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Oda K, Ikehara Y, Ishikawa T, Kato K. Isolation of Golgi fractions from colchicine-treated rat liver. I. Morphological and enzymic characterization. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1979; 552:212-24. [PMID: 444503 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(79)90278-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
1. Three Golgi fractions, GF-1, GF-2 and GF-3, were isolated from the livers of rats pretreated with colchicine, which gave better yields of the fractions than ethanol treatment of rats. 2. Electron microscopic observation showed that GF-1 was composed mainly of secretory vesicles, GF-3 consisted predominantly of small tubules and flattened cisternae, and GF-2 was an intermediate fraction composed of secretory vesicles and cisternal elements. 3. Among these three fractions the highest activity of galactosyl transferase, marker enzyme of the Golgi complex, was found in GF-3 and the lowest activity was in GF-1, although a different distribution of the enzymes was observed in fractions obtained from ethanol-treated rat liver. 4. Enzymatic characterization of these fractions showed that no significant contamination with other subcellular components occurred in GF-1 and GF-2.
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102
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Oda K, Ikehara Y, Kato K. Isolation of Golgi fractions from colchicine-treated rat liver. II. Electrophoretic characterization. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1979; 552:225-37. [PMID: 444504 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(79)90279-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
1. Intact Golgi fractions, three from colchicine- or ethanol-treated rat livers and two from a control, were analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. All the fractions showed very similar electrophoretic profiles with 33 protein bands, some of which, especially albumin, had rather higher density in the secretory vesicle fraction than those in the cisternal fraction. 2. Using albumin as the content marker, the Golgi fractions were subfractionated into membranes and contents by freezing-thawing and sonication followed by centrifugation. Distribution of galactosyltransferase among these membrane preparations showed that this enzyme was more enriched in the Golgi cisternal membranes than in the secretory vesicle membranes. 3. All the membrane preparations from the Golgi complex showed very similar patterns on electrophoresis, which were distinctly different from those of microsomal membranes and of plasma membrane. Furthermore, all the Golgi content subfractions had similar protein components, most of which were also found in serum. The microsomal contents, however, showed a considerably different pattern from those of the Golgi contents. 4. From these results it could be concluded that the secretory vesicles are indeed a member of the Golgi complex despite their different appearance and morphology.
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103
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Azzar G, Berthillier G, Got R. Présence des enzymes catalysant la biosynthèse d'UDP glucose dans une fraction légère de l'appareil de Golgi des hépatocytes de chat. Biochimie 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/s0300-9084(79)80453-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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104
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Whaley WG, Dauwalder M. The Golgi apparatus, the plasma membrane, and functional integration. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1979; 58:199-245. [PMID: 391763 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)61476-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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105
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106
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Huang CM, Goldenberg H, Frantz C, Morré DJ, Keenan TW, Crane FL. Comparison of NADH-linked cytochrome C reductases of endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus and plasma membrane. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1979; 10:723-31. [PMID: 499640 DOI: 10.1016/0020-711x(79)90218-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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107
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Tartakoff A, Vassalli P, Détraz M. Comparative studies of intracellular transport of secretory proteins. J Cell Biol 1978; 79:694-707. [PMID: 103883 PMCID: PMC2110276 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.79.3.694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 381] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The physiology of protein intracellular transport and secretion by cell types thought to be free from short-term control has been compared with that of the pancreatic acinar cell, using pulse-chase protocols to follow biosynthetically-labeled secretory products. Data previously obtained (Tartakoff, A.M., and P. Vassalli. J. Exp. Med. 146:1332-1345) has shown that plasma-cell immunoglobulin (Ig) secretion is inhibited by respiratory inhibitors, by partial Na/K equilibration effected by the carboxylic ionophore monensin, and by calcium withdrawal effected by the carboxylic ionophore A 23187 in the presence of ethylene glycol bis (beta-aminoethylether)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (EGTA) and absence of calcium. We report here that both inhibition of respiration and treatment with monensin slow secretion by fibroblasts, and also macrophages and slow intracellular transport (though not discharge per se) by the exocrine pancreatic cells. Attempted calcium withdrawal is inhibitory for fibroblasts but not for macrophages. The elimination of extracellular calcium or addition of 50 mM KCl has no major effect on secretory rate of either fibroblasts or macrophages. Electron microscopic examination of all cell types shows that monensin causes a rapid and impressive dilation of Golgi elements. Combined cell fractionation and autoradiographic studies of the pancreas show that the effect of monensin is exerted at the point of the exit of secretory protein from the Golgi apparatus. Other steps in intracellular transport proceed at normal rates. These observations suggest a common effect of the cytoplasmic Na/K balance at the Golgi level and lead to a model of intracellular transport in which secretory product obligatorily passes through Golgi elements (cisternae?) that are sensitive to monensin. Thus, intracellular transport follows a similar course in both regulated and nonregulated secretory cells up to the level of distal Golgi elements.
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108
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Mitra S, Rao CV. Gonadotropin and prostaglandins binding sites in rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi fractions of bovine corpora lutea. Arch Biochem Biophys 1978; 191:331-40. [PMID: 216316 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(78)90096-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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109
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Andersson GN, Torndal UB, Eriksson LC. Sequential preparation of rat liver microsomal and Golgi membranes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1978; 512:539-49. [PMID: 708731 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(78)90163-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A new procedure for the preparation of microsomes, microsomal subfractions and Golgi membranes from the same piece of rat liver has been developed. The smallest amount of liver with which the preparation can be performed is about 1 g (wet weight). 35% of the total activity of marker enzymes for the endoplasmic reticulum was recovered in the microsomal fraction. This recovery is approximately the same as that obtained in our laboratories using other procedures. Golgi membranes, mitochondria, lysosomes and plasma membranes represent less than 13% of the microsomal protein as calculated on the basis of marker enzymes. Golgi membranes must be prepared in two steps to achieve a reasonable recovery and thus a representative sample containing both very low density lipoprotein-rich Golgi vesicles and the heavier cisternal elements. The recovery of UDP-galactosyltransferase activity in the Golgi fraction from the livers of alcohol-treated animals is around 30% of the total activity in the total particulate fraction.
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110
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Sasaki M, Eigel WN, Keenan TW. Lactose and major milk proteins are present in secretory vesicle-rich fractions from lactating mammary gland. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1978; 75:5020-4. [PMID: 105361 PMCID: PMC336254 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.75.10.5020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Preparations enriched in apparently intact secretory vesicles were isolated from homogenates of lactating rat and bovine mammary tissue by differential and density gradient centrifugation in isoosmotic media. Morphologically these preparations consisted nearly entirely of vesicles of varying sizes, at least some of which contained casein micelles. Endoplasmic reticulum vesicles, Golgi apparatus cisterna and dictyosomes, mitochondria, peroxisomes, lysosomes, and nuclei were not observed in secretory vesicle-rich fractions. Vesicle preparations were enriched in lactose relative to total membrane fractions from mammary gland. The galactosyltransferase of lactose synthase (UDPgalactose: D-glucose 4 beta-galactosyl-transferase, EC 2.4.1.22) was also present in secretory vesicle preparations, alphas1- and beta-caseins, alpha-lactalbumin, and beta-lactoglobulin, the major secretory proteins of differentiated mammary epithelial cells, were identified as constituents of vesicle-rich fractions from bovine mammary gland. These observations suggest that the major carbohydrate and major proteins of milk are compartmentalized into secretory vesicles and are secreted by exocytotic fusion of secretory vesicles with the apical plasma membrane.
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111
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Nanni G, Pronzato MA, Averame MM, Gambella GR, Cottalasso D, Marinari UM. Influence of acute ethanol intoxication on rat liver Golgi apparatus glycosylation activities. FEBS Lett 1978; 93:242-6. [PMID: 101390 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(78)81113-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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112
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Deshmukh DS, Bear WD, Soifer D. Isolation and characterization of an enriched Golgi fraction from rat brain. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 1978; 542:284-95. [PMID: 99178 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(78)90024-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A fraction rich in membranes of the Golgi apparatus was isolated from rat brain by discontinuous density gradient centrifugation. The fraction sedimented at the characteristic Golgi density of 1.11--1.15 (g/cm3, 5 degrees C) and had specific activities of Golgi-marker enzymes (N-acetyllactosaminyl synthetase, glycoprotein (Fetuin) galactosyltransferase, thiamine pyrophosphatase), 6--7 times over those of the original homogenates. The recovery of the enzyme activities in this fraction ranged from 17 to 31 %. The incorporation [3H]fucose into glycoproteins was 3-fold higher than in homogenate. Recovery and relative specific activities of marker enzymes for other subcellular organelles were low. Electron microscopic analysis of the fraction revealed in the presence of Golgi structures, namely, large sacs or plates with attached tubules and "blebbing" of the tubules into the vesicles.
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113
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Matsuura S, Fujii-Kuriyama Y, Tashiro Y. Immunoelectron microscope localization of cytochrome P-450 on microsomes and other membrane structures of rat hepatocytes. J Cell Biol 1978; 78:503-19. [PMID: 690177 PMCID: PMC2110118 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.78.2.503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Localization of cytochrome P-450 on various membrane fractions of rat liver cells was studied by direct immunoelectron microscopy using ferritin-conjugated antibody to the cytochrome. The outer surfaces of almost all the microsomal vesicles were labeled with ferritin particles. The distribution of the particles on each microsomal vesicle was usually heterogeneous, indicating clustering of the cytochrome, and phenobarbital treatment markedly increased the labeled regions of the microsomal membranes. The outer nuclear envelopes were also labeled with ferritin particles, while on the surface of other membrane structures such as Golgi complexes, outer mitochondrial membranes and plasma membranes the labeling was scanty and at the control level. The present observation indicates that cytochrome P-450 molecules are localized exclusively on endoplasmic reticulum membranes and outer nuclear envelopes where they are probably distributed not uniformly but heterogeneously, forming clusters or patches. The physiological significance of such microheterogeneity in the distribution of the cytochrome on endoplasmic reticulum membranes is discussed.
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114
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Abstract
Secretory vesicles isolated from rat liver were found to fuse after exposure to Ca2+. Vesicle fusion is characterized by the occurrence of twinned vesicles with a continuous cleavage plane between two vesicles in freeze-fracture electron microscopy. The number of fused vesicles increases with increasing Ca2+-concentrations and is half maximal around 10(-6)M. Other divalent cations (Ba2+, Sr2+, and Mg2+) were ineffective. Mg2+ inhibits Ca2+-induced fusion. Therefore, the fusion of secretory vesicles in vitro is Ca2+ specific and exhibits properties similar to the exocytotic process of various secretory cells. Various substances affecting secretion in vivo (microtubular inhibitors, local anesthetics, ionophores) were tested for their effect on membrane fusion in our system. The fusion of isolated secretory vesicles from liver was found to differ from that of pure phospholipid membranes in its temperature dependence, in its much lower requirement for Ca2+, and in its Ca2+-specificity. Chemical and enzymatic modifcations of the vesicle membrane indicate that glycoproteins may account for these differences.
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115
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Weiser MM, Neumeier MM, Quaroni A, Kirsch K. Synthesis of plasmalemmal glycoproteins in intestinal epithelial cells. Separation of Golgi membranes from villus and crypt cell surface membranes; glycosyltransferase activity of surface membrane. J Cell Biol 1978; 77:722-34. [PMID: 150426 PMCID: PMC2110156 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.77.3.722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between Golgi and cell surface membranes of intestinal cells was studied. These membranes were isolated from intestinal crypt cells and villus cells. The villus cell membranes consisted of microvillus membrane, a Golgi-rich fraction, and two membrane fractions interpreted as representing lateral-basal membranes. The villus cell microvillus membrane was purified by previously published techniques while the other membranes were obtained from isolated cells by differential centrifugation and density gradient velocity sedimentation. The two membrane fractions obtained from villus cells and considered to be lateral-basal membranes were enriched for Na+,K+-ATPase activity, but one also showed enrichment in glycosyltransferase activity. The Golgi membrane fraction was enriched for glycosyltransferase activity and had low to absent Na+,K+-ATPase activity. Adenylate cyclase activity was present in all membrane fractions except the microvillus membrane but co-purified with Golgi rather than lateral-basal membranes. Electron microscopy showed that the Golgi fraction consisted of variably sized vesicles and cisternalike structures. The two lateral-basal membrane fractions showed only vesicles of smaller, more uniform size. After 125I labeling of isolated intact cells, radioactivity was found associated with the lateral-basal and microvillus membrane fractions and not with the Golgi fraction. Antibody prepared against lateral-basal membrane fractions reacted with the surface membrane of isolated villus cells. The membrane fractions from isolated crypt cells demonstrated that all had high glycosyltransferase activity. The data show that glycosyltransferase activity, in addition to its Golgi location, may be a significant property of the lateral-basal portion of the intestinal villus cell plasma membrane. Data obtained with crypt cells support earlier data and show that the crypt cell surface membrane possesses glycosyltransferase activity.
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116
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Bergeron J, Posner B, Josefsberg Z, Sikstrom R. Intracellular polypeptide hormone receptors. The demonstration of specific binding sites for insulin and human growth hormone in Golgi fractions isolated from the liver of female rats. J Biol Chem 1978. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)34798-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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117
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Case RM. Synthesis, intracellular transport and discharge of exportable proteins in the pancreatic acinar cell and other cells. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 1978; 53:211-354. [PMID: 208670 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-185x.1978.tb01437.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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118
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Chang PL, Sharma RN, Sturgess JM, Moscarello MA. Characterization of intracisternal and membrane subfractions from sonically disrupted rough microsomal and Golgi-rich fractions of the rat liver. Exp Cell Res 1978; 112:187-97. [PMID: 204502 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(78)90539-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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119
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Kessel D, Chou TH, Allen J. Some properties of sialyltransferase in plasma and lymphocytes of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1978; 82:535-41. [PMID: 624286 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1978.tb12048.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Some properties of sialyltransferase activity in plasma and lymphocytes from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia were compared. Three distinct enzyme fractions were identified in plasma: (1) cation independent, irreversibly bound to agarose; (2) cation dependent, weakly bound to agarose; (3) strongly bound to agarose, lost upon dialysis. Lowering of the peripheral lymphocyte count by leukapheresis markedly decreased the level of serum sialyltransferase, suggesting the circulating lymphocyte is a source of the serum enzyme. The enzyme solubilized by detergent from lymphocytes showed a substantially lower Km for CMP-sialic acid than did the serum enzyme, was less sensitive to several inhibitors, was not irreversible bound to Agarose, and had a substantial cation requirement. The enzyme solubilized from the lymphocyte therefore generally resembles fraction 2 of serum.
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120
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Bergeron JJ, Borts D, Cruz J. Passage of serum-destined proteins through the Golgi apparatus of rat liver. An examination of heavy and light Golgi fractions. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 1978; 76:87-97. [PMID: 618900 PMCID: PMC2109960 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.76.1.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The participation of hepatic Golgi apparatus in the intracellular transport of blood-destined proteins has been analyzed using Golgi fractions enriched in cis and trans components of the Golgi apparatus. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the liver Golgi fractions showed several proteins corresponding in relative proportions and mobilities with serum proteins. After a pulse injection of labeled leucine, the secretory content of the cis Golgi fraction was labeled earlier than the trans Golgi fraction. Taken together, the results show the participation of the liver Golgi apparatus in the secretion of most of the serum proteins and provide documentation for a sequential progression of secretory protein through the cis and trans components of the Golgi apparatus.
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121
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122
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Bonne D, Nicolas P, Lauber M, Camier M, Tixier-vidal A, Cohen P. Evidence for an adenylate-cyclase activity in neurosecretory granule membranes from bovine neurohypophysis. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1977; 78:337-42. [PMID: 913403 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1977.tb11745.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Purified bovine neurosecretory granules and their corresponding membranes were prepared after fractionation and purification processes from bovine pituitaries. An adenylate cyclase activity was detected both in the granules (apparent Km = 0.5 mM) and the corresponding preparations of the membranes (apparent Km = 0.5 mM). This enzyme was activated by fluoride in a way markedly dependent on the concentration of this ion, and with a maximum for a concentration of F- = 3.5 mM. The cyclase activity was also significantly enhanced by GTP. The reaction rate showed a strong dependence on the molar ration [Mg2+]/[ATP] with maximal velocity for 7. It is suggested that this activity might play an important role in the control and regulation of neurosecretion in the neurohypophysis.
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123
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Sundler R, Sarcione SL, Alberts AW, Vagelos PR. Evidence against phospholipid asymmetry in intracellular membranes from liver. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1977; 74:3350-4. [PMID: 269395 PMCID: PMC431557 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.74.8.3350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We have studied the distribution of phospholipids across the membrane of microsomal vesicles and Golgi-derived secretory vesicles from rat liver by the use of phospholipases. Model studies on single-bilayer phospholipid vesicles showed that phospholipase A2 (phosphatide 2-acyl-hydrolase, EC 3.1.1.4) cleaved at least 80% of the lipids on the outer surface of such vesicles without significant attack on the inner surface. In microsomal vesicles approximately 40% of the outer surface phospholipids were cleaved before the enzyme gained access to the interior of the vesicles. The same conclusion was reached for Golgi vesicles. By following the degradation of the three major phospholipids in intact microsomes and in extracted lipids we found that the same fraction of each of these phospholipids was exposed on the outer surface of the microsomal vesicles. Corresponding experiments with Golgi vesicles showed that distinctly different fractions of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine were present on the surface of these vesicles. However, the difference was accounted for by enrichment of phosphatidylcholine in intravesicular particles rather than by asymmetry across the vesicle membrane. The results from specific hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol confirmed an essentially symmetric distribution of this phospholipid across the microsomal and the Golgi vesicle membranes.
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124
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125
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Electron microscopic studies of the assembly, intracellular transport, and secretion of chylomicrons by rat intestine. J Lipid Res 1977. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)41667-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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126
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Abstract
The intracellular transport of glycoproteins pulse-labeled in vitro with tritiated leucine and galactose in the surface mucous lining cells (SMC) of the fundus of the rat stomach was studied by electron microscope autoradiography. The SMC survive for several hours in pieces of the fundus incubated in a bicarbonate-buffered medium. The SMC have a normal ultrastructure for at least 4 h of incubation. Kinetic activity is normal for at least 5 h, as demonstrated by the normal nuclear incorporation of tritiated thymidine; The SMC incorporate labeled leucine and galactose at normal rates up to 4 h and 6 h, respectively. In contrast to the SMC, the cells of the gastric glands show signs of degeneration within 1 h after the start of incubation. In the SMC the secretory protein forms a smaller part of the total protein synthesized than in other secretory cells studied. The intracellular tranpsort of the leucine-labeled moiety of the glycoproteins follows the normal pathway. The RER loses 35% of its transportable labeled protein within 30 min. The Golgi complex is maximally labeled at 40 min and the mucous granules after 120 min. Galactose is attached to the glycoproteins mainly in the Golgi complex. Glycoproteins are not secreted within 2 h after synthesis of their protein moiety.
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127
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Wisher MH, Evans WH. Preparation of plasma-membrane subfractions from isolated rat hepatocytes. Biochem J 1977; 164:415-22. [PMID: 880246 PMCID: PMC1164807 DOI: 10.1042/bj1640415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
1. Rat livers were dissociated into their constituent cells by perfusion through the portal vein with a medium containing collagenase, and hepatocytes separated from non-parenchymal cells. 2. It is shown that the procedure described by Wisher & Evans [(1975) Biochem. J. 146, 375-388] for preparation of plasma membranes from liver tissue when applied to isolated hepatocytes also yielded subfractions of similar morphology and marker-enzyme distribution. 3. Thus the distribution of alkaline phosphodiesterase, 5'-nucleotidase and the basal and glucagon-stimulated adenylate cyclase among two 'light' vesicular and one 'heavy' junction-containing plasma-membrane subfractions paralleled that reported for tissue-derived plasma-membrane subfractions. 4. Increased recoveries and specific activities of plasma-membrane marker enzymes were obtained when soya-bean trypsin inhibitor was included in the collagenase-containing perfusion media used to dissociate the liver. 5. Polyacrylamide-gel-electrophoretic analysis of the corresponding plasma-membrane subfractions prepared from liver tissue and isolated hepatocytes were generally similar. 6. The results indicate that the functional polarity of the hepatocyte's plasma membrane is retained after tissue dissociation. The damage occurring to plasma-membrane ectoenzymes by the collagenase-perfusion procedure is discussed.
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128
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Kishore GS, Carubelli R. Effect of acute ethanolic intoxication on the neuraminidase activity of rat liver Golgi apparatus. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1977; 497:101-11. [PMID: 849472 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(77)90142-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Neuraminidase and galactosyltransferase were investigated in total Golgi appartus and in the three fractions of increasing densities (GF1, GF2, and GF3) isolated from the microsomal fraction of rat liver homogenates by flotation in a discontinuous sucrose density gradient (Ehrenreich, J.H., Bergeron, J.J.M., Siekevitz, P. and Palade, G.E. (1973) J. Cell Biol. 59, 45-72). About 50% decreases in neuraminidase content (units/g liver) and specific activity (units/mg protein) were observed in total Golgi as well as in the three fractions isolated at 45 min, 90 min, 180 min and 16 h after administration of a single oral dose of 50% aqueous ethanol (0.6 g/100 g body weight). Colchicine administration (introperitoneal injection, 0.5 mg/100 g body weight) caused a similar loss of neuraminidase activity; however, the effect of ethanol plus colchicine was not additive. Golgi galactosyltransferase, on the other hand, experienced marked increases of activity following ethanol administration but, unlike the results reported by others (Gang, H., Lieber, C.S. and Rubin, E. (1973) Nat. New Biol. 243, 123-125), significant increases in total activity and specific activity were already quite evident at 90 min after ethanol ingestion. In contrast with the decreased values observed in Golgi, the total particle-bound neuraminidase was significantly elevated following ethanol administration. Ultrastructural studies revealed increased lysosomal content and detachment of polysomes from the rough endoplasmic reticulum. A model, which takes into account these enzymological and ultrastructural findings and their biological significance, is proposed.
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129
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Freilich LS, Lewis RG, Reppucci AC, Silbert JE. Galactosyl transferase of a Golgi fraction from cultured neoplastic mast cells. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 1977; 72:655-66. [PMID: 14165 PMCID: PMC2111033 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.72.3.655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Suspension cultures of neoplastic mouse mast cells were used to obtain large quantities of a homogeneous cell population as starting material for cell fractionation. A Golgi fraction was prepared by slight modification of established techniques and identified by electron microscopy. Assay of galactosyl transferase activity using ovalbumin, desialylated degalactosylated orosomucoid, and N-acetylglucosamine as galactose acceptors showed that the Golgi fraction was enriched in specific activity over the homogenate. The Golgi galactosyl transferase was examined in detail. Acceptor concentrations for optimal galactose incorporation were determined, and substrate inhibition effects were shown with higher concentrations of all three acceptors. Manganese was shown to be necessary for galactose incorporation. A higher concentration of manganese afforded some protection from substrate inhibition by acceptors, but at the same time was itself inhibitory. All three acceptors competed with one another for galactose incorporation, indicating that a single enzyme catalyzed the transfer of galactose for all acceptors.
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130
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Gibson KD, Segen BJ, Audhya TK. The effect of beta-D-xylosides on chondroitin sulphate biosynthesis in embryonic chicken cartilage in the absence of protein synthesis inhibitors. Biochem J 1977; 162:217-33. [PMID: 849282 PMCID: PMC1164593 DOI: 10.1042/bj1620217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Incorporation of [35S]]sulphate, [3H]glucose and [3H]serine into glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans of embryonic-chicken sternum was measured in vitro in incubation medium containing 4-methylumbelliferyl beta-D-xyloside or p-nitrophenyl beta-D-xyloside at low concentrations, and in the absence of inhibitors of protein synthesis. Incorporation of sulphate was decreased by 80% in incubations in which 1mM-4-methylumbelliferyl beta-xyloside or 2.5 mM-p-nitrophenyl beta-xyloside was present; under these conditions, serum factors stimulated incorporation to only a small extent. When the concentration of the xyloside was decreased tenfold, incorporation of sulphate was inhibited by 60-70%, but when normal human serum or L-3,3',5-tri-iodothyronine or both were also added to the incubation medium, incorporation was markedly stimulated. Experiments in which [35S]sulphate and [3H]glucose were incorporated simultaneously, and enzymic analysis of glycosaminoglycans formed in such experiments, indicated that chondroitin sulphate formed in the presence of 0.1 mM-4-methylumbelliferyl beta-xyloside contained 30-40% less sulphate than did chondrotin sulphate synthesized in the absence of xylosides. Similar experiments, with [3H]serine instead of [3H]glucose, suggested also a 20-30% decrease in chain length of the chondroitin sulphate; this was confirmed by direct gel filtration of labelled glycosaminoglycans on a calibrated column. Incorporation of [3H]glucose or [3H]serine was stimulated by serum and tri-iodothyronine in parallel with incorporation of sulphate. The changes seen in the total chondroitin sulphate were mirrored in the major proteoglycan fraction, purified by isopycnic centrifugation of salt-extracted proteoglycans. The labelling pattern of chondroitin sulphate from this proteoglycan indicated that decreased sulphation of chondroitin sulphate was largely due to the inferior ability of short polysaccharide chains to accept sulphate, with some direct interference with transfer of sulphate to all chains. The results also suggested that the action of serum factors on synthesis of proteochondroitin sulphate is exercised at the level of either protein synthesis or transport to the sites of initiation of polysaccharide synthesis.
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Blouin A, Bolender RP, Weibel ER. Distribution of organelles and membranes between hepatocytes and nonhepatocytes in the rat liver parenchyma. A stereological study. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 1977; 72:441-55. [PMID: 833203 PMCID: PMC2110997 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.72.2.441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 617] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
When biochemical studies on the liver are interpreted, the cells of the sinusoidal area frequently receive little attention because, compared to hepatocytes, their contribution to subcellular fractions is assumed insignificant. A systematic stereological analysis of liver parenchyma was therefore performed in order to determine the distribution of organelles and membranes between hepatocytic and nonhepatocytic cells, namely endothelial, Kupffer, and fat-storing cells. The livers were fixed by vascular perfusion and the data were corrected for systematic errors dur to section thickness and compression. The extracellular space compartment includes the lumina of sinusoids (10.6%), the space of Disse (4.9%), and the bile canaliculi (0.4%). Hepatocytes constitute 78% of parenchymal volume; the nonhepatocytes account for 6.3% and consist of 2.8% endothelial cells, 2.1% Kupffer cells, and 1.4% fat-storing cells. The nonhepatocytes contribute 55% of the volume of lipid droplets in the liver, 43% of the lysosomes, and 1.2% of the mitochondria. Although the nonhepatocytes account for only 8% of the total surface area of parenchymal membranes, they contain 26.5% of all the plasma membranes, 32.4% of the lysosomal membranes, 15.1% of the Golgi apparatus 6.4% of the endoplasmic reticulum, and 2.4% of the mitochondrial membranes. The data demonstrate the extent to which nonhepatocytic organelles can potentially contaminate subcellular fractions used for biochemical studies. Particularly important for the interpretation of studies on lysosomes, plasma membrane, and Golgi apparatus is the finding that an appreciable part of these organelles may be derived from cell types other than hepatocytes.
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132
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Berthillier G, Got R. [Presence of a pathway for biosynthesis of UDP-glucose in the Golgi apparatus of rat hepatocytes]. Biochimie 1977; 59:85-9. [PMID: 870083 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-9084(77)80090-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Glucokinase, phosphoglucomutase and glucose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase are the three enzymes involved in a microsomic pathway for the synthesis of UDP glucose. Evidence is given, in this paper, for the localization of these three enzymes in a Golgi-rich fraction of rat liver. This fraction is prepared, from smooth microsomes, by the means of a discontinuous four-step sucrose gradient. Three of the lighter fractions (d = 1.08-1.13) are enriched in the Golgi markers (galactosyltransferase, sialytransferase and thiamin pyrophosphatase), especially the one with density 1.13. The three enzymes we are interested in are enriched in the two upper hands (d 1.08-1.11), which display an activity for the biosynthesis of UDP-glucose from glucose equivalent to the one obtained in a crude microsomic preparation, and which are not contaminated by other subcellular components.
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133
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Pricer WE, Ashwell G. Subcellular distribution of a mammalian hepatic binding protein specific for asialoglycoproteins. J Biol Chem 1976. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)32884-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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134
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Strous GJ, Kramer MF. Glycoprotein synthesis in gastric epithelial cells of the rat. Properties of microsomal glycoprotein glycosyltransferases. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1976; 451:201-11. [PMID: 1009108 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(76)90271-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
1. Optimal assay conditions were determined for a microsomal glycoprotein galactosyl- and fucosyltransferase derived from gastric epithelial scrapings with both exogenous and endogenous acceptor glycoprotein. 2. Subcellular fractionation of the homogenate yielded microsomal fractions enriched in glycosyltransferases. 3. The effect of feeding on galactosyltransferase activity per cell was examined. 4. Endogenous acceptor molecules were identified as glycoproteins after labeling by means of UDP-[3H]galactose in the cell-free system.
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135
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Fowler S, Remacle J, Trouet A, Beaufay H, Berthet J, Wibo M, Hauser P. Analytical study of microsomes and isolated subcellular membranes from rat liver. V. Immunological localization of cytochrome b5 by electron microscopy: methodology and application to various subcellular fractions. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 1976; 71:535-50. [PMID: 791954 PMCID: PMC2109757 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.71.2.535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The localization of cytochrome b5 on the membranes of various subcellular organelles of rat liver was studied by a cytoimmunological procedure using anti-cytochrome b5/anti-ferritin hybrid antibodies and ferritin as label. For this study, highly purified and biochemically characterized membrane preparations were employed. Outer mitochondrial membranes were found to be heavily labeled by the hybrid antibodies whereas Golgi and plasma membranes were not marked by the reagent. Peroxisome membranes were moderately labeled by the hybrid antibodies, suggesting that they may contain some cytochrome b5. The preparation and purification of hybrid antibodies without peptic digestion is described and an analysis made of the composition of the final reagent product.
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136
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Sikstrom R, Lanoix J, Bergeron JJ. An enzymic analysis of a nuclear envelope fraction. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1976; 448:88-102. [PMID: 183834 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(76)90078-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A rat liver nuclear envelope fraction isolated essentially by the technique of Monneron et al. (J. Cell Biol. 55, 104-125 (1972) is characterized by high levels of glucose-6-phosphatase and 5'-nucleotidase. A broadly specific nucleoside triphosphatase activity is present. Cytochromes b5 and P-450 as well as NADPH- and NADH-cytochrome c reductase activities are present but at lower levels than found in microsomes. Cytochrome c oxidase activity is low. RNA polymerase activity is absent from the nuclear envelope fraction. Cytochemistry shows that glucose-6-phosphatase activity is strong and restricted to the nuclear envelope of nuclei. 5'-Nucleotidase shows weak reaction deposit in whole nuclei but in contrast gives clear reaction deposit in isolated nuclear envelopes. Cytochemical reaction deposit due to nucleoside triphosphatase activity is not restricted to the nuclear envelope but is found to a larger extent within the nucleus.
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137
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Cheng H, Farquhar MG. Presence of adenylate cyclase activity in Golgi and other fractions from rat liver. I. Biochemical determination. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 1976; 70:660-70. [PMID: 821954 PMCID: PMC2109847 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.70.3.660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The distribution of adenylate cyclase (AC) in Golgi and other cell fractions from rat liver was studied using the Golgi isolation procedure of Ehrenreich et al. In liver homogenate the AC activity was found to decay with time, but addition of 1 mM EGTA reduced the rate of enzyme loss. The incorporation of 1 mM EGTA into the sucrose medium used in the initial two centrifugal steps of the Golgi isolation method stabilized the enzyme activity throughout the entire procedure and resulted in good enzyme recovery. In such preparations, AC activity was demonstrated to be associated not only with plasma membranes but also with Golgi membranes and smooth microsomal membranes as well. Furthermore, under the conditions used, enzyme activity was also associated with the 105,000 g x 90 min supernatant fraction. The specific activity of the liver homogenate was found to be 2.9 pmol-mg protein-1-min-1, the nonsedimentabel and microsomal activity was of the same order of magnitude, but the Golgi and plasma membrane activities were much higher. The specific activity of plasma membrane AC was 29 pmol-mg proten-1-min-1. The Golgi activity varied in the three fractions, with the highest activity (14 pmol) in GF1 lowest activity (1.8) in GF2, and intermediate activity (5.5) in GF3, when the Golgi activity was corrected for the presence of content protein, the activity in GF1 became much higher (9 x) than that of the plasma membrane while the activities in GF2 and GF3 were comparable to that of plasma membrane. In all locations studied, the AC was sensitive to NaF stimulation, especially the enzyme associated with Golgi membranes. The activities in plasma and microsomal membranes were stimulated by glucagon, whereas the Golgi and nonsedimentable AC were not.
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138
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Banerjee D, Manning CP, Redman CM. The in vivo effect of colchicine on the addition of galactose and sialic acid to rat hepatic serum glycoproteins. J Biol Chem 1976. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)33331-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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139
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Borgese N, Meldolesi J. Immunological similarity of the NADH-cytochrome c electron transport system in microsomes, Golgi complex and mitochondrial outer membrane of rat liver cells. FEBS Lett 1976; 63:231-4. [PMID: 177314 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(76)80101-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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140
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Brown AE, Lok MP, Elovson J. Improved method for the isolation of rat liver plasma membrane. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1976; 426:418-32. [PMID: 817740 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(76)90387-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
An improved method for the isolation of plasma membrane from rat liver is presented. Gentle homogenization of perfused livers in buffered isotonic KCL, followed by direct flotation of a low-speed nuclear pellet through a discontinuous sucrose density gradient results in a 32% yield, and 25-fold enrichment for the plasma membrane marker, phosphodiesterase I, in a crude plasma membrane fraction. This fraction contains less than 1% of the mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticulum present in the original homogenate, but is more heavily contaminated with lysosomes and Golgi membrane. Vigorous mechanical disruption of this material, followed by a second discontinuous sucrose density gradient, gives a light plasma membrane fraction with an 80-fold purification and 20% yield of phosphodiesterase I over the original homogete (with further reduction of contaminants).
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141
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Evans WH, Kremmmer T, Culvenor JG. Role of membranes in bile formation. Comparison of the composition of bile and a liver bile-canalicular plasma-membrane subfraction. Biochem J 1976; 154:589-95. [PMID: 182122 PMCID: PMC1172759 DOI: 10.1042/bj1540589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
1. Enzymes, proteins, glycoproteins and lipids of rodent bile were compared with those of a plasma-membrane subfraction originating from the hepatocyte bile-canalicular membrane. 2. Three bile-canalicular glycoprotein enzyme activities were detected in bile. Comparison of the pH optimum and immunoinhibition properties of membrane and bile 5'-nucleotidase activity indicated that they were the same enzyme. Correspondence between membrane and bile alkaline phosphodiesterases also suggested that they were the same enzymes. Activities of Mg2+-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase, a lipid-dependent intrinsic membrane protein, and galactosyltransferase, a Golgi membrane marker, were not detected in bile. 3. Rodent bile contained 15 polypeptide bands that differed radically from those of bile-canalicular membranes. Bands that may correspond in molecular weight to liver plasma-membrane glycoproteins were present at low staining intensities in bile. A major protein of apparent molecular weight 49 500 was present, and albumin was detected by immunodiffusion. 4. The lipid composition of bile and bile-canalicular membrane also differed. Phosphatidylcholine accounted for 82% of rat bile phospholipids, and only trace amounts of phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylserine and sphingomyelin were present. 5. The results indicate that in healthy animals, the bile-canalicular membrane is refractory to the action of bile acids during the secretory process. The presence of only small amounts of bile-canalicular membrane components, especially glycoprotein enzymes located at the outer face of the membrane, suggests that these are released from the membrane by bile acids after secretion of bile into the canalicular spaces.
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143
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Berthillier G, Coleman R, Walker DG. The topographical location and unique nature of a glucokinase associated with the Golgi apparatus of rat liver. Biochem J 1976; 154:193-201. [PMID: 132172 PMCID: PMC1172692 DOI: 10.1042/bj1540193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A particulate glucokinase was recovered in the Golgi-rich fraction of rat liver prepared by the method of Morré [Methods Enzymol. (1971) 22, 130-148], thus extending the demonstration by Berthillier et al. [Biochim. Biophys. Acta (1973), 293, 370-378] of particulate glucokinase activity in a microsomal subfraction that showed enrichment in Golgi characteristics. The purity of this fraction was examined and it was then subjected to several treatments, the action of Triton X-100, freezing and thawing, and sonication to establish the topographical location of the glucokinase activity thus solubilized. The evidence suggests that the glucokinase activity is either soluble in the lumen of the Golgi apparatus or loosely associated with the inside of the Golgi membranes.
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144
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Hardonk MJ, Koudstaal J. Enzyme histochemistry as a link between biochemistry and morphology. PROGRESS IN HISTOCHEMISTRY AND CYTOCHEMISTRY 1976; 8:1-68. [PMID: 186846 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6336(76)80001-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The presented paper describes the role of enzyme histochemistry in cell biological investigations. In the first chapter a general discussion has been given about enzyme histochemistry as a connecting link between biochemistry and morphology. The methods available for determination of enzymes in a particular cell or cell compartment have been reviewed. In this respect the characteristics of enzyme histochemistry have been discussed. Furthermore, attention has been paid to the possibilities and limitations of enzyme histochemistry. In chapter two a comparison has been made between histochemically judged and biochemically determined enzyme activities. Some fundamental differences between the biochemical and the histochemical approach in cell biological investigations are dealt with. To correlate histochemically and biochemically determined enzyme activities, a description has been given of the application of histochemical methods on isolated fractions and sucrose-ficoll gradients of these fractions. Several experimental results are described concerning the question whether a relation exists between histochemically and biochemically determined activities of respectively alkaline phosphatase, glucose-6-phosphatase, 5'-nucleotidase and 3ss-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. From these results the conclusion could be drawn that in general a good correlation exists between histochemically judged activity per volume (area X thickness) and biochemically determined activity per gram tissue. In chapter three the role of enzymes as markers of cellular particles and as parameters of metabolic pathways is described. Histochemical methods are available for most marker enzymes. Only activities of key enzymes can be regarded as parameters of metabolic pathways. The distribution in sucrose-ficoll gradients of enzymes, regarded as markers of mitochondria, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum and plasma membranes has been given. The changes occur ing under different experimental conditions for a number of marker enzymes in rat liver are described. Attention has been given to the contibution of enzyme histochemistry in the study of the heterogeneity of mitochondria, the dual localization of some (lysosomal) enzymes, the complexity of the microsomal fraction, the function of the Golgi apparatus and the heterogeneity and function of plasma membranes. Based on these results and on literature findings the possible role of some marker enzymes in cell metabolism has been discussed. In chapter four problems coherent with species and sex differences in enzyme activities are described. The interpretation of histochemical and biochemical results in view of these differences is discussed. Enzymes characteristic for a given cell type -3ss-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in steroid producing cells, ATP-ase in liver plasma membrane surrounding the bile canaliculi - do show less variations between species and sexes than enzymes not directly involved in specialized functions...
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145
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Roberts RM, Yuan BO. Turnover of plasma membrane polypeptides in nonproliferating cultures of Chinese hamster ovary cells and human skin fibroblasts. Arch Biochem Biophys 1975; 171:234-44. [PMID: 1190794 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(75)90028-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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146
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Flickinger CJ. The relation between the Golgi apparatus, cell surface, and cytoplasmic vesicles in amoebae studied by electron microscope radioautography. Exp Cell Res 1975; 96:189-201. [PMID: 1193169 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-4827(75)80051-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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147
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Riemer BL, Widnell CC. The demonstration of a specific 5'-nucleotidase activity in rat tissues. Arch Biochem Biophys 1975; 171:343-7. [PMID: 242271 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(75)90041-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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148
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Bergeron JJ, Berridge MV, Evans WH. Biogenesis of plasmalemmal glycoproteins. Intracellular site of synthesis of mouse liver plasmalemmal 5'-nucleotidase as determined by the sub-cellular location of messenger RNA coding for 5'-nucleotidase. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1975; 407:325-37. [PMID: 810623 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(75)90100-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
1. Free and membrane-bound mouse liver polyribosomes were separated by prolonged density-gradient centrifugation of the post-mitochondrial supernatant. RNA was extracted from free and membrane-bound polyribosomes and mRNA purified by oligo(dT)-cellulose column chromatography. 2. Antisera against purified mouse liver plasma membrane 5'-nucleotidase and moust albumin were prepared and characterized. 3. Microinjection of equivalent amounts of mRNA from free and membrane-bound liver polyribosomes into Xenopus laevis oocytes indicated by immuno precipitation and sodium dodecylsulphate gel electrophoresis a higher proportion of mRNA coding for 5'-nucleotidase and serum albumin in membrane-bound polyribosomes than free polyribosomes. 4. Although small, significant amounts of serum albumin and 5'-nucleotidase were also coded for by mRNA purified from free polyribosomes. The results suggest that in vivo, mRNA in mouse liver membrane-bound polyribosomes codes for the synthesis of 17 times more 5'-nucleotidase than does the mRNA in free polyribosomes.
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Little JS, Widnell CC. Evidence for the translocation of 5'-nucleotidase across hepatic membranes in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1975; 72:4013-7. [PMID: 1060084 PMCID: PMC433128 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.72.10.4013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic 5'-nucleotidase (EC 3.1.3.5; 5'-ribonucleotide phosphohydrolase) activity has been studied in cisternal elements of the Golgi complex and in secretion vacuoles, both isolated after ethanol administration to rats in vivo. The enzyme in secretion vacuoles was latent, so that a 5-fold increase in activity was observed when incubations were carried out in the presence of detergent; evidence is presented that the latency is caused by the impermeability of the membrane to substrate. Essentially no latency was observed in Golgi cisternae. Confirming the results of Farquhar et al. [(1974) J. Cell Biol. 60, 8-25], reaction product from 5'-nucleotidase was localized by cytochemical procedures on the inside of secretion vacuoles and on the cytoplasmic side of Golgi cisternae. After solubilization in detergent, the enzyme from both fractions reacted almost identically with both antibody to the purified enzyme and concanavalin A. In contrast, when intact fractions were incubated with an excess of antibody or concanavalin A, only 22-23% of the enzyme was inhibited in secretion vacuoles whereas 51-84% was inhibited in Golgi cisternae. Sonication of secretion vacuoles in the presence of antibody or concanavalin A increased the inhibition 2- to 3-fold. It is suggested that during the formation of secretion vacuoles from the Golgi cisternae, 5'-nucleotidase is translocated from the cytoplasmic side of the membrane to the inside.
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150
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