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Morgan OJ, Drust B, Ade JD, Robinson MA. Change of direction frequency off the ball: new perspectives in elite youth soccer. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2021; 6:473-482. [DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2021.1986635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver J Morgan
- Medical and Sports Science Department, Celtic Football Club, Glasgow, UK
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Barry Drust
- School of Sport, Exercise & Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Jack D Ade
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
- Medical and Sports Science Department, Liverpool Football Club, Liverpool, UK
| | - Mark A. Robinson
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
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102
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PARASKEVAS G, SMILIOS I, HADJICHARALAMBOUS M. In- and out-of-possession match physical performance parameters of the 4-2-3-1 formation in elite soccer. GAZZETTA MEDICA ITALIANA ARCHIVIO PER LE SCIENZE MEDICHE 2021. [DOI: 10.23736/s0393-3660.19.04287-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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103
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Lüdin D, Donath L, Cobley S, Romann M. Effect of bio-banding on physiological and technical-tactical key performance indicators in youth elite soccer. Eur J Sport Sci 2021; 22:1659-1667. [PMID: 34542017 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2021.1974100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Bio-banding has been introduced to reduce the impact of inter-individual differences due to biological maturation among youth athletes. Existing studies in youth soccer have generally examined the pilot-testing application of bio-banding. This is the first study that investigated whether bio-banded (BB) versus chronological age (CA) competition affects reliable physiological and technical-tactical in-game key performance indicators (KPIs) using a randomized cross-over repeated measures design. Sixty-five youth elite soccer players from the under-13 (U13) and under-14 (U14) age category and with maturity offsets (MO) between -2.5 and 0.5 years, competed in both a BB and CA game. For statistical analysis, players were divided into four sub-groups according to CA and MO: U13MOlow (CA ≤ 12.7, MO ≤ -1.4), U13MOhigh (CA ≤ 12.7, MO > -1.4), U14MOlow (CA > 12.7, MO ≤ -1.4), U14MOhigh (CA > 12.7, MO > -1.4). The two-factor mixed ANOVA revealed significant (p < .05) interactions between competition format and sub-group for the KPIs high accelerations (ηp2 = .176), conquered balls (ηp2 = .227) and attack balls (ηp2 = .146). Especially, U13MOhigh (i.e. early maturing players) faced a higher physiological challenge by having more high accelerations (|d| = 0.6) in BB games. Notably, U14MOlow (i.e. late maturing players) had more opportunities to show their technical-tactical abilities during BB games with more conquered balls (|d| = 1.1) and attack balls (|d| = 1.6). Affected KPIs indicate new challenges and learning opportunities during BB competition depending on a player's individual maturity status. Bio-banding can beneficially be applied to enhance the talent development of youth elite soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Lüdin
- Department of Elite Sport, Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen, Magglingen, Switzerland
| | - Lars Donath
- Department of Intervention Research in Exercise Training, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Stephen Cobley
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Michael Romann
- Department of Elite Sport, Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen, Magglingen, Switzerland
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104
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Pucsok JM, Kovács M, Ráthonyi G, Pocsai B, Balogh L. The Impact of COVID-19 Lockdown on Agility, Explosive Power, and Speed-Endurance Capacity in Youth Soccer Players. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18189604. [PMID: 34574527 PMCID: PMC8468591 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18189604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Our goal was to assess agility, explosive power, and speed-endurance capacity by implementing noninvasive procedures and sport-specific tests. We hypothesized that agility, speed, explosive power, and speed-endurance capacity might be maintained or increased by an individualized home-based training program. Eleven adolescent athletes participated in our study; they executed three tests before the coronavirus outbreak and 13 weeks later, after the pandemic curfew. We used the SpeedCourt System to assess the sport-specific speed and agility parameters and monitor speed-endurance capacity. We conducted the first measurement at the end of the preparatory period, on 28 February 2020. The second session consisted of 4 weeks of regular training and 9 weeks of individual, home-based activities. Compared to the first (pre-pandemic) testing session, our participants demonstrated a significantly improved capacity of the lower limbs’ explosive strength after completing the home-based exercise routine, compared to the first (pre-pandemic) testing session. We found that agility, speed, and explosive power might be maintained at the same level under home-based conditions. We found that it was challenging for the participants to increase their “pre-pandemic” endurance capacities.
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Affiliation(s)
- József Márton Pucsok
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (M.K.); (L.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Miklós Kovács
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (M.K.); (L.B.)
| | - Gergely Ráthonyi
- Faculty of Economics and Business, Institute of Applied Informatics and Logistics, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - Balázs Pocsai
- Sportdiagnostic and Therapeutic Center, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - László Balogh
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (M.K.); (L.B.)
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105
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The dominant leg is more likely to get injured in soccer players: systematic review and meta-analysis. Biol Sport 2021; 38:397-435. [PMID: 34475623 PMCID: PMC8329968 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2021.100265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In soccer (football), dominant limb kicking produces higher ball velocity and is used with greater frequency than the non-dominant limb. It is unclear whether limb dominance has an effect on injury incidence. The purpose of this systematic review with meta-analysis is to examine the relationship between limb dominance and soccer injuries. Studies were identified from four online databases according to PRISMA guidelines to identify studies of soccer players that reported lower extremity injuries by limb dominance. Relevant studies were assessed for inclusion and retained. Data from retained studies underwent meta-analyses to determine relative risk of dominant versus non-dominant limb injuries using random-effects models. Seventy-four studies were included, with 36 of them eligible for meta-analysis. For prospective lower extremity injury studies, soccer players demonstrated a 1.6 times greater risk of injury to the dominant limb (95% CI [1.3-1.8]). Grouped by injury location, hamstring (RR 1.3 [95% CI 1.1-1.4]) and hip/groin (RR 1.9 [95% CI 1.3-2.7]) injuries were more likely to occur to the dominant limb. Greater risk of injury was present in the dominant limb across playing levels (amateurs RR 2.6 [95% CI 2.1-3.2]; youths RR 1.5 [95% CI 1.26-1.67]; professionals RR 1.3 [95% CI 1.14-1.46]). Both males (RR 1.5 [95% CI 1.33-1.68)] and females (RR 1.5 [95% CI 1.14-1.89]) were more likely to sustain injuries to the dominant limb. Future studies investigating soccer injury should adjust for this confounding factor by using consistent methods for assigning limb dominance and tracking use of the dominant versus non-dominant limb.
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106
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Physical Activity of the Right- and Left-Footed Professional Soccer Players from Symmetrical Defensive Positions. Symmetry (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/sym13091551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The main purpose of this study was to compare the physical match performance of right- and left-footed external defenders during official matches of Polish Ekstraklasa. The sample comprised 991 individual observations from 296 matches during the 2019/2020 season. Variables such as total distance, distance covered in high-speed running and sprinting, and number of high-intensity runs were analysed. Additionally, the data were presented in relation to match duration and effective playing time. Right external defenders (right ED) covered significantly longer total distance (p < 0.001, 1.5%), high-speed running distance (p < 0.001, 5.6%) and sprinting distance (p < 0.001, 11.4%) compared to left external defenders (left ED). The number of high-intensity runs was greater for right RD as well (p < 0.001, 6.4%). Physical match activity for left ED who are left-footed was significantly higher (p < 0.001) in comparison with right-footed left ED. The number of offensive actions played on the right side of the pitch was significantly (p < 0.001) higher than those performed on the left side. Players whose dominant foot is in accordance with the side of the pitch cover longer distances during the match. Moreover, the number of offensive actions played through the wings could affect the physical performance of external defenders.
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107
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Abstract
The aim of this study was to identify playing styles adopted by teams in the Chinese Soccer Super League (CSL) and to investigate their evolution across a 6-season period. Data were collected from 1,429 CSL matches from 2012 to 2017 seasons using the Amisco system. Seventeen technical performance-related indicators and eleven physical performance-related indicators were included in the factor analysis (PCA: principal components analysis) in order to group them into performance factors (styles of play). Seven factors were obtained (eigenvalues greater than 1) and explained 74.44% of the total variance. Multivariate analyses of covariance (MANCOVA) were used to check differences among seven styles of play (team’s ranking was used as a covariate) during the six seasons under study. The main findings showed that Factor 1 (high intensity play) and factor 3 (offensive actions) of CSL soccer increased substantially along the seasons. Coaches and sports scientists should take into consideration these performance trends when preparing training and controlling for matches
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108
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Applicability of Field Aerobic Fitness Tests in Soccer: Which One to Choose? J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2021; 6:jfmk6030069. [PMID: 34449680 PMCID: PMC8395732 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk6030069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A desire to make fitness testing cheaper and easier to conduct in a team-sport setting has led to the development of numerous field aerobic fitness tests. This has contributed to a growing confusion among strength and conditioning coaches about which one to use. The main aim of this narrative review was to examine the reliability, validity, sensitivity and usefulness of the commonly used field aerobic fitness tests and to provide practical guidelines for their use in soccer. The University of Montreal track test (UMTT) and Vam Eval test seem the best options for estimation of maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) while the highest signal-to-noise ratio of the 30-15 intermittent fitness test (30-15IFT) suggests its superior sensitivity to track changes in fitness. The UMTT and 30-15IFT are the best solutions for prescription of long and short high-intensity interval training sessions, respectively. All field tests mostly present with marginal usefulness, but the smallest worthwhile change for UMTT or Vam Eval test, Yo-YoIRT2 and 30-15IFT are smaller than their stage increment making the improvement of only one stage in the test performance already worthwhile. Strength and conditioning coaches are advised to choose the test based on their specific purpose of testing.
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109
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Cossio-Bolaños M, Vidal-Espinoza R, Urra Albornoz C, Leite Portella D, Vega-Novoa S, Mendez-Cornejo J, Fuentes Lopez J, Gomez-Campos R. A systematic review of intervention programs that produced changes in speed and explosive strength in youth footballers. Eur J Transl Myol 2021; 31. [PMID: 34579516 PMCID: PMC8495364 DOI: 10.4081/ejtm.2021.9692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A soccer player should possess a reasonable level of different skills and abilities, so the playing position, level of training, style of play, physical and physiological demands can influence his performance. The objective was to identify the intervention programs that have been applied in search of generating positive effects on explosive strength and speed in young soccer players, as well as to identify the percentage of improvement among soccer players. A bibliographic study of systematic review was carried out. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) statement, bibliographic searches were performed in the PubMed database. The following descriptors were used: Explosive Strength, soccer players, jump performance, CMJ, SJ, VJ, Plyometrics, power, speed, sprint, kicking speed, change of direction speed, soccer player, football and training, intervention. Articles were included only if they were original articles, studied populations of young soccer players and showed an intervention program related to explosive strength and speed. Six studies were identified that applied intervention programs to look for changes in speed and explosive strength in young soccer players. In the 5m speed tests, significant changes were observed, improving from (0.26 to 0.53m/s), 10m speed (0.07 to 0.27m/s), 20m speed (0.08 to 1.92m/s) and 40m speed (0.25 to 0.62m/s). In explosive strength, performance in the test squat jump SJ (4.1 to 8.6cm), countermovement jump CMJ (1.0 to 8.8cm), horizontal jump HJ (12.17 to 24.4cm) and vertical jump VJ (5.0 to 11.0cm). Speed and explosive strength are relevant components of athletic performance and can be improved through training programs that include 20 to 40min sessions, training two to five times per week over a period of approximately 6 to 9 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Cossio-Bolaños
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Actividad Física, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca.
| | | | | | - Daniel Leite Portella
- Programa de Mestrado em Inovação no Ensino Superior em Saúde, Universidade Municipal de São Caetano do Sul (Uscs), São Caetano do Sul.
| | | | - Jorge Mendez-Cornejo
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Actividad Física, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca.
| | - Jose Fuentes Lopez
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Educación (IICE), Universidad Nacional del Altiplano de Puno, Puno.
| | - Rossana Gomez-Campos
- Departamento de Diversidad e Inclusividad Educativa, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca.
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110
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Effects of Match Location, Quality of Opposition and Match Outcome on Match Running Performance in a Portuguese Professional Football Team. ENTROPY 2021; 23:e23080973. [PMID: 34441113 PMCID: PMC8391710 DOI: 10.3390/e23080973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of match location, quality of opposition and match outcome on match running performance according to playing position in a Portuguese professional football team. Twenty-three male professional football players were monitored from eighteen Portuguese Football League matches during the 2019-2020 season. Global positioning system technology (GPS) was used to collect time-motion data. The match running performance was obtained from five playing positions: central defenders (CD), fullbacks (FB), central midfielders (CM), wide midfielders (WM) and forwards (FW). Match running performance was analyzed within specific position and contextual factors using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) for repeated measures, standardized (Cohen) differences and smallest worthwhile change. CM and WM players covered significantly greater total distance (F = 15.45, p = 0.000, η2 = 0.334) and average speed (F = 12.79, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.294). WM and FB players covered higher distances at high-speed running (F = 16.93, p = 0.000, η2 = 0.355) and sprinting (F = 13.49; p < 0.001, η2 = 0.305). WM players covered the highest number of accelerations (F = 4.69, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.132) and decelerations (F = 12.21, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.284). The match running performance was influenced by match location (d = 0.06-2.04; CI: -0.42-2.31; SWC = 0.01-1.10), quality of opposition (d = 0.13-2.14; CI: -0.02-2.60; SWC = 0.01-1.55) and match outcome (d = 0.01-2.49; CI: -0.01-2.31; SWC = 0.01-0.35). Contextual factors influenced the match running performance with differential effects between playing positions. This study provides the first report about the contextual influence on match running performance in a Portuguese professional football team. Future research should also integrate tactical and technical key indicators when analyzing the match-related contextual influence on match running performance.
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111
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Gong B, Cui Y, Zhang S, Zhou C, Yi Q, Gómez-Ruano MÁ. Impact of technical and physical key performance indicators on ball possession in the Chinese Super League. INT J PERF ANAL SPOR 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2021.1957296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bingnan Gong
- Institute of Physical Education and Training, Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing, China
- Facultad De Ciencias De La Actividad Física Y Del Deporte, Universidad Politécnica De Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Yixiong Cui
- School of Sports Engineering, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Shaoliang Zhang
- Division of Sport Science & Physical Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Changjing Zhou
- School of Physical Education and Sport Training, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Yi
- School of Physical Education and Sport Training, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Miguel-Ángel Gómez-Ruano
- Facultad De Ciencias De La Actividad Física Y Del Deporte, Universidad Politécnica De Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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112
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Dijkhuis TB, Kempe M, Lemmink KAPM. Early Prediction of Physical Performance in Elite Soccer Matches-A Machine Learning Approach to Support Substitutions. ENTROPY (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 23:952. [PMID: 34441092 PMCID: PMC8394038 DOI: 10.3390/e23080952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Substitution is an essential tool for a coach to influence the match. Factors like the injury of a player, required tactical changes, or underperformance of a player initiates substitutions. This study aims to predict the physical performance of individual players in an early phase of the match to provide additional information to the coach for his decision on substitutions. Tracking data of individual players, except for goalkeepers, from 302 elite soccer matches of the Dutch 'Eredivisie' 2018-2019 season were used to enable the prediction of the individual physical performance. The players' physical performance is expressed in the variables distance covered, distance in speed category, and energy expenditure in power category. The individualized normalized variables were used to build machine learning models that predict whether players will achieve 100%, 95%, or 90% of their average physical performance in a match. The tree-based algorithms Random Forest and Decision Tree were applied to build the models. A simple Naïve Bayes algorithm was used as the baseline model to support the superiority of the tree-based algorithms. The machine learning technique Random Forest combined with the variable energy expenditure in the power category was the most precise. The combination of Random Forest and energy expenditure in the power category resulted in precision in predicting performance and underperformance after 15 min in a match, and the values were 0.91, 0.88, and 0.92 for the thresholds 100%, 95%, and 90%, respectively. To conclude, it is possible to predict the physical performance of individual players in an early phase of the match. These findings offer opportunities to support coaches in making more informed decisions on player substitutions in elite soccer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talko B. Dijkhuis
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands; (M.K.); (K.A.P.M.L.)
- Institute of Communication and ICT, Hanze University of Applied Science, Zernikeplein 11, 9747 AS Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Matthias Kempe
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands; (M.K.); (K.A.P.M.L.)
| | - Koen A. P. M. Lemmink
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands; (M.K.); (K.A.P.M.L.)
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113
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Motion Analysis of Match Play in U14 Male Soccer Players and the Influence of Position, Competitive Level and Contextual Variables. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18147287. [PMID: 34299737 PMCID: PMC8307654 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18147287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate match running performance in U14 male soccer players in Norway, and the influence of position, competitive level and contextual factors on running performance. Locomotion was monitored in 64 different U14 players during 23 official matches. Matches were played at two different competitive levels: U14 elite level (n = 7) and U14 sub-elite level (n = 16). The inclusion criterion was completed match halves played in the same playing position. The variables’ influence on match running performance was assessed using mixed-effect models, pairwise comparisons with Bonferroni correction, and effect size. The results showed that the U14 players, on average, moved 7645 ± 840 m during a match, of which 1730 ± 681 m (22.6%) included high-intensity running (HIR, 13.5–18.5 km·h−1) and sprinting (>18.5 km·h−1). Wide midfielders (WM) and fullbacks (FB) covered the greatest sprint distance (569 ± 40 m) and, in addition to the centre midfield position (CM), also covered the greatest total distance (TD) (8014 ± 140 m) and HIR distance (1446 ± 64 m). Centre forwards (CF) performed significantly more accelerations (49.5 ± 3.8) compared other positions. TD (7952 ± 120 m vs. 7590 ± 94 m) and HIR (1432 ± 57 m vs. 1236 ± 43 m) were greater in U14 elite-level matches compared with sub-elite matches. Greater TD and sprint distances were performed in home matches, but, on the other hand, more accelerations and decelerations were performed in matches played away or in neutral locations. Significantly higher TD, HIR and sprinting distances were also found in lost or drawn matches. In conclusion, physical performance during matches is highly related to playing position, and wide positions seem to be the most physically demanding. Further, competitive level and contextual match variables are associated with players’ running performance.
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114
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Shergill AS, Twist C, Highton J. Importance of GNSS data quality assessment with novel control criteria in professional soccer match-play. INT J PERF ANAL SPOR 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2021.1947017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aman Singh Shergill
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Chester, Chester, UK
| | - Craig Twist
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Chester, Chester, UK
| | - Jamie Highton
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Chester, Chester, UK
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115
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Fernandes-Da-Silva J, Castagna C, Teixeira AS, Carminatti LJ, Francini L, Póvoas SCA, Antonacci Guglielmo LG. Ecological and Construct Validity of a Repeated Sprint Test in Male Youth Soccer Players. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:2000-2009. [PMID: 30694965 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Fernandes-Da-Silva, J, Castagna, C, Teixeira, AS, Carminatti, LJ, Francini, L, Póvoas, SCA, and Antonacci Guglielmo, LG. Ecological and construct validity of a repeated sprint test in male youth soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 35(7): 2000-2009, 2021-This study aimed to examine the relationship between a repeated sprint ability (RSA) test (5 bouts of 30-m sprints interspersed by 30 seconds of recovery) and match-related physical performance in male youth soccer players. Although 60 outfield players were evaluated, only data from players who participated in the full matches (n = 39) were retained (8 central defenders, 7 external defenders, 8 central midfielders, 8 external midfielders, and 8 forwards). To verify the ecological validity of this RSA protocol, the association between the best (RSAbest) and mean (RSAmean) sprint time in the 5 × 30-m and physical match performance during friendly youth soccer games was examined. Physical match demands were assessed using global positioning system technology (10 Hz) considering distance covered in selected arbitrary speed categories. The absolute speed thresholds were the same for all the players. Players were categorized into 2 groups based on the 5 × 30-m performance: RSAmean times below (i.e., faster) and above (i.e., slower) the median value. Players with faster RSAmean times covered significantly more distance sprinting during friendly matches (606 ± 204 m, +47.0%; t = 4.953; effect size = 1.88, 1.24; 2.52, p ≤ 0.001) compared to their slower counterparts (322 ± 145 m). A large negative correlation (r = -0.63, -0.77; -0.44, p ≤ 0.001) was found between RSAbest time (4.59 ± 0.27 seconds) and match sprint distance (457 ± 229 m). Likewise, RSAmean time (4.76 ± 0.25 seconds) was also largely associated (r = -0.60, -0.75; -0.39; p ≤ 0.001) with in-game sprinting performance. The results of this study provided evidence to support the construct and ecological validity of the 5 × 30-m protocol in male youth soccer players. Furthermore, differences in 5 × 30-m performance explained the amount of sprinting activity performed during the match.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliano Fernandes-Da-Silva
- Research Group for Development of Football and Futsal, Sports Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Carlo Castagna
- Football Training and Biomechanics Laboratory, Technical Department, Italian Football Federation (FIGC), Coverciano, Florence, Italy
| | - Anderson Santiago Teixeira
- Research Group for Development of Football and Futsal, Sports Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil.,Physical Effort Laboratory, Sports Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Lorival José Carminatti
- Physical Effort Laboratory, Sports Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil.,Morpho-Functional Research Laboratory, Center for Health Sciences and Sport of the University of the State of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil; and
| | - Lorenzo Francini
- Football Training and Biomechanics Laboratory, Technical Department, Italian Football Federation (FIGC), Coverciano, Florence, Italy
| | - Susana C A Póvoas
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, University Institute of Maia, ISMAI, Maia, Portugal
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Guard AN, McMillan K, MacFarlane NG. The influence of relative playing area and player numerical imbalance on physical and perceptual demands in soccer small-sided game formats. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2021; 6:221-227. [DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2021.1939408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew N. Guard
- Department of Medical and Sport Sciences, Celtic Football Club, Glasgow, UK
- School of Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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118
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Schulze E, Julian R, Meyer T. Exploring Factors Related to Goal Scoring Opportunities in Professional Football. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2021; 6:181-188. [DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2021.1931421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emiel Schulze
- Institute of Sports and Preventive Medicine, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Ross Julian
- Institute of Sports and Preventive Medicine, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
- Department of Neuromotor Behavior and Exercise, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Exercise and Sport Research Centre, School of Sport and Exercise, Exercise and Sport Research Centre, University of Gloucestershire, England, UK
| | - Tim Meyer
- Institute of Sports and Preventive Medicine, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
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Gazzo F, Giráldez J, Villaseca-Vicuña R, González-Jurado JA, Zabaloy S. Acute Effects on Physical Performance Measures after 45 Min of Official Competition in Youth Soccer Players. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2021; 6:49. [PMID: 34200014 PMCID: PMC8293332 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk6020049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: An improved understanding of soccer players' match-related physical performance and recovery may help conditioning programs and re-warm up strategies to increase team performance during official competitions. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze the acute effects of 45 min of official competition (first half in matches) on physical performance variables in U-16 youth soccer players. (2) Methods: 20 male soccer players (age: 14.4 ± 0.5 years; height: 1.70 ± 0.05 cm; body mass: 65.1 ± 11.6 kg) were recruited to participate in this study. Data was collected from five official matches. Participants performed the assessments in two stages of each match: after the pre-match warm-up and after the first half. Tests included rate of perceived exertion (RPE), 30-m sprint and countermovement (CMJ). (3) Results: Statistically significant differences were found (p < 0.001) when the measurements prior to the game were compared with those recorded after half time across all variables. Effect sizes (ES) were very large for RPE (ES = 1.82), moderate for 30-m sprint times (ES = 0.64) and small for CMJ (ES = -0.25). (4) Conclusions: After 45 min of official competition, our results suggest that U-16 soccer players demonstrated a reduction in sprint and jump performance, in addition to a higher RPE. Hence, this information could be useful when designing re-warming strategies that can be performed before the second half.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Gazzo
- Physical Performance and Sports Research Centre, University of Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Sevilla, Spain; (F.G.); (J.G.); (R.V.-V.); (J.A.G.-J.)
| | - Julián Giráldez
- Physical Performance and Sports Research Centre, University of Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Sevilla, Spain; (F.G.); (J.G.); (R.V.-V.); (J.A.G.-J.)
- Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports, University of Flores, Buenos Aires 1406, Argentina
| | - Rodrigo Villaseca-Vicuña
- Physical Performance and Sports Research Centre, University of Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Sevilla, Spain; (F.G.); (J.G.); (R.V.-V.); (J.A.G.-J.)
- Football Federation of Chile, Santiago 7930013, Chile
| | - José Antonio González-Jurado
- Physical Performance and Sports Research Centre, University of Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Sevilla, Spain; (F.G.); (J.G.); (R.V.-V.); (J.A.G.-J.)
| | - Santiago Zabaloy
- Physical Performance and Sports Research Centre, University of Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Sevilla, Spain; (F.G.); (J.G.); (R.V.-V.); (J.A.G.-J.)
- Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports, University of Flores, Buenos Aires 1406, Argentina
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Martín-López Á, Mendes RS, Castillo-Rodríguez A. Internal and External Loads in Training Week Before the Competition in U19 High-Level Soccer Players. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:1766-1772. [PMID: 30557176 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Martín-López, Á, Mendes, RS, and Castillo-Rodríguez, A. Internal and external loads in training week before the competition in U19 high-level soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 35(6): 1766-1772, 2021-Nowadays, the information about the load in training sessions (TRs) and the relationship of these TRs with official competition are necessary to gain the sport success in soccer. The aim of this study was to quantify the different loads in TRs according to days before the competition (P-4, P-2, and P-1) on soccer players U19 based on their playing position and their sport success. Twenty-four male Spanish high-level players (age: 16.5 ± 0.5 years; height: 1.69 ± 0.04 m; and body mass: 63.0 ± 6.3 kg) participated in the study. They were grouped according to their playing position: external defenders, internal defenders (ID), external midfielders, internal midfielders (IM), and forwards (FO). To conduct the study, global positioning system technology was used, and a 1-way analysis of variance and Pearson correlation were performed. The main results revealed that the highest physical and physiological responses in the TRs were shown by ID, IM, and players without sport success (p < 0.05), and during P-2. In addition, sport success is predicted by the mean heart rate (R2 = 0.33; p < 0.001). As conclusion, players covering central positions in the playing field performed higher physical and physiological demands than players covering exterior or forward positions. Furthermore, physical and physiological responses during the TRs P-2 may be similar to the responses produced in competition match and are notably different depending on the sport success of the soccer player.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Martín-López
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Granada, Granada, Spain ; and
| | - Rui Sousa Mendes
- Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, School of Education of Coimbra, Department of Education, IIA, Robocorp, ASSERT, Portugal
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Speed, Change of Direction Speed and Reactive Agility in Adolescent Soccer Players: Age Related Differences. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18115883. [PMID: 34070867 PMCID: PMC8198575 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18115883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
There are a plethora of studies investigating agility in soccer; however, studies have rarely presented the reaction time in differentiating age groups in adolescent soccer players. We investigated age differences in reactive agility, speed, and change of direction speed (CODs), in a group of highly trained adolescent soccer players. A total of 75 adolescent male soccer players (aged 14–19 years) were recruited. The players were grouped based on their age to under 15 (U15; n = 27), under 17 (U17; n = 25), and under 19 (U19; n = 23) players. Players were tested for 5 m, 10 m, and 20 m sprint, CODs speed test, Illinois test, and reactive agility test (total and reaction time). Only the reactive agility test with a live tester (RAT live) and RAT live reaction time (RAT live RT) distinguished U19 from both groups, U17 (RAT live, p < 0.01; RAT RT live, p < 0.01) and U15 (RAT live, p < 0.01; RAT RT live, p < 0.01). Groups did not have different times for 5 m sprint, RAT light and RAT RT light, F = 0.472, 2.691, 1.023, respectively, p > 0.05. Moreover, a significantly slower average performance of sprint 20, CODs left and right, and Illinois was also observed in U15 as compared to U17 and U19 (p < 0.05). We can conclude that results in agility tests that include live testers can be a significant factor that differentiates between adolescent soccer players considering their age.
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122
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Mernagh D, Weldon A, Wass J, Phillips J, Parmar N, Waldron M, Turner A. A Comparison of Match Demands Using Ball-in-Play versus Whole Match Data in Professional Soccer Players of the English Championship. Sports (Basel) 2021; 9:sports9060076. [PMID: 34073473 PMCID: PMC8228731 DOI: 10.3390/sports9060076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This is the first study to report the whole match, ball-in-play (BiP), ball-out-of-play (BoP), and Max BiP (worst case scenario phases of play) demands of professional soccer players competing in the English Championship. Effective playing time per soccer game is typically <60 min. When the ball is out of play, players spend time repositioning themselves, which is likely less physically demanding. Consequently, reporting whole match demands may under-report the physical requirements of soccer players. Twenty professional soccer players, categorized by position (defenders, midfielders, and forwards), participated in this study. A repeated measures design was used to collect Global Positioning System (GPS) data over eight professional soccer matches in the English Championship. Data were divided into whole match and BiP data, and BiP data were further sub-divided into different time points (30-60 s, 60-90 s, and >90 s), providing peak match demands. Whole match demands recorded were compared to BiP and Max BiP, with BiP data excluding all match stoppages, providing a more precise analysis of match demands. Whole match metrics were significantly lower than BiP metrics (p < 0.05), and Max BiP for 30-60 s was significantly higher than periods between 60-90 s and >90 s. No significant differences were found between positions. BiP analysis allows for a more accurate representation of the game and physical demands imposed on professional soccer players. Through having a clearer understanding of maximum game demands in professional soccer, practitioners can design more specific training methods to better prepare players for worst case scenario passages of play.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan Mernagh
- Queens Park Rangers Football Club, London W12 7PJ, UK;
| | - Anthony Weldon
- Department of Sports and Recreation, Faculty of Management and Hospitality, The Technological and Higher Education Institute of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Josh Wass
- Athlete Health Intelligence, English Institute of Sport, Manchester M11 3BS, UK;
| | | | - Nimai Parmar
- Faculty of Science and Technology, London Sports Institute, Middlesex University London, London NW4 4BT, UK; (N.P.); (A.T.)
| | - Mark Waldron
- Applied Sport Technology Exercise and Medicine Research Centre (A-STEM), College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea SA1 8EN, UK;
| | - Anthony Turner
- Faculty of Science and Technology, London Sports Institute, Middlesex University London, London NW4 4BT, UK; (N.P.); (A.T.)
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123
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Gioldasis A, Theodorou A, Bekris E, Katis A, Smirniotou A. Sprinting and dribbling differences in young soccer players: a kinematic approach. RESEARCH IN SPORTS MEDICINE (PRINT) 2021; 30:603-615. [PMID: 33993825 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2021.1929220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Sprinting and dribbling a ball are considered essential for success in team sports, such as soccer. The purpose of the present study was to examine straight line (SL) and changes of direction (COD) sprinting and dribbling abilities after a standing and a flying starting position. Twelve amateur U12 male soccer players participated in the study. The participants were tested in four different sprinting conditions. The first consisted of 15 m SL sprinting and dribbling test by standing position; the second consisted of 15 m SL sprinting and dribbling test by flying start. The third condition consisted of 15 m COD sprinting and dribbling test by standing position, and the fourth condition consisted of 15 m COD sprinting and dribbling test by flying start. T-tests analysis indicated significant differences between SL sprinting and dribbling sprinting tests (P < 0.05) and between standing and flying start positions (P < 0.05). Step frequency was higher for sprinting tests (P < 0.05). Moreover, the results showed that step length was longer when players had a standing position (P < 0.05). These findings emphasize the importance for trainers to add parts without ball, focused on the development of certain fitness and running components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aristotelis Gioldasis
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Apostolos Theodorou
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelos Bekris
- Department of Games and Sports, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasios Katis
- School of Physical Education and Sport Sciences of Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Serres, Greece
| | - Athanasia Smirniotou
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Barrera J, Sarmento H, Clemente FM, Field A, Figueiredo AJ. The Effect of Contextual Variables on Match Performance across Different Playing Positions in Professional Portuguese Soccer Players. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18105175. [PMID: 34068150 PMCID: PMC8152996 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18105175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the position-specific physical demands of professional Portuguese players. The effects of situational variables on the physical performance demands were also analysed (match location, match half and match result). Match performance observations were collected using Global Navigation Satellite System devices across 11 matches during a competitive season (2019-2020). Data were analysed according to five playing positions: goalkeepers (n = 11), central defenders (n = 42), wide defenders (n = 31), central midfielders (n = 34), open attackers (n = 28), and centre forwards (n = 14). Central midfield players completed the greatest total distance (10,787 ± 1536 m), while central defenders covered the least distance (9272 ± 455; p < 0.001). Open attackers covered the greatest high and very-high-speed distance (1504 ± 363 m), number of high-speed decelerations per match (11 ± 4) and were the fastest players (30.6 ± 1.5 km/h), along with center forwards (30.6 ± 2.0 km/h), versus all other positions (p < 0.05). Greater distances were performed in teams that were winning (9978 ± 1963 m) or drawing (10,395 ± 875 m) versus losing (9415 ± 2050) p = 0.036 and p = 0.006, respectively. Increases in distance covered at walking speeds were observed during the 2nd half (1574 ± 179 m) compared with the 1st half (1483 ± 176; (p < 0.003). A higher number of decelerations across all speeds were performed in the 1st half (144 ± 39) versus the 2nd half (135 ± 37). The distance covered in home matches (10,206 ± 1926 m) far exceeded away matches (9471 ± 1932 m; p < 0.001). The number of faster accelerations were higher in away (7 ± 5) versus home matches (6 ± 4; p < 0.049). The data demonstrate the different physical demands of each playing position and suggest that situational variables influence physical performance. These findings suggest position-specific physical training is required to condition players for the bespoke demands of each playing position.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Barrera
- Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, 3000-248 Coimbra, Portugal;
- Correspondence: (J.B.); (H.S.)
| | - Hugo Sarmento
- Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, 3000-248 Coimbra, Portugal;
- Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity (CIDAF), 3000-248 Coimbra, Portugal
- Correspondence: (J.B.); (H.S.)
| | - Filipe Manuel Clemente
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun’Álvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal;
- Instituto de Telecomunicações, Delegação da Covilhã, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Adam Field
- School of Human and Health Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK;
| | - António J. Figueiredo
- Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, 3000-248 Coimbra, Portugal;
- Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity (CIDAF), 3000-248 Coimbra, Portugal
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125
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Chena M, Morcillo JA, Rodríguez-Hernández ML, Zapardiel JC, Owen A, Lozano D. The Effect of Weekly Training Load across a Competitive Microcycle on Contextual Variables in Professional Soccer. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:5091. [PMID: 34064978 PMCID: PMC8151593 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18105091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of the key performance variables in soccer is one of the most continuous and attractive research topics. Using global positioning devices (GPS), the primary aim of this study was to highlight the physiological response of a professional soccer team across competitive microcycles in-season according to the most influential contextual performance variables. Determining the training load (TL), a work ratio was established between all recorded data within the training sessions and the competitive profile (CP). Each microcycle was classified in accordance with the contextual variables: opponent level (high, medium, low), match location (home and away) and score (win, draw, lose). Results revealed that the team were significantly more successful (games won) in competitive games against high-level opponents and when played at home. Cumulative microcycle/weekly training load (WTL) was significantly lower when the team won. In addition to the opponent level and the match location, WTL could condition the athlete's performance in the competition. Competitive performance responses are the main source of information for the planning of training programs. The results of this study could be used as a reference to structure TL and WTL according to contextual variables in the competition. This study, which is the first of its kind, revealed that WTL effects the performance of the players in the competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Chena
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Campus Universitario-C/19, University of Alcalá, Av. de Madrid, Km 33,600, Alcalá de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain; (M.C.); (M.L.R.-H.); (J.C.Z.)
| | - José Alfonso Morcillo
- Departamento de Didáctica de la Expresión Musical, Plástica y Corporal, University of Jaén, s/n, 23071 Jaén, Spain;
| | - María Luisa Rodríguez-Hernández
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Campus Universitario-C/19, University of Alcalá, Av. de Madrid, Km 33,600, Alcalá de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain; (M.C.); (M.L.R.-H.); (J.C.Z.)
| | - Juan Carlos Zapardiel
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Campus Universitario-C/19, University of Alcalá, Av. de Madrid, Km 33,600, Alcalá de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain; (M.C.); (M.L.R.-H.); (J.C.Z.)
| | - Adam Owen
- Centre de Recherche et d’Innovation sur le Sport (CRIS), Lyon University, 92 Rue Pasteur, 69007 Lyon, France;
| | - Demetrio Lozano
- Health Sciences Faculty, Universidad San Jorge, Autov A23 km 299, Villanueva de Gállego, 50830 Zaragoza, Spain
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Janetzki SJ, Bourdon PC, Norton KI, Lane JC, Bellenger CR. Evolution of Physical Demands of Australian Football League Matches from 2005 to 2017: A Systematic Review and Meta-Regression. SPORTS MEDICINE-OPEN 2021; 7:28. [PMID: 33913061 PMCID: PMC8081813 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-021-00301-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is extensive research investigating the match demands of players in the Australian Football League (AFL). OBJECTIVE This systematic literature review and meta-regression sought to analyse the evolution of in-game demands in AFL matches from 2005 to 2017, focusing on the relationship between volume and intensity. METHODS A systematic search of Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, Emcare, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and Cochrane Library databases was conducted. Included studies examined the physical demands of AFL matches utilising global positioning system (GPS) technology. Meta-regression analysed the shift in reported volume (total distance and total match time) and intensity (metres per minute [m.min-1], sprint duration and acceleration) metrics for overall changes, across quarters and positional groups (forwards, nomadics and defenders) from 2005 to 2017 inclusive and for each year between 2005 and 2007, 2007 and 2010, 2010 and 2012, and 2012 and 2015/2017 breakpoints. RESULTS Distance (p = 0.094), m.min-1 (p = 0.494), match time (p = 0.591), time over 18 km·h-1 (p = 0.271), and number of accelerations greater than 4 km·h-1 (p = 0.498) and 10 km·h-1 (p = 0.335) in 1 s did not change from 2005 to 2017. From 2005 to 2007 volume decreased (- 6.10 min of match time; p = 0.010) and intensity increased (6.8 m.min-1 increase; p = 0.023). Volume and intensity increased from 2007 to 2010, evidenced by increases in total distance (302 m; p = 0.039), time over 18 km·h-1 (0.31 min; p = 0.005), and number of accelerations greater than 4 km·h-1 (41.1; p = 0.004) and 10 km·h-1 (3.6; p = 0.005) in 1 s. From 2010 to 2012, intensity decreased, evidenced by reductions in metres per minute (- 4.3; p = 0.022), time over 18 km·h-1 (- 0.93 min; p < 0.001), and number of accelerations greater than 4 km·h-1 (- 104.4; p < 0.001) and 10 km·h-1 (- 8.3; p < 0.001) in 1 s, whilst volume stabilised with no changes in distance (p = 0.068) and match time (p = 0.443). From 2012 to 2015/2017 volume remained stable and intensity increased with time over 18 km·h-1 (0.27 min; p = 0.008) and number of accelerations greater than 4 km·h-1 (31.6; p = 0.016) in 1 s increasing. CONCLUSIONS Changes in volume and intensity of AFL match demands are defined by discrete periods from 2007 to 2010 and 2010 to 2012. The interaction of rule and interpretation changes and coaching strategies play a major role in these evolutionary changes. In turn, modified game styles impact player game demands, training, and selection priorities. Standardisation and uniformity of GPS data reporting is recommended due to inconsistencies in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J Janetzki
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, South Australia, 5001, Australia.
| | - Pitre C Bourdon
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, South Australia, 5001, Australia
| | - Kevin I Norton
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, South Australia, 5001, Australia
| | - Jackson C Lane
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, South Australia, 5001, Australia
| | - Clint R Bellenger
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, South Australia, 5001, Australia.,South Australian Sports Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Pereira LA, Freitas TT, Marín-Cascales E, Bishop C, McGuigan MR, Loturco I. Effects of Training on Sand or Hard Surfaces on Sprint and Jump Performance of Team-Sport Players: A Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis. Strength Cond J 2021. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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128
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Metaxas TI. Match Running Performance of Elite Soccer Players: V̇o2max and Players Position Influences. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:162-168. [PMID: 29995692 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Metaxas, TI. Match running performance of elite soccer players: V̇o2max and players position influences. J Strength Cond Res 35(1): 162-168, 2021-The aims of this study were (a) to assess the relationship between laboratory-measured V̇o2max with total distance covered in a soccer match, (b) to assess the relationship between laboratory-measured V̇o2max with the distance covered at a different running intensity in a soccer match, (c) to quantify different intensity running in various playing positions, and (d) to determine the differences of running performance between halves. Analyzed match running performance of the Greek elite (n = 14) soccer players using a global positioning system within the second division professional league. No correlation was found between V̇o2max and match running performance at any velocity. The players covered greater distances in the first half at all speed levels except walking. In the first half, they covered a greater distance than in the second half (1,533 vs. 1,297 m, p < 0.001; 879 vs. 708 m, p < 0.001; 433 vs. 359 m, p < 001; 185 vs. 152 m, p < 0.01; 81.4 vs. 65.5 m, p < 0.001) when jogging, running, high-intensity running, fast running, sprint and total, respectively. Wide players covered greater distances at fast running (p < 0.001) and sprint zone than the players who played at the axon of the field (348 vs. 297 and 186 vs. 113 m, respectively). In addition, midfielders covered a greater distance at high-intensity running zone and at fast running zone than the defenders and forwards (1,768 vs. 1,372 m, p < 0.01 and 1,768 vs. 1,361 m, p < 0.01; 686 vs. 878 m, p < 0.01 and 709 vs. 878 m, p < 0.05, respectively). The results demonstrate that match running performance and the distance covered depends on the tactical role of each player in the team. These data provide valuable information for coaches regarding the running profile of the Greek elite soccer players that could be used to design a more effective training program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas I Metaxas
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Laboratory of Evaluation of Human Biological Performance, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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129
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Arjol-Serrano JL, Lampre M, Díez A, Castillo D, Sanz-López F, Lozano D. The Influence of Playing Formation on Physical Demands and Technical-Tactical Actions According to Playing Positions in an Elite Soccer Team. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18084148. [PMID: 33919928 PMCID: PMC8070941 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18084148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the differences in the physical demands and technical-tactical actions encountered by soccer players between two playing formations (1-4-2-3-1 and 1-4-4-2) for each playing position. Twenty-three professional male soccer players who played 31 official matches participated in this study. Players were classified according to their playing position: central defenders (CD), wide defenders (WD), central midfielders (CM), wide midfielders (WM), offensive midfielders (OM) and forwards (FW). The physical demands were collected as total distance (TD), distance covered in different speed thresholds, and number of accelerations and decelerations. Also, the technical-tactical variables were recorded. The results showed that the 1-4-2-3-1 playing formation demanded decelerations between 2–4 m·s2 (p = 0.027; ES = 0.26) in comparison with 1-4-4-2 for all players. Likewise, forwards (FW) and central midfielders (CM) registered higher physical demands playing with the 1-4-2-3-1 compared to the 1-4-4-2 formation. Regarding the technical-tactical actions, they showed differences between the playing positions of the two playing formations. The findings suggest coaches prescribe specific training programs based on the influence of the playing formation and playing position on the physical demands and technical-tactical actions encountered by players during official match-play.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Luis Arjol-Serrano
- Health Sciences Faculty, Universidad San Jorge, 50830 Zaragoza, Spain; (J.L.A.-S.); (M.L.); (A.D.)
| | - Miguel Lampre
- Health Sciences Faculty, Universidad San Jorge, 50830 Zaragoza, Spain; (J.L.A.-S.); (M.L.); (A.D.)
| | - Adrián Díez
- Health Sciences Faculty, Universidad San Jorge, 50830 Zaragoza, Spain; (J.L.A.-S.); (M.L.); (A.D.)
| | - Daniel Castillo
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Isabel I, 09003 Burgos, Spain;
| | - Fernando Sanz-López
- National Sports Medicine Program (NSMP) Aspetar Orthopedics and Sports Medicine Hospital, 29222 Doha, Qatar;
| | - Demetrio Lozano
- Health Sciences Faculty, Universidad San Jorge, 50830 Zaragoza, Spain; (J.L.A.-S.); (M.L.); (A.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-976-060-100
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130
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Metabolic Profiles of the 30-15 Intermittent Fitness Test and the Corresponding Continuous Version in Team-Sport Athletes-Elucidating the Role of Inter-Effort Recovery. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2021; 16:1634-1639. [PMID: 33848977 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2020-0761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To elucidate the role of inter-effort recovery in shuttle running by comparing the metabolic profiles of the 30-15 Intermittent Fitness Test (30-15IFT) and the corresponding continuous version (30-15IFT-CONT). METHODS Sixteen state-level handball players (age = 23 [3] y, height = 185 [7] cm, weight = 85 [14] kg) completed the 30-15IFT and 30-15IFT-CONT, and speed at the last completed stage (in kilometers per hour) and time to exhaustion (in seconds) were assessed. Furthermore, oxygen uptake (in milliliters per kilogram per minute) and blood lactate were obtained preexercise, during exercise, and until 15 minutes postexercise. Metabolic energy (in kilojoules), metabolic power (in Watts per kilogram), and relative (in percentage) energy contribution of the aerobic (WAER, WAERint), anaerobic lactic (WBLC, WBLCint), and anaerobic alactic (WPCr, WPCrint) systems were calculated by PCr-La-O2 method for 30-15IFT-CONT and 30-15IFT. RESULTS No difference in peak oxygen uptake was found between 30-15IFT and 30-15IFT-CONT (60.6 [6.6] vs 60.5 [5.1] mL·kg-1·min-1, P = .165, d = 0.20), whereas speed at the last completed stage was higher in 30-15IFT (18.3 [1.4] vs 16.1 [1.0] km·h-1, P < .001, d = 1.17). Metabolic energy was also higher in 30-15IFT (1224.2 [269.6] vs 772.8 [63.1] kJ, P < .001, d = 5.60), and metabolic profiles differed substantially for aerobic (30-15IFT = 67.2 [5.2] vs 30-15IFT-CONT = 85.2% [2.5%], P < .001, d = -4.01), anaerobic lactic (30-15IFT = 4.4 [1.4] vs 30-15IFT-CONT = 6.2% [1.8%], P < .001, d = -1.04), and anaerobic alactic (30-15IFT = 28.4 [4.7] vs 30-15IFT-CONT = 8.6% [2.1%], P < .001, d = 5.43) components. CONCLUSIONS Both 30-15IFT and 30-15IFT-CONT are mainly fueled by aerobic energy, but their metabolic profiles differ substantially in both aerobic and anaerobic alactic energy contribution. Due to the presence of inter-effort recovery, intermittent shuttle runs rely to a higher extent on anaerobic alactic energy and a fast, aerobic replenishment of PCr during the short breaks between shuttles.
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131
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Teixeira JE, Forte P, Ferraz R, Leal M, Ribeiro J, Silva AJ, Barbosa TM, Monteiro AM. Monitoring Accumulated Training and Match Load in Football: A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:3906. [PMID: 33917802 PMCID: PMC8068156 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18083906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
(1) Background: Training load monitoring has become a relevant research-practice gap to control training and match demands in team sports. However, there are no systematic reviews about accumulated training and match load in football. (2) Methods: Following the preferred reporting item for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA), a systematic search of relevant English-language articles was performed from earliest record to March 2020. The search included descriptors relevant to football, training load, and periodization. (3) Results: The literature search returned 7972 articles (WoS = 1204; Pub-Med = 869, SCOPUS = 5083, and SportDiscus = 816). After screening, 36 full-text articles met the inclusion criteria and were reviewed. Eleven of the included articles analyzed weekly training load distribution; fourteen, the weekly training load and match load distribution; and eleven were about internal and external load relationships during training. The reviewed articles were based on short-telemetry systems (n = 12), global positioning tracking systems (n = 25), local position measurement systems (n = 3), and multiple-camera systems (n = 3). External load measures were quantified with distance and covered distance in different speed zones (n = 27), acceleration and deceleration (n = 13) thresholds, accelerometer metrics (n = 11), metabolic power output (n = 4), and ratios/scores (n = 6). Additionally, the internal load measures were reported with perceived exertion (n = 16); heart-rate-based measures were reported in twelve studies (n = 12). (4) Conclusions: The weekly microcycle presented a high loading variation and a limited variation across a competitive season. The magnitude of loading variation seems to be influenced by the type of week, player's starting status, playing positions, age group, training mode and contextual variables. The literature has focused mainly on professional men; future research should be on the youth and female accumulated training/match load monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- José E. Teixeira
- Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health and Human Development, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (P.F.); (R.F.); (A.J.S.); (T.M.B.); (A.M.M.)
- Department of Sports, Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Pedro Forte
- Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health and Human Development, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (P.F.); (R.F.); (A.J.S.); (T.M.B.); (A.M.M.)
- Departamento de Ciências do Desporto e Educação Física, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
- Department of Sports, Douro Higher Institute of Educational Sciences, 4560-708 Penafiel, Portugal; (M.L.); (J.R.)
| | - Ricardo Ferraz
- Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health and Human Development, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (P.F.); (R.F.); (A.J.S.); (T.M.B.); (A.M.M.)
- Department of Sports Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Miguel Leal
- Department of Sports, Douro Higher Institute of Educational Sciences, 4560-708 Penafiel, Portugal; (M.L.); (J.R.)
| | - Joana Ribeiro
- Department of Sports, Douro Higher Institute of Educational Sciences, 4560-708 Penafiel, Portugal; (M.L.); (J.R.)
| | - António J. Silva
- Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health and Human Development, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (P.F.); (R.F.); (A.J.S.); (T.M.B.); (A.M.M.)
- Department of Sports, Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Tiago M. Barbosa
- Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health and Human Development, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (P.F.); (R.F.); (A.J.S.); (T.M.B.); (A.M.M.)
- Departamento de Ciências do Desporto e Educação Física, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - António M. Monteiro
- Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health and Human Development, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (P.F.); (R.F.); (A.J.S.); (T.M.B.); (A.M.M.)
- Departamento de Ciências do Desporto e Educação Física, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
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Freiberg A, Bolm-Audorff U, Seidler A. The Risk of Knee Osteoarthritis in Professional Soccer Players. DEUTSCHES ARZTEBLATT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 118:49-55. [PMID: 33759745 DOI: 10.3238/arztebl.m2021.0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We address the question whether professional soccer players with and without macroinjury of the knee joint are at an elevated risk for knee osteoarthritis. METHODS A systematic review with meta-analyses was conducted. The study protocol was prospectively registered (registration number CRD42019137139). The MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Web of Science databases were searched for relevant publications; in addition, forward searching was performed, and the listed references were considered. All steps of the process were undertaken independently by two reviewers, and any discordances were resolved by consensus. For all publications whose full text was included, the methods used were critically evaluated. The quality of the evidence was judged using the GRADE criteria. RESULTS The pooled odds ratio for objectively ascertained osteoarthrosis of the knee was 2.25 (95% confidence interval [1.41-3.61], I2 = 71%). When only radiologically ascertained knee osteoarthrosis was considered, the odds ratio was 3.98 [1.34; 11.83], I2 = 58%). The pooled risk estimator in studies in which knee joint macroinjury was excluded was 2.81 ([1.25; 6.32], I2 = 71%). CONCLUSION A marked association was found between soccer playing and knee osteoarthritis in male professional soccer players. For female professional soccer players, the risk of knee osteoarthritis could not be assessed because of the lack of data. Knee injuries seem to play an important role in the development of knee osteoarthritis in professional soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Freiberg
- Institute and Policlinic of Occupational and Social Medicine, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden; Division of Occupational Health, Department of Occupational Safety and Environment, Regional Government of South Hesse, Wiesbaden; Extraordinary Chair of Occupational Medicine, University of Gießen
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133
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Szigeti G, Schuth G, Revisnyei P, Pasic A, Szilas A, Gabbett T, Pavlik G. Quantification of Training Load Relative to Match Load of Youth National Team Soccer Players. Sports Health 2021; 14:84-91. [PMID: 33813955 DOI: 10.1177/19417381211004902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have examined the training load relative to match load in club settings. The aims of this study were to (1) quantify the external training load relative to match load in days before a subsequent international game and (2) examine the cumulative training load in relation to match load of U-17 national team field soccer players. HYPOTHESIS Volume and intensity load parameters will vary between trainings; the farthermost trainings have the highest load gradually decreasing toward the match. STUDY DESIGN Prospective cohort study. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 4. METHODS External training load data were collected from 84 youth national team players using global positioning technology between 2016 and 2020. In the national team setting, training load data were obtained from 3 days before the actual match day (MD-3, MD-2, MD-1 days) and analyzed with regard to the number of days up to the game. Volume and intensity parameters were calculated as a percentage of the subsequent match load. RESULTS Significant differences were found between MD-1 and MD-2, as well as between MD-1 and MD-3 for most volume parameters (P < 0.01; effect sizes [ESs] 0.68-0.99) and high-intensity distance (P < 0.002; ES 0.67 and 0.73) and maximum velocity (P < 0.002; ES 0.82) as intensity parameters. Most cumulative values were significantly different from total duration (P < 0.001, common language ES 0.80-0.96). CONCLUSION The training volume gradually decreased as match day approached, with the highest volume occurring on MD-3. Intensity variables, such as maximum velocity, high-intensity accelerations, and meterage per minute were larger in MD-1 training relative to match load. Training volume was lowest in MD-1 trainings and highest in MD-3 trainings; intensity however varies between training days. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The findings of this study may help to understand the special preparational demands of international matches, highlighting the role of decreased training volume and increased intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyorgy Szigeti
- Department of Strength and Conditioning and Sport Science, Hungarian Football Federation, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Health Sciences and Sport Medicine, University of Physical Education, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gabor Schuth
- Department of Strength and Conditioning and Sport Science, Hungarian Football Federation, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Health Sciences and Sport Medicine, University of Physical Education, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Peter Revisnyei
- Budapest University of Technology and Economics (BME), MTA-BME Information Systems Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Alija Pasic
- Budapest University of Technology and Economics (BME), MTA-BME Information Systems Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Adam Szilas
- Department of Strength and Conditioning and Sport Science, Hungarian Football Federation, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tim Gabbett
- Gabbett Performance Solutions, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Centre for Health Research, University of Southern Queensland, Ipswich, Queensland, Australia
| | - Gabor Pavlik
- Department of Health Sciences and Sport Medicine, University of Physical Education, Budapest, Hungary
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134
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Vilamitjana JJ, Heinze G, Verde P, Calleja-González J. High-intensity activity according to playing position with different team formations in soccer. ACTA GYMNICA 2021. [DOI: 10.5507/ag.2021.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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135
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Longo UG, Sofi F, Candela V, Risi Ambrogioni L, Pagliai G, Massaroni C, Schena E, Cimmino M, D'Ancona F, Denaro V. The influence of athletic performance on the highest positions of the final ranking during 2017/2018 Serie A season. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2021; 13:32. [PMID: 33766112 PMCID: PMC7992946 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-021-00259-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Our previous study on the 2016/2017 Serie A season showed that a greater likelihood of reaching the top positions in the Italian league “Serie A” seemed to be mainly related to sprint activity, goal attempts, total throws, target shots and assists. Therefore, we aim to evaluate the following season data in the same league to compare, confirm, and improve these results. Methods The data of all the matches played during the “Serie A” 2017–2018 season were obtained from the Italian soccer league. The teams’ analysis was performed in terms of total distance covered in km, jogging, running and sprint activities, average speed, and match statistics (total shots, shots on target, goal attempts, assists, turnovers, and steals). Results Teams that reached the first four positions revealed a lower percentage of running (65.98 ± 1.51 vs. 66.84 ± 2.18; p < 0.001), a higher percentage of jogging (25.61 ± 1.71 vs. 25.30 ± 1.97; p = 0.037) and sprint activities (8.41 ± 1.04 vs. 7.86 ± 0.82; p < 0.001). Match statistics seem to be statistically different between the first four teams the other teams. The total goals are strongly associated both with the total score at the end of the championship (R = 0.906; p < 0.001) and with the position in the final ranking (R = 0.850; p < 0.001). Conclusions Our results suggest that high-level teams have a lower running rate and a higher percentage of jogging and sprinting than other teams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umile Giuseppe Longo
- Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Campus Bio-Medico University, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200, Trigoria,, 00128, Rome, Italy. .,Centro Integrato di Ricerca (CIR), Campus Bio-Medico University, Rome, Italy.
| | - Francesco Sofi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy. .,Don Carlo Gnocchi Foundation, Onlus IRCCS, Florence, Italy.
| | - Vincenzo Candela
- Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Campus Bio-Medico University, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200, Trigoria,, 00128, Rome, Italy.
| | - Laura Risi Ambrogioni
- Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Campus Bio-Medico University, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200, Trigoria,, 00128, Rome, Italy.
| | - Giuditta Pagliai
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
| | - Carlo Massaroni
- Unit of Measurements and Biomedical Instrumentation, Department of Engineering, Campus Bio-Medico University, Rome, Italy.
| | - Emiliano Schena
- Unit of Measurements and Biomedical Instrumentation, Department of Engineering, Campus Bio-Medico University, Rome, Italy.
| | - Matteo Cimmino
- Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Campus Bio-Medico University, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200, Trigoria,, 00128, Rome, Italy.
| | - Fabrizio D'Ancona
- Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Campus Bio-Medico University, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200, Trigoria,, 00128, Rome, Italy.
| | - Vincenzo Denaro
- Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Campus Bio-Medico University, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200, Trigoria,, 00128, Rome, Italy. .,Centro Integrato di Ricerca (CIR), Campus Bio-Medico University, Rome, Italy.
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Nobari H, Kargarfard M, Minasian V, Cholewa JM, Pérez-Gómez J. The effects of 14-week betaine supplementation on endocrine markers, body composition and anthropometrics in professional youth soccer players: a double blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2021; 18:20. [PMID: 33663545 PMCID: PMC7934563 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-021-00417-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Betaine supplementation may enhance body composition outcomes when supplemented chronically during an exercise program. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of betaine supplementation on development-related hormones, body composition, and anthropometrics in professional youth soccer players during a competitive season. Methods Twenty-nine players (age, 15.45 ± 0.25 years) were matched based upon position and then randomly assigned to a betaine group (2 g/day; n = 14, BG) or placebo group (PG, n = 15). All subjects participated in team practices, conditioning, and games. If a subject did not participate in a game, a conditioning protocol was used to ensure workload was standardized throughout the 14-week season. Growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), testosterone, cortisol, height, weight, and body composition were assessed at pre-season (P1), mid-season (P2) and post-season (P3). Anthropometric variables were also measured following a one-year follow-up (F). Results Significant (p < 0.05) group x time interactions were found for testosterone and testosterone to cortisol ratio (T/C). Both variables were greater in BG at P2 and P3 compared to P1, however, the testosterone was less in the PG at P3 compared to P2. There was no significant group by time interactions for GH, IGF-1, lean body mass, or body fat. There was a significant (p < 0.05) group x time interaction in height and weight at F, with the greater increases in BG compared to PG. Conclusion Betaine supplementation increased testosterone levels and T/C ratio in youth professional soccer players during a competitive season. Betaine supplementation had no negative effects on growth (height and weight) and may attenuate reductions in testosterone due to intense training during puberty. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12970-021-00417-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Nobari
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mehdi Kargarfard
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Vazgen Minasian
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Jason M Cholewa
- Department of Exercise Physiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Lynchburg, Lynchburg, VA, 24501, USA.
| | - Jorge Pérez-Gómez
- HEME Research Group, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
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137
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Natera AO, Cardinale M, Keogh JWL. The Effect of High Volume Power Training on Repeated High-Intensity Performance and the Assessment of Repeat Power Ability: A Systematic Review. Sports Med 2021; 50:1317-1339. [PMID: 32096112 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-020-01273-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High volume power training (HVPT) involves high volumes of high-velocity resistance training, with the aim to improve repeated high-intensity efforts (RHIEs). Repeat power ability (RPA) is the ability to repeatedly produce maximal or near maximal efforts. Assessments of RPA using external loading may determine the ability to perform repeat RHIEs typical of many sports and, therefore, provide useful information on the effectiveness of training. OBJECTIVES (1) Identify the different HVPT protocols; (2) examine the acute responses and chronic adaptations to different HVPT protocols; (3) identify different lower body RPA assessment protocols and highlight similarities, differences and potential limitations between each protocol, and; (4) describe the reliability and validity of RPA assessments. METHODS An electronic search was performed using SPORTDiscus, PubMed, CINAHL and Embase for studies utilising HVPT protocols and assessments of RPA. Eligible studies included peer-reviewed journal articles published in English. RESULTS Twenty studies met the inclusion criteria of the final review. Of the eight longitudinal studies, three were rated as fair and five were rated as poor methodological quality, respectively. In contrast, all 12 cross-sectional studies were considered to have a low risk of bias. Preliminary evidence suggests that HVPT can enhance RHIE, RPA, anaerobic capacity, anaerobic power and aerobic performance. HVPT generally consists of 2-3 sessions per week, utilising loads of 30-40% 1 repetition maximum (RM), for 3-5 sets of 10-20 repetitions, with inter-set rest periods of 2-3 min. RPA assessments can be valid and reliable and may provide useful information on an athlete's ability to perform RHIE and the success of HVPT programmes. CONCLUSIONS HVPT can be used to improve a number of physical qualities including RPA and RHIE; while a variety of RPA assessments provide valid and reliable information regarding the athlete's ability to perform RHIEs. Considering the heterogeneity in the HVPT protocols currently used and the relatively low volume and quality of longitudinal publications in this area, further studies are needed to identify the effects of a variety of HVPT methods on RPA, RHIE and other performance outcomes and to identify the most valid and reliable RPA outcomes to use in such studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex O Natera
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia. .,Greater Western Sydney Giants, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Marco Cardinale
- Sport Science Department, Aspire Academy, Po Box 22287, Doha, Qatar.,Department of Surgery and Interventional Medicine, University College London, London, UK.,Department of Computer Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Justin W L Keogh
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia.,Sports Performance Research Centre New Zealand, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand.,Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
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Comparison of Running Distance Variables and Body Load in Competitions Based on Their Results: A Full-Season Study of Professional Soccer Players. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18042077. [PMID: 33672740 PMCID: PMC7924652 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18042077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to compare the external workload in win, draw and defeat matches and to compare first and second halves in the Iranian Premier League. Observations on individual match performance measures were undertaken on thirteen outfield players (age, 28.6 ± 2.7 years; height, 182.1 ± 8.6 cm; body mass, 75.3 ± 8.2 kg; BMI, 22.6 ± 0.7 kg/m2) competing in the Iranian Premier League. High-speed activities selected for analysis included total duration of matches, total distance, average speed, high-speed running distance, sprint distance, maximal speed and GPS-derived body load data. In general, there were higher workloads in win matches when compared with draw or defeat for all variables; higher workloads in the first halves of win and draw matches; higher total distance, high-speed running distance and body load in the second half in defeat matches. Specifically, lower average speed was found in matches with a win than with draw or defeat (p < 0.05). Sprint distance was higher in the first half of win than defeat matches and high-speed running distance was lower in draw than defeat matches (all, p < 0.05). In addition, first half presented higher values for all variables, regardless of the match result. Specifically, high-speed running distance was higher in the first half of matches with a win (p = 0.08) and total distance was higher in the first half of matches with a draw (p = 0.012). In conclusion, match result influences the external workload demands and must be considered in subsequent training sessions and matches.
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Alcantarilla-Pedrosa M, Álvarez-Santana D, Hernández-Sánchez S, Yañez-Álvarez A, Albornoz-Cabello M. Assessment of External Load During Matches in Two Consecutive Seasons Using the Mediacoach ® Video Analysis System in a Spanish Professional Soccer Team: Implications for Injury Prevention. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18031128. [PMID: 33514057 PMCID: PMC7908100 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18031128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
(1) Background: Knowledge of competition loads is a relevant aspect of injury prevention. We aimed to describe the training and match injury incidence and physical demand variables observed during a competition using a multi-camera video analysis system (Mediacoach®) (LaLigaTM, Madrid, Spain) in a professional Spanish soccer team during two consecutive seasons. (2) Methods: 30 players (age: 26.07 ± 3.78 years) participated in the study. Physical variables of 74 matches were collected retrospectively. Injury characteristics of both seasons were also collected. Differences in these variables between the two seasons and by player position and correlations between variables were explored. (3) Results: There were statistically significant differences between the two seasons in the total distance traveled and the distance traveled at a high-intensity sprint (p < 0.05). During the two seasons, there was an average of 4.7 ± 2.2 injuries. The total distance traveled was different according to the playing position, and statistically significant correlations were found in the total distance and sprint at a high intensity for certain positions with different injury severity (4) Conclusions: The match performance data recorded by the Mediacoach® system may provide relevant information by player position to technical and medical staff for injury prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Alcantarilla-Pedrosa
- Medical Department of Real Betis Balompié S.A.D, Avda. Heliópolis, s/n, 41012 Sevilla, Spain; (M.A.-P.); (D.Á.-S.)
| | - David Álvarez-Santana
- Medical Department of Real Betis Balompié S.A.D, Avda. Heliópolis, s/n, 41012 Sevilla, Spain; (M.A.-P.); (D.Á.-S.)
| | - Sergio Hernández-Sánchez
- Translational Research Center of Physiotherapy, Department of Pathology and Surgery, Miguel Hernandez University, 03550 Sant Joan, Alicante, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-965919204
| | - Angel Yañez-Álvarez
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Nursing, Physiotherapy, and Podiatry, University of Seville, 41009 Seville, Spain; (A.Y.-Á.); (M.A.-C.)
| | - Manuel Albornoz-Cabello
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Nursing, Physiotherapy, and Podiatry, University of Seville, 41009 Seville, Spain; (A.Y.-Á.); (M.A.-C.)
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140
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McAuley ABT, Hughes DC, Tsaprouni LG, Varley I, Suraci B, Roos TR, Herbert AJ, Kelly AL. The association of the ACTN3 R577X and ACE I/D polymorphisms with athlete status in football: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Sports Sci 2021; 39:200-211. [PMID: 32856541 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1812195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this review was to assess the association of ACTN3 R577X and ACE I/D polymorphisms with athlete status in football and determine which allele and/or genotypes are most likely to influence this phenotype via a meta-analysis. A comprehensive search identified 17 ACTN3 and 19 ACE studies. Significant associations were shown between the presence of the ACTN3 R allele and professional footballer status (OR = 1.35, 95% CI: 1.18-1.53) and the ACE D allele and youth footballers (OR = 1.18, 95% CI: 1.01-1.38). More specifically, the ACTN3 RR genotype (OR = 1.48, 95% CI: 1.23-1.77) and ACE DD genotype (OR = 1.29, 95% CI: 1.02-1.63) exhibited the strongest associations, respectively. These findings may be explained by the association of the ACTN3 RR genotype and ACE DD genotype with power-orientated phenotypes and the relative contribution of power-orientated phenotypes to success in football. As such, the results of this review provide further evidence that individual genetic variation may contribute towards athlete status and can differentiate athletes of different competitive playing statuses in a homogenous team-sport cohort. Moreover, the ACTN3 R577X and ACE I/D polymorphisms are likely (albeit relatively minor) contributing factors that influence athlete status in football.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander B T McAuley
- Faculty of Health, Education and Life Sciences, Birmingham City University , Birmingham, UK
| | - David C Hughes
- Faculty of Health, Education and Life Sciences, Birmingham City University , Birmingham, UK
| | - Loukia G Tsaprouni
- Faculty of Health, Education and Life Sciences, Birmingham City University , Birmingham, UK
| | - Ian Varley
- Department of Sport Science, Nottingham Trent University , Nottingham, UK
| | - Bruce Suraci
- Academy Coaching Department, AFC Bournemouth , Bournemouth, UK
| | - Thomas R Roos
- The International Academy of Sports Science and Technology (AISTS), University of Lausanne , Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Adam J Herbert
- Faculty of Health, Education and Life Sciences, Birmingham City University , Birmingham, UK
| | - Adam L Kelly
- Faculty of Health, Education and Life Sciences, Birmingham City University , Birmingham, UK
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141
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Macdermid PW, Pearce T, Foskett A. The use of a running power-meter for performance analysis in five-a-side football. Gait Posture 2021; 83:35-43. [PMID: 33069127 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2020.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Power output considers all movement aspects of the game of football and could have meaningful impact for teams. PURPOSE & METHODS To assess inter-reliability of ten power meters designed for running; and as a descriptor of individual and team performance during a five-a-side football match. The work aimed to assess inter-device reliability of running power-meters combined with data analysis from intermittent running, along with descriptives of player work rate, gait and team performance during a small-sided game of football. METHODS 10 different running power meters inter-reliability were on a treadmill at 8, 10, 12, and 16 km h-1 for 60 s in a random order. Football players (N = 10) performed the Yo-Yo ET1 with the running power meters to determine participants' endurance capability, while assessing the ability to record metrics of gait and power output during intermittent running. Following a period of 7-days participants took part in a 20 min small-sided game of football wearing the running power meters to provide descriptors of work and gait. RESULTS Good inter-device reliability for the power meters (CV 1.67, range 1.51-1.94 %) during continuous treadmill running were found. Overall mean ± SD results for Yo-Yo ET1 power output 263 ± 36W, power:weight 3.59 ± 0.34W∙kg-1 significantly (p < 0.05) increased with successive stages, while ground-contact time 234 ± 17 ms, and vertical oscillation 90.7 ± 27 mm did not change (p > 0.05). Descriptive analysis of the small-sided game presented mean ± SD absolute and relative power outputs of 148 ± 44W and 1.98 ± 0.53W∙kg-1, equating to 54 ± 21 %Wmax and 74 ± 5%HRmax. Characteristics of gait included cadence 125 ± 22 rpm, ground contact time 266 ± 19 ms, and vertical oscillation 76.7 ± 7 mm. The winning team worked relatively harder than the losing team (53.3 ± 0.7 %Wmax vs 46.7 ± 0.4 %Wmax, p < 0.0001) with more time (398 s vs 141 s) spent above 70 %Wmax. SIGNIFICANCE As such, the use of a running power-meter is a useful tool for comparing work rate and aspects of gait between team members while more research is required to investigate relative work rate (%Wmax) within the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul W Macdermid
- School of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, College of Health, Massey University, New Zealand.
| | - Tom Pearce
- School of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, College of Health, Massey University, New Zealand
| | - Andrew Foskett
- School of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, College of Health, Massey University, New Zealand
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142
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Hernandez-Martin A, Sanchez-Sanchez J, Felipe JL, Manzano-Carrasco S, Majano C, Gallardo L, Garcia-Unanue J. Physical Demands of U10 Players in a 7-a-Side Soccer Tournament Depending on the Playing Position and Level of Opponents in Consecutive Matches Using Global Positioning Systems (GPS). SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E6968. [PMID: 33291228 PMCID: PMC7729596 DOI: 10.3390/s20236968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyse the physical demands of U10 players in a 7-a-side-soccer tournament based on the playing positions in 6 consecutive matches by global positioning systems (GPS). Variables of total distance, relative distance in different speed zones, maximum speed, time interval between accelerations, maximum speed acceleration, maximum acceleration, acceleration distance and the number of high-intensity accelerations were analysed. Differences between playing positions were found in the total distance covered by the midfielders. They covered higher total distances than the defenders (+1167 m; 95% CI: 411 to 1922 m; effect size (ES) = 1.41; p < 0.05) and forwards (+1388 m; CI 95%: 712 a 2063 m; TE = 0.85; p < 0.05). The total covered distance increased in the final rounds with respect to the group stage (p < 0.05; ES: 0.44 to 1.62), and high-intensity actions, such as the number of accelerations, were greater in the final rounds compared to the group stage (p < 0.05; ES: 0.44 to 1.62). The physical performance of young football players in a tournament with consecutive matches on a 40 × 62 m football field on the same day is influenced by the playing position and dependent on the level difference between opponents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Hernandez-Martin
- IGOID Research Group, Physical Activity and Sport Sciences Department, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain; (A.H.-M.); (S.M.-C.); (C.M.); (L.G.); (J.G.-U.)
| | - Javier Sanchez-Sanchez
- School of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain;
| | - Jose Luis Felipe
- School of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain;
| | - Samuel Manzano-Carrasco
- IGOID Research Group, Physical Activity and Sport Sciences Department, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain; (A.H.-M.); (S.M.-C.); (C.M.); (L.G.); (J.G.-U.)
| | - Carlos Majano
- IGOID Research Group, Physical Activity and Sport Sciences Department, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain; (A.H.-M.); (S.M.-C.); (C.M.); (L.G.); (J.G.-U.)
| | - Leonor Gallardo
- IGOID Research Group, Physical Activity and Sport Sciences Department, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain; (A.H.-M.); (S.M.-C.); (C.M.); (L.G.); (J.G.-U.)
| | - Jorge Garcia-Unanue
- IGOID Research Group, Physical Activity and Sport Sciences Department, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain; (A.H.-M.); (S.M.-C.); (C.M.); (L.G.); (J.G.-U.)
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143
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Hedge ET, Hughson RL. Frequency domain analysis to extract dynamic response characteristics for oxygen uptake during transitions to moderate- and heavy-intensity exercises. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2020; 129:1422-1430. [PMID: 33054659 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00503.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
At the onset of an exercise transition, exponential modeling to calculate a time constant (τ) is the conventional method to analyze pulmonary oxygen uptake (V̇O2p) kinetics for moderate and heavy exercises. A new frequency domain analysis technique, mean normalized gain (MNG), has been used to analyze V̇O2p kinetics during moderate exercise, but has not been evaluated for its ability to detect differences in kinetics between moderate and heavy exercises. This study tested the hypothesis that MNG would detect smaller amplitude V̇O2p responses in the heavy-exercise domain compared with moderate-exercise domain. Eight young healthy adults (3 female; age: 27 ± 6 yr; peak V̇O2p: 43 ± 6 mL·min-1·kg-1; means ± SD) performed three bouts of pseudorandom binary sequence (PRBS) exercise for frequency analysis, with the work rate (WR) changing between 25 W and 90% ventilatory threshold (VT; L → MPRBS), 25 W and 50% of the difference between VT and peak V̇O2p (Δ50%; L → HPRBS), and VT to Δ50% (VT → HPRBS). Step exercise tests with equivalent changes in WR to the PRBS tests were performed to facilitate the comparison between MNG and τ. MNG was the highest for L → MPRBS (59 ± 7%), then L → HPRBS (52 ± 6%), and the lowest for VT → HPRBS (38 ± 7%, F(2,14) = 129.755, P < 0.001) exercise conditions indicating slower kinetics with increasing exercise intensity that correlated strongly in repeated measures with τ from step transitions (rrm = -0.893). These results indicate that frequency domain analysis and MNG reliably detect differences in V̇O2p kinetics observed across exercise intensity domains.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Mean normalized gain is able to detect differences in V̇O2p kinetics between moderate-, heavy-, and heavy-intensity exercises from a raised WR within the same individuals. This new method of kinetic analysis may be advantageous compared with conventional V̇O2p curve fitting, as it is less sensitive to breath-by-breath noise, it can provide useful information from a single exercise testing session, and it can be applied to nonconstant work rate exercise situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric T Hedge
- Schlegel-University of Waterloo Research Institute for Aging, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Richard L Hughson
- Schlegel-University of Waterloo Research Institute for Aging, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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144
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Field A, Corr LD, Haines M, Lui S, Naughton R, Page RM, Harper LD. Biomechanical and Physiological Responses to 120 Min. of Soccer-Specific Exercise. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2020; 91:692-704. [PMID: 32023187 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2019.1698698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: The purpose of the study is to investigate biomechanical and physiological responses to soccer-specific exercise incorporating an extra-time period (ET) and assess the test-retest reliability of these responses. Methods: Twelve soccer players performed 120 min of soccer-specific exercise. Tri-axial (PLTotal) and uni-axial PlayerLoad™ in the vertical (PLV), anterior-posterior (PLA-P), and medial-lateral (PLM-L) planes were monitored using a portable accelerometer. Likewise, respiratory exchange ratio (RER) was recorded throughout exercise. At the end of each 15-min period, players provided differential ratings of perceived exertion for legs (RPE-L), breathlessness (RPE-B) and overall (RPE-O), and capillary samples were taken to measure blood lactate (BLa) concentrations. The soccer-specific exercise was completed twice within 7 days to assess reliability. Results: A main effect for time was identified for PLTotal (p = 0.045), PLV (p = 0.002), PLA-P (p = 0.011), RER (p = 0.001), RPE-L (p = 0.001), RPE-O (p = 0.003), and CMJ (p = 0.020). A significant increase in PLTotal (234 ± 34 au) and decrease in RER (0.87 ± 0.03) was evident during 105-120 versus 0-15 min (215 ± 25 au; p = 0.002 and 0.92 ± 0.02; p = 0.001). Coefficients of variations were <10% and Pearson's correlation coefficient demonstrated moderate-to-very strong (0.33-0.99) reliability for all PL variables, RPE-B, BLa, and RER. Conclusions: These results suggest that mechanical efficiency is compromised and an increased rate of lipolysis is observed as a function of exercise duration, particularly during ET. These data have implications for practitioners interested in fatigue-induced changes during ET.
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145
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Di Mascio M, Ade J, Musham C, Girard O, Bradley PS. Soccer-Specific Reactive Repeated-Sprint Ability in Elite Youth Soccer Players: Maturation Trends and Association With Various Physical Performance Tests. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 34:3538-3545. [PMID: 33237700 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Di Mascio, M, Ade, J, Musham, C, Girard, O, and Bradley, PS. Soccer-specific reactive repeated-sprint ability in elite youth soccer players: maturation trends and association with various physical performance tests. J Strength Cond Res 34(12): 3538-3545, 2020-Repeated-sprint ability is an important physical prerequisite for competitive soccer and deviates for players in various stages of growth and development. Thus, this study investigated reactive repeated-sprint ability in elite youth soccer players in relation to maturation (age at peak height velocity) and its association with performance of other physical tests. Elite male youth players from an English Premier League academy (U12, n = 8; U13, n = 11; U14, n = 15; U15, n = 6; U16, n = 10; and U18, n = 13) completed the reactive repeated-sprint test (RRST; 8 × 30-m sprints with 30-second active recovery), and other physical tests including the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level 2 (Yo-Yo IR2), arrowhead agility test, countermovement jump test with arms (CMJA), in addition to 10- and 20-m straight-line sprints. Reactive repeated-sprint test (RRST) performance (total time across 8 sprints) progressively improved from U12 to U16 (p < 0.01; effect size [ES]: 1.0-1.9), yet with no differences found between U16 and U18. No between-group differences in RRST performance were evident after accounting for age at peak height velocity (p > 0.05; ES: <0.3). Correlation magnitudes between performance on the RRST and other tests were trivial to moderate for the Yo-Yo IR2 (r = -0.15 to 0.42), moderate to very large for the arrowhead agility test (r = 0.48-0.90), moderate to large for CMJA (r = -0.43 to 0.66), and trivial to large for 10- and 20-m sprints (r = 0.05-0.61). The RRST was sensitive at tracking maturation trends in elite youth players, although performance improvements were not as marked from 15 to 16 years of age. RRST performance correlates with several physical qualities decisive for competitive soccer (agility, speed, power, and aerobic endurance).
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Di Mascio
- Education and Welfare Department, Sunderland Association Football Club, Sunderland, United Kingdom
| | - Jack Ade
- Medical and Sports Science Department, Liverpool Football Club, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Craig Musham
- Medical Department, Newcastle United Football Club, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Olivier Girard
- Murdoch University, School of Psychology and Exercise Science, Perth, Australia.,Institute of Sports Sciences, Lausanne University, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Paul S Bradley
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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146
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Relationships between Training Loads and Selected Blood Parameters in Professional Soccer Players during a 12-Day Sports Camp. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17228580. [PMID: 33227932 PMCID: PMC7699258 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17228580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The main purpose of this study is to assess the relations between training loads and selected blood parameters in professional soccer players during a preseason sports camp. Fifteen professional soccer players (age: 24.3 ± 5.25 year; height: 182.6 ± 6.75 cm; weight: 76.4 ± 6.72 kg) participated in the 12-day training camp. All the training sessions and friendly games were accurately analyzed with a GPS system. Blood samples were taken from the players and analyzed before the camp (PRE), in the middle (MID), and one day after the camp (POST). Mean total distance covered by the players during the camp was 85,205 ± 2685 m, high-intensity running 12,454 ± 1873 m, and sprinting 639 ± 219 m. The highest aspartate transaminase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CK), and C-reactive protein (CRP) values were observed after six days of the camp. The application of intensive training during a 12-day sports camp can be associated with chronic muscle pain with high activity of some blood enzymes (CK, AST) and a high concentration of myoglobin (Mb). During training camps longer than 10 days, it would be necessary to apply, every second or third day, one day of rest, and the training load should not exceed two units every day.
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147
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Aerobic fitness and game performance indicators in professional football players; playing position specifics and associations. Heliyon 2020; 6:e05427. [PMID: 33195848 PMCID: PMC7644917 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to identify associations between aerobic fitness (AF) and game performance indicator (GPI) in elite football. Participants were professional football players (males, n = 16; age: 23.76 ± 2.64; body height: 181.62 ± 7.09 cm; body mass: 77.01 ± 6.34 kg). AF testing was conducted by direct measurement and included VO2max, running speed at aerobic threshold (AeT), and running speed at anaerobic threshold (AT). The GPI were collected by the position-specific performance statistics index (InStat index). The players were observed over one competitive half-season, resulting in 82 game performances, grouped according to the positions in game: defenders (n = 39), midfielders (n = 32) and forwards (n = 11). VO2max was not found to be a good discriminator of AF among different playing positions. AeT (F-test = 26.36. p = 0.01) and AT (F-test = 7.25, p = 0.01) were highest among midfielders, and lowest among forwards. No correlations were found between AF and GPI. This study confirmed that AeT and AT are better indicators of AF than VO2max in football players at different playing positions. The lack of associations between AF and GPI was discussed with regard to calculation of InStat as a GPI.
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148
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Portillo J, Abián P, Calvo B, Paredes V, Abián-Vicén J. Effects of muscular injuries on the technical and physical performance of professional soccer players. PHYSICIAN SPORTSMED 2020; 48:437-441. [PMID: 32200688 DOI: 10.1080/00913847.2020.1744485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: The aim of this study was to determine the effects of muscular injuries in the lower limbs on the technical and physical performance of professional soccer players when they return to the league competition. Methods: Seventy-six muscular injuries incurred by Spanish male professional soccer players (Age: 27.5 ± 3.5 years) were analyzed during two consecutive competitive seasons: 2014-2015 and 2015-2016. The players' performance was studied during Spanish First Division competitive matches using a multi-camera computerized tracking system (Mediacoach Desktop). Results: After muscular injury relative total distance covered in sprints decreased by 8.6 ± 30.2% (P = 0.013) in the first half and 7.7 ± 36.6% (P = 0.038) in the second half. Similarly, maximal running speed decreased by 2.78 ± 6.91 km.h-1 (pre: 27.3 ± 6.4 km.h-1vs. post: 24.5 ± 6.6 km.h-1, P = 0.013) in the first half, and 1.50 ± 5.68 km.h-1 (29.1 ± 3.9 km.h-1vs. 27.6 ± 5.3 km.h-1, P = 0.043) in the second half. Muscle injury also affected technical performance significantly decreasing successful passes (P = 0.045). There were no differences in the number of possession gains (P = 0.277), and possession losses (P = 0.178). Conclusions: After a moderate or severe muscular injury (causing >8 days lay off), player performance is significantly lower in high-intensity efforts and technical skills such as sprints, maximal running speed, or successful passes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Portillo
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Performance and Sport Rehabilitation Laboratory, University of Castilla-La Mancha , Toledo, Spain
| | - Pablo Abián
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Comillas Pontifical University , Madrid, Spain
| | - Bibiana Calvo
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Performance and Sport Rehabilitation Laboratory, University of Castilla-La Mancha , Toledo, Spain
| | - Víctor Paredes
- Faculty of Health, Camilo José Cela University , Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Abián-Vicén
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Performance and Sport Rehabilitation Laboratory, University of Castilla-La Mancha , Toledo, Spain
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149
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Match and Training High Intensity Activity-Demands Profile During a Competitive Mesocycle in Youth Elite Soccer Players. J Hum Kinet 2020; 75:195-205. [PMID: 33312307 PMCID: PMC7706676 DOI: 10.2478/hukin-2020-0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The monitoring of the high intensity activity-demands profile during official matches (OMs) and training sessions (TSs) provides a deeper understanding of the relationship between training and competition loads as well as players’ fitness characteristics. The aims of this study were to: 1) describe the training and match high intensity activity-demands profile in U-19 soccer players; 2) compare the profile depending on the type of session (OM or TS) throughout match-weeks; and 3) differentiate between profiles depending on the match location (home or away). Twenty-five U-19 Spanish soccer players were monitored during TSs and OMs for a one-month competitive period using a WIMU PROTM wearable inertial device. The variables of the study were: high speed running distance (HSRD), total sprints (SPs), maximum speed (MS) and player load (PL). OMs required higher demands than TSs in HSRD (460.99 ± 206.18 vs. 315.45 ± 180.12 m; p < 0.01; d = 0.75), SPs (10.86 ± 6.64 vs. 7.23 ± 4.82; p < 0.01; d = 0.69), MS (29.99 ± 2.54 vs. 28.50 ± 2.4 km/h; p < 0.01; d = 0.59) and PL (103.08 ± 24.15 vs. 83.18 ± 17.96 a.u.; p < 0.01; d = 0.94). The interaction between the type of session and mean week’s demands presented differences with medium effect size in MS (p < 0.01; ωp2 = 0.06) and small effect size in HSRD (p = 0.04; ωp2 = 0.03), and SP (p = 0.05; ωp2 = 0.03), but there were no differences in PL (p = 0.18; ωp2 = 0). Finally, no differences were found in the match location comparison (p > 0.33; d = 0.22–0.33). Therefore, the profiles presented could be useful for future scientific purposes and serve as valid information for coaches trying to optimize performance.
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150
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Differences in worst-case scenarios calculated by fixed length and rolling average methods in professional soccer match-play. Biol Sport 2020; 38:325-331. [PMID: 34475615 PMCID: PMC8329979 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2021.99706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The aims of this study were to describe the worst-case scenarios (WCS) in professional soccer players calculated by fixed length and rolling average methods with regards to each playing position. This was done, firstly, by comparing total distance (TD covered in the WCS; secondly, by comparing high-speed running distance (HSRD); and thirdly, by comparing sprint distance (SPD). The study was conducted over a three-mesocycle competitive period. The WCS of three distance-related variables (TD, HSRD, SPD) in four time windows (1, 3, 5, 10 minutes) were calculated according to playing position (central defender; full-back; midfielder, wide midfielder, and forward) using fixed length and rolling average methods. A significant effect of the type of method used to calculate the WCS in TD (F(1, 142) = 151.49, p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.52), HSRD (F(1, 138) = 336.95, p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.71) and SPD (F(1, 138) = 76.74, p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.36) was observed. In addition, there was a significant interaction between type of method and WCS duration in TD (F(1.36, 193.53) = 41.95, p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.23), HSRD (F(2.28, 315.11) = 21.77, p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.14) and SPD (F(2.59, 358.41) = 6.93, p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.05). In conclusion, the use of fixed length methods of different durations significantly underestimated the WCS of TD, HSRD and SPD across the most common playing positions in professional soccer players. Therefore, the application of rolling averages is recommended for an appropriate WCS analysis in professional soccer match-play.
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