21 days, relative to normal retinas. Among the differentially expressed proteins, Thymosin-β4 showed an early upregulation at 3 days, the time-point that immediately precedes the induction of RGC apoptosis after injury. We examined the effect of exogenous Thymosin-β4 administration on RGC death after optic nerve injury. Intraocular injections of Thymosin-β4 significantly increased RGC survival by ∼ 3-fold compared to controls and enhanced axon regeneration after crush, demonstrating therapeutic potential for CNS insults. Overall, our study identified numerous proteins that are differentially regulated at key time-points after optic nerve crush, and how the temporal profiles of their expression parallel RGC death. This data will aid in the future development of novel therapeutics to promote neuronal survival and regeneration in the adult CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Magharious
- Graduate Department of Rehabilitation Science, University of Toronto, Canada
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116
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Escolano-Margarit MV, Ramos R, Beyer J, Csábi G, Parrilla-Roure M, Cruz F, Perez-Garcia M, Hadders-Algra M, Gil A, Decsi T, Koletzko BV, Campoy C. Prenatal DHA status and neurological outcome in children at age 5.5 years are positively associated. J Nutr 2011; 141:1216-23. [PMID: 21525247 DOI: 10.3945/jn.110.129635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Beneficial effects of perinatal DHA supply on later neurological development have been reported. We assessed the effects of maternal DHA supplementation on the neurological development of their children. Healthy pregnant women from Spain, Germany, and Hungary were randomly assigned to a dietary supplement consisting of either fish oil (FO) (500 mg/d DHA + 150 mg/d EPA), 400 μg/d 5-methyltetrahydrofolate, both, or placebo from wk 20 of gestation until delivery. Fatty acids in plasma and erythrocyte phospholipids (PL) were determined in maternal blood at gestational wk 20 and 30 and in cord and maternal blood at delivery. Neurological development was assessed with the Hempel examination at the age of 4 y and the Touwen examination at 5.5 y. Minor neurological dysfunction, neurological optimality score (NOS), and fluency score did not differ between groups at either age, but the odds of children with the maximal NOS score increased with every unit increment in cord blood DHA level at delivery in plasma PL (95% CI: 1.094-2.262), erythrocyte phosphatidylethanolamine (95% CI: 1.091-2.417), and erythrocyte phosphatidylcholine (95% CI: 1.003-2.643). We conclude that higher DHA levels in cord blood may be related to a better neurological outcome at 5.5 y of age.
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117
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Akter K, Gallo DA, Martin SA, Myronyuk N, Roberts RT, Stercula K, Raffa RB. A review of the possible role of the essential fatty acids and fish oils in the aetiology, prevention or pharmacotherapy of schizophrenia. J Clin Pharm Ther 2011; 37:132-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2710.2011.01265.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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118
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Fernandes FS, de Souza AS, do Carmo MDGT, Boaventura GT. Maternal intake of flaxseed-based diet (Linum usitatissimum) on hippocampus fatty acid profile: implications for growth, locomotor activity and spatial memory. Nutrition 2011; 27:1040-7. [PMID: 21439792 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2010.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2010] [Accepted: 11/06/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate flaxseed as a partial source of protein and an exclusive source of lipids and fibers in the development of the central nervous system by analyzing hippocampal fatty acid composition and cognitive and locomotor functions. METHODS Experimental diets were given to dams during preconception, pregnancy, and lactation and to their pups after weaning. Female Wistar rats were separated into three groups according to experimental diet: a control group (CG) and a flaxseed group (FG), fed ad libitum diets, and a modified control group (MCG), pair-fed with the FG. After weaning, the pups received their mothers' diets. After 30 d, eight males from each group were tested in a Morris water maze to assess learning, memory, and motor function. RESULTS The offspring of FG dams showed a lower body mass than CG dams, probably due to non-nutritional factors and an imbalance between ω-3 and ω-6 fatty acids of the seed, and displayed a higher concentration of α-linolenic acid, possibly suggesting inhibition of arachidonic acid synthesis. The content of docosahexaenoic acid in the hippocampus was higher in the FG followed by the MCG compared with the CG. Hippocampal docosahexaenoic acid content correlated with better spatial memory performance in the FG, whereas arachidonic acid content correlated with longer time in solving the task. CONCLUSION Flaxseed during perinatal and postweaning periods improves spatial memory to the detriment of growth. These findings indicate that there must be caution in encouraging the maternal intake of flaxseed during pregnancy and lactation.
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Personality traits and the effects of DHA supplementation in the budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulatus). Appl Anim Behav Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2010.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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120
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Evolutionary aspects of diet: the omega-6/omega-3 ratio and the brain. Mol Neurobiol 2011; 44:203-15. [PMID: 21279554 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-010-8162-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 327] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2010] [Accepted: 12/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Several sources of information suggest that human beings evolved on a diet that had a ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acids (FA) of about 1/1; whereas today, Western diets have a ratio of 10/1 to 20-25/1, indicating that Western diets are deficient in omega-3 FA compared with the diet on which humans evolved and their genetic patterns were established. Omega-6 and omega-3 FA are not interconvertible in the human body and are important components of practically all cell membranes. Studies with nonhuman primates and human newborns indicate that docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is essential for the normal functional development of the brain and retina, particularly in premature infants. DHA accounts for 40% of the membrane phospholipid FA in the brain. Both eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and DHA have an effect on membrane receptor function and even neurotransmitter generation and metabolism. There is growing evidence that EPA and DHA could play a role in hostility and violence in addition to the beneficial effects in substance abuse disorders and alcoholism. The balance of omega-6 and omega-3 FA is important for homeostasis and normal development throughout the life cycle.
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Short Term Dietary Fish Oil Supplementation Improves Motor Deficiencies Related to Reserpine-Induced Parkinsonism in Rats. Lipids 2010; 46:143-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s11745-010-3514-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2010] [Accepted: 12/01/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Trevizol F, Benvegnú DM, Barcelos RCS, Boufleur N, Dolci GS, Müller LG, Pase CS, Reckziegel P, Dias VT, Segat H, Teixeira AM, Emanuelli T, Rocha JBT, Bürger ME. Comparative study between n-6, trans and n-3 fatty acids on repeated amphetamine exposure: a possible factor for the development of mania. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2010; 97:560-5. [PMID: 21078338 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2010.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2010] [Revised: 11/04/2010] [Accepted: 11/06/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In the last decades, foods rich in omega-3 (ω-3) fatty acids (FA) have been replaced by omega-6 (ω-6) and trans FA, which are found in processed foods. The influence of ω-6 (soybean oil--SO), trans (hydrogenated vegetable fat--HVF) and ω-3 (fish oil--FO) fatty acids on locomotor and oxidative stress (OS) parameters were studied in an animal model of mania. Rats orally fed with SO, HVF and FO for 8 weeks received daily injections of amphetamine (AMPH--4 mg/kg/mL-ip) for the last week of oral supplementation. HVF induced hyperactivity, increased the protein carbonyl levels in the cortex and decreased the mitochondrial viability in cortex and striatum. AMPH-treatment increased the locomotion and decreased the mitochondrial viability in all groups, but its neurotoxicity was higher in the HVF group. Similarly, AMPH administration increased the protein carbonyl levels in striatum and cortex of HVF-supplemented rats. AMPH reduced the vitamin-C plasmatic levels of SO and HVF-fed rats, whereas no change was observed in the FO group. Our findings suggest that trans fatty acids increased the oxidative damage per se and exacerbated the AMPH-induced effects. The impact of trans fatty acids consumption on neuronal diseases and its consequences in brain functions must be further evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabíola Trevizol
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
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Rituper B, Davletov B, Zorec R. Lipid–protein interactions in exocytotic release of hormones and neurotransmitters. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.2217/clp.10.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Brundige DR, Maga EA, Klasing KC, Murray JD. Consumption of pasteurized human lysozyme transgenic goats' milk alters serum metabolite profile in young pigs. Transgenic Res 2010; 19:563-74. [PMID: 19847666 PMCID: PMC2902735 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-009-9334-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2009] [Accepted: 10/08/2009] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Nutrition, bacterial composition of the gastrointestinal tract, and general health status can all influence the metabolic profile of an organism. We previously demonstrated that feeding pasteurized transgenic goats' milk expressing human lysozyme (hLZ) can positively impact intestinal morphology and modulate intestinal microbiota composition in young pigs. The objective of this study was to further examine the effect of consuming hLZ-containing milk on young pigs by profiling serum metabolites. Pigs were placed into two groups and fed a diet of solid food and either control (non-transgenic) goats' milk or milk from hLZ-transgenic goats for 6 weeks. Serum samples were collected at the end of the feeding period and global metabolite profiling was performed. For a total of 225 metabolites (160 known, 65 unknown) semi-quantitative data was obtained. Levels of 18 known and 4 unknown metabolites differed significantly between the two groups with the direction of change in 13 of the 18 known metabolites being almost entirely congruent with improved health status, particularly in terms of the gastrointestinal tract health and immune response, with the effects of the other five being neutral or unknown. These results further support our hypothesis that consumption of hLZ-containing milk is beneficial to health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dottie R. Brundige
- Department of Animal Science, Meyer Hall, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Elizabeth A. Maga
- Department of Animal Science, Meyer Hall, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Kirk C. Klasing
- Department of Animal Science, Meyer Hall, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - James D. Murray
- Department of Animal Science, Meyer Hall, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 USA
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 USA
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Heinrichs SC. Dietary omega-3 fatty acid supplementation for optimizing neuronal structure and function. Mol Nutr Food Res 2010; 54:447-56. [PMID: 20112300 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200900201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Direct actions of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) on neuronal composition, neurochemical signaling and cognitive function constitute a multidisciplinary rationale for classification of dietary lipids as "brain foods." The validity of this conclusion rests upon accumulated mechanistic evidence that omega-3 fatty acids actually regulate neurotransmission in the normal nervous system, principally by modulating membrane biophysical properties and presynaptic vesicular release of classical amino acid and amine neurotransmitters. The functional correlate of this hypothesis, that certain information processing and affective coping responses of the central nervous system are facilitated by bioavailability of omega-3 fatty acids, is tentatively supported by developmental and epidemiological evidence that dietary deficiency of omega-3 fatty acids results in diminished synaptic plasticity and impaired learning, memory and emotional coping performance later in life. The present review critically examines available evidence for the promotion in modern society of omega-3 fatty acids as adaptive neuromodulators capable of efficacy as dietary supplements and as potential prophylactic nutraceuticals for neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders.
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126
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Fontani G, Lodi L, Migliorini S, Corradeschi F. Effect of omega-3 and policosanol supplementation on attention and reactivity in athletes. J Am Coll Nutr 2010; 28 Suppl:473S-481S. [PMID: 20234035 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2009.10718114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of omega-3 fatty acids and policosanol supplementation on the cognitive processes involved in the control of reactivity in karateka engaged in attention tests. METHODS Eighteen karateka were randomly assigned to 2 groups. One group (10 subjects) took the supplement of omega-3 fatty acids (2.25 g) plus policosanol (10 mg) (O3 + P) for 21 days, and the other group was supplemented with placebo (oleic sunflower oil). Subjects were tested at the beginning of the experiment (Test 1), after 21 days (Test 2), and after 42 days (Test 3). The experimental procedure consisted of an Alert and a Sustained Attention (SA) reaction time test: the subject had to react by pressing a key of a computer keyboard in Alert and a sequence of 3 keys in SA in response to stimuli, activating a complex go/no-go paradigm. For each test, we recorded the reaction time and the event-related potentials by electroencephalogram and electromyography (EMG) of the forefinger flexor muscle. The Profile of Mood States (POMS) test was also administered. RESULTS After 21 days of supplementation, subjects who received O3 + P showed a reduced reaction time and increased vigor sensation associated with a reduction of the negative states measured with the POMS test. Analysis of the event-related brain potentials showed a reduced latency of the movement-related brain macropotentials. In particular, the potentials recorded in the premotor period and motor period occurred earlier and the latency of EMG activation was reduced. In the third test, 21 days after the last O3 + P supplementation, the positive effects on the mood state persisted, while the reaction time, EMG, and brain potential latencies increased, although their values remained lower than in the first test. The placebo group did not show any significant differences in Tests 2 and 3 compared to Test 1 for either POMS or reactivity and brain potentials. CONCLUSIONS Supplementation with O3 + P may be effective in improving mood state and reactivity. The reaction time reduction appears to be due to a central nervous system effect, as shown by the reduced latency of movement-related brain macropotentials and EMG activation. These results are in line with previous experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuliano Fontani
- Department of Physiology, University of Siena, Via A. Moro 2, I-53100 Siena, Italy.
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127
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Santillán ME, Vincenti LM, Martini AC, de Cuneo MF, Ruiz RD, Mangeaud A, Stutz G. Developmental and neurobehavioral effects of perinatal exposure to diets with different omega-6:omega-3 ratios in mice. Nutrition 2010; 26:423-31. [PMID: 19931417 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2009.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2008] [Revised: 05/28/2009] [Accepted: 06/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate in mice the effect of diets enriched with soy or sunflower oil with different omega-6:omega-3 ratios on gestation, reproductive success, physical maturation, and the neurobiological development of the pups. METHODS Dams were assigned, throughout gestation and lactation, to different groups: a commercial diet (CD), a soy oil-enriched diet (SOD), or a sunflower oil-enriched diet (SFOD). Measurements during gestation were dams' body weights and daily food intakes. Measurements in the offspring were physical parameters (body weight, body length, body mass index, fur appearance, pinna detachment, incisor eruption, eye opening, and puberty onset) and behavioral preweaning tests (surface righting reflex, negative geotaxis, and cliff avoidance). RESULTS The SOD and SFOD dams became significantly heavier than the CD dams from gestational days 14 and 19, respectively, to parturition. There were no significant differences in gestational length or food consumption during pregnancy or lactation or in maternal weight during lactation. Diets did not modify litter size, sex ratio, survival index at weaning, or body weight. The SFOD and SOD offspring were significantly shorter than the CD offspring at weaning. The mean offspring physical scores of SOD and SFOD offspring were higher than CD offspring and simple reflexes were earlier in the SOD and SFOD groups. In SFOD offspring, puberty onset was significantly delayed, at postnatal days 26 and 27 in male and female offspring, respectively. CONCLUSION This study suggests that the maintenance of an adequate omega-6:omega-3 ratio is necessary for the optimal growth and development of murine offspring. In populations that do not have sufficient provision of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the diet, their consumption would be advisable during gestation and lactation because these improve most neurodevelopmental outcomes included in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- María E Santillán
- Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.
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Berman DR, Liu YQ, Barks J, Mozurkewich E. Docosahexaenoic acid confers neuroprotection in a rat model of perinatal hypoxia-ischemia potentiated by Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide-induced systemic inflammation. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2010; 202:469.e1-6. [PMID: 20356570 PMCID: PMC3535291 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2010.01.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2009] [Revised: 01/19/2009] [Accepted: 01/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Lipopolysaccharide pretreatment potentiates hypoxic ischemic injury. We hypothesized that docosahexaenoic acid pretreatment would improve function and reduce brain volume loss in this rat model of perinatal brain injury and inflammation. STUDY DESIGN Seven-day-old rats were divided into 3 groups: intraperitoneal docosahexaenoic acid 1 mg/kg and lipopolysaccharide 0.1 mg/kg, 25% albumin and lipopolysaccharide, and normal saline. Injections were given 2.5 hours before carotid ligation, followed by 90 minutes 8% O2. Rats underwent sensorimotor function testing and brain volume loss assessment on postnatal day 14. RESULTS Docosahexaenoic acid pretreatment improved vibrissae forepaw placing scores compared with albumin/lipopolysaccharide (mean+/-standard deviation weighted score/20: 17.72+/-0.92 docosahexaenoic acid/lipopolysaccharide vs 13.83+/-0.82 albumin/lipopolysaccharide; P<.007). Albumin/lipopolysaccharide rats scores were worse than those of the normal saline/normal saline rats (13.83+/-0.82 vs 17.21+/-0.71; P=.076). No significant differences in brain volume loss were observed among groups. CONCLUSION Lipopolysaccharide inflammatory stimulation in conjunction with hypoxic ischemic resulted in poorer function than hypoxic ischemic alone. Docosahexaenoic acid pretreatment had significantly improved function in neonatal rats exposed to lipopolysaccharide and hypoxic ischemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah R Berman
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
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129
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Kotrschal A, Taborsky B. Environmental change enhances cognitive abilities in fish. PLoS Biol 2010; 8:e1000351. [PMID: 20386729 PMCID: PMC2850384 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1000351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2009] [Accepted: 03/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cichlid fish subjected to a single change in food ration early in life show enhanced learning abilities during juvenile and adult stages. Flexible or innovative behavior is advantageous, especially when animals are exposed to frequent and unpredictable environmental perturbations. Improved cognitive abilities can help animals to respond quickly and adequately to environmental dynamics, and therefore changing environments may select for higher cognitive abilities. Increased cognitive abilities can be attained, for instance, if environmental change during ontogeny triggers plastic adaptive responses improving the learning capacity of exposed individuals. We tested the learning abilities of fishes in response to experimental variation of environmental quality during ontogeny. Individuals of the cichlid fish Simochromis pleurospilus that experienced a change in food ration early in life outperformed fish kept on constant rations in a learning task later in life—irrespective of the direction of the implemented change and the mean rations received. This difference in learning abilities between individuals remained constant between juvenile and adult stages of the same fish tested 1 y apart. Neither environmental enrichment nor training through repeated neural stimulation can explain our findings, as the sensory environment was kept constant and resource availability was changed only once. Instead, our results indicate a pathway by which a single change in resource availability early in life permanently enhances the learning abilities of animals. Early perturbations of environmental quality may signal the developing individual that it lives in a changing world, requiring increased cognitive abilities to construct adequate behavioral responses. Animals with higher cognitive abilities should be better capable of producing new, modified, or innovative behaviors as this ability could allow them to cope better with unpredictable environmental changes. Changing environments may hence select for higher cognitive abilities. Similarly, changing conditions during ontogeny can cause plastic responses, helping individuals to adapt to their current environment. In this study, we have used the cichlid fish Simochromis pleurospilus to show experimentally that individuals subjected to a change in food ration early in life (i.e., low to high or vice versa) outperform fish kept on constant rations in a learning task later in life. Remarkably, this result was independent of the direction of the implemented change or the average amount of food each fish received, and the results in the juvenile stage did not change in adulthood. Our results suggest that a single environmental change early in life might enhance cognitive abilities in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Kotrschal
- Behavioral Ecology, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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130
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Watanabe RLH, Andrade IS, Zemdegs JCS, Albuquerque KT, Nascimento CMO, Oyama LM, Carmo MGT, Nogueira MI, Ribeiro EB. Prolonged consumption of soy or fish-oil-enriched diets differentially affects the pattern of hypothalamic neuronal activation induced by refeeding in rats. Nutr Neurosci 2010; 12:242-8. [PMID: 19925717 DOI: 10.1179/147683009x423472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
We used c-Fos immunoreactivity to estimate neuronal activation in hypothalamic feeding-regulatory areas of 3-month-old rats fed control or oil-enriched diets (soy or fish) since weaning. While no diet effect was observed in c-Fos immunoreactivity of 24-h fasted animals, the acute response to refeeding was modified by both hyperlipidic diets but with different patterns. Upon refeeding, control-diet rats had significantly increased c-Fos immunoreactivity only in the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVH, 142%). In soy-diet rats, refeeding with the soy diet increased c-Fos immunoreactivity in dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus (DMH, 271%) and lateral hypothalamic area (LH, 303%). Refeeding fish-diet rats with the fish diet increased c-Fos immunoreactivity in PVH (161%), DMH (177%), VMH (81%), and ARC (127%). Compared to the fish-diet, c-Fos immunoreactivity was increased in LH by the soy-diet while it was decreased in ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMH) and arcuate hypothalamic nucleus (ARC). Based on the known roles of the activated nuclei, it is suggested that, unlike the fish-diet, the soy-diet induced a potentially obesogenic profile, with high LH and low VMH/PVH activation after refeeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina L H Watanabe
- Dept of Physiology, Division of Nutrition Physiology, Federal University of São Paulo, 04023-060 São Paulo, Brazil
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131
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Neurofeedback for autistic spectrum disorder: a review of the literature. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback 2010; 35:83-105. [PMID: 19856096 DOI: 10.1007/s10484-009-9117-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
There is a need for effective interventions to address the core symptoms and problems associated with autistic spectrum disorder (ASD). Behavior therapy improves communication and behavioral functioning. Additional treatment options include psychopharmacological and biomedical interventions. Although these approaches help children with autistic problems, they may be associated with side effects, risks or require ongoing or long-term treatment. Neurofeedback is a noninvasive approach shown to enhance neuroregulation and metabolic function in ASD. We present a review of the literature on the application of Neurofeedback to the multiple problems associated with ASD. Directions for future research are discussed.
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132
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Schuchardt JP, Huss M, Stauss-Grabo M, Hahn A. Significance of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) for the development and behaviour of children. Eur J Pediatr 2010; 169:149-64. [PMID: 19672626 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-009-1035-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2009] [Accepted: 07/20/2009] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
omega-6 and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) play a central role in the normal development and functioning of the brain and central nervous system. Long-chain PUFAs (LC-PUFAs) such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C20:5omega-3), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6omega-3) and arachidonic acid (AA, C20:4omega-6), in particular, are involved in numerous neuronal processes, ranging from effects on membrane fluidity to gene expression regulation. Deficiencies and imbalances of these nutrients, not only during the developmental phase but throughout the whole life span, have significant effects on brain function. Numerous observational studies have shown a link between childhood developmental disorders and omega-6:omega-3 fatty acid imbalances. For instance, neurocognitive disorders such as attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), dyslexia, dyspraxia and autism spectrum disorders are often associated with a relative lack of omega-3 fatty acids. In addition to a high omega-6 fatty acid intake and, in many cases, an insufficient supply of omega-3 fatty acids among the population, evidence is increasing to suggest that PUFA metabolism can be impaired in individuals with ADHD. In this context, PUFA imbalances are being discussed as potential risk factors for neurodevelopmental disorders. Another focus is whether the nutritive PUFA requirements-especially long-chain omega-3 fatty acid requirements-are higher among some individuals. Meanwhile, several controlled studies investigated the clinical benefits of LC-PUFA supplementation in affected children and adolescents, with occasionally conflicting results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Philipp Schuchardt
- Institute of Food Science, Nutrition physiology and human nutrition unit, Leibniz University of Hanover, Am Kleinen Felde 30, 30167 Hanover, Germany.
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133
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Overview of Diet-Gene Interactions and the Example of Xanthophylls. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010; 698:17-26. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-7347-4_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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134
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Morse NL. A meta-analysis of blood fatty acids in people with learning disorders with particular interest in arachidonic acid. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2009; 81:373-89. [PMID: 19819683 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2009.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2009] [Accepted: 09/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Small individual studies report that people with learning disorders have lower than normal blood concentrations of docosahexaenoic acid and arachidonic acid. The origin and consequence of the subnormal docosahexaenoic acid have been much speculated. However, relatively little attention has been paid to the significance of the low arachidonic acid concentration. Studies were identified through a literature search including subjects with various learning disorders or symptoms thereof and age-matched controls. A meta-analysis of pooled data from the red blood cell and plasma/serum showed that red blood cell arachidonic acid and docosahexanoic acid concentrations were significantly lower than normal [-3.93 and -18.92, respectively (weighted mean difference as a % of weighted mean control)]. Plasma/serum arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid concentrations were also significantly lower than normal [-6.99 and -15.66, respectively (weighted mean difference as a % of weighted mean control)]. However, in absolute amounts the arachidonic acid was as severely depressed as docosahexanoic acid within red blood cells 0.57mg/100mg of fatty acid below normal verses 0.59mg/100mg for docosahexaenoic acid. Plasma/serum arachidonic acid was even lower; 0.71mg/100mg of fatty acid below normal verses 0.34mg/100mg for docosahexaenoic acid. The origin, consequences and relative importance of subnormal arachidonic acid to brain function bears further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- N L Morse
- Efamol Ltd., 14 The Mole Business Park, Leatherhead, Surrey KT22 7BA, UK.
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135
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Dufault R, Schnoll R, Lukiw WJ, LeBlanc B, Cornett C, Patrick L, Wallinga D, Gilbert SG, Crider R. Mercury exposure, nutritional deficiencies and metabolic disruptions may affect learning in children. BEHAVIORAL AND BRAIN FUNCTIONS : BBF 2009; 5:44. [PMID: 19860886 PMCID: PMC2773803 DOI: 10.1186/1744-9081-5-44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2009] [Accepted: 10/27/2009] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Among dietary factors, learning and behavior are influenced not only by nutrients, but also by exposure to toxic food contaminants such as mercury that can disrupt metabolic processes and alter neuronal plasticity. Neurons lacking in plasticity are a factor in neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism and mental retardation. Essential nutrients help maintain normal neuronal plasticity. Nutritional deficiencies, including deficiencies in the long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, the amino acid methionine, and the trace minerals zinc and selenium, have been shown to influence neuronal function and produce defects in neuronal plasticity, as well as impact behavior in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Nutritional deficiencies and mercury exposure have been shown to alter neuronal function and increase oxidative stress among children with autism. These dietary factors may be directly related to the development of behavior disorders and learning disabilities. Mercury, either individually or in concert with other factors, may be harmful if ingested in above average amounts or by sensitive individuals. High fructose corn syrup has been shown to contain trace amounts of mercury as a result of some manufacturing processes, and its consumption can also lead to zinc loss. Consumption of certain artificial food color additives has also been shown to lead to zinc deficiency. Dietary zinc is essential for maintaining the metabolic processes required for mercury elimination. Since high fructose corn syrup and artificial food color additives are common ingredients in many foodstuffs, their consumption should be considered in those individuals with nutritional deficits such as zinc deficiency or who are allergic or sensitive to the effects of mercury or unable to effectively metabolize and eliminate it from the body.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roseanne Schnoll
- Department of Health and Nutrition Sciences, Brooklyn College of CUNY, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Walter J Lukiw
- Departments of Neuroscience and Ophthalmology, LSU Neuroscience Center. Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | | | - Charles Cornett
- Department of Chemistry and Engineering Physics, University of Wisconsin-Platteville, Platteville, WI, USA
| | - Lyn Patrick
- Contributing Editor, Alternative Medicine Review, Durango, CO, USA
| | - David Wallinga
- Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Steven G Gilbert
- Institute of Neurotoxicology and Neurological Disorders, 8232 14th Avenue NE, Seattle, WA, USA
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136
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Excess omega-3 fatty acid consumption by mothers during pregnancy and lactation caused shorter life span and abnormal ABRs in old adult offspring. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2009; 32:171-81. [PMID: 19818397 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2009.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2009] [Revised: 09/25/2009] [Accepted: 09/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Consuming omega-3 fatty acids (omega-3 FA) during pregnancy and lactation is beneficial to fetal and infant development and might reduce the incidence and severity of preterm births by prolonging pregnancy. Consequently, supplementing maternal diets with large amounts of omega-3 FA is gaining acceptance. However, both over- and under-supplementation with omega-3 FA can harm offspring development. Adverse fetal and neonatal conditions in general can enhance age-related neural degeneration, shorten life span and cause other adult-onset disorders. We hypothesized that maternal over- and under-nutrition with omega-3 FA would shorten the offspring's life span and enhance neural degeneration in old adulthood. To test these hypotheses, female Wistar rats were randomly assigned to one of the three diet conditions starting from day 1 of pregnancy through the entire period of pregnancy and lactation. The three diets were Control omega-3 FA (omega-3/omega-6 ratio approximately 0.14), Excess omega-3 FA (omega-3/omega-6 ratio approximately 14.5) and Deficient omega-3 FA (omega-3/omega-6 ratio approximately 0% ratio). When possible, one male and female offspring from each litter were assessed for life span and sensory/neural degeneration (n=15 litters/group). The Excess offspring had shorter life spans compared to their Control and Deficient cohorts (mean+/-SEM=506+/-24, 601+/-14 and 585+/-21 days, p<or=0.004) when the study terminated on postnatal day 640. The Excess offspring had a higher incidence of presbycusis than the Control and Deficient groups (33.3, 4.3 and 4.5%, p=0.011) and a persistence of other sensory/neurological abnormalities and lower body weights in old adulthood. In conclusion, omega-3 FA over-nutrition or imbalance during pregnancy and lactation had adverse effects on life span and sensory/neurological function in old adulthood. The adverse outcomes in the Excess offspring were likely due to a "nutritional toxicity" during fetal and/or neonatal development that programmed them for life-long health disorders. The health implication is that consuming or administering large amounts of omega-3 FA during pregnancy and lactation seems inadvisable because of adverse effects on the offspring.
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Vitale N, Thiersé D, Bader MF. Melittin promotes exocytosis in neuroendocrine cells through the activation of phospholipase A₂. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 165:111-6. [PMID: 19800928 DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2009.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2009] [Revised: 09/17/2009] [Accepted: 09/24/2009] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Regulated exocytosis requires the formation of trans-SNARE complexes that assemble at the interface between vesicles and the plasma membrane. Recent evidence has also highlighted the importance of lipid dynamic in this process. For instance, small cone-shaped lipids generating membrane curvature of the plasma membrane are synthesized at the exocytotic sites. Among those lipids, phosphatidic acid (PA) synthesized through the activity of phospholipase D (PLD) has been recently shown to be necessary to hormonal release in various cell types as well as in neurotransmitter release. In this paper we examined the possible role of arachidonic acid (AA), a fatty acid that is generated by the activity of phospholipase A₂ (PLA₂). Melittin a well-known activator of PLA₂ was found to concomitantly promote catecholamine and chromogranin A (CGA) release in a calcium-dependent manner and also to increase AA synthesis in chromaffin cells. The effects of melittin on exocytosis and AA synthesis did not involve heterotrimeric G protein activation, but were suppressed by PLA₂ inhibitors. Accordingly addition of exogenous PLA₂ stimulated AA synthesis and catecholamine release in permeabilized chromaffin cells, whereas provision of exogenous AA directly increased exocytosis. These results suggest that AA produced by PLA₂ activation during exocytosis may play an important regulatory role in hormonal and neurotransmitter release. The possibility that CGA-derived peptides released during exocytosis mimic the activity of melittin is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Vitale
- Département Neurotransmission & Sécrétion Neuroendocrine, Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives (UPR-3212), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique & Université de Strasbourg, 5 Rue Blaise Pascal, 67084 Strasbourg, France.
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139
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Delayed cell migration in the developing rat brain following maternal omega 3 alpha linolenic acid dietary deficiency. Neuroscience 2009; 162:1011-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2009] [Revised: 05/04/2009] [Accepted: 05/06/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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140
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Raz R, Gabis L. Essential fatty acids and attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review. Dev Med Child Neurol 2009; 51:580-92. [PMID: 19549202 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8749.2009.03351.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
AIM Essential fatty acids (EFAs), also known as omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, have been claimed to have beneficial effects as a treatment for attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Animal experiments have provided information about the role of EFA in the brain, and several mechanisms of EFA activity are well known. The current review provides an updated, systematic overview of the theory and use of EFA in ADHD. METHOD Clinical studies and review papers of EFA blood levels and EFA supplementation trials in children with ADHD were researched in the Medline PubMed database. Additional studies were found from the references of these reports. RESULTS Children with ADHD present lower levels of blood EFAs, and open-label EFA supplementation trials in ADHD raise EFA blood levels and improve symptoms of ADHD. Randomized controlled trials, however, have generally been unsuccessful in demonstrating any behavioural treatment effects. INTERPRETATION Current findings do not support the use of EFA supplements as a primary or supplementary treatment for children with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raanan Raz
- Weinberg Child Development Centre, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Centre, Tel-Hashomer, Israel.
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141
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Abstract
The long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC-PUFA) intake in preterm infants is crucial for normal central nervous system development and has the potential for long-lasting effects that extend beyond the period of dietary insufficiency. While much attention has focused on improving their nutritional intake, many premature infants do not receive an adequate DHA supply. We demonstrate that enterally fed premature infants exhibit daily DHA deficit of 20mg/kg.d, representing 44% of the DHA that should have been accumulated. Furthermore, the DHA content of human milk and current preterm formulas cannot compensate for an early DHA deficit which may occur during the first month of life. We recommend breast-feeding, which supplies preformed LC-PUFA, as the preferred method of feeding for preterm infants. However, to fulfill the specific DHA requirement of these infants, we recommend increasing the DHA content of human milk either by providing the mothers with a DHA supplement or by adding DHA directly to the milk. Increasing the DHA content above 1% total fatty acids appears to be safe and may enhance neurological development particularly that of infants with a birth weight below 1250 g. We estimate that human milk and preterm formula should contain approximately 1.5% of fatty acid as DHA to prevent the appearance of a DHA deficit and to compensate for the early DHA deficit.
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142
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Barcelos RCS, Benvegnú DM, Boufleur N, Reckziegel P, Müller LG, Pase C, Emanuelli T, Bürger ME. Effects of omega-3 essential fatty acids (omega-3 EFAs) on motor disorders and memory dysfunction typical neuroleptic-induced: behavioral and biochemical parameter. Neurotox Res 2009; 17:228-37. [PMID: 19644727 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-009-9095-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2009] [Revised: 06/29/2009] [Accepted: 07/20/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The effects of fish oil supplementation on motor disorders, memory dysfunction, and lipid peroxidation (LP) induced by typical neuroleptics were studied. Wistar rats received a suspension prepared with fish oil containing omega-3 fatty acids, water, and Tween 80 (1%) in the place of drinking water (FO group) or vehicle (C group) for 8 weeks. After 4 weeks of treatment, half of the animals of both groups were treated with haloperidol (H and FO + H groups; experiment 1), fluphenazine (F and FO + F groups; experiment 2), or vehicle (C group), administered once a week (12 mg/kg/im) for 4 weeks, maintaining the treatment with FO. Extrapyramidal motor disorders by haloperidol and fluphenazine were observed by an increase in vacuous chewing movements and catalepsy (P < 0.05). These effects were reduced by FO treatment (P < 0.05). Both neuroleptics displayed impairment in memory retention observed by latency time to find the original location of platform in water-maze task, after 4 days of training performed in the last treatment week. This effect was reduced by FO (P < 0.05) to both haloperidol and fluphenazine treatments. Haloperidol increased the LP in plasma and hippocampus, and these effects were decreased by FO treatment (P < 0.05). Fluphenazine increased the LP in plasma and substantia nigra, which were completely decreased by FO treatment (P < 0.05). The FO decreased the motor disorders, memory dysfunction, and oxidative damage typical neuroleptic-induced. Our results indicate that FO exhibits a neuroprotector role useful on diseases related to oxidative damages, and may be considered in the prevention of motor and memory side effects induced by the antipsychotic treatment.
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143
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Dirix CEH, Hornstra G, Nijhuis JG. Fetal learning and memory: weak associations with the early essential polyunsaturated fatty acid status. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2009; 80:207-12. [PMID: 19303277 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2009.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2008] [Accepted: 02/03/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
To study the potential associations between fetal brain functions and the early essential polyunsaturated fatty acid (ePUFA) status, fetal learning and memory were assessed by repeated habituation rate measurements (HR) in fetuses of 30, 32, 34 or 36 weeks gestational age (GA). HR tests were repeated 10 min later. Both measurements were replicated in a second session at GA 38. Fetal short-term memory (STM) and long-term memory (LTM) were calculated from these habituation rates and related to concentrations of ePUFAs and their status markers, measured in umbilical artery wall phospholipids. The only relevant associations observed were positive trends (0.010<p<0.050) between STM measured before 38 weeks GA and concentrations of the ePUFA status markers Mead acid and Mead acid+dihomo-Mead acid, and between LTM and levels of Osbond acid, a marker of the n-3 LCPUFA status. Although these weak associations may imply some negative relationships between fetal brain functions and the early ePUFA status, we concluded that physiological differences in the availability of these fatty acids may probably not determine the differences in these primitive brain functions during the third trimester of fetal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E H Dirix
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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144
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Valenzuela B A. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), an essential fatty acid for the proper functioning of neuronal cells: their role in mood disorders. GRASAS Y ACEITES 2009. [DOI: 10.3989/gya.085208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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145
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Berman DR, Mozurkewich E, Liu Y, Barks J. Docosahexaenoic acid pretreatment confers neuroprotection in a rat model of perinatal cerebral hypoxia-ischemia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2009; 200:305.e1-6. [PMID: 19254588 PMCID: PMC2824338 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2009.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2008] [Revised: 12/28/2008] [Accepted: 01/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that pretreatment with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), a potentially neuroprotective polyunsaturated fatty acid, would improve function and reduce brain damage in a rat model of perinatal hypoxia-ischemia. STUDY DESIGN Seven-day-old rats were divided into 3 treatment groups that received intraperitoneal injections of DHA 1, 2.5, or 5 mg/kg as DHA-albumin complex and 3 controls that received 25% albumin, saline, or no injection. Subsequently, rats underwent right carotid ligation followed by 90 minutes of 8% oxygen. Rats underwent sensorimotor testing (vibrissae-stimulated forepaw placing) and morphometric assessment of right-sided tissue loss on postnatal day 14. RESULTS DHA pretreatment improved forepaw placing response to near-normal levels (9.5 +/- 0.9 treatment vs 7.1 +/- 2.2 controls; normal = 10; P < .0001). DHA attenuated hemisphere damage compared with controls (P = .0155), with particular benefit in the hippocampus with 1 mg/kg (38% protection vs albumin controls). CONCLUSION DHA pretreatment improves functional outcome and reduces volume loss after hypoxia-ischemia in neonatal rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah R Berman
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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146
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Fronte B, Paci G, Montanari G, Bagliacca M. Learning ability of 1-d-old partridges (Alectoris rufa) from eggs laid by hens fed with different n-3 fatty acid concentrations. Br Poult Sci 2009; 49:776-80. [PMID: 19093252 DOI: 10.1080/00071660802433115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
1. The diets of commercial strains of laying partridge are usually lower in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and n-3 fatty acids than the diets of wild partridges. The aim of this experiment was to examine the effects of three different PUFA and n-3 concentrations in partridge laying diets. 2. Offspring learning ability (passive avoidance test of 1-d-old chicks) was used to assess the effect of three different maternal diets (144 chicks were tested for each diet). A negative experience, allowing the bird to peck a bead bathed in a bitter liquid (methyl anthranilate-MA), was used for this purpose. The adults had been fed one of three different diets with n-3 contents of 0.48, 4.04 or 7.60 g/kg. 3. There was better memory retention in the offspring of adults fed the intermediate n-3 content compared to those fed the lower content. Discrimination ratio (DR) of the latency time toward the wrong (red) bead was less for the lower n-3 content (0.48) than for the middle n-3 PUFA content (0.43). DR of the number of pecks toward the wrong beads was greater for the lower n-3 content (0.51) than for the middle n-3 PUFA content (0.71). 4. The partridges fed the diet containing the lowest concentration of n-3 and PUFA were unable to express the expected behavioural score (neural embryo development index) given the genetic characteristics of the animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Fronte
- Dipartimento di Produzioni Animali, Università degli Studi di Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
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147
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Neuronal depletion of omega-3 fatty acids induces flax seed dietary self-selection in the rat. Brain Res 2008; 1250:113-9. [PMID: 19028468 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.10.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2008] [Revised: 10/27/2008] [Accepted: 10/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The impact of essential dietary fatty acid deficiency on self-selection of fatty acid enriched foods is little studied in spite of widespread health promotion claims for fatty acid supplemented diets. Accordingly, the present studies investigated the consequences of consumption over four weeks of omega-3 fatty acid replete and deficient diets on dietary fatty acid self-selection and brain lipid composition in rats. Dietary omega-3 fatty acid deficiency produced correspondingly low levels (50-55% decrease) of omega-3 fatty acids in the forebrain relative to rats consuming an omega-3 fatty acid replete diet. The state of omega-3 fatty acid deficiency generated a robust preference for consumption of an omega-3 fatty acid replete diet. Moreover, omega-3 fatty acid self-selection developed slowly and was not present in rats maintained on laboratory chow diet suggesting that post-ingestive nutritional cues, rather than taste, odor or texture cues, were employed in guiding the preference for the omega-3 fatty acid enriched diet. These results provide evidence for the ability of rats with declining brain levels of omega-3 fatty acids to detect a dietary deficiency of this essential class of lipids and to identify and consume a food source capable of restoring fatty acid repletion.
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148
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Church MW, Jen KLC, Jackson DA, Adams BR, Hotra JW. Abnormal neurological responses in young adult offspring caused by excess omega-3 fatty acid (fish oil) consumption by the mother during pregnancy and lactation. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2008; 31:26-33. [PMID: 18834936 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2008.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2008] [Revised: 07/14/2008] [Accepted: 09/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Consuming omega-3 fatty acids (omega-3 FA) during pregnancy and lactation benefits fetal and infant brain development and might reduce the severity of preterm births by prolonging pregnancy. However, diets that are relatively rich in omega-3 FA can adversely affect fetal and infant development and the auditory brainstem response (ABR), a measure of brain development and sensory function. We previously examined the offspring of female rats fed excessive, adequate or deficient amounts of omega-3 FA during pregnancy and lactation. The 24-day-old offspring in the Excess group, compared to the Control group, had postnatal growth retardation and poor hearing acuity and prolonged neural transmission times as evidenced by the ABR. The Deficient group was intermediate. The current study followed these offspring to see if these poor outcomes persisted into young adulthood. Based on prior findings, we hypothesized that the Excess and Deficient offspring would "catch-up" to the Control offspring by young adulthood. Female Wistar rats received one of the three diet conditions from day 1 of pregnancy through lactation. The three diets were the Control omega-3 FA condition (omega-3/omega-6 ratio approximately 0.14), the Excess omega-3 FA condition (omega-3/omega-6 ratio approximately 14.0) and Deficient omega-3 FA condition (omega-3/omega-6 ratio approximately 0% ratio). The Control diet contained 7% soybean oil; whereas the Deficient and Excess omega-3 FA diets contained 7% safflower oil and 7% fish oil, respectively. One male and female offspring per litter were ABR-tested as young adults using tone pip stimuli of 2, 4, 8 and 16 kHz. The postnatal growth retardation and prolonged neural transmission times in the Excess and Deficient pups had dissipated by young adulthood. In contrast, the Excess group had elevated ABR thresholds (hearing loss) at all tone pip frequencies in comparison to the Control and Deficient groups. The Deficient group had worse ABR thresholds than the Control group in response to the 8 kHz tone pips only. The Excess group also had ABR amplitude-intensity profiles suggestive of hyperacusis. These results are consistent with the Barker hypothesis concerning the fetal and neonatal origins of adult diseases. Thus, consuming diets that are excessively rich or deficient in omega-3 FA during pregnancy and lactation seems inadvisable because of risks for long-lasting adverse effects on brain development and sensory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W Church
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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149
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Innis SM. Dietary omega 3 fatty acids and the developing brain. Brain Res 2008; 1237:35-43. [PMID: 18789910 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.08.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 393] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2008] [Revised: 08/21/2008] [Accepted: 08/22/2008] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The omega-3 fatty acids are essential dietary nutrients and one of their important roles is providing the fatty acid with 22 carbons and 6 double bonds known as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) for nervous tissue growth and function. Inadequate intakes of omega-3 fatty acids decrease DHA and increase omega-6 fatty acids in the brain. Decreased DHA in the developing brain leads to deficits in neurogenesis, neurotransmitter metabolism, and altered learning and visual function in animals. Western diets are low in omega-3 fatty acids, including the 18 carbon omega-3 fatty acid alpha linolenic acid found mainly in plant oils, and DHA, which is found mainly in fish. The DHA status of the newborn and breast-fed infant depends on the maternal intake of DHA and varies widely. Epidemiological studies have linked low maternal DHA to increased risk of poor child neural development. Intervention studies have shown improving maternal DHA nutrition decreases the risk of poor infant and child visual and neural development. Thus, sufficient evidence is available to conclude that maternal fatty acid nutrition is important to DHA transfer to the infant before and after birth, with short and long-term implications for neural function. However, genetic variation in genes encoding fatty acid desaturases also influence essential fatty acid metabolism, and may increase requirements in some individuals. Consideration of omega-3 fatty acid to include brain development, optimizing omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids in gestation and lactation, and in fatty acid nutrition support for intravenous and formula-fed neonates is important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila M Innis
- Nutrition Research Program, Child and Family Research Institute, Department of Paediatrics, University of British Columbia, 950 West 28th Avenue, Vancouver, B.C., Canada.
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150
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Newland MC, Paletz EM, Reed MN. Methylmercury and nutrition: adult effects of fetal exposure in experimental models. Neurotoxicology 2008; 29:783-801. [PMID: 18652843 PMCID: PMC2659504 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2008.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2008] [Revised: 06/25/2008] [Accepted: 06/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Human exposure to the life-span developmental neurotoxicant, methylmercury (MeHg), is primarily via the consumption of fish or marine mammals. Fish are also excellent sources of important nutrients, including selenium and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Laboratory models of developmental MeHg exposure can be employed to assess the roles of nutrients and MeHg and to identify potential mechanisms of action if the appropriate exposure measures are used. When maternal exposure is protracted, relationships between daily intake and brain mercury are consistent and orderly across species, even when large differences in blood:brain ratios exist. It is well established that low-level developmental MeHg produces sensory deficits. Recent studies also show that perseveration in reversal-learning tasks occurs after gestational exposures that produce low micromolar concentrations in the brain. A no-effect level has not been identified for this effect. These exposures do not affect the acquisition or performance of discrimination learning, set shifting (extradimensional shift), or memory. Reversal-learning deficits may be related to enhanced impact of reinforcers as measured using progressive ratio reinforcement schedules, an effect that could result in perseveration. Also reported is enhanced sensitivity to dopamine reuptake inhibitors and diminished sensitivity to pentobarbital, a GABA(A) agonist. Diets rich in PUFAs or selenium do not protect against MeHg's effects on reversal learning but, by themselves, may diminish variability in performance, enhance attention or psychomotor function and may confer some protection against age-related deficits in these areas. It is hypothesized that altered reward processing, dopamine and GABAergic neurotransmitter systems, and cortical regions associated with choice and perseveration are especially sensitive to developmental MeHg at low exposure levels. Human testing for MeHg's neurotoxicity should emphasize these behavioral domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Christopher Newland
- Department of Psychology, 226 Thach Hall, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849-5214, USA.
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