101
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Sohet F, Daneman R. Genetic mouse models to study blood-brain barrier development and function. Fluids Barriers CNS 2013; 10:3. [PMID: 23305182 PMCID: PMC3675378 DOI: 10.1186/2045-8118-10-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a complex physiological structure formed by the blood vessels of the central nervous system (CNS) that tightly regulates the movement of substances between the blood and the neural tissue. Recently, the generation and analysis of different genetic mouse models has allowed for greater understanding of BBB development, how the barrier is regulated during health, and its response to disease. Here we discuss: 1) Genetic mouse models that have been used to study the BBB, 2) Available mouse genetic tools that can aid in the study of the BBB, and 3) Potential tools that if generated could greatly aid in our understanding of the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Sohet
- UCSF Department of Anatomy, 513 Parnassus Ave HSW1301, San Francisco, 94117, California, USA.
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102
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Souza CM, Davidson D, Rhee I, Gratton JP, Davis EC, Veillette A. The phosphatase PTP-PEST/PTPN12 regulates endothelial cell migration and adhesion, but not permeability, and controls vascular development and embryonic viability. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:43180-90. [PMID: 23105101 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.387456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein-tyrosine phosphatase (PTP)-PEST (PTPN12) is ubiquitously expressed. It is essential for normal embryonic development and embryonic viability in mice. Herein we addressed the involvement of PTP-PEST in endothelial cell functions using a combination of genetic and biochemical approaches. By generating primary endothelial cells from an inducible PTP-PEST-deficient mouse, we found that PTP-PEST is not needed for endothelial cell differentiation and proliferation or for the control of endothelial cell permeability. Nevertheless, it is required for integrin-mediated adhesion and migration of endothelial cells. PTP-PEST-deficient endothelial cells displayed increased tyrosine phosphorylation of Cas, paxillin, and Pyk2, which were previously also implicated in integrin functions. By eliminating PTP-PEST in endothelial cells in vivo, we obtained evidence that expression of PTP-PEST in endothelial cells is required for normal vascular development and embryonic viability. Therefore, PTP-PEST is a key regulator of integrin-mediated functions in endothelial cells seemingly through its capacity to control Cas, paxillin, and Pyk2. This function explains at least in part the essential role of PTP-PEST in embryonic development and viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cleiton Martins Souza
- Laboratories of Molecular Oncology, Clinical Research Institute of Montréal, Montréal, Québec H2W 1R7, Canada
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103
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Kusuhara S, Fukushima Y, Fukuhara S, Jakt LM, Okada M, Shimizu Y, Hata M, Nishida K, Negi A, Hirashima M, Mochizuki N, Nishikawa SI, Uemura A. Arhgef15 promotes retinal angiogenesis by mediating VEGF-induced Cdc42 activation and potentiating RhoJ inactivation in endothelial cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45858. [PMID: 23029280 PMCID: PMC3448698 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drugs inhibiting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling are globally administered to suppress deregulated angiogenesis in a variety of eye diseases. However, anti-VEGF therapy potentially affects the normal functions of retinal neurons and glias which constitutively express VEGF receptor 2. Thus, it is desirable to identify novel drug targets which are exclusively expressed in endothelial cells (ECs). Here we attempted to identify an EC-specific Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) and evaluate its role in retinal angiogenesis. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS By exploiting fluorescence-activated cell sorting and microarray analyses in conjunction with in silico bioinformatics analyses, we comprehensively identified endothelial genes in angiogenic retinal vessels of postnatal mice. Of 9 RhoGEFs which were highly expressed in retinal ECs, we show that Arhgef15 acted as an EC-specific GEF to mediate VEGF-induced Cdc42 activation and potentiated RhoJ inactivation, thereby promoting actin polymerization and cell motility. Disruption of the Arhgef15 gene led to delayed extension of vascular networks and subsequent reduction of total vessel areas in postnatal mouse retinas. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our study provides information useful to the development of new means of selectively manipulating angiogenesis without affecting homeostasis in un-targeted tissues; not only in eyes but also in various disease settings such as cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sentaro Kusuhara
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe, Japan
- Division of Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yoko Fukushima
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe, Japan
- Division of Vascular Biology, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka University Medical School, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shigetomo Fukuhara
- Department of Cell Biology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - Lars Martin Jakt
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Okada
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yuri Shimizu
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe, Japan
| | - Masayuki Hata
- Division of Vascular Biology, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Kohji Nishida
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka University Medical School, Osaka, Japan
| | - Akira Negi
- Division of Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Masanori Hirashima
- Division of Vascular Biology, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Naoki Mochizuki
- Department of Cell Biology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Nishikawa
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Uemura
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe, Japan
- Division of Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
- Division of Vascular Biology, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
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104
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JIANG WENG, YE LIN, JI KE, FREWER NATASHA, JI JIAFU, MASON MALCOLMD. Inhibitory effects of Yangzheng Xiaoji on angiogenesis and the role of the focal adhesion kinase pathway. Int J Oncol 2012; 41:1635-42. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2012.1627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2012] [Accepted: 07/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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105
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Nascimento-Silva V, Rodrigues da Silva G, Moraes JA, Cyrino FZ, Seabra SH, Bouskela E, Almeida Guimarães J, Barja-Fidalgo C. A pro-inflammatory profile of endothelial cell in Lonomia obliqua envenomation. Toxicon 2012; 60:50-60. [PMID: 22779081 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Lonomia obliqua envenomation is characterized by intense local inflammatory reaction, which, dependent on the severity of the case, is followed by severe clinical manifestations related to hemorrhagic disorders that can lead to fatal outcome. These effects were imputed to several toxins present in L. obliqua venom, which are responsible for procoagulant, anticoagulant as well as antithrombotic activities, being also able to interfere with vascular cells functions. In this work, the intravital microscopy analysis show that after administration of low doses of L. obliqua venom (1-3 μg/ml) on hamster cheek pouch, there was no alterations neither on arterioles or venules caliber nor in the vascular permeability up to 30 min. However, after 10 min in contact with venom occurred a clear activation in the vascular bed, characterized by an increase in leukocyte rolling and adhesion on endothelium of hamster cheek pouch venules. A confocal analysis of vascular beds, confirmed these results showing an increase in endothelial E-selectin and VCAM-1 expression. The effects of L. obliqua venom on human endothelial cell (EC) in vitro were also investigated. The treatment of EC with venom (1-3 μg/ml) did not affect cell viability. However, at concentrations as low as 3 μg/ml of L. obliqua venom modifies actin cytoskeleton dynamics, and increases focal adhesion contacts, inducing stress fiber formation, focal adhesion kinase (FAK) phosphorylation and its subsequent association to actin. These effects are followed by the activation of NF-κB pathway, a critical signaling in several events associated to vascular inflammation. Accordingly, L. obliqua venom leads to a significant increase in COX-2, NOS-2, HO-1, MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression. Taken together the data show that, even at low concentrations, L. obliqua venom can activate endothelial cells, which assume a pro-inflammatory profile, contributing for local effects and probably also for systemic disturbances due to its ability to modulate the properties of the vascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vany Nascimento-Silva
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Cellular Pharmacology, IBRAG, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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106
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Lim ST, Miller NLG, Chen XL, Tancioni I, Walsh CT, Lawson C, Uryu S, Weis SM, Cheresh DA, Schlaepfer DD. Nuclear-localized focal adhesion kinase regulates inflammatory VCAM-1 expression. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 197:907-19. [PMID: 22734001 PMCID: PMC3384409 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201109067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Kinase-inhibited FAK limits VCAM-1 production via nuclear localization and promotion of GATA4 turnover. Vascular cell adhesion molecule–1 (VCAM-1) plays important roles in development and inflammation. Tumor necrosis factor–α (TNF-α) and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) are key regulators of inflammatory and integrin–matrix signaling, respectively. Integrin costimulatory signals modulate inflammatory gene expression, but the important control points between these pathways remain unresolved. We report that pharmacological FAK inhibition prevented TNF-α–induced VCAM-1 expression within heart vessel–associated endothelial cells in vivo, and genetic or pharmacological FAK inhibition blocked VCAM-1 expression during development. FAK signaling facilitated TNF-α–induced, mitogen-activated protein kinase activation, and, surprisingly, FAK inhibition resulted in the loss of the GATA4 transcription factor required for TNF-α–induced VCAM-1 production. FAK inhibition also triggered FAK nuclear localization. In the nucleus, the FAK-FERM (band 4.1, ezrin, radixin, moesin homology) domain bound directly to GATA4 and enhanced its CHIP (C terminus of Hsp70-interacting protein) E3 ligase–dependent polyubiquitination and degradation. These studies reveal new developmental and anti-inflammatory roles for kinase-inhibited FAK in limiting VCAM-1 production via nuclear localization and promotion of GATA4 turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ssang-Taek Lim
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, University of California-San Diego, Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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107
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Kurio N, Shimo T, Fukazawa T, Okui T, Hassan NMM, Honami T, Horikiri Y, Hatakeyama S, Takaoka M, Naomoto Y, Sasaki A. Anti-tumor effect of a novel FAK inhibitor TAE226 against human oral squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Oncol 2012; 48:1159-70. [PMID: 22766511 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2012.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Revised: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 05/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) overexpression is frequently found in invasive and metastatic cancers, but its role in oral squamous cell carcinoma is not yet well understood. In order to seek therapies targeting oral squamous cell carcinoma, we developed the novel FAK Tyr(397) inhibitor TAE226 and investigated its anti-tumor effects and mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS Expression of phosphorylated FAK Tyr(397) was examined by immunohistochemical and immunoblot analysis. The effect of TAE226 on in vitro and in vivo studies were confirmed by proliferation, cell cycle, apoptosis and angiogenesis analysis. RESULTS We found that phosphorylated FAK was highly expressed in human tongue oral squamous cell carcinoma in patients. Importantly, TAE226 greatly suppressed the proliferation, migration and invasion of human oral squamous cell carcinoma SAS cells with an apparent structural change of actin fiber and a loss of cell adhesion. In addition, TAE226 inhibited the expression of phospho-FAK Tyr(397) and phospho AKT Ser(473), resulting in caspase-mediated apoptosis. Furthermore, oral administration of TAE226 in mice suppressed the growth and angiogenesis of oral squamous cell carcinoma xenografts in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide compelling evidence that FAK is critically involved in oral squamous cell carcinoma and that the FAK inhibitor TAE226 can potentially be effectively used for the treatment of oral squamous cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naito Kurio
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8525, Japan
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108
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Bryant PW, Zheng Q, Pumiglia KM. Focal adhesion kinase is a phospho-regulated repressor of Rac and proliferation in human endothelial cells. Biol Open 2012; 1:723-30. [PMID: 23213465 PMCID: PMC3507225 DOI: 10.1242/bio.20121008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is critically positioned to integrate signals from the extracellular matrix and cellular adhesion. It is essential for normal vascular development and has been implicated in a wide range of cellular functions including the regulation of cell proliferation, migration, differentiation, and survival. It is currently being actively targeted therapeutically using different approaches. We have used human endothelial cells as a model system to compare the effects of inhibiting FAK through several different approaches including dominant negatives, kinase inhibitors and shRNA. We find that manipulations of FAK signaling that result in inhibition of FAK 397 phosphorylation inhibit proliferation and migration. However, abolition of FAK expression using stable (shRNA) or transient (siRNA) approaches does not interfere with these cellular functions. The ability to regulate cell proliferation by FAK manipulation is correlated with the activation status of Rac, an essential signal for the regulation of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors. The knockdown of FAK, while not affecting cellular proliferation or migration, dramatically interferes with vascular morphogenesis and survival, mirroring in vivo findings. We propose a novel model of FAK signaling whereby one of the multifunctional roles of FAK as a signaling protein includes FAK as a phospho-regulated repressor of Rac activation, with important implications on interpretation of research experiments and therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick W Bryant
- Cell Biology and Cancer Research, Albany Medical College , Albany, NY 12208 , USA
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109
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Chen XL, Nam JO, Jean C, Lawson C, Walsh CT, Goka E, Lim ST, Tomar A, Tancioni I, Uryu S, Guan JL, Acevedo LM, Weis SM, Cheresh DA, Schlaepfer DD. VEGF-induced vascular permeability is mediated by FAK. Dev Cell 2012; 22:146-57. [PMID: 22264731 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2011.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2011] [Revised: 10/04/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs) form cell-cell adhesive junctional structures maintaining vascular integrity. This barrier is dynamically regulated by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor signaling. We created an inducible knockin mouse model to study the contribution of the integrin-associated focal adhesion tyrosine kinase (FAK) signaling on vascular function. Here we show that genetic or pharmacological FAK inhibition in ECs prevents VEGF-stimulated permeability downstream of VEGF receptor or Src tyrosine kinase activation in vivo. VEGF promotes tension-independent FAK activation, rapid FAK localization to cell-cell junctions, binding of the FAK FERM domain to the vascular endothelial cadherin (VE-cadherin) cytoplasmic tail, and direct FAK phosphorylation of β-catenin at tyrosine-142 (Y142) facilitating VE-cadherin-β-catenin dissociation and EC junctional breakdown. Kinase inhibited FAK is in a closed conformation that prevents VE-cadherin association and limits VEGF-stimulated β-catenin Y142 phosphorylation. Our studies establish a role for FAK as an essential signaling switch within ECs regulating adherens junction dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Lei Chen
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Moores UCSD Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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110
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Bozym RA, Delorme-Axford E, Harris K, Morosky S, Ikizler M, Dermody TS, Sarkar SN, Coyne CB. Focal adhesion kinase is a component of antiviral RIG-I-like receptor signaling. Cell Host Microbe 2012; 11:153-66. [PMID: 22341464 PMCID: PMC3995454 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2012.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2011] [Revised: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 01/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Viruses modulate the actin cytoskeleton at almost every step of their cellular journey from entry to egress. Cellular sensing of these cytoskeletal changes may function in the recognition of viral infection. Here we show that focal adhesion kinase (FAK), a focal adhesion localized tyrosine kinase that transmits signals between the extracellular matrix and the cytoplasm, serves as a RIG-I-like receptor antiviral signaling component by directing mitochondrial antiviral signaling adaptor (MAVS) activation. Cells deficient in FAK are highly susceptible to RNA virus infection and attenuated in antiviral signaling. We show that FAK interacts with MAVS at the mitochondrial membrane in a virus infection-dependent manner and potentiates MAVS-mediated signaling via a kinase-independent mechanism. A cysteine protease encoded by enteroviruses cleaves FAK to suppress its role in innate immune signaling. These findings suggest that FAK serves as a link between cytoskeletal perturbations that occur during virus infection and activation of innate immune signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A. Bozym
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - Elizabeth Delorme-Axford
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - Katharine Harris
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - Setanie Morosky
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - Mine Ikizler
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
- Elizabeth B. Lamb Center for Pediatric Research, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - Terence S. Dermody
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
- Elizabeth B. Lamb Center for Pediatric Research, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - Saumendra N. Sarkar
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219, USA
| | - Carolyn B. Coyne
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
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111
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Zheng S, Huang J, Zhou K, Xiang Q, Zhang Y, Tan Z, Simoncini T, Fu X, Wang T. Progesterone enhances vascular endothelial cell migration via activation of focal adhesion kinase. J Cell Mol Med 2012; 16:296-305. [PMID: 21418517 PMCID: PMC3823293 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2011.01305.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2010] [Accepted: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms of progesterone on endothelial cell motility are poorly investigated. Previously we showed that progesterone stimulated endothelial cell migration via the activation of actin-binding protein moesin, leading to actin cytoskeleton remodelling and the formation of cell membrane structures required for cell movement. In this study, we investigated the effects of progesterone on the formation of focal adhesion complexes, which provide anchoring sites for cell movement. In cultured human umbilical endothelial cells, progesterone enhanced focal adhesion kinase (FAK) phosphorylation at Tyr(397) in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Several signalling inhibitors interfered with progesterone-induced FAK activation, including progesterone receptor (PR) antagonist ORG 31710, specific c-Src kinase inhibitor PP2, phosphatidylinosital-3 kinase (PI3K) inhibitor wortmannin as well as ρ-associated kinase (ROCK-2) inhibitor Y27632. It suggested that PR, c-Src, PI3K and ROCK-2 are implicated in this action. In line with this, we found that progesterone rapidly promoted c-Src/PI3K/Akt activity, which activated the small GTPase RhoA/ρ-associated kinase (ROCK-2) complex, resulting in FAK phosphorylation. In the presence of progesterone, endothelial cells displayed enhanced horizontal migration, which was reversed by small interfering RNAs abrogating FAK expression. In conclusion, progesterone promotes endothelial cell movement via the rapid regulation of FAK. These findings provide new information on the biological actions of progesterone on human endothelial cells that are relevant for vascular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhui Zheng
- Department of Physiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Jinghe Huang
- Department of Physiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Kewen Zhou
- Department of Physiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Qiuling Xiang
- Department of Physiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Yaxing Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Zhi Tan
- Department of Physiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Tommaso Simoncini
- Molecular and Cellular Gynecological Endocrinology Laboratory (MCGEL), Department of Reproductive Medicine and Child Development, University of PisaPisa, Italy
| | - Xiaodong Fu
- Department of Physiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Tinghuai Wang
- Department of Physiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China
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112
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Murphy PA, Kim TN, Lu G, Bollen AW, Schaffer CB, Wang RA. Notch4 normalization reduces blood vessel size in arteriovenous malformations. Sci Transl Med 2012; 4:117ra8. [PMID: 22261032 PMCID: PMC3320799 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3002670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Abnormally enlarged blood vessels underlie many life-threatening disorders including arteriovenous (AV) malformations (AVMs). The core defect in AVMs is high-flow AV shunts, which connect arteries directly to veins, "stealing" blood from capillaries. Here, we studied mouse brain AV shunts caused by up-regulation of Notch signaling in endothelial cells (ECs) through transgenic expression of constitutively active Notch4 (Notch4*). Using four-dimensional two-photon imaging through a cranial window, we found that normalizing Notch signaling by repressing Notch4* expression converted large-caliber, high-flow AV shunts to capillary-like vessels. The structural regression of the high-flow AV shunts returned blood to capillaries, thus reversing tissue hypoxia. This regression was initiated by vessel narrowing without the loss of ECs and required restoration of EphB4 receptor expression by venous ECs. Normalization of Notch signaling resulting in regression of high-flow AV shunts, and a return to normal blood flow suggests that targeting the Notch pathway may be useful therapeutically for treating diseases such as AVMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick A Murphy
- Laboratory for Accelerated Vascular Research, Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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113
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Wary KK, Kohler EE, Chatterjee I. Focal adhesion kinase regulation of neovascularization. Microvasc Res 2012; 83:64-70. [PMID: 21616084 PMCID: PMC3186864 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2011.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2011] [Revised: 05/04/2011] [Accepted: 05/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we discuss the role of focal adhesion kinase (FAK), an intracellular tyrosine kinase, in endothelial cells in relation to neovascularization. Genetic and in vitro studies have identified critical factors, receptor systems, and their intracellular signaling components that regulate the neovasculogenic phenotypes of endothelial cells. Among these factors, FAK appears to regulate several aspects of endothelial cellular behavior, including migration, survival, cytoskeletal organization, as well as cell proliferation. Upon adhesion of endothelial cells to extracellular matrix (ECM) ligands, integrins cluster on the plane of plasma-membrane, while cytoplasmic domains of integrins interact with cytoskeletal proteins and signaling molecules including FAK. However, FAK not only serves as a critical component of integrin signaling, but is also a downstream element of the VEGF/VEGF-receptor and other ligand-receptor systems that regulate neovascularization. A complete understanding of FAK-mediated neovascularization, therefore, should address the molecular and cellular mechanisms that regulate the biology of FAK. Continued research on FAK may, therefore, yield novel therapies to improve treatment modalities for the pathological neovascularization associated with diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kishore K Wary
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois, 835 S. Wolcott, Room E403, Mail code 868, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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114
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Rawlins EL, Perl AK. The a"MAZE"ing world of lung-specific transgenic mice. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2011; 46:269-82. [PMID: 22180870 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2011-0372ps] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to give a comprehensive overview of transgenic mouse lines suitable for studying gene function and cellular lineage relationships in lung development, homeostasis, injury, and repair. Many of the mouse strains reviewed in this Perspective have been widely shared within the lung research community, and new strains are continuously being developed. There are many transgenic lines that target subsets of lung cells, but it remains a challenge for investigators to select the correct transgenic modules for their experiment. This review covers the tetracycline- and tamoxifen-inducible systems and focuses on conditional lines that target the epithelial cells. We point out the limitations of each strain so investigators can choose the system that will work best for their scientific question. Current mesenchymal and endothelial lines are limited by the fact that they are not lung specific. These lines are summarized in a brief overview. In addition, useful transgenic reporter mice for studying lineage relationships, promoter activity, and signaling pathways will complete our lung-specific conditional transgenic mouse shopping list.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L Rawlins
- Children's Hospital Medical Center, Divisions of Neonatology and Pulmonary Biology, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA
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115
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Kuo MW, Wang CH, Wu HC, Chang SJ, Chuang YJ. Soluble THSD7A is an N-glycoprotein that promotes endothelial cell migration and tube formation in angiogenesis. PLoS One 2011; 6:e29000. [PMID: 22194972 PMCID: PMC3237571 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Accepted: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Thrombospondin type I domain containing 7A (THSD7A) is a novel neural protein that is known to affect endothelial migration and vascular patterning during development. To further understand the role of THSD7A in angiogenesis, we investigated the post-translational modification scheme of THS7DA and to reveal the underlying mechanisms by which this protein regulates blood vessel growth. Methodology/Principal Findings Full-length THSD7A was overexpressed in human embryonic kidney 293T (HEK293T) cells and was found to be membrane associated and N-glycosylated. The soluble form of THSD7A, which is released into the cultured medium, was harvested for further angiogenic assays. We found that soluble THSD7A promotes human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) migration and tube formation. HUVEC sprouts and zebrafish subintestinal vessel (SIV) angiogenic assays further revealed that soluble THSD7A increases the number of branching points of new vessels. Interestingly, we found that soluble THSD7A increased the formation of filopodia in HUVEC. The distribution patterns of vinculin and phosphorylated focal adhesion kinase (FAK) were also affected, which implies a role for THSD7A in focal adhesion assembly. Moreover, soluble THSD7A increased FAK phosphorylation in HUVEC, suggesting that THSD7A is involved in regulating cytoskeleton reorganization. Conclusions/Significance Taken together, our results indicate that THSD7A is a membrane-associated N-glycoprotein with a soluble form. Soluble THSD7A promotes endothelial cell migration during angiogenesis via a FAK-dependent mechanism and thus may be a novel neuroangiogenic factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Wei Kuo
- Department of Medical Science and Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chian-Huei Wang
- Department of Medical Science and Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Hsiao-Chun Wu
- Department of Medical Science and Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Shing-Jyh Chang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hsinchu Mackay Memorial Hospital, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yung-Jen Chuang
- Department of Medical Science and Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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116
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Lechertier T, Hodivala-Dilke K. Focal adhesion kinase and tumour angiogenesis. J Pathol 2011; 226:404-12. [PMID: 21984450 DOI: 10.1002/path.3018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Revised: 09/24/2011] [Accepted: 09/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels from pre-existing ones, is essential for tumour development. It is initiated and regulated by growth factors via their surface receptors, which activate several intracellular signalling pathways in endothelial cells. Cell adhesion molecules, such as integrins, also regulate angiogenesis. Despite these facts, inhibitors of endothelial cell growth factor receptors or integrins have not been as effective as initially hoped in the long-term inhibition of angiogenesis in cancer patients. Signalling downstream of growth factor receptors and integrins converge on the ubiquitously expressed non-receptor tyrosine kinase focal adhesion kinase (FAK). FAK is involved in endothelial cell proliferation, migration and survival, is up-regulated in many cancers and has recently been shown to control tumour angiogenesis. Indeed, FAK inhibitors are presently being developed for the treatment of cancer. However, recent studies have indicated the complexities of understanding the precise role for FAK in angiogenesis. Here we have summarized some of the key features of FAK, addressed some of the apparently contradictory roles of this molecule in angiogenesis and provided some perspectives for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanguy Lechertier
- Adhesion and Angiogenesis Laboratory, Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, a CR-UK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, UK
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117
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Cabrita MA, Jones LM, Quizi JL, Sabourin LA, McKay BC, Addison CL. Focal adhesion kinase inhibitors are potent anti-angiogenic agents. Mol Oncol 2011; 5:517-26. [PMID: 22075057 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2011.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2011] [Accepted: 10/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK), a cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase and scaffold protein localized to focal adhesions, is uniquely positioned at the convergence point of integrin and receptor tyrosine kinase signal transduction pathways. FAK is overexpressed in many tumor cells, hence various inhibitors targeting its activity have been tested for anti-tumor activity. However, the direct effects of these pharmacologic agents on the endothelial cells of the vasculature have not been examined. Using primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), we characterized the effects of two FAK inhibitors, PF-573,228 and FAK Inhibitor 14 on essential processes for angiogenesis, such as migration, proliferation, viability and endothelial cell tube formation. We observed that treatment with either FAK Inhibitor 14 or PF-573,228 resulted in reduced HUVEC viability, migration and tube formation in response to vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Furthermore, we found that PF-573,228 had the added ability to induce apoptosis of endothelial cells within 36 h post-drug administration even in the continued presence of VEGF stimulation. FAK inhibitors also resulted in modification of the actin cytoskeleton within HUVEC, with observed increased stress fiber formation in the presence of drug. Given that endothelial cells were sensitive to FAK inhibitors at concentrations well below those reported to inhibit tumor cell migration, we confirmed their ability to inhibit endothelial-derived FAK autophosphorylation and FAK-mediated phosphorylation of recombinant paxillin at these doses. Taken together, our data indicate that small molecule inhibitors of FAK are potent anti-angiogenic agents and suggest their utility in combinatorial therapeutic approaches targeting tumor angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Cabrita
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1H 8L6
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118
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Hung HS, Chu MY, Lin CH, Wu CC, Hsu SH. Mediation of the migration of endothelial cells and fibroblasts on polyurethane nanocomposites by the activation of integrin-focal adhesion kinase signaling. J Biomed Mater Res A 2011; 100:26-37. [PMID: 21972215 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.33224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Revised: 04/26/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Model surfaces of polyurethane-gold nanocomposites (PU-Au) were used to examine cell behavior on nanophase-segregated materials. Previously we showed that endothelial cell (EC) migration on these materials was modulated by the PI3K/Akt/eNOS pathway. The present study, investigated the expressions of alpha5/beta3 (α5β3) integrin, focal adhesion kinase (FAK), and other downstream signal molecules such as the Rho family and matrix metalloproteinases 2 (MMP-2) induced by the materials in two different cells, that is bovine arterial endothelial cells (BAEC) and human skin fibroblasts (HSF). Both cells proliferated better on the more phase-separated PU-Au 43.5 ppm than on the less phase-separated controls (PU and PU-Au 174 ppm). On PU-Au 43.5 ppm, BAEC compared to HSF had denser actin fibers and were more extended. BAEC became rounded with Y-27632 treatment and shrunk with LY294002 treatment. Treatment by inhibitors only caused slight changes in HSF. The migration distance of BAEC on PU-Au 43.5 ppm was greater than that of HSF, and was significantly reduced by LY294002 or Y-27632 but not SU-1498. The expressions of p-FAK, p-RhoA, p-Rac/Cdc42, MMP2, and α5β3 integrin induced by PU-Au 43.5 ppm were more pronounced in BAEC versus HSF. Further enhancement in MMP2 and α5β3 integrin expressions by FAK-GFP transfection was more remarkable for cells on PU-Au 43.5 ppm. Our findings suggested that the integrin α5β3/FAK pathway may be induced by nanophase-separated materials in both ECs and fibroblasts to promote their proliferation/migration, while the crosstalk between the PI3K/Akt/eNOS pathway and FAK/Rho-GTPase activation may account for the greater effect in ECs than in fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huey-Shan Hung
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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119
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Yuan SY, Shen Q, Rigor RR, Wu MH. Neutrophil transmigration, focal adhesion kinase and endothelial barrier function. Microvasc Res 2011; 83:82-8. [PMID: 21864543 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2011.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2011] [Revised: 06/20/2011] [Accepted: 06/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophil activation is an essential component of innate immune defense against infection and injury. In response to inflammatory stimulation, circulating neutrophils undergo a series of dynamic and metabolic changes characterized by β2-intergrin mediated adhesion to microvascular endothelium and subsequent transendothelial migration. During this process, neutrophils release granular contents containing digestive enzymes and produce cytotoxic agents such as reactive oxygen species and cytokines. These products target endothelial barriers inducing phosphorylation-triggered junction dissociation, actin stress fiber formation, and actomyosin contraction, manifest as paracellular hyperpermeability. Endothelial cell-matrix focal adhesions play an integral role in this process by providing structural support for endothelial conformational changes that facilitate neutrophil transmigration, as well as by recruiting intracellular molecules that constitute the hyperpermeability signaling cascades. As a central connector of the complex signaling network, focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is activated following neutrophil adhesion, and further mediates the reorganization of endothelial integrin-matrix attachments in a pattern coordinating with cytoskeleton contraction and junction opening. In this review, we present recent experimental evidence supporting the importance of FAK in neutrophil-dependent regulation of endothelial permeability. The discussion focuses on the mechanisms by which neutrophils activate FAK and its downstream effects on endothelial barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Y Yuan
- Division of Research, Department of Surgery, University of California at Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
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120
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Shen CJ, Raghavan S, Xu Z, Baranski JD, Yu X, Wozniak MA, Miller JS, Gupta M, Buckbinder L, Chen CS. Decreased cell adhesion promotes angiogenesis in a Pyk2-dependent manner. Exp Cell Res 2011; 317:1860-71. [PMID: 21640103 PMCID: PMC3123418 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2011.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2011] [Revised: 05/10/2011] [Accepted: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is regulated by both soluble growth factors and cellular interactions with the extracellular matrix (ECM). While cell adhesion via integrins has been shown to be required for angiogenesis, the effects of quantitative changes in cell adhesion and spreading against the ECM remain less clear. Here, we show that angiogenic sprouting in natural and engineered three-dimensional matrices exhibited a biphasic response, with peak sprouting when adhesion to the matrix was limited to intermediate levels. Examining changes in global gene expression to determine a genetic basis for this response, we demonstrate a vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced upregulation of genes associated with vascular invasion and remodeling when cell adhesion was limited, whereas cells on highly adhesive surfaces upregulated genes associated with proliferation. To explore a mechanistic basis for this effect, we turned to focal adhesion kinase (FAK), a central player in adhesion signaling previously implicated in angiogenesis, and its homologue, proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2). While FAK signaling had some impact, our results suggested that Pyk2 can regulate both gene expression and endothelial sprouting through its enhanced activation by VEGF in limited adhesion contexts. We also demonstrate decreased sprouting of tissue explants from Pyk2-null mice as compared to wild type mice as further confirmation of the role of Pyk2 in angiogenic sprouting. These results suggest a surprising finding that limited cell adhesion can enhance endothelial responsiveness to VEGF and demonstrate a novel role for Pyk2 in the adhesive regulation of angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colette J. Shen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Srivatsan Raghavan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Zhe Xu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Jan D. Baranski
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Xiang Yu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Michele A. Wozniak
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Jordan S. Miller
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Mudit Gupta
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | | | - Christopher S. Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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121
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Zhang Y, Wang S, Li D, Zhnag J, Gu D, Zhu Y, He F. A systems biology-based classifier for hepatocellular carcinoma diagnosis. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22426. [PMID: 21829460 PMCID: PMC3145651 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2011] [Accepted: 06/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim The diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in the early stage is crucial to the application of curative treatments which are the only hope for increasing the life expectancy of patients. Recently, several large-scale studies have shed light on this problem through analysis of gene expression profiles to identify markers correlated with HCC progression. However, those marker sets shared few genes in common and were poorly validated using independent data. Therefore, we developed a systems biology based classifier by combining the differential gene expression with topological features of human protein interaction networks to enhance the ability of HCC diagnosis. Methods and Results In the Oncomine platform, genes differentially expressed in HCC tissues relative to their corresponding normal tissues were filtered by a corrected Q value cut-off and Concept filters. The identified genes that are common to different microarray datasets were chosen as the candidate markers. Then, their networks were analyzed by GeneGO Meta-Core software and the hub genes were chosen. After that, an HCC diagnostic classifier was constructed by Partial Least Squares modeling based on the microarray gene expression data of the hub genes. Validations of diagnostic performance showed that this classifier had high predictive accuracy (85.88∼92.71%) and area under ROC curve (approximating 1.0), and that the network topological features integrated into this classifier contribute greatly to improving the predictive performance. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that this modeling strategy is not only applicable to HCC, but also to other cancers. Conclusion Our analysis suggests that the systems biology-based classifier that combines the differential gene expression and topological features of human protein interaction network may enhance the diagnostic performance of HCC classifier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqiong Zhang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaochuang Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Huai'an 1st People's Hospital, Huai'an, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiyang Zhnag
- Department of Automatic Control, College of Mechatronics and Automation, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Dianhua Gu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Huai'an 1st People's Hospital, Huai'an, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunping Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (YZ); (FH)
| | - Fuchu He
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (YZ); (FH)
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122
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Zhao X, Guan JL. Focal adhesion kinase and its signaling pathways in cell migration and angiogenesis. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2011; 63:610-5. [PMID: 21118706 PMCID: PMC3132829 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2010.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 555] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2010] [Accepted: 11/18/2010] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase that plays critical roles in integrin-mediated signal transductions and also participates in signaling by other cell surface receptors. In integrin-mediated cell adhesion, FAK is activated via disruption of an auto-inhibitory intra-molecular interaction between its amino terminal FERM domain and the central kinase domain. The activated FAK forms a complex with Src family kinases, which initiates multiple downstream signaling pathways through phosphorylation of other proteins to regulate different cellular functions. Multiple downstream signaling pathways are identified to mediate FAK regulation of migration of various normal and cancer cells. Extensive studies in cultured cells as well as conditional FAK knockout mouse models indicated a critical role of FAK in angiogenesis during embryonic development and cancer progression. More recent studies also revealed kinase-independent functions for FAK in endothelial cells and fibroblasts. Consistent with its roles in cell migration and angiogenesis, increased expression and/or activation of FAK are found in a variety of human cancers. Therefore, small molecular inhibitors for FAK kinase activity as well as future development of novel therapies targeting the potentially kinase-independent functions of FAK are promising treatments for metastatic cancer as well as other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Zhao
- Divisions of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jun-Lin Guan
- Divisions of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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123
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Franchini KG. Focal adhesion kinase -- the basis of local hypertrophic signaling domains. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2011; 52:485-92. [PMID: 21749874 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2011.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Revised: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 06/24/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK), a broadly expressed non-receptor tyrosine kinase which transduces signals from integrins, growth and hormonal factors, is a key player in many fundamental biological processes and functions, including cell adhesion, migration, proliferation and survival. The involvement of FAK in this range of functions supports its role in important aspects of organismal development and disease, such as central nervous system and cardiovascular development, cancer, cardiac hypertrophy and tissue fibrosis. Many functions of FAK are correlated with its tyrosine kinase activity, which is temporally and spatially controlled by complex intra-molecular autoinhibitory conformation and inter-molecular interactions with protein and lipid partners. The inactivation of FAK in mice results in embryonic lethality attributed to the lack of proper development and function of the heart. Accordingly, embryonic FAK myocyte-specific knockout mice display lethal cardiac defects such as thin ventricle wall and ventricular septum defects. Emerging data also support a role for FAK in the reactive hypertrophy and failure of adult hearts. Moreover, the mechanisms that regulate FAK in differentiated cardiac myocytes to biomechanical stress and soluble factors are beginning to be revealed and are discussed here together with data that connect FAK to its downstream effectors. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Local Signaling in Myocytes".
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Affiliation(s)
- K G Franchini
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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124
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Thennes T, Mehta D. Heterotrimeric G proteins, focal adhesion kinase, and endothelial barrier function. Microvasc Res 2011; 83:31-44. [PMID: 21640127 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2011.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2011] [Revised: 05/04/2011] [Accepted: 05/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ligands by binding to G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) stimulate dissociation of heterotrimeric G proteins into Gα and Gβγ subunits. Released Gα and Gβγ subunits induce discrete signaling cues that differentially regulate focal adhesion kinase (FAK) activity and endothelial barrier function. Activation of G proteins downstream of receptors such as protease activated receptor 1 (PAR1) and histamine receptors rapidly increases endothelial permeability which reverses naturally within the following 1-2 h. However, activation of G proteins coupled to the sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1P1) signal cues that enhance basal barrier endothelial function and restore endothelial barrier function following the increase in endothelial permeability by edemagenic agents. Intriguingly, both PAR1 and S1P1 activation stimulates FAK activity, which associates with alteration in endothelial barrier function by these agonists. In this review, we focus on the role of the G protein subunits downstream of PAR1 and S1P1 in regulating FAK activity and endothelial barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy Thennes
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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125
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Lu Q, Rounds S. Focal adhesion kinase and endothelial cell apoptosis. Microvasc Res 2011; 83:56-63. [PMID: 21624380 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2011.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2011] [Revised: 05/10/2011] [Accepted: 05/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a key component of cell-substratum adhesions, known as focal adhesion complexes. Growing evidence indicates that FAK is important in maintenance of normal cell survival and that disruption of FAK signaling results in loss of substrate adhesion and anoikis (apoptosis) of anchorage-dependent cells, such as endothelial cells. Basal FAK activity in non-stimulated endothelial cells is important in maintaining cell adhesion to integrins via PI3 kinase/Akt signaling. FAK activity is dependent upon small GTPase signaling. FAK also appears to be important in cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced cell death. This review summarizes the signaling pathways of FAK in prevention of apoptosis and the role of FAK in mediating adenosine and homocysteine-induced endothelial cell apoptosis and in cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Lu
- Vascular Research Laboratory, Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02908, USA
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Fukushima Y, Okada M, Kataoka H, Hirashima M, Yoshida Y, Mann F, Gomi F, Nishida K, Nishikawa SI, Uemura A. Sema3E-PlexinD1 signaling selectively suppresses disoriented angiogenesis in ischemic retinopathy in mice. J Clin Invest 2011; 121:1974-85. [PMID: 21505259 DOI: 10.1172/jci44900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2010] [Accepted: 02/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
During development, the retinal vasculature grows toward hypoxic areas in an organized fashion. By contrast, in ischemic retinopathies, new blood vessels grow out of the retinal surfaces without ameliorating retinal hypoxia. Restoration of proper angiogenic directionality would be of great benefit to reoxygenize the ischemic retina and resolve disease pathogenesis. Here, we show that binding of the semaphorin 3E (Sema3E) ligand to the transmembrane PlexinD1 receptor initiates a signaling pathway that normalizes angiogenic directionality in both developing retinas and ischemic retinopathy. In developing mouse retinas, inhibition of VEGF signaling resulted in downregulation of endothelial PlexinD1 expression, suggesting that astrocyte-derived VEGF normally promotes PlexinD1 expression in growing blood vessels. Neuron-derived Sema3E signaled to PlexinD1 and activated the small GTPase RhoJ in ECs, thereby counteracting VEGF-induced filopodia projections and defining the retinal vascular pathfinding. In a mouse model of ischemic retinopathy, enhanced expression of PlexinD1 and RhoJ in extraretinal vessels prevented VEGF-induced disoriented projections of the endothelial filopodia. Remarkably, intravitreal administration of Sema3E protein selectively suppressed extraretinal vascular outgrowth without affecting the desired regeneration of the retinal vasculature. Our study suggests a new paradigm for vascular regeneration therapy that guides angiogenesis precisely toward the ischemic retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Fukushima
- Division of Vascular Biology, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
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127
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Fan H, Guan JL. Compensatory function of Pyk2 protein in the promotion of focal adhesion kinase (FAK)-null mammary cancer stem cell tumorigenicity and metastatic activity. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:18573-82. [PMID: 21471206 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.200717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammary cancer stem cells (MaCSCs) have been identified as a rare population of cells capable of self-renewal to drive mammary tumorigenesis and metastasis. Nevertheless, relatively little is known about the intracellular signaling pathways regulating self-renewal and metastatic activities of MaCSCs in vivo. Using a recently developed breast cancer mouse model with focal adhesion kinase (FAK) deletion in mammary tumor cells (MFCKO-MT mice), here we present evidence suggesting a compensatory function of Pyk2, a FAK-related kinase, in the regulation of MaCSCs and metastasis in these mice. Increased expression of Pyk2 was found selectively in pulmonary metastatic nodules of MFCKO-MT mice, and its inhibition significantly reduced mammary tumor development and metastasis in these mice. Consistent with the idea of metastasis driven by MaCSCs, we detected selective up-regulation of Pyk2 in MaCSCs, but not bulk mammary tumor cells, of primary tumors developed in MFCKO-MT mice. We further showed that inhibition of Pyk2 in FAK-null MaCSCs significantly decreased their tumorsphere formation and migration in vitro as well as self-renewal, tumorigenicity, and metastatic activity in vivo. Last, we identified PI3K/Akt signaling as a major mediator of FAK regulation of MaCSCs as well as a target for the compensatory function of Pyk2 in FAK-null MaCSCs. Together, these results further advance our understanding of FAK and its related tyrosine kinase Pyk2 in regulation of MaCSCs in breast cancer and suggest that pharmaceutically targeting these kinases may hold promise as a novel treatment for the disease by targeting and eradicating MaCSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaping Fan
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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128
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Endothelial focal adhesion kinase mediates cancer cell homing to discrete regions of the lungs via E-selectin up-regulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:3725-30. [PMID: 21321210 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1100446108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary tumors secrete factors that alter the microenvironment of distant organs, rendering those organs as fertile soil for subsequent metastatic cancer cell colonization. Although the lungs are exposed to these factors ubiquitously, lung metastases usually develop as a series of discrete lesions. The underlining molecular mechanisms of the formation of these discrete lesions are not understood. Here we show that primary tumors induce formation of discrete foci of vascular hyperpermeability in premetastatic lungs. This is mediated by endothelial cell-focal adhesion kinase (FAK), which up-regulates E-selectin, leading to preferential homing of metastatic cancer cells to these foci. Suppression of endothelial-FAK or E-selectin activity attenuates the number of cancer cells homing to these foci. Thus, localized activation of endothelial FAK and E-selectin in the lung vasculature mediates the initial homing of metastatic cancer cells to specific foci in the lungs.
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129
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Lee J, Borboa AK, Chun HB, Baird A, Eliceiri BP. Conditional deletion of the focal adhesion kinase FAK alters remodeling of the blood-brain barrier in glioma. Cancer Res 2011; 70:10131-40. [PMID: 21159635 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-2740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Gliomas generally infiltrate the surrounding normal brain parenchyma, a process associated with increased vascular permeability (VP) and dysregulation of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). However, the molecular mechanisms underlying glioma-induced VP in the brain remain poorly understood. Using a conditional, endothelium-specific deletion of the focal adhesion kinase (FAK) in the mouse (FAK CKO), we show that FAK is critical for destabilization of the tumor endothelium in tumor-bearing mice, with mutant mice exhibiting a relatively normalized vasculature compared with wild-type mice (FAK WT). Tumor vessels in the FAK CKO mice displayed reduced VP compared with FAK WT mice, resulting in reduced tumor growth. Additionally, FAK CKO mice displayed partial restoration of cell-cell junction proteins in the tumor vessels and astrocyte-endothelium interactions in tumors, revealing an additional role of astrocytes in mediating tumor-induced VP. Together, these results provide genetic evidence that FAK is a mediator of tumor-induced VP in the brain. Our findings may help understand how therapeutics might be used to regulate specific cell-type interactions to restore BBB structure/function in cancer and perhaps other pathologic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisook Lee
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, California 92103-8236, USA
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130
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Monkley SJ, Kostourou V, Spence L, Petrich B, Coleman S, Ginsberg MH, Pritchard CA, Critchley DR. Endothelial cell talin1 is essential for embryonic angiogenesis. Dev Biol 2011; 349:494-502. [PMID: 21081121 PMCID: PMC3025397 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2010.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2010] [Revised: 11/04/2010] [Accepted: 11/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Using Tln1(fl/fl);CreER mice, we show that tamoxifen-induced inactivation of the talin1 gene throughout the embryo produces an angiogenesis phenotype that is restricted to newly forming blood vessels. The phenotype has a rapid onset in early embryos, resulting in vessel defects by 48 h and death of the embryo within 72 h. Very similar vascular defects were obtained using a Tie2-Cre endothelial cell-specific Tln1 knockout, a phenotype that was rescued by expression of a Tln1 mini-gene in endothelial cells. We show that endothelial cells, unlike most other cell types, do not express talin2, which can compensate for loss of talin1, and demonstrate for the first time that endothelial cells in vivo lacking talin1 are unable to undergo the cell spreading and flattening required to form vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan J Monkley
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester, LE1 9HN, UK.
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132
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Tavora B, Batista S, Reynolds LE, Jadeja S, Robinson S, Kostourou V, Hart I, Fruttiger M, Parsons M, Hodivala-Dilke KM. Endothelial FAK is required for tumour angiogenesis. EMBO Mol Med 2010; 2:516-28. [PMID: 21154724 PMCID: PMC3377344 DOI: 10.1002/emmm.201000106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2010] [Revised: 11/12/2010] [Accepted: 11/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase that plays a fundamental role in integrin and growth factor mediated signalling and is an important player in cell migration and proliferation, processes vital for angiogenesis. However, the role of FAK in adult pathological angiogenesis is unknown. We have generated endothelial-specific tamoxifen-inducible FAK knockout mice by crossing FAK-floxed (FAKfl/fl) mice with the platelet derived growth factor b (Pdgfb)-iCreER mice. Tamoxifen-treatment of Pdgfb-iCreER;FAKfl/fl mice results in FAK deletion in adult endothelial cells (ECs) without any adverse effects. Importantly however, endothelial FAK-deletion in adult mice inhibited tumour growth and reduced tumour angiogenesis. Furthermore, in in vivo angiogenic assays FAK deletion impairs vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced neovascularization. In addition, in vitro deletion of FAK in ECs resulted in reduced VEGF-stimulated Akt phosphorylation and correlating reduced cellular proliferation as well as increased cell death. Our data suggest that FAK is required for adult pathological angiogenesis and validates FAK as a possible target for anti-angiogenic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernardo Tavora
- Adhesion and Angiogenesis Laboratory, Centre of Tumour Biology, Institute of Cancer and Cancer Research UK Clinical Centre, Barts & The London, Queen Mary's School of Medicine & DentistryJohn Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London, UK
| | - Silvia Batista
- Adhesion and Angiogenesis Laboratory, Centre of Tumour Biology, Institute of Cancer and Cancer Research UK Clinical Centre, Barts & The London, Queen Mary's School of Medicine & DentistryJohn Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London, UK
| | - Louise E Reynolds
- Adhesion and Angiogenesis Laboratory, Centre of Tumour Biology, Institute of Cancer and Cancer Research UK Clinical Centre, Barts & The London, Queen Mary's School of Medicine & DentistryJohn Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London, UK
| | - Shalini Jadeja
- University College London, Institute of OphthalmologyLondon, UK
| | - Stephen Robinson
- Adhesion and Angiogenesis Laboratory, Centre of Tumour Biology, Institute of Cancer and Cancer Research UK Clinical Centre, Barts & The London, Queen Mary's School of Medicine & DentistryJohn Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London, UK
| | | | - Ian Hart
- Adhesion and Angiogenesis Laboratory, Centre of Tumour Biology, Institute of Cancer and Cancer Research UK Clinical Centre, Barts & The London, Queen Mary's School of Medicine & DentistryJohn Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London, UK
| | | | - Maddy Parsons
- The Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, New Hunt's House, King's College LondonLondon, UK
| | - Kairbaan M Hodivala-Dilke
- Adhesion and Angiogenesis Laboratory, Centre of Tumour Biology, Institute of Cancer and Cancer Research UK Clinical Centre, Barts & The London, Queen Mary's School of Medicine & DentistryJohn Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London, UK
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Wang L, Chiang ET, Simmons JT, Garcia JGN, Dudek SM. FTY720-induced human pulmonary endothelial barrier enhancement is mediated by c-Abl. Eur Respir J 2010; 38:78-88. [PMID: 21071472 DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00047810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Strategies to improve pulmonary endothelial barrier function are needed to reverse the devastating effects of vascular leak in acute respiratory distress syndrome. FTY720 is a pharmaceutical analogue of the potent barrier-enhancing phospholipid sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P). FTY720 decreases vascular permeability by an incompletely characterised mechanism that differs from S1P. Here, we describe its barrier-promoting effects on intracellular signalling and junctional assembly formation in human pulmonary endothelium. Permeability of cultured human pulmonary endothelial cells was assessed using transendothelial electrical resistance and dextran transwell assays. Junctional complex formation was assessed using membrane fractionation and immunofluorescence. Pharmacological inhibitors and small interfering (si)RNA were utilised to determine the effects of individual components on permeability. Unlike S1P, FTY720 failed to induce membrane translocation of adherens junction or tight junction proteins. β-catenin, occludin, claudin-5 or zona occludens protein (ZO)-1/ZO-2 siRNAs did not alter FTY720-induced barrier enhancement. FTY720 induced focal adhesion kinase (FAK) phosphorylation and focal adhesion formation, with FAK siRNA partially attenuating the prolonged phase of barrier enhancement. Inhibition of Src, protein kinase (PK)A, PKG, PKC or protein phosphatase 2A failed to alter FTY720-induced barrier enhancement. FTY720 increased c-Abl tyrosine kinase activity and c-Abl siRNA attenuated peak barrier enhancement after FTY720. FTY720 enhances endothelial barrier function by a novel pathway involving c-Abl signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Wang
- Institute for Personalized Respiratory Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep, and Allergy, University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Schaller MD. Cellular functions of FAK kinases: insight into molecular mechanisms and novel functions. J Cell Sci 2010; 123:1007-13. [PMID: 20332118 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.045112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 451] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2) are related tyrosine kinases that have important cellular functions, primarily through regulation of the cytoskeleton. Recent studies have identified multiple molecular mechanisms that regulate cytoskeletal responses, and have provided important and exciting insights into how FAK and Pyk2 control cellular processes such as cell migration. Equally exciting are reports of novel and originally unanticipated functions of these kinases, providing the groundwork for future avenues of investigation. This Commentary summarizes some of these recent discoveries that are relevant to the control of biological responses of the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Schaller
- Department of Biochemistry, Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center and Center for Cardiovascular and Respiratory Sciences, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
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Hyperphosphorylated FAK Delocalizes from Focal Adhesions to Membrane Ruffles. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2010; 2010. [PMID: 20847951 PMCID: PMC2934852 DOI: 10.1155/2010/932803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2010] [Revised: 06/16/2010] [Accepted: 07/06/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cell adhesion and migration are key determinants in tumor metastasis. Adherence of tumor cell to the extracellular matrix is mediated via integrin containing focal adhesions (FAs). Binding of integrins to ECM triggers phosphorylation of two major components of FAs, focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and Src, activating downstream signaling pathway which leads to FA disassembly and cell migration. In this paper, we analyze how phosphorylation of FAK regulates its trafficking at FAs in living human astrocytoma cells. Upon pervanadate-induced FAK phosphorylation, phosphorylated FAK appeared highly expressed at newly formed membrane ruffles. This effect was abolished in presence of the specific Src inhibitor PP2. Our findings demonstrate that upon phosphorylation, FAK delocalizes from FAs to membrane ruffles.
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Markowska AI, Liu FT, Panjwani N. Galectin-3 is an important mediator of VEGF- and bFGF-mediated angiogenic response. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 207:1981-93. [PMID: 20713592 PMCID: PMC2931172 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20090121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that a carbohydrate-binding protein, galectin-3, is a novel pro-angiogenic molecule. The mechanism by which galectin-3 promotes angiogenesis remains unknown. We demonstrate here that galectin-3 is a mediator of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)- and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF)-mediated angiogenic response. Angiogenesis assays revealed that galectin-3 inhibitors, β-lactose and dominant-negative galectin-3, reduce VEGF- and bFGF-mediated angiogenesis in vitro and that VEGF- and bFGF-mediated angiogenic response is reduced in galectin-3 knockdown cells and Gal3−/− animals. Integrin αvβ3 was identified as the major galectin-3–binding protein and anti-αv, -β3, and -αvβ3 integrin function-blocking antibodies significantly inhibited the galectin-3–induced angiogenesis. Furthermore, galectin-3 promoted the clustering of integrin αvβ3 and activated focal adhesion kinase. Knockdown of GnTV, an enzyme that synthesizes high-affinity glycan ligands for galectin-3, substantially reduced: (a) complex N-glycans on αvβ3 integrins and (b) VEGF- and bFGF-mediated angiogenesis. Collectively, these data suggest that galectin-3 modulates VEGF- and bFGF-mediated angiogenesis by binding via its carbohydrate recognition domain, to the GnTV synthesized N-glycans of integrin αvβ3, and subsequently activating the signaling pathways that promote the growth of new blood vessels. These findings have broad implications for developing novel, carbohydrate-based therapeutic agents for inhibition of angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna I Markowska
- Department of Ophthalmology Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Schultze A, Fiedler W. Therapeutic potential and limitations of new FAK inhibitors in the treatment of cancer. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2010; 19:777-88. [PMID: 20465362 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2010.489548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Activation of the non-receptor tyrosine kinase focal adhesion kinase (FAK) has been implicated in progression of multiple mesenchymal and epithelial malignant tumors. FAK plays an important role in regulation of proliferation, migration and apoptosis of neoplastic cells. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW We review the importance of FAK expression as a prognostic marker in cancer patients, discuss the available small-molecule inhibitors of FAK, summarize the available data from early-phase clinical trials with FAK inhibitors and cover the antiangiogenic properties of FAK inhibitors, as well as their potential to overcome chemoresistance. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN This review enables the reader to overview current knowledge about FAK inhibition in cancer therapy and its role in the clinical setting. The reader will be able to consider FAK inhibitors not only as direct antitumor but also as antineoangiogenic agents and drugs that can overcome the problem of chemoresistance. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Emerging data from early-phase clinical trials with orally available small-molecule inhibitors of FAK are promising. There are early indicators of clinical efficacy. In the future, combination therapy with cytotoxic or antiangiogenic drugs may help to overcome chemoresistance and enhance efficacy of antivascular therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Schultze
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hubertus Wald Tumorzentrum-University Cancer Center Hamburg, Department of Oncology/Hematology, Hamburg, Germany
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Lim ST, Chen XL, Tomar A, Miller NLG, Yoo J, Schlaepfer DD. Knock-in mutation reveals an essential role for focal adhesion kinase activity in blood vessel morphogenesis and cell motility-polarity but not cell proliferation. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:21526-36. [PMID: 20442405 PMCID: PMC2898428 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.129999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2010] [Revised: 05/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) associates with both integrins and growth factor receptors in the control of cell motility and survival. Loss of FAK during mouse development results in lethality at embryonic day 8.5 (E8.5) and a block in cell proliferation. Because FAK serves as both a scaffold and signaling protein, gene knock-outs do not provide mechanistic insights in distinguishing between these modes of FAK function. To determine the role of FAK activity during development, a knock-in point mutation (lysine 454 to arginine (R454)) within the catalytic domain was introduced by homologous recombination. Homozygous FAK(R454/R454) mutation was lethal at E9.5 with defects in blood vessel formation as determined by lack of yolk sac primary capillary plexus formation and disorganized endothelial cell patterning in FAK(R454/R454) embryos. In contrast to the inability of embryonic FAK(-/-) cells to proliferate ex vivo, primary FAK(R454/R454) mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEFs) were established from E8.5 embryos. R454 MEFs exhibited no difference in cell growth compared with normal MEFs, and R454 FAK localized to focal adhesions but was not phosphorylated at Tyr-397. In E8.5 embryos and primary MEFs, FAK R454 mutation resulted in decreased c-Src Tyr-416 phosphorylation. R454 MEFs exhibited enhanced focal adhesion formation, decreased migration, and defects in cell polarity. Within immortalized MEFs, FAK activity was required for fibronectin-stimulated FAK-p190RhoGAP association and p190RhoGAP tyrosine phosphorylation linked to decreased RhoA GTPase activity, focal adhesion turnover, and directional motility. Our results establish that intrinsic FAK activity is essential for developmental processes controlling blood vessel formation and cell motility-polarity but not cell proliferation. This work supports the use of FAK inhibitors to disrupt neovascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ssang-Taek Lim
- From the Department of Reproductive Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Xiao Lei Chen
- From the Department of Reproductive Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Alok Tomar
- From the Department of Reproductive Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Nichol L. G. Miller
- From the Department of Reproductive Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Jiyeon Yoo
- From the Department of Reproductive Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - David D. Schlaepfer
- From the Department of Reproductive Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
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van der Flier A, Badu-Nkansah K, Whittaker CA, Crowley D, Bronson RT, Lacy-Hulbert A, Hynes RO. Endothelial alpha5 and alphav integrins cooperate in remodeling of the vasculature during development. Development 2010; 137:2439-49. [PMID: 20570943 PMCID: PMC2889609 DOI: 10.1242/dev.049551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/06/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Integrin cell adhesion receptors and fibronectin, one of their extracellular matrix ligands, have been demonstrated to be important for angiogenesis using functional perturbation studies and complete knockout mouse models. Here, we report on the roles of the alpha5 and alphav integrins, which are the major endothelial fibronectin receptors, in developmental angiogenesis. We generated an integrin alpha5-floxed mouse line and ablated alpha5 integrin in endothelial cells. Unexpectedly, endothelial-specific knockout of integrin alpha5 has no obvious effect on developmental angiogenesis. We provide evidence for genetic interaction between mutations in integrin alpha5 and alphav and for overlapping functions and compensation between these integrins and perhaps others. Nonetheless, in embryos lacking both alpha5 and alphav integrins in their endothelial cells, initial vasculogenesis and angiogenesis proceed normally, at least up to E11.5, including the formation of apparently normal embryonic vasculature and development of the branchial arches. However, in the absence of endothelial alpha5 and alphav integrins, but not of either alone, there are extensive defects in remodeling of the great vessels and heart resulting in death at ~E14.5. We also found that fibronectin assembly is somewhat affected in integrin alpha5 knockout endothelial cells and markedly reduced in integrin alpha5/alphav double-knockout endothelial cell lines. Therefore, neither alpha5 nor alphav integrins are required in endothelial cells for initial vasculogenesis and angiogenesis, although they are required for remodeling of the heart and great vessels. These integrins on other cells, and/or other integrins on endothelial cells, might contribute to fibronectin assembly and vascular development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjan van der Flier
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Kwabena Badu-Nkansah
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Charles A. Whittaker
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Denise Crowley
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Roderick T. Bronson
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Richard O. Hynes
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Kisanuki YY, Emoto N, Ohuchi T, Widyantoro B, Yagi K, Nakayama K, Kedzierski RM, Hammer RE, Yanagisawa H, Williams SC, Richardson JA, Suzuki T, Yanagisawa M. Low Blood Pressure in Endothelial Cell–Specific Endothelin 1 Knockout Mice. Hypertension 2010; 56:121-8. [DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.109.138701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yaz Y. Kisanuki
- From the Howard Hughes Medical Institute (Y.Y.K., T.O., R.M.K., S.C.W., M.Y.), Departments of Molecular Genetics (Y.Y.K., T.O., R.M.K., M.Y.), Biochemistry (R.E.H.), Molecular Biology (H.Y., J.A.R.), Pathology (J.A.R.), and Radiology (R.M.K.), and Donald W. Reynolds Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center (M.Y.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Tex; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.K.), Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; Department of Pathology (T.S.), Tohoku University
| | - Noriaki Emoto
- From the Howard Hughes Medical Institute (Y.Y.K., T.O., R.M.K., S.C.W., M.Y.), Departments of Molecular Genetics (Y.Y.K., T.O., R.M.K., M.Y.), Biochemistry (R.E.H.), Molecular Biology (H.Y., J.A.R.), Pathology (J.A.R.), and Radiology (R.M.K.), and Donald W. Reynolds Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center (M.Y.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Tex; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.K.), Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; Department of Pathology (T.S.), Tohoku University
| | - Takashi Ohuchi
- From the Howard Hughes Medical Institute (Y.Y.K., T.O., R.M.K., S.C.W., M.Y.), Departments of Molecular Genetics (Y.Y.K., T.O., R.M.K., M.Y.), Biochemistry (R.E.H.), Molecular Biology (H.Y., J.A.R.), Pathology (J.A.R.), and Radiology (R.M.K.), and Donald W. Reynolds Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center (M.Y.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Tex; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.K.), Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; Department of Pathology (T.S.), Tohoku University
| | - Bambang Widyantoro
- From the Howard Hughes Medical Institute (Y.Y.K., T.O., R.M.K., S.C.W., M.Y.), Departments of Molecular Genetics (Y.Y.K., T.O., R.M.K., M.Y.), Biochemistry (R.E.H.), Molecular Biology (H.Y., J.A.R.), Pathology (J.A.R.), and Radiology (R.M.K.), and Donald W. Reynolds Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center (M.Y.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Tex; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.K.), Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; Department of Pathology (T.S.), Tohoku University
| | - Keiko Yagi
- From the Howard Hughes Medical Institute (Y.Y.K., T.O., R.M.K., S.C.W., M.Y.), Departments of Molecular Genetics (Y.Y.K., T.O., R.M.K., M.Y.), Biochemistry (R.E.H.), Molecular Biology (H.Y., J.A.R.), Pathology (J.A.R.), and Radiology (R.M.K.), and Donald W. Reynolds Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center (M.Y.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Tex; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.K.), Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; Department of Pathology (T.S.), Tohoku University
| | - Kazuhiko Nakayama
- From the Howard Hughes Medical Institute (Y.Y.K., T.O., R.M.K., S.C.W., M.Y.), Departments of Molecular Genetics (Y.Y.K., T.O., R.M.K., M.Y.), Biochemistry (R.E.H.), Molecular Biology (H.Y., J.A.R.), Pathology (J.A.R.), and Radiology (R.M.K.), and Donald W. Reynolds Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center (M.Y.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Tex; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.K.), Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; Department of Pathology (T.S.), Tohoku University
| | - Rafal M. Kedzierski
- From the Howard Hughes Medical Institute (Y.Y.K., T.O., R.M.K., S.C.W., M.Y.), Departments of Molecular Genetics (Y.Y.K., T.O., R.M.K., M.Y.), Biochemistry (R.E.H.), Molecular Biology (H.Y., J.A.R.), Pathology (J.A.R.), and Radiology (R.M.K.), and Donald W. Reynolds Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center (M.Y.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Tex; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.K.), Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; Department of Pathology (T.S.), Tohoku University
| | - Robert E. Hammer
- From the Howard Hughes Medical Institute (Y.Y.K., T.O., R.M.K., S.C.W., M.Y.), Departments of Molecular Genetics (Y.Y.K., T.O., R.M.K., M.Y.), Biochemistry (R.E.H.), Molecular Biology (H.Y., J.A.R.), Pathology (J.A.R.), and Radiology (R.M.K.), and Donald W. Reynolds Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center (M.Y.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Tex; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.K.), Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; Department of Pathology (T.S.), Tohoku University
| | - Hiromi Yanagisawa
- From the Howard Hughes Medical Institute (Y.Y.K., T.O., R.M.K., S.C.W., M.Y.), Departments of Molecular Genetics (Y.Y.K., T.O., R.M.K., M.Y.), Biochemistry (R.E.H.), Molecular Biology (H.Y., J.A.R.), Pathology (J.A.R.), and Radiology (R.M.K.), and Donald W. Reynolds Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center (M.Y.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Tex; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.K.), Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; Department of Pathology (T.S.), Tohoku University
| | - S. Clay Williams
- From the Howard Hughes Medical Institute (Y.Y.K., T.O., R.M.K., S.C.W., M.Y.), Departments of Molecular Genetics (Y.Y.K., T.O., R.M.K., M.Y.), Biochemistry (R.E.H.), Molecular Biology (H.Y., J.A.R.), Pathology (J.A.R.), and Radiology (R.M.K.), and Donald W. Reynolds Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center (M.Y.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Tex; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.K.), Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; Department of Pathology (T.S.), Tohoku University
| | - James A. Richardson
- From the Howard Hughes Medical Institute (Y.Y.K., T.O., R.M.K., S.C.W., M.Y.), Departments of Molecular Genetics (Y.Y.K., T.O., R.M.K., M.Y.), Biochemistry (R.E.H.), Molecular Biology (H.Y., J.A.R.), Pathology (J.A.R.), and Radiology (R.M.K.), and Donald W. Reynolds Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center (M.Y.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Tex; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.K.), Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; Department of Pathology (T.S.), Tohoku University
| | - Takashi Suzuki
- From the Howard Hughes Medical Institute (Y.Y.K., T.O., R.M.K., S.C.W., M.Y.), Departments of Molecular Genetics (Y.Y.K., T.O., R.M.K., M.Y.), Biochemistry (R.E.H.), Molecular Biology (H.Y., J.A.R.), Pathology (J.A.R.), and Radiology (R.M.K.), and Donald W. Reynolds Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center (M.Y.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Tex; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.K.), Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; Department of Pathology (T.S.), Tohoku University
| | - Masashi Yanagisawa
- From the Howard Hughes Medical Institute (Y.Y.K., T.O., R.M.K., S.C.W., M.Y.), Departments of Molecular Genetics (Y.Y.K., T.O., R.M.K., M.Y.), Biochemistry (R.E.H.), Molecular Biology (H.Y., J.A.R.), Pathology (J.A.R.), and Radiology (R.M.K.), and Donald W. Reynolds Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center (M.Y.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Tex; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.K.), Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; Department of Pathology (T.S.), Tohoku University
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Zhao X, Peng X, Sun S, Park AY, Guan JL. Role of kinase-independent and -dependent functions of FAK in endothelial cell survival and barrier function during embryonic development. J Cell Biol 2010; 189:955-65. [PMID: 20530207 PMCID: PMC2886345 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200912094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2009] [Accepted: 05/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is essential for vascular development as endothelial cell (EC)-specific knockout of FAK (conditional FAK knockout [CFKO] mice) leads to embryonic lethality. In this study, we report the differential kinase-independent and -dependent functions of FAK in vascular development by creating and analyzing an EC-specific FAK kinase-defective (KD) mutant knockin (conditional FAK knockin [CFKI]) mouse model. CFKI embryos showed apparently normal development through embryonic day (E) 13.5, whereas the majority of CFKO embryos died at the same stage. Expression of KD FAK reversed increased EC apoptosis observed with FAK deletion in embryos and in vitro through suppression of up-regulated p21. However, vessel dilation and defective angiogenesis of CFKO embryos were not rescued in CFKI embryos. ECs without FAK or expressing KD FAK showed increased permeability, abnormal distribution of vascular endothelial cadherin (VE-cadherin), and reduced VE-cadherin Y658 phosphorylation. Together, our data suggest that kinase-independent functions of FAK can support EC survival in vascular development through E13.5 but are insufficient for maintaining EC function to allow for completion of embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Zhao
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Graduate Field of Biochemistry, Molecular, and Cell Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Xu Peng
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Shaogang Sun
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Ann Y.J. Park
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Jun-Lin Guan
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
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142
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Schwock J, Dhani N, Hedley DW. Targeting focal adhesion kinase signaling in tumor growth and metastasis. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2010; 14:77-94. [PMID: 20001212 DOI: 10.1517/14728220903460340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Focal adhesion kinase (FAK), a crucial mediator of integrin and growth factor signaling, is a novel and promising target in cancer therapy. FAK resides within focal adhesions which are contact points between extracellular matrix (ECM) and cytoskeleton, and increased expression of the kinase has been linked with cancer cell migration, proliferation and survival. The aim of this review is to summarize the current research in the area and to assess the potential of different FAK-targeting strategies for cancer therapy. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW We briefly examine the evidence pointing towards FAK as potential anti-cancer target since its discovery in 1992. Then, we summarize different approaches developed to interfere with FAK signaling and important results reported from these experiments. Finally, we discuss the potential of these strategies to accomplish inhibition of tumor growth and distant spread as well as potentially meaningful combinations with other therapeutic modalities in the context of the currently available evidence. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN The review emphasizes the link between FAK biology and the consequences of interference with FAK signaling. Based on this foundation an opinion is formed with regard to the future of FAK as therapeutic target. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Inhibition of FAK harbours the potential to restrain malignant growth and progression with minimal side effects in normal tissues. Small molecule inhibitors of the kinase should be examined in further clinical studies and combinations with existing therapies need to be explored. More efforts are required to identify markers which predict response towards FAK inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joerg Schwock
- Princess Margaret Hospital/Ontario Cancer Institute (PMH/OCI), Toronto M5G 2M9, Ontario, Canada
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143
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Focal adhesion kinase-dependent regulation of adhesive forces involves vinculin recruitment to focal adhesions. Biol Cell 2010; 102:203-213. [PMID: 19883375 DOI: 10.1042/bc20090104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND INFORMATION FAK (focal adhesion kinase), an essential non-receptor tyrosine kinase, plays pivotal roles in migratory responses, adhesive signalling and mechanotransduction. FAK-dependent regulation of cell migration involves focal adhesion turnover dynamics as well as actin cytoskeleton polymerization and lamellipodia protrusion. Whereas roles for FAK in migratory and mechanosensing responses have been established, the contribution of FAK to the generation of adhesive forces is not well understood. RESULTS Using FAK-null cells expressing wild-type and mutant FAK under an inducible tetracycline promoter, we analysed the role of FAK in the generation of steady-state adhesive forces using micropatterned substrates and a hydrodynamic adhesion assay. FAK expression reduced steady-state strength by 30% compared with FAK-null cells. FAK expression reduced VCL (vinculin) localization to focal adhesions by 35% independently of changes in integrin binding and localization of talin and paxillin. RNAi (RNA interference) knock-down of VCL abrogated the FAK-dependent differences in adhesive forces. FAK-dependent changes in VCL localization and adhesive forces were confirmed in human primary fibroblasts with FAK knocked down by RNAi. The autophosphorylation Tyr-397 and kinase domain Tyr-576/Tyr-577 sites were differentially required for FAK-mediated adhesive responses. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate that FAK reduces steady-state adhesion strength by modulating VCL recruitment to focal adhesions. These findings provide insights into the role of FAK in mechanical interactions between a cell and the extracellular matrix.
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144
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine A Khalil
- Department of Dermatology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
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145
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Srinivasan R, Zabuawala T, Huang H, Zhang J, Gulati P, Fernandez S, Karlo JC, Landreth GE, Leone G, Ostrowski MC. Erk1 and Erk2 regulate endothelial cell proliferation and migration during mouse embryonic angiogenesis. PLoS One 2009; 4:e8283. [PMID: 20011539 PMCID: PMC2789384 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2009] [Accepted: 11/19/2009] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a complex process orchestrated by both growth factors and cell adhesion and is initiated by focal degradation of the vascular basement membrane with subsequent migration and proliferation of endothelial cells. The Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK pathway is required for EC function during angiogenesis. Although in vitro studies implicate ERK1 and ERK2 in endothelial cell survival, their precise role in angiogenesis in vivo remains poorly defined. Cre/loxP technology was used to inactivate Erk1 and Erk2 in endothelial cells during murine development, resulting in embryonic lethality due to severely reduced angiogenesis. Deletion of Erk1 and Erk2 in primary endothelial cells resulted in decreased cell proliferation and migration, but not in increased apoptosis. Expression of key cell cycle regulators was diminished in the double knockout cells, and decreased DNA synthesis could be observed in endothelial cells during embryogenesis. Interestingly, both Paxillin and Focal Adhesion Kinase were expressed at lower levels in endothelial cells lacking Erk1 and Erk2 both in vivo and in vitro, leading to defects in the organization of the cytoskeleton and in cell motility. The regulation of Paxillin and Focal Adhesion Kinase expression occurred post-transcriptionally. These results demonstrate that ERK1 and ERK2 coordinate endothelial cell proliferation and migration during angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchika Srinivasan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Tumor Microenvironment Program, The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Tahera Zabuawala
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Tumor Microenvironment Program, The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Hong Huang
- Center for Cardiovascular Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jianying Zhang
- Center for Biostatistics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Parul Gulati
- Center for Biostatistics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Soledad Fernandez
- Center for Biostatistics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - J. Colleen Karlo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Gary E. Landreth
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Gustavo Leone
- Tumor Microenvironment Program, The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, and Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Michael C. Ostrowski
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Tumor Microenvironment Program, The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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146
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Miniati D, Jelin EB, Ng J, Wu J, Carlson TR, Wu X, Looney MR, Wang RA. Constitutively active endothelial Notch4 causes lung arteriovenous shunts in mice. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2009; 298:L169-77. [PMID: 19933399 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00188.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung arteriovenous (AV) shunts or malformations cause significant morbidity and mortality in several distinct clinical syndromes. For most patients with lung AV shunts, there is still no optimal treatment. The underlying molecular and cellular etiology for lung AV shunts remains elusive, and currently described animal models have insufficiently addressed this problem. Using a tetracycline-repressible system, we expressed constitutively active Notch4 (Notch4*) specifically in the endothelium of adult mice. More than 90% of mice developed lung hemorrhages and respiratory insufficiency and died by 6-7 wk after gene expression began. Vascular casting and fluorescent microsphere analysis showed evidence of lung AV shunts in affected mice. Cessation of Notch4* expression reversed these pathophysiological effects. Assessment of the vascular morphology revealed enlarged, tortuous vessels in the lungs that resembled arteriovenous malformations. By using whole lung organ culture, we demonstrated the effects of constitutively active Notch4 on the lung vasculature to be a primary lung phenomenon. Together, our results indicate the importance of Notch signaling in maintaining the lung vasculature and offer a new, reliable model with which to study the pathobiology of lung arteriovenous shunts and malformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doug Miniati
- Laboratory for Accelerated Vascular Research, Division of Vascular Surgery, San Francisco, CA 94143-0507, USA.
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147
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Corsi JM, Houbron C, Billuart P, Brunet I, Bouvrée K, Eichmann A, Girault JA, Enslen H. Autophosphorylation-independent and -dependent functions of focal adhesion kinase during development. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:34769-76. [PMID: 19776009 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.067280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) regulates numerous cellular functions and is critical for processes ranging from embryo development to cancer progression. Although autophosphorylation on Tyr-397 appears required for FAK functions in vitro, its role in vivo has not been established. We addressed this question using a mutant mouse (fakDelta) deleted of exon 15, which encodes Tyr-397. The resulting mutant protein FAKDelta is an active kinase expressed at normal levels. Our results demonstrate that the requirement for FAK autophosphorylation varies during development. FAK(Delta/Delta) embryos developed normally up to embryonic day (E) 12.5, contrasting with the lethality at E8.5 of FAK-null embryos. Thus, autophosphorylation on Tyr-397 is not required for FAK to achieve its functions until late mid-gestation. However, FAK(Delta/Delta) embryos displayed hemorrhages, edema, delayed artery formation, vascular remodeling defects, multiple organ abnormalities, and overall developmental retardation at E13.5-14.5, and died thereafter demonstrating that FAK autophosphorylation is also necessary for normal development. Fibroblasts derived from mutant embryos had a normal stellate morphology and expression of focal adhesion proteins, Src family members, p53, and Pyk2. In contrast, in FAK(Delta/Delta) fibroblasts and endothelial cells, spreading and lamellipodia formation were altered with an increased size and number of focal adhesions, enriched in FAKDelta. FAK mutation also decreased fibroblast proliferation. These results show that the physiological functions of FAK in vivo are achieved through both autophosphorylation-independent and autophosphorylation-dependent mechanisms.
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148
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Abstract
Cellular interactions with extracellular matrix play essential roles in tumor initiation, progression and metastasis. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase identified as a key mediator of signaling by integrins, a major family of cell surface receptors for extracellular matrix, as well as other receptors in both normal and cancer cells. FAK is activated by integrins through disruption of an auto-inhibitory intra-molecular interaction between its kinase domain and the amino terminal FERM domain. The activated FAK forms a binary complex with Src family kinases which can phosphorylate other substrates and trigger multiple intracellular signaling pathways to regulate various cellular functions. Subcellular localization of FAK in focal adhesions is essential for FAK signaling, which is another distinguishing feature of the kinase. Integrin-FAK signaling has been shown to activate a number of signaling pathways through phosphorylation and protein-protein interactions to promote tumorigenesis. FAK also plays a prominent role in tumor progression and metastasis through its regulation of both cancer cells and their microenvironments including cancer cell migration, invasion, epithelial to mesenchymal transition, and angiogenesis. More recently, a role for FAK in tumor initiation and progression has been demonstrated directly using xenograft as well as conditional knockout mouse models. In agreement with these experimental data, overexpression and activation of FAK have been found in a variety of human cancers. A number of small molecule inhibitors for FAK have been developed and in various phases of testing for cancer treatments. Overall, the intensive research on FAK signaling in cancer have yielded a wealth of information on this pivotal kinase and these and future studies are leading to potentially novel therapies for cancer.
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149
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Luo M, Guan JL. Focal adhesion kinase: a prominent determinant in breast cancer initiation, progression and metastasis. Cancer Lett 2009; 289:127-39. [PMID: 19643531 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2009.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2009] [Revised: 07/08/2009] [Accepted: 07/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is an intracellular non-receptor tyrosine kinase. In addition to its role as a major mediator of signal transduction by integrins, FAK also participates in signaling by a wide range of extracellular stimuli including growth factors, G-protein-coupled receptor agonists, cytokines, and other inflammatory mediators. The link between FAK and breast cancers is strongly suggested by a number of reports showing that FAK gene is amplified and overexpressed in a large fraction of breast cancer specimens. In addition, increased FAK expression and activity frequently correlate with metastatic disease and poor prognosis. Since its discovery in early 1990s, numerous studies have shown a role for FAK in the regulation of cell spreading, adhesion, migration, survival, proliferation, differentiation, and angiogenesis. Many of these studies in cultured cells provided strong evidence to connect FAK expression/activation to the promotion of cancer. Recently, a prominent role of FAK in promoting mammary tumorigenesis, progression and metastasis has been unveiled by different animal models of human breast cancer, including xenograft models in immunodeficient rodents and spontaneous tumor models in transgenic mice that have specific deletion of FAK in the mammary epithelial cells during embryonic or postnatal development. These in vivo studies established FAK as a prominent determinant in mammary cancer initiation, progression and metastasis. Furthermore, a novel function of FAK in maintaining mammary cancer stem/progenitor cells in vivo has been recently reported, which may provide a novel cellular mechanism of FAK in promoting breast cancer initiation and progression. The wealth of knowledge accumulated over almost two decades of research on FAK should help to design potentially novel therapies for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Luo
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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150
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van Miltenburg MHAM, Lalai R, de Bont H, van Waaij E, Beggs H, Danen EHJ, van de Water B. Complete focal adhesion kinase deficiency in the mammary gland causes ductal dilation and aberrant branching morphogenesis through defects in Rho kinase-dependent cell contractility. FASEB J 2009; 23:3482-93. [PMID: 19584305 DOI: 10.1096/fj.08-123398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The adult, virgin mammary gland is a highly organized branched ductal network comprising two major cell types: myoepithelial and luminal epithelial cells. To study the role and mechanism of focal adhesion kinase (FAK)-mediated signaling in mammary gland development and differentiation, we used a conditional Fak-knockout mammary epithelial cell (MEC) transplantation model. Conditional Cre recombinase (Cre)-mediated Fak deletion in primary cultured MECs isolated from FAK(lox/lox)/Rosa26Cre-ERT2 donor mice caused loss of FAK in all mammary cells. Transplantation of Fak-knockout MECs in a cleared mammary fat pad of immune-deficient recipient mice resulted in development of new but dilated virgin ducts with a disrupted myoepithelial and luminal epithelial cell multilayer and aberrant ductal morphogenesis during pregnancy. In the absence of FAK, MECs spread poorly, showed enhanced Rho kinase (ROCK)-mediated cytoskeletal contractility, and failed to respond to receptor-mediated cytoskeletal remodeling. Likewise, FAK deficiency fully inhibited branching morphogenesis of mammary gland organoids in a ROCK-dependent manner. Altogether these data suggest a model in which FAK coordinates contractile forces in MECs to maintain the bilayered cellular organization of myoepithelial and luminal epithelial cells in ducts, thus allowing proper mammary gland development and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine H A M van Miltenburg
- Division of Toxicology, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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