101
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Salhi A, Rodrigues V, Santoro F, Dessein H, Romano A, Castellano LR, Sertorio M, Rafati S, Chevillard C, Prata A, Alcaïs A, Argiro L, Dessein A. Immunological and genetic evidence for a crucial role of IL-10 in cutaneous lesions in humans infected with Leishmania braziliensis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:6139-48. [PMID: 18424735 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.9.6139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In populations exposed to Leishmania braziliensis, certain subjects develop skin ulcers, whereas others are naturally protected against cutaneous leishmaniasis. We have evaluated which cytokines are most crucial in the development of skin lesions. We found that active lesions occur in subjects with polarized Th2 or mixed Th1/Th2 responses, both associated with elevated IL-10 production. IL-10 was strongly associated (p = 0.004, odd ratio (OR) = 6.8, confidence interval = 1.9-25) with lesions, excluding IFN-gamma, IL-12, TNF, IL-13, and IL-4 from the regression model. IL-10 was produced by blood monocytes and CD4(+)CD25(+) T lymphocytes (mostly Foxp3(+)). However, we did not observe any difference between the number of these cells present in the blood of subjects with active lesions and those present in resistant subjects. Genetic analysis of the IL10-819C/T polymorphism, located in the IL10 promoter, showed that the C allele increased the risk of lesions (OR = 2.5 (1.12-5.7), p = 0.003). Functional analysis of these variants showed allele-specific binding of nuclear factors. The IL10-819C/C genotype was associated with higher levels of IL-10 than C/T and T/T genotypes. These observations demonstrate an important role for IL-10 in skin lesions in humans infected with L. braziliensis, and identify circulating monocytes and Tregs as principal sources of IL-10 in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnene Salhi
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U399, Faculty of Medicine, 17 Boulevard Jean Moulin, Marseille cedex 05, France
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102
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Leishmania pifanoi proteoglycolipid complex P8 induces macrophage cytokine production through Toll-like receptor 4. Infect Immun 2008; 76:2149-56. [PMID: 18299340 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01528-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The P8 proteoglycolipid complex (P8 PGLC) is a glyconjugate expressed by Leishmania mexicana complex parasites. We previously have shown that vaccination with P8 PGLC provides protection against cutaneous leishmaniasis in susceptible BALB/c mice. However, the biological importance of this complex remains unknown. Here we show that P8 PGLC localizes to the surface of Leishmania pifanoi amastigotes and that upon exposure to macrophages, P8 PGLC binds and induces inflammatory cytokine and chemokine mRNAs such as tumor necrosis factor alpha and RANTES early after stimulation. Our studies indicate that cytokine and chemokine induction is dependent upon Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). Interestingly, key inflammatory cytokines and chemokines (such as interleukin-6 [IL-6], macrophage inflammatory protein 1beta, and beta interferon [IFN-beta]) that can be induced through TLR4 activation were not induced or only slightly upregulated by P8 PGLC. Activation by P8 PGLC does not occur in the presence of TLR4 alone and requires both CD14 and myeloid differentiation protein 2 for signaling; this requirement may be responsible for the limited TLR4 response. This is the first characterization of a TLR4 ligand for Leishmania. In vitro experiments indicate that L. pifanoi amastigotes induce lower levels of cytokines in macrophages in the absence of TLR4; however, notably higher IL-10/IFN-gamma ratios were found for TLR4-deficient mice than for BALB/c mice. Further, increased levels of parasites persist in BALB/c mice deficient in TLR4. Taken together, these results suggest that TLR4 recognition of Leishmania pifanoi amastigotes is important for the control of infection and that this is mediated, in part, through the P8 PGLC.
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103
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Xu G, Liu D, Okwor I, Wang Y, Korner H, Kung SKP, Fu YX, Uzonna JE. LIGHT Is critical for IL-12 production by dendritic cells, optimal CD4+ Th1 cell response, and resistance to Leishmania major. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:6901-9. [PMID: 17982081 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.10.6901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Although studies indicate LIGHT (lymphotoxin (LT)-like, exhibits inducible expression and competes with HSV glycoprotein D for herpes virus entry mediator (HVEM), a receptor expressed by T lymphocytes) enhances inflammation and T cell-mediated immunity, the mechanisms involved in this process remain obscure. In this study, we assessed the role of LIGHT in IL-12 production and development of CD4(+) Th cells type one (Th1) in vivo. Bone marrow-derived dendritic cells from LIGHT(-/-) mice were severely impaired in IL-12p40 production following IFN-gamma and LPS stimulation in vitro. Furthermore, blockade of LIGHT in vitro and in vivo with HVEM-Ig and LT beta receptor (LTbetaR)-Ig leads to impaired IL-12 production and defective polyclonal and Ag-specific IFN-gamma production in vivo. In an infection model, injection of HVEM-Ig or LTbetaR-Ig into the usually resistant C57BL/6 mice results in defective IL-12 and IFN-gamma production and severe susceptibility to Leishmania major that was reversed by rIL-12 treatment. This striking susceptibility to L. major in mice injected with HVEM-Ig or LTbetaR-Ig was also reproduced in LIGHT(-/-) --> RAG1(-/-) chimeric mice. In contrast, L. major-infected LTbeta(-/-) mice do not develop acute disease, suggesting that the effect of LTbetaR-Ig is not due to blockade of membrane LT (LTalpha1beta2) signaling. Collectively, our data show that LIGHT plays a critical role for optimal IL-12 production by DC and the development of IFN-gamma-producing CD4(+) Th1 cells and its blockade results in severe susceptibility to Leishmania major.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilian Xu
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
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104
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Cabral SM, Silvestre RL, Santarém NM, Tavares JC, Silva AF, Cordeiro-da-Silva A. A Leishmania infantum cytosolic tryparedoxin activates B cells to secrete interleukin-10 and specific immunoglobulin. Immunology 2007; 123:555-65. [PMID: 18028371 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2007.02725.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune evasion mechanisms of pathogenic trypanosomatids involve a multitude of phenomena such as the polyclonal activation of lymphocytes, cytokine modulation and the enhanced detoxification of oxygen reactive species. A trypanothione cascade seems to be involved in the detoxification process. It was recently described and characterized a tryparedoxin (LiTXN1) involved in Leishmania infantum cytoplasmatic hydroperoxide metabolism. LiTXN1 is a secreted protein that is up-regulated in the infectious form of the parasite, suggesting that it may play an important role during infection. In the present study, we investigated whether recombinant LiTXN1 (rLiTXN1) affects T- and B-cell functions in a murine model. We observed a significant increase in the CD69 surface marker on the B-cell population in total spleen cells and on isolated B cells from BALB/c mice after in vitro rLiTXN1 stimulus. Activated B-cells underwent further proliferation, as indicated by increased [(3)H]thymidine incorporation. Cytokine quantification showed a dose-dependent up-regulation of interleukin (IL)-10 secretion. B cells were identified as a source of this secretion. Furthermore, intraperitoneal injection of rLiTXN1 into BALB/c mice triggered the production of elevated levels of rLiTXN1-specific antibodies, predominantly of the immunoglobulin M (IgM), IgG1 and IgG3 isotypes, with a minimum reactivity against other heterologous antigens. Taken together, our data suggest that rLiTXN1 may participate in immunopathological processes by targeting B-cell effector functions, leading to IL-10 secretion and production of specific antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Menezes Cabral
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Faculdade de Farmácia and Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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105
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Abstract
The leishmaniases are a group of diseases caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania. Various Leishmania species can cause human infection, producing a spectrum of clinical manifestations. It is estimated that 350 million people are at risk, with a global yearly incidence of 1-1.5 million for cutaneous and 500,000 for visceral leishmaniasis (VL). VL is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in East Africa and the Indian subcontinent. Coinfection with HIV enhances the risk of the disease. The only control measure currently available in India is case detection and treatment with antimonial drugs, which are expensive, not always available and cannot be self-administered. Newer drugs like oral miltefosine have not become widely available. Vector and reservoir control is difficult due to the elusive nature of the vector and the diversity of the animal reservoir. A detailed knowledge of immune response to the parasite would help in designing prophylactic and therapeutic strategies against this infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parul Tripathi
- Department of Immunology, Sanjay Gandhi Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
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106
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Locksley RM, Wakil AE, Corry DB, Pingel S, Bix M, Fowell DJ. The development of effector T cell subsets in murine Leishmania major infection. CIBA FOUNDATION SYMPOSIUM 2007; 195:110-7; discussion 117-22. [PMID: 8724833 DOI: 10.1002/9780470514849.ch8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Leishmania major infection has proven an exceptional model for CD4+ subset development in inbred mice. Most strains contain infection coincident with the appearance of T helper 1 (Th1) cells that produce gamma-interferon (IFN-gamma) required for macrophage activation. In contrast, mice on the BALB background are unable to control infection due to the development of Th2 cells that produce counter-regulatory cytokines, particularly interleukin 4 (IL-4), capable of abrogating the effects of IFN-gamma. Selective gene disruption studies in mice have illustrated critical components of the host response to L. major. Mice deficient in beta 2 microglobulin, which have no major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I or CD8+ T cells, control infection as well as wild-type mice, whereas mice deficient in MHC class II (and CD4+ T cells) suffer fatal infection. Mice with disruption of the gene coding IFN-gamma are also incapable of containing infection, reflecting absolute requirements for this cytokine. A number of interventions have been demonstrated to abrogate Th2 cell development in BALB mice, enabling these mice to control infection. Each of these--IL-12, anti-IL-4, anti-IL-2, anti-CD4 and CTLA4-Ig--has in common the capacity to make IL-4 rate limiting at the time of CD4+ cell priming.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Locksley
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco 94143, USA
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107
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Bhowmick S, Ravindran R, Ali N. Leishmanial antigens in liposomes promote protective immunity and provide immunotherapy against visceral leishmaniasis via polarized Th1 response. Vaccine 2007; 25:6544-56. [PMID: 17655984 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2007] [Revised: 05/14/2007] [Accepted: 05/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis affects 12 million people, and it is generally agreed that vaccination provides the best long-term strategy for its control. An ideal vaccine should be effective in both preventing and treating leishmaniasis. However, immunological correlates to predict vaccine efficacy and success of treatment in visceral leishmaniasis (VL) remain ill defined. Here, we correlated the vaccine efficacy of soluble leishmanial antigens (SLA) from Leishmania donovani promastigote membrane, entrapped in negative, neutral and positively charged liposomes with the elicited immune responses to predict vaccine success in experimental VL. Production of both IFN-gamma and IL-4 with a dominance of Th1 response following immunization was required for optimum success against L. donovani infection in BALB/c mice. The best vaccine formulation, SLA in positively charged liposomes, was then used for immunotherapy. This vaccine induced more than 90% elimination of parasites from both liver and spleen. The success of immunotherapy exhibited an immune modulation with surge in Th1 cytokines, IFN-gamma and IL-12 with extreme down regulation of disease promoting IL-4 and IL-10. These findings suggest that an immune modulation towards Th1 is effective for both successful vaccination and immunotherapy.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Protozoan/analysis
- Antibodies, Protozoan/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Protozoan/administration & dosage
- Antigens, Protozoan/immunology
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Drug Compounding
- Electrochemistry
- Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
- Hydrolysis
- Hypersensitivity, Delayed/immunology
- Immunotherapy
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-12/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-4/biosynthesis
- Leishmania donovani/immunology
- Leishmaniasis, Visceral/immunology
- Leishmaniasis, Visceral/prevention & control
- Leishmaniasis, Visceral/therapy
- Liposomes/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Microscopy, Electron, Transmission
- Spleen/cytology
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Trypsin/chemistry
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudipta Bhowmick
- Infectious Diseases Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
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108
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Hernández Sanabria MX, Afonso LCC, Golgher D, Tafuri WL, Vieira LQ. CD8+T cells are not required for vaccine-induced immunity against Leishmania amazonensis in IL-12/23P40−/− C57BL/6 mice. Microbes Infect 2007; 9:1124-34. [PMID: 17662634 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2007.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2006] [Revised: 05/07/2007] [Accepted: 05/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Vaccine-induced protection against leishmaniasis is largely dependent on cell-mediated type 1 response and IL-12-driven IFN-gamma production. Surprisingly, our previous data showed that IL-12/23p40(-/-) mice could be vaccinated against L. amazonensis and were able to produce limited amounts of IFN-gamma. Since the role of CD8+ T in immunization against L. amazonensis is obscure, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of CD8+ cells in protection against L. amazonensis in IL-12/23p40(-/-) mice. In order to deplete CD8+ cells, one group of vaccinated animals was treated with anti-CD8 mAb. Infection was followed for 8 weeks. The vaccinated CD8+ -depleted group developed smaller lesions than the non-depleted group. CD8 depletion did not affect tissue parasitism or antibody response against the parasite, and treated animals displayed milder inflammation and better tissue integrity. IFN-gamma production in spleen and draining lymph node was impaired in the depleted group, suggesting that CD8+ cells produced this cytokine in IL-12-independent vaccination. Such results suggest that this T cell subset contributes to augmented pathology in IL12/23p40(-/-) mice vaccinated and challenged with L. amazonensis. Although these cells could produce some IFN-gamma the in the absence of IL-12, they do not affect the parasite tissue load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayra Xiomara Hernández Sanabria
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas/ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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109
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Radwanska M, Cutler AJ, Hoving JC, Magez S, Holscher C, Bohms A, Arendse B, Kirsch R, Hunig T, Alexander J, Kaye P, Brombacher F. Deletion of IL-4Ralpha on CD4 T cells renders BALB/c mice resistant to Leishmania major infection. PLoS Pathog 2007; 3:e68. [PMID: 17500591 PMCID: PMC1867380 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.0030068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2007] [Accepted: 03/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Effector responses induced by polarized CD4+ T helper 2 (Th2) cells drive nonhealing responses in BALB/c mice infected with Leishmania major. Th2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-13 are known susceptibility factors for L. major infection in BALB/c mice and induce their biological functions through a common receptor, the IL-4 receptor α chain (IL-4Rα). IL-4Rα–deficient BALB/c mice, however, remain susceptible to L. major infection, indicating that IL-4/IL-13 may induce protective responses. Therefore, the roles of polarized Th2 CD4+ T cells and IL-4/IL-13 responsiveness of non-CD4+ T cells in inducing nonhealer or healer responses have yet to be elucidated. CD4+ T cell–specific IL-4Rα (LckcreIL-4Rα−/lox) deficient BALB/c mice were generated and characterized to elucidate the importance of IL-4Rα signaling during cutaneous leishmaniasis in the absence of IL-4–responsive CD4+ T cells. Efficient deletion was confirmed by loss of IL-4Rα expression on CD4+ T cells and impaired IL-4–induced CD4+ T cell proliferation and Th2 differentiation. CD8+, γδ+, and NK–T cells expressed residual IL-4Rα, and representative non–T cell populations maintained IL-4/IL-13 responsiveness. In contrast to IL-4Rα−/lox BALB/c mice, which developed ulcerating lesions following infection with L. major, LckcreIL-4Rα−/lox mice were resistant and showed protection to rechallenge, similar to healer C57BL/6 mice. Resistance to L. major in LckcreIL-4Rα−/lox mice correlated with reduced numbers of IL-10–secreting cells and early IL-12p35 mRNA induction, leading to increased delayed type hypersensitivity responses, interferon-γ production, and elevated ratios of inducible nitric oxide synthase mRNA/parasite, similar to C57BL/6 mice. These data demonstrate that abrogation of IL-4 signaling in CD4+ T cells is required to transform nonhealer BALB/c mice to a healer phenotype. Furthermore, a beneficial role for IL-4Rα signaling in L. major infection is revealed in which IL-4/IL-13–responsive non-CD4+ T cells induce protective responses. Leishmaniasis is a disease induced by a protozoan parasite and transmitted by the sandfly. Several forms of infection are identified, and the different diseases have wide-ranging symptoms from localized cutaneous sores to visceral disease affecting many internal organs. Animal models of human cutaneous leishmaniasis have been established in which disease is induced by infecting mice subcutaneously with Leishmania major. Different strains of inbred mice have been found to be susceptible or resistant to L. major infection. “Healer” C57BL/6 mice control infection with transient lesion development. The protective response to infection in this strain is dominated by type 1 cytokines inducing parasite killing by nitric oxide. Conversely, “nonhealer” BALB/c mice are unable to control infection and develop nonhealing lesions associated with a dominant type 2 immune response driven by cytokines IL-4 and IL-13. However, mice deficient in IL-4/IL-13 signaling are not protected against development of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Here we describe a BALB/c mouse where the ability to polarize to a dominant type 2 response is removed by cell-specific deletion of the receptor for IL-4/IL-13 on CD4+ T cells. These mice are resistant to L. major infection similar to C57BL/6 mice, which highlights the role of T helper 2 cells in driving susceptibility and the protective role of IL-4/IL-13 signaling in non-CD4+ T cells in BALB/c mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Radwanska
- Division of Immunology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Antony J Cutler
- Division of Immunology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - J. Claire Hoving
- Division of Immunology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Stefan Magez
- Division of Immunology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- VIB, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christoph Holscher
- Division of Immunology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Andreas Bohms
- Division of Immunology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Berenice Arendse
- Division of Immunology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Richard Kirsch
- Division of Immunology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Thomas Hunig
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Wurzburg, Wurzburg, Germany
| | - James Alexander
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Kaye
- Immunology and Infection Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Frank Brombacher
- Division of Immunology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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110
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Ke B, Shen XD, Tsuchihashi SI, Gao F, Araujo JA, Busuttil RW, Ritter T, Kupiec-Weglinski JW. Viral interleukin-10 gene transfer prevents liver ischemia-reperfusion injury: Toll-like receptor-4 and heme oxygenase-1 signaling in innate and adaptive immunity. Hum Gene Ther 2007; 18:355-66. [PMID: 17439357 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2007.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) contributes to early and late dysfunction of liver transplants. We have shown that sentinel Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) plays a key role in the activation of T cell immune responses during hepatic IRI. We have also documented that overexpression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) exerts potent cytoprotective effects. This study analyzes how adenovirus (Ad)-based viral interleukin-10 (vIL-10) gene transfer affects TLR4 and HO-1 signaling in host innate and adaptive immunity during liver IRI. Using a partial lobar warm IRI model, groups of wild-type and HO-1(+/-) knockout (KO) mice were assessed for severity of hepatocellular damage after 90 min of warm ischemia followed by 6 hr of reperfusion. Both wild-type and HO-1 (+/-) KO mice treated with Ad-vIL-10 have shown improved hepatic function (serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase levels), ameliorated histological signs of IRI (Suzuki's score), decreased neutrophil accumulation (myeloperoxidase activity), and depressed tumor necrosis factor-alpha/IL-1beta, IL-2/interferon-gamma, E-selectin, and macrophage inflammatory protein-2 expression. These effects were IL-10 dependent as treatment with neutralizing antibody re-created liver IRI. In contrast, untreated wild-type and HO-1 (+/-) KO mice, as well as wild-type and HO-1 (+/-) KO mice treated with Ad-beta-Gal, showed severe hepatocellular damage due to IRI. Unlike in controls, wild-type and HO-1 (+/-) KO mice treated with Ad-vIL-10 revealed markedly depressed TLR4 and NF-kappaB expression, along with increased HO-1 and Bcl-2/Bcl-x(L) expression, as compared with respective controls. Thus, vIL-10 gene transfer prevents hepatic IRI in association with depressed expression of innate TLR4, and adaptive Th1 cytokine/chemokine programs. The induction of antioxidant HO-1 and anti-apoptotic Bcl-2/Bcl-x(L) by vIL-10 exerts synergistic cytoprotective function against antigen-independent hepatic inflammatory response triggered by IRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibo Ke
- Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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111
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Launois P, Pingel S, Himmelrich H, Locksley R, Louis J. Different epitopes of the LACK protein are recognized by V beta 4 V alpha 8 CD4+ T cells in H-2b and H-2d mice susceptible to Leishmania major. Microbes Infect 2007; 9:1260-6. [PMID: 17890126 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2007.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2007] [Revised: 04/18/2007] [Accepted: 05/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
After inoculation of Leishmania major, a rapid production of IL-4 by LACK-specific CD4+ T cells has been shown to drive Th2 cell development in susceptible mice i.e. BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice rendered susceptible by neutralization of IFN-gamma at the onset of infection. Here, we showed that peptide AA 156-173 induced an early IL-4 mRNA expression not only in BALB/c mice but also in resistant B10.D2 mice when IFN-gamma is neutralized. Epitope mapping of LACK protein demonstrated that peptide containing AA 293-305 induced early IL-4 mRNA transcripts in susceptible H-2b mice i.e. BALB/b and resistant C57BL/6 mice when IFN-gamma is neutralized. Stringently, the early IL-4 response to the H-2d (AA 156-173) or the H-2b (AA 293-305) epitopes occurred in V beta 4 V alpha 8 CD4+ T cells from either H-2d or H-2b susceptible mice, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Launois
- WHO Immunology Research and Training Centre, Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Chemin des Boveresses 155, CH-1066 Epalinges, Switzerland.
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112
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Havelková H, Badalová J, Svobodová M, Vojtíková J, Kurey I, Vladimirov V, Demant P, Lipoldová M. Genetics of susceptibility to leishmaniasis in mice: four novel loci and functional heterogeneity of gene effects. Genes Immun 2007; 7:220-33. [PMID: 16511555 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gene.6364290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Symptoms of human leishmaniasis range from subclinical to extensive systemic disease with splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, skin lesions, anemia and hyperglobulinemia, but the basis of this variation is unknown. Association of progression of the disease with Th2 lymphocyte response was reported in mice but not in humans. As most genetic studies in Leishmania major (L. major)-infected mice were restricted to skin lesions, we analyzed the symptomatology of leishmaniasis in mice by monitoring skin lesions, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly and seven immunological parameters. We detected and mapped 17 Leishmania major response (Lmr) gene loci that control the symptoms of infection. Surprisingly, the individual Lmr loci control 13 different combinations of pathological and immunological symptoms. Seven loci control both pathological and immunological parameters, 10 influence immunological parameters only. Moreover, the genetics of clinical symptoms is also very heterogeneous: loci Lmr13 and Lmr4 determine skin lesions only, Lmr5 and Lmr10 skin lesions and splenomegaly, Lmr14 and Lmr3 splenomegaly and hepatomegaly, Lmr3 (weakly) skin lesions, and Lmr15 hepatomegaly only. Only two immunological parameters, IgE and interferon-gamma serum levels, correlate partly with clinical manifestations. These findings extend the paradigm for the genetics of host response to infection to include numerous genes, each controlling a different set of organ-specific and systemic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Havelková
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
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113
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Rosa R, Marques C, Rodrigues OR, Santos-Gomes GM. Immunization with Leishmania infantum released proteins confers partial protection against parasite infection with a predominant Th1 specific immune response. Vaccine 2007; 25:4525-32. [PMID: 17478016 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2006] [Revised: 03/15/2007] [Accepted: 04/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study, protective effect and immune response elicited by protein fractions LiRic1 (>75 kDa) and LiRic2 (<37 kDa) released by Leishmania infantum promastigotes were analysed in challenged BALB/c mice. Viable parasites were quantified in spleen and isolated CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells were stimulated for evaluation of proliferative response and cytokine production. Immunization triggered 50.4-66.9% of parasite reduction. Stimulated CD4(+) T cells from challenged animals revealed high proliferation. IL-12 and IFN-gamma were released by CD4(+) T cells whereas IL-4 and IL-10 were impaired. LiRic1 and LiRic2 immunization gave partial protection and a CD4(+) Th1 response. LiRic2 generated IL-12 by CD8(+) T cells pointing to its participation in protective response. These results encourage further research on the development of a vaccine that provides long-lasting protection against zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Rosa
- Unidade de Leishmanioses and Centro de Malária e Outras Doenças Tropicais, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Rua da Junqueira 96, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal
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114
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Soares H, Waechter H, Glaichenhaus N, Mougneau E, Yagita H, Mizenina O, Dudziak D, Nussenzweig MC, Steinman RM. A subset of dendritic cells induces CD4+ T cells to produce IFN-gamma by an IL-12-independent but CD70-dependent mechanism in vivo. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 204:1095-106. [PMID: 17438065 PMCID: PMC2118574 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20070176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Interferon (IFN)-γ, a cytokine critical for resistance to infection and tumors, is produced by CD4+ helper T lymphocytes after stimulation by cultured dendritic cells (DCs) that secrete a cofactor, interleukin (IL)-12. We have identified a major IL-12–independent pathway whereby DCs induce IFN-γ–secreting T helper (Th)1 CD4+ T cells in vivo. This pathway requires the membrane-associated tumor necrosis family member CD70 and was identified by targeting the LACK antigen from Leishmania major within an antibody to CD205 (DEC-205), an uptake receptor on a subset of DCs. Another major DC subset, targeted with 33D1 anti-DCIR2 antibody, also induced IFN-γ in vivo but required IL-12, not CD70. Isolated CD205+ DCs expressed cell surface CD70 when presenting antigen to T cell receptor transgenic T cells, and this distinction was independent of maturation stimuli. CD70 was also essential for CD205+ DC function in vivo. Detection of the IL-12–independent IFN-γ pathway was obscured with nontargeted LACK, which was presented by both DC subsets. This in situ analysis points to CD70 as a decision maker for Th1 differentiation by CD205+ DCs, even in Th2-prone BALB/c animals and potentially in vaccine design. The results indicate that two DC subsets have innate propensities to differentially affect the Th1/Th2 balance in vivo and by distinct mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Soares
- Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology and Chris Browne Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021, USA
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115
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Barroso PA, Marco JD, Calvopina M, Kato H, Korenaga M, Hashiguchi Y. A trial of immunotherapy against Leishmania amazonensis infection in vitro and in vivo with Z-100, a polysaccharide obtained from Mycobacterium tuberculosis, alone or combined with meglumine antimoniate. J Antimicrob Chemother 2007; 59:1123-9. [PMID: 17439977 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkm079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the efficacy and the immunomodulatory function of Z-100 alone or combined with meglumine antimoniate on Leishmania amazonensis infection. METHODS The effect of the compounds was evaluated by microscopic counting of intracellular amastigotes in macrophages stained with Giemsa, or axenic promastigotes, and IC(50) was determined by linear regression. The antileishmanial effect of the compounds was assessed in infected BALB/c mice by a limiting dilution analysis and the production of gamma interferon (IFN-gamma), interleukin 10 (IL-10), IL-4, IgG1 and IgG2a was measured by ELISA. RESULTS In vitro, Z-100 showed antileishmanial activity against intracellular amastigotes of L. amazonensis with an IC(50) of 13 mg/L. Moreover, infected macrophages treated with Z-100 (12 mg/L) showed smaller parasitophorous vacuoles with fewer parasites than the control. In addition, the efficacy of Z-100 plus meglumine antimoniate [14 mg/L pentavalent antimony (Sb(v))] was higher (46% inhibition) than either Z-100 or meglumine antimoniate alone. Nevertheless, no effect of Z-100 on axenic promastigotes was observed. Infected BALB/c mice treated with Z-100 (100 microg/kg) alone did not show any antileishmanial effects in comparison with the control group, and IFN-gamma, as well as IL-10 and IL-4, was up-regulated by the treatment. In addition, both IgG1 and IgG2a were also increased by the Z-100 treatment. Although Z-100 plus meglumine antimoniate (14 or 28 mg/kg Sb(v)) controlled both the parasite load and the footpad swelling in comparison with control mice, no significant differences were found with meglumine antimoniate alone. CONCLUSIONS In vitro, Z-100 alone or combined with meglumine antimoniate showed an antileishmanial effect on L. amazonensis. However, no effect was observed in infected BALB/c mice treated with Z-100, suggesting that the up-regulation of IL-10 and IL-4 production by the treatment could be interfering with the development of a protective Th1-type response. For further understanding of the effects of Z-100 in vivo, another strain of mice such as C57BL/6 should be tested in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Andrea Barroso
- Department of Parasitology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kohasu, Okoh, Nankoku, Kochi, Japan.
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116
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Abstract
Leishmania are digenetic protozoan parasites that are inoculated into the skin by vector sand flies, are taken up by macrophages, and produce a spectrum of chronic diseases in their natural reservoir and susceptible human hosts. During the early establishment of infection in the skin and lymphoid organs, Leishmania produce multiple effects on macrophage and dendritic cell functions that inhibit their innate anti-microbial defenses and impair their capacity to initiate T-helper 1 cell immunity. In addition, the skin is a site preconditioned for early parasite survival by virtue of a high frequency of steady-state, natural CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) that function to suppress the generation of unneeded immune responses to infectious and non-infectious antigens to which the skin is regularly exposed. In murine models of infection, antigen-induced CD25+/-Foxp3-interleukin (IL)-10+ Treg cells act during the effector phase of the immune response to control immunopathology and may also delay or prevent healing. Finally, following resolution of infection in healed mice, CD25+Foxp3+ Tregs function in an IL-10-dependent manner to prevent sterile cure and establish a long-term state of functional immune privilege in the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Peters
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, NIAID, Bethesda, MD 20892-0425, USA
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117
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Brummer E, Vinoda V, Stevens DA. IL-12 induction of resistance to pulmonary blastomycosis. Cytokine 2006; 35:221-8. [PMID: 17067810 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2006.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2006] [Accepted: 08/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Why severity varies in blastomycosis outbreaks remains unresolved. In experimental pulmonary blastomycosis, susceptibility varied in mouse strains. In susceptible BALB/c the response is Th-2, in immunized, resistance is associated with Th-1. Can susceptibility be redirected by IL-12? Methods, results: BALB/c bronchoalveolar and peritoneal macrophages (PM) were shown deficient in IL-12 production in response to IFN-gamma+LPS. High dose IL-12 (1 microg, subcutaneously) treatment of BALB/c infected intranasally with Blastomyces resulted in enhanced survival (P<0.008). Since IL-12 was poorly tolerated, a new protocol for infected mice, IL-12 0.1 or 0.3 microg, every other day, resulted in minimal toxicity; almost all treated mice survived (P<0.002 vs. controls). When lungs of surviving mice were cultured, the 0.1 microg regimen resulted in fewer (P<0.02) cfu. For weeks after treatment, in vitro IFN-gamma treatment enabled PM Blastomyces killing. After infection spleen cells from IL-12 treated mice produced 4-fold more IFN-gamma and 3-fold less IL-10 in response to Blastomyces. IL-10 abrogated activation of macrophages by IFN-gamma for enhanced Blastomyces killing. CONCLUSIONS A proper IL-12 treatment protocol induces resistance (survival and decreased growth in lungs), low toxicity, macrophage responsiveness to IFN-gamma for killing Blastomyces, up-regulation of IFN-gamma and down-regulation of IL-10 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elmer Brummer
- Department of Medicine, Santa Clara Valley Medical Center, San Jose, CA 95128-2699, USA
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118
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Bisti S, Soteriadou K. Is the reactive oxygen species-dependent-NF-κB activation observed in iron-loaded BALB/c mice a key process preventing growth of Leishmania major progeny and tissue-damage? Microbes Infect 2006; 8:1473-82. [PMID: 16702015 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2006.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2005] [Revised: 12/09/2005] [Accepted: 01/05/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Systemic iron delivery to BALB/c mice, at time points surrounding the inoculation of 1000 Leishmania major metacyclic promastigotes intradermally in the ear results in the complete absence of onset and further development of ear lesion. In these iron-protected mice, the L. major intracellular progeny remains very low in both the ear and the draining lymph node. The iron-induced protective status is associated with a diphenyleneiodonium-sensitive sustained increased oxidative burst. We showed that iron-loaded mice developed no lesions at the site of the primary inoculation and were also resistant to reinoculation at a distant site (intradermal re-inoculation of 1000 metacyclic promastigotes in the contra-lateral ear). Interestingly, in the lymph node cell population recovered from iron-loaded mice at weeks 8 and 12 after the second parasite inoculation, and whatever the protective status studied--primary or resistant to re-inoculation--three potentially related features were observed: (i) NF-kappaB activation, (ii) enhanced TCR-mediated T lymphocyte proliferation, and (iii) high number of IFN-gamma-positive CD4(+)T cells. These results show a putative role of an iron-induced reactive oxygen species-dependent activation of NF-kappaB in the development of protective immunity against L. major.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Bisti
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 127 Bas. Sofias Avenue, 115 21 Athens, Greece
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119
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Lezama-Davila CM, Isaac-Marquez AP. Systemic cytokine response in humans with chiclero’s ulcers. Parasitol Res 2006; 99:546-53. [PMID: 16633831 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-006-0203-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2006] [Accepted: 04/04/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we report the existence of enhanced concentrations of IL-2 (Th1 cytokine), TNF-alpha (mainly a Th1 cytokine), IL-12p40, a strong delayed type hypersensitivity response, and the absence of a serum-specific antibody response (IgG or IgE) in patients with active chiclero's ulcers. There was a low serum concentration of IL-6 (a Th2 cytokine) that was further reduced once patients healed following antimonial therapy (i.e., 4 months after treatment started). There was an absence of serum IL-4 (a Th2 cytokine) in patients before and after healing. The serum content of nitric oxide, transforming growth factor-beta1, and IL-12p70 in patients with progressive chiclero's ulcers was not different from that of controls. Patients had an alteration in blood-cell counts and showed a poor T cell proliferation after in vitro stimulation with Leishmania mexicana gp63. We concluded that patients with progressive chiclero's ulcers develop a Th1 type of response at this stage of the disease which correlates with increases in circulating eosinophils and B cells and a reduction of circulating CD8(+) T lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Lezama-Davila
- Centro de Investigaciones en Enfermedades Tropicales, Universidad Autónoma de Campeche, Campeche, México
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120
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Bao L, Lindgren JU, van der Meide P, Zhu SW, Ljunggren H, Zhu J. The critical role of IL-12p40 in initiating, enhancing, and perpetuating pathogenic events in murine experimental autoimmune neuritis. Brain Pathol 2006; 12:420-9. [PMID: 12408228 PMCID: PMC8095878 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3639.2002.tb00459.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin 12 (IL-12) is a proinflammatory cytokine with important immunoregulatory activities and is critical in determining the differentiation and generation of Th1 cells. For the present study, we investigated the role of endogenous IL-12 in the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune neuritis (EAN), which is a CD4+ T-cell mediated autoimmune inflammatory disease of the peripheral nervous system. EAN is used as an animal model for Guillain-Barré syndrome of humans. Here, EAN was established in IL-12 p40 deficient mutant (IL-12-/-) C57BL/6 mice by immunization with P0 peptide 180-199, a purified component of peripheral nerve myelin, and Freund's complete adjuvant. In these IL-12-/- mice the onset of clinical disease was delayed, and the incidence and severity of EAN were significantly reduced compared to that in wild-type mice.The former group's clinical manifestations were associated with less P0-peptide 180-199 induced secretion of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) by splenocytes in vitro and low production of anti-P0-peptide 180-199 IgG2b antibodies in serum. Fewer IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha producing cells, but more cells secreting IL-4, were found in sciatic nerve sections from IL-12-/- mice, consistent with impaired Th1 functions and response. However, the IL-12 deficiency appeared not to affect P0 peptide 180-199-specific T-cell proliferation. These results indicate that IL-12 has a major role in the initiation, enhancement and perpetuation of pathogenic events in EAN by promoting a Th1 cell-mediated immune response and suppressing the Th2 response. This information augments consideration of IL-12 as a therapeutic target in Guillain-Barré syndrome and other T-cell-mediated autoimmune diseases.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies/blood
- Antibodies/immunology
- Chemotaxis, Leukocyte/genetics
- Chemotaxis, Leukocyte/immunology
- Cytokines/immunology
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Guillain-Barre Syndrome/immunology
- Guillain-Barre Syndrome/metabolism
- Guillain-Barre Syndrome/physiopathology
- Immunohistochemistry
- Inflammation Mediators/immunology
- Inflammation Mediators/metabolism
- Interleukin-12/deficiency
- Interleukin-12/genetics
- Interleukin-12/immunology
- Interleukin-12 Subunit p40
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Myelin P0 Protein/immunology
- Myelin P0 Protein/pharmacology
- Myelin Sheath/genetics
- Myelin Sheath/immunology
- Neuritis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Neuritis, Autoimmune, Experimental/metabolism
- Neuritis, Autoimmune, Experimental/physiopathology
- Peripheral Nerves/immunology
- Peripheral Nerves/metabolism
- Peripheral Nerves/physiopathology
- Protein Subunits/deficiency
- Protein Subunits/genetics
- Protein Subunits/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Th1 Cells/metabolism
- Th2 Cells/immunology
- Th2 Cells/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Bao
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of NEUROTEC
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery
| | | | - Peter van der Meide
- Department of Cytokine Research, Central Laboratory Animal Institute (CLAI), University of Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Shun Wei Zhu
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of NEUROTEC
| | - Hans‐Gustaf Ljunggren
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jie Zhu
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of NEUROTEC
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121
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Lipoldová M, Demant P. Genetic susceptibility to infectious disease: lessons from mouse models of leishmaniasis. Nat Rev Genet 2006; 7:294-305. [PMID: 16543933 DOI: 10.1038/nrg1832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Susceptibility to infectious disease is influenced by multiple host genes, most of which are low penetrance QTLs that are difficult to map in humans. Leishmaniasis is a well-studied infectious disease with a variety of symptoms and well-defined immunological features. Mouse models of this disease have revealed more than 20 QTLs as being susceptibility genes, studies of which have made important contributions to our understanding of the host response to infection. The functional effects of individual QTLs differ widely, indicating a networked regulation of these effects. Several of these QTLs probably also influence susceptibility to other infections, indicating that their characterization will contribute to our understanding of susceptibility to infectious disease in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Lipoldová
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Fleming. nám. 2, 166 37 Prague, Czech Republic.
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122
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Calvopina M, Barroso PA, Marco JD, Korenaga M, Cooper PJ, Nonaka S, Hashiguchi Y. Efficacy of vaccination with a combination of Leishmania amastigote antigens and the lipid A-analogue ONO-4007 for immunoprophylaxis and immunotherapy against Leishmania amazonensis infection in a murine model of New World cutaneous leishmaniasis. Vaccine 2006; 24:5645-52. [PMID: 16621179 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2006] [Accepted: 03/02/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Activation of innate immunity using adjuvants that activate Toll-like receptor 4 pathways have great potential for improving the protection induced by parasite vaccines. We investigated protective and therapeutic effects of a vaccine against leishmaniasis containing a combination of an adjuvant synthetic lipid A-analogue, ONO-4007 and Leishmania amazonensis antigens. ONO-4007 was co-injected with soluble and membrane-enriched L. amazonensis-amastigote antigens into BALB/c mice that had either already been infected with 1 x 10(6) L. amazonensis promastigotes (immunotherapy study) or before challenge with the same infectious dose (immunoprophylaxis study). Sixty percent of mice vaccinated before infectious challenge controlled their Leishmania infections - defined by the absence of footpad-swelling and negative Leishmania cultures - compared to 0% of controls, and 40% of mice vaccinated after infection resolved their infections compared to 0% of controls. Protective immunity in both immunoprophylaxis and immunotherapy models was associated with increased protein production of IL-12 and IFN-gamma. These data suggest that vaccination with a combination of ONO-4007 and amastigote antigens of L. amazonensis may be useful for the prevention and treatment of leishmaniasis, and that the protective immunity induced is associated with the production of type-1 cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Calvopina
- Department of Parasitology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kochi 783-8505, Japan.
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123
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Rosa R, Marques C, Rodrigues OR, Santos-Gomes GM. Leishmania infantum released proteins specifically regulate cytokine expression and production patterns by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Acta Trop 2006; 97:309-17. [PMID: 16442069 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2005.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2005] [Revised: 08/09/2005] [Accepted: 12/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Specific immune responses by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, from two infected mice strains (BALB/c and C57BL/6), induced by High, Inter and Low protein fractions released by Leishmania infantum, were assessed through the evaluation of IL-12, IFN-gamma and IL-10 mRNA by real-time PCR and respective protein production by ELISA. During infection establishment, High and Inter fractions directed both mice strains T cells subsets to increase the production of IFN-gamma, associated to IL-12 release. Later on, parasite replication augmented in BALB/c and stabilised in C57BL/6 mice. Inter fraction induced CD4+ T cells to maintain IFN-gamma production, with the simultaneous release of IL-12 by both cell subsets in BALB/c mice and by CD8+ T cells in C57BL/6 mice. These observations suggested a prophylactic potential for Inter fraction which was able to induce Th1 response with IL-12 involvement, required for the maintenance of memory cells, in mice strains with different parasitic evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Rosa
- Unidade de Leishmanioses and Centro de Malária e Outras Doenças Tropicais, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Rua da Junqueira 96, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal
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124
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Tripathi P, Ray S, Sunder S, Dube A, Naik S. Identification of Leishmania donovani antigens stimulating cellular immune responses in exposed immune individuals. Clin Exp Immunol 2006; 143:380-8. [PMID: 16412064 PMCID: PMC1809583 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2005.03000.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Human visceral leishmaniasis (VL), also known as kala azar (KA) in India, is a systemic progressive disease caused by Leishmania donovani. In VL, Th1 responses correlate with recovery from and resistance to disease and resolution of infection results in lifelong immunity against the disease. However, recent data suggest an important role for interleukin (IL)-10 in maintaining the resistant state. We evaluated whole cell extract (WE) and 11 antigenic fractions [F1-F11, molecular weight (MW) range of 139-24.2 kDa] from L. donovani (2001 strain, a fresh field isolate from Bihar), for their ability to induce in vitro T cell proliferation and production of interferon (IFN)-gamma, interleukin (IL)-12, IL-10 and IL-4 by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of exposed immune individuals (14 patients with history of VL, 10 household endemic contacts) and 20 non-endemic healthy controls. Twenty-one of 24 exposed individuals and no healthy controls showed proliferative response to WE. Whole-extract activated IFN-gamma, IL-12, IL-10 levels were higher in the exposed group than in controls; IL-4 was not detectable in any of the samples. Among 21 responders to WE, frequent proliferative responses were seen to fractions F1-F4 (MW > 64.2 kDa) and none to fractions F5-F11; fractions F1-F11 stimulated comparable levels of IFN-gamma and IL-12 while IL-10 levels were higher in response to F5-F11 compared to F1-F4. These data demonstrate the presence of immunostimulatory antigens in the high MW fractions of whole L. donovani antigen. However, these fractions do not stimulate a Th1 response and produce variable amounts of IFN-gamma and the regulatory cytokine, IL-10. Hence, these high MW immunostimulatory fractions need to be evaluated in greater depth for their possible role as protective antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Tripathi
- Department of Immunology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
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125
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Wüthrich M, Warner T, Klein BS. IL-12 is required for induction but not maintenance of protective, memory responses to Blastomyces dermatitidis: implications for vaccine development in immune-deficient hosts. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:5288-97. [PMID: 16210634 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.8.5288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cellular immunity mediated by T lymphocytes, in particular CD4(+) and CD8(+) type 1 (T1) cells, is the main defense against pathogenic fungi. IL-12 initiates T1 cell development and cell-mediated immunity, but it is unclear whether IL-12 contributes to the maintenance of an antifungal T1 response. In this study, we addressed the role of IL-12 for vaccine-induced memory T cell development against experimental pulmonary blastomycosis. CD4(+) T cells absolutely required IL-12 to control a live genetically engineered attenuated strain of Blastomyces dermatitidis given s.c. as a vaccine, whereas CD8(+) T cells were significantly less dependent on IL-12. Despite differential dependency of T cell subsets on IL-12 during vaccination, neither subset acquired memory immunity in the absence of IL-12. In contrast, adoptive transfer of immune CD4 T cells from wild-type mice into IL-12(-/-) mice showed that CD4(+) T1 memory cells sustained a T1 cytokine profile and remained protective over a period of 6 mo posttransfer. Similarly, memory CD8 cells elicited in IL-12(-/-) mice with killed yeast and transient rIL-12 treatment (during vaccination) remained durable and protective after animals were rested for 3 mo. In conclusion, these studies demonstrate that once CD4 and CD8 cells have acquired a protective T1 phenotype they no longer require the presence of IL-12 to maintain antifungal protective memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Wüthrich
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin Medical School, University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, Madison, WI 53792, USA.
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126
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Aranha FCS, Ribeiro U, Basse P, Corbett CEP, Laurenti MD. Interleukin-2-activated natural killer cells may have a direct role in the control of Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis promastigote and macrophage infection. Scand J Immunol 2005; 62:334-41. [PMID: 16253120 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2005.01681.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To study the role of Natural Killer (NK) cells in Leishmania infection, peritoneal macrophages from BALB/c mice were infected with Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis promastigotes and incubated with interleukin-2 (IL-2)-activated NK (A-NK) cells at different ratios of A-NK cells to infected macrophages (5:1, 1:1, 0.2:1). The A-NK cells were added either together with the parasites (0-h group) or 24 h later (24-h group). Morphological studies of the cultures revealed predominance of parasitic debris within macrophages that were in close contact with A-NK cells and the decrease in parasite recovery was directly proportional to the A-NK cell concentration used. Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and IL-12 were detected in the supernatant at levels proportional to the A-NK cell concentration used. No significant difference was observed between the groups with respect to NO levels in the culture supernatant. When A-NK cells were added directly to the L. (L.) amazonensis promastigote cultures, the parasite recovery decreased proportional to the number of A-NK cells added. In vivo studies demonstrated smaller lesion sizes in animals inoculated with both parasites and A-NK cells compared with parasites alone. Histopathology of the skin lesions from animals receiving A-NK cells together with the parasites showed moderate parasitism and a nodular inflammatory infiltrate formed by mononuclear cells and a few vacuolized macrophages. In contrast, animals inoculated only with the parasites showed a highly parasitized dermis with infiltration of intensely vacuolized macrophages. These results demonstrate the role of A-NK cells in parasite lysis and in resistance of macrophages to L. (L.) amazonensis in the early phase of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- F C S Aranha
- Infectious Diseases Laboratory (LIM-50), Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo Medical School, Brazil
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127
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Abstract
Leishmania major infections induce solid immunity to reinfection. Experimental studies in mice indicate that the CD4+ T cells responsible for this immunity include two populations: parasite-dependent T effector cells and parasite-independent central memory T (Tcm) cells. While there currently is no vaccine for leishmaniasis, the existence of a long-lived population of Tcm cells that does not require the continued presence of live parasites suggests that a vaccine that expands these cells might be efficacious.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip Scott
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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128
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Yamaguchi A, Koda T, Abe H, Sato M, Li J, Sakai T, Togashi Y, Shinohara Y, Ikeda H, Nishimura T. Development of a functional cDNA array for evaluation of the Th1/Th2 balance. Immunol Lett 2005; 101:95-103. [PMID: 15993951 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2005.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2004] [Revised: 05/06/2005] [Accepted: 05/13/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The immune balance controlled by CD4(+) helper T cell subsets (T helper 1 (Th1) and T helper 2 (Th2)) is crucial for immunoregulation and its imbalance causes various immune diseases including infections, allergic disorders and autoimmune diseases. Therefore, it is of great importance to develop a system of diagnosing Th1/Th2 imbalances for curing immune diseases. Here we developed a functional cDNA array filter useful for assessing the Th1/Th2 balance in mice. To overcome the disadvantages of conventional microarrays carrying thousands of genes, we prepared an array filter containing 40 Th1-specific and 32 Th2-specific genes, which were selected from over 8700 genes based on (i) the specificity of expression in Th1 or Th2 cells and (ii) an expression level which is high enough for detection using a DNA array. This array filter provided a prompt and precise evaluation for the skewing of the Th1/Th2 balance combined with our calculation algorithm. The bias toward Th1 or Th2 was evaluated visually at a glance by aligning the genes on the filter. Moreover, we succeeded in evaluating the skewing of the Th1/Th2 balance in vivo during acute graft versus host disease (GVHD). Thus, this array filter will provide a novel tool for evaluation of the Th1/Th2 balance in a variety of immune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aki Yamaguchi
- Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15, Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan
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129
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Hunter CA. New IL-12-family members: IL-23 and IL-27, cytokines with divergent functions. Nat Rev Immunol 2005; 5:521-31. [PMID: 15999093 DOI: 10.1038/nri1648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 630] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the factors that influence T helper 1 (T(H)1)- and T(H)2-cell responses has been one of the main focuses of immunology for almost 20 years. Whereas the central role of interleukin-12 (IL-12) in the generation of T(H)1 cells has long been appreciated, subsequent studies indicated that IL-23 and IL-27, two cytokines that are closely related to IL-12, also regulate T(H)1-cell responses. However, as discussed in this article, it is now recognized that the ability of IL-23 to stimulate a unique T-cell subset to produce IL-17 has a dominant role in autoimmune inflammation. By contrast, IL-27 has a role in limiting the intensity and duration of adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Hunter
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3800 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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130
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Rohrbach BW, Ward DA, Hendrix DVH, Cawrse-Foss M, Moyers TD. Effect of vaccination against leptospirosis on the frequency, days to recurrence and progression of disease in horses with equine recurrent uveitis. Vet Ophthalmol 2005; 8:171-9. [PMID: 15910370 DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-5224.2005.00367.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of vaccination against leptospirosis on frequency and days to recurrence of uveitis and progression of disease in horses with equine recurrent uveitis (ERU). ANIMALS Forty-one horses with ERU. PROCEDURE Horses were randomly assigned to experimental (vaccinated) or control groups. Vaccine containing six serovars of Leptospira or placebo was administered, an ophthalmic examination performed and blood samples drawn on days 0, 28, 180 and 365. Antibody titers were measured against each serovar. Recurrence of uveitis was verified by ophthalmic examination. Results of the initial and final ophthalmic examinations were compared and progression of disease defined as an increase in extent of synechiae, or development of new or progression of an existing cataract. RESULTS Vaccination increased the average geometric mean serum antibody titer from 225 on day 0, to 4077 and 593 on days 28 and 180, respectively. After the second vaccination, days to first recurrence was significantly longer (median 126 days; range 24-231 days) when compared with controls (median 86 days; range 14-192 days, P=0.04). Recurrence of ERU was observed among 7/20 (35%) vaccinated horses and 12/21 (57%) controls; however, this difference was not statistically significant (P=0.061, OR 0.25, 95% CI 0.06, 1.07). More horses in the experimental group 13/20 (65%) experienced progression of disease when compared with controls 12/21(57%); however, this difference was statistically nonsignificant (P=0.35). CONCLUSIONS Vaccine significantly increased days to recurrence, but failed to slow the progression of disease. These data do not support the use of vaccination against leptospirosis as adjunct therapy for the routine treatment of horses with ERU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barton W Rohrbach
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
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131
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Oliveira MR, Tafuri WL, Afonso LCC, Oliveira MAP, Nicoli JR, Vieira EC, Scott P, Melo MN, Vieira LQ. Germ-free mice produce high levels of interferon-gamma in response to infection with Leishmania major but fail to heal lesions. Parasitology 2005; 131:477-88. [PMID: 16174412 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182005008073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2005] [Revised: 04/15/2005] [Accepted: 04/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In order to investigate the importance of the host microbiota on differentiation of T cell subsets in response to infection, Swiss/NIH germ-free mice and conventional (microbiota-bearing) mice were infected with Leishmania major, and lesion development, parasite loads, and cytokine production were assessed. Germ-free mice failed to heal lesions and presented a higher number of parasites at the site of infection than their conventional counterparts. In addition, histopathological analysis indicated a higher density of parasitized macrophages in lesions from germ-free mice than in conventional mice. The initial production of interleukin (IL)-12 and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) in germ-free mice was comparable to the conventional controls. Also, germ-free mice produced elevated levels of IFN-gamma and lower levels of IL-4 throughout the course of infection, suggesting the development of a Th1 response. Macrophages from germ-free mice exposed to IFN-gamma and infected with amastigotes in vitro were not as efficient at killing parasites as macrophages from conventional animals. These observations indicate that the microbiota is not essential for the development of Th1 immune responses, but seems to be important for macrophage activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Oliveira
- Departamento de Parasitologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, CP486, 30161-970, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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132
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Chen L, Zhang ZH, Watanabe T, Yamashita T, Kobayakawa T, Kaneko A, Fujiwara H, Sendo F. The involvement of neutrophils in the resistance to Leishmania major infection in susceptible but not in resistant mice. Parasitol Int 2005; 54:109-18. [PMID: 15866472 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2005.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2004] [Accepted: 02/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To understand the immunomodulatory roles of neutrophils in Leishmania major infection, we examined the expression of cytokine and chemokine mRNAs from neutrophils of the infected resistant C3H/HeJ and susceptible BALB/c mice. We also examined the effects of neutrophil depletion on the expression of cytokine by peritoneal macrophages and draining lymph node cells and on the footpad lesions and parasite burdens in these mice. Neutrophils from resistant C3H/HeJ but not from susceptible BALB/c mice expressed mRNAs for IL-12p40, IFN-gamma,TNF-alpha and monokine induced by IFN-gamma(MIG). Neutrophil depletion of the resistant mice reduced the expression of IFN-gammaandTNF-alpha in peritoneal macrophages but did not affect the expression of IL-12p40 and IFN-gamma in draining lymph node cells and the growth of footpad lesions. On the other hand, neutrophil depletion of susceptible BALB/c mice did not affect the expression of TNF-alpha and monocyte-derived chemokine (MDC) in peritoneal macrophages but induced the early stage expression of IL-4 in draining lymph node cells and exacerbated the footpad lesions and increased the parasite burden. The exacerbation of footpad lesions induced by neutrophil depletion was abolished by rIL-12 treatment. Our results suggest that even in susceptible BALB/c but not in C3H/HeJ mice there is a certain resistance requiring neutrophils at the early stage of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Chen
- Department of Immunology and Parasitology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
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133
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Hunter CA, Villarino A, Artis D, Scott P. The role of IL-27 in the development of T-cell responses during parasitic infections. Immunol Rev 2005; 202:106-14. [PMID: 15546389 DOI: 10.1111/j.0105-2896.2004.00213.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The recognition that CD4+ T-cell responses could be divided into at least two functional subsets either dominated by production of interferon (IFN)-gamma and associated with cell-mediated immunity (Th1) or characterized by production of interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-5 and associated with humoral immunity (Th2) provided a basis to understand the role of T cells in resistance or susceptibility to different types of pathogens. As a consequence, many studies have focused on the identification of cytokines that influence these events. For example, the development of Th1-type responses is largely dependent on IL-12. However, other cytokines also affect this process, and initial studies revealed that IL-27, a cytokine with close structural and functional similarity to IL-12, can promote Th1 responses required for immunity to Leishmania major. Subsequent work with IL-27R (WSX-1)-deficient mice infected with Toxoplasma gondii or Trypanosoma cruzi revealed that the IL-27/IL-27R system can act as a negative regulator of inflammatory T-cell responses. The aim of this review is to discuss recent studies from these laboratories on the role of IL-27 in immunity to parasitic infections in the context of previous work and to highlight the pleiotropic effects of the IL-27/IL-27R system in the development and regulation of Th1 and Th2 responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Hunter
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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134
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Oliveira MAP, Tadokoro CE, Lima GMCA, Mosca T, Vieira LQ, Leenen PJM, Abrahamsohn IA. Macrophages at intermediate stage of maturation produce high levels of IL-12 p40 upon stimulation with Leishmania. Microbes Infect 2005; 7:213-23. [PMID: 15725387 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2004.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2004] [Revised: 10/05/2004] [Accepted: 10/25/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
IL-12 is one of the main cytokines driving the immune response to a resistant phenotype in leishmaniasis and in several other diseases involving intracellular microbes. In this study, we investigated IL-12 production by mononuclear phagocytes at several developmental stages when stimulated with Leishmania major, L. amazonensis or L. chagasi. Bone marrow cells were cultured for 4-6 days in vitro in the presence of M-CSF, GM-CSF or IL-3. After density separation, only cells banding at the 40-50% Percoll interface, but not those at 20-40% or 50-80% interfaces, produced large amounts of IL-12 p40 when stimulated with LPS or live Leishmania promastigotes. However, only low levels of IL-12 p70 were produced under these conditions. The high IL-12 p40-producing cells could be similarly derived from mouse strains with different susceptibility to Leishmania. Quantitative analysis of monocyte/macrophage lineage marker expression, in combination with positive and negative selection, led to the conclusion that the high IL-12 p40-producing cells are macrophages at an intermediate stage of maturation between immature and fully differentiated cells, expressing ER-HR3 but only low levels of the mature markers, scavenger receptor and CD11b/Mac-1. They do not express any of the precursor markers CD31/ER-MP12, Ly-6C/ER-MP20 or ER-MP58. Because recruitment of monocytes to an infection site and its draining lymph node is a general phenomenon, the notion that, developing from these monocytes, a population of mononuclear phagocytes at an intermediate maturation stage has the capacity to synthesize large amounts of IL-12 p40 has significant bearing on our understanding of immune regulation in leishmaniasis and also in infections by other pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milton A P Oliveira
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 1730, CEP 05508-900, São Paulo SP, Brazil
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135
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Strauss-Ayali D, Baneth G, Shor S, Okano F, Jaffe CL. Interleukin-12 augments a Th1-type immune response manifested as lymphocyte proliferation and interferon gamma production in Leishmania infantum-infected dogs. Int J Parasitol 2004; 35:63-73. [PMID: 15619517 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2004.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2004] [Revised: 10/19/2004] [Accepted: 10/19/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The dog is the major reservoir for human visceral leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania infantum. Interleukin-12 is considered to have an essential role in the development of both innate and adaptive immunity to Leishmania spp. and other intracellular pathogens. This study focused on the influence of IL-12 in experimental and natural canine visceral leishmaniasis. Responses of peripheral blood mononuclear cells to IL-12, interleukin-10 and Leishmania soluble antigen were evaluated in L. infantum experimentally infected oligosymptomatic beagles, uninfected beagles, naturally infected polysymptomatic dogs, and their matched uninfected controls. Leishmania soluble antigen induced strong peripheral blood mononuclear cells proliferation both in experimentally infected dogs (median stimulation index [SI]=15.01), and in naturally infected dogs (SI=8.86), but not by cells from the control groups. IL-12 addition further enhanced cell proliferation in naturally (SI=14.95), but not in experimentally infected animals. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from experimentally infected dogs were able to produce significant amounts of IFN-gamma (3.39 ng/ml) upon LSA stimulation, but no such production was detected in cells from naturally infected or control animals. Interestingly, addition of IL-12 reversed the inhibitory effect of LSA on IFN-gamma production by cells from polysymptomatic naturally infected dogs and the uninfected beagles (4.84 and 7.45 ng/ml, respectively), and further increased IFN-gamma production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells from experimentally infected oligosymptomatic dogs (29.28 ng/ml). IFN-gamma mRNA expression correlated well with IFN-gamma production. Addition of IL-10 to Leishmania soluble antigen stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells inhibited proliferation and IFN-gamma production in experimentally infected dogs. Thus, the ability of IL-12 to augment IFN-gamma production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells from dogs with experimental or natural symptomatic canine visceral leishmaniasis makes it a good candidate for cytokine therapy in dogs that are refractory to current therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalit Strauss-Ayali
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, PO Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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136
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Scott P, Artis D, Uzonna J, Zaph C. The development of effector and memory T cells in cutaneous leishmaniasis: the implications for vaccine development. Immunol Rev 2004; 201:318-38. [PMID: 15361250 DOI: 10.1111/j.0105-2896.2004.00198.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Leishmania major infections induce the development of a CD4(+) T-helper 1 (Th1) response that not only controls the primary infection but also results in life-long immunity to reinfection. How that immunity is maintained is unknown, although because of the existence of infection-induced immunity, there has been an assumption that the development of a vaccine against leishmaniasis would be relatively easy. This has turned out not to be the case. One problem has been the finding that a large part of the immunity induced by a primary infection depends upon the presence of persistent parasites. Nevertheless, there are ample situations where immunologic memory persists without the continued presence of antigen, providing the prospect that a non-live vaccine for leishmaniasis can be developed. To do so will require an understanding of the events involved in the development of an effective protective T-cell response and, more importantly, an understanding of how to maintain that response. Here, we review work from our laboratory, describing how Th1 cells develop in L. major-infected mice, the nature of the memory T cells that provide protection to reinfection, and how that information may be utilized in the development of vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip Scott
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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137
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McMahon-Pratt D, Alexander J. Does the Leishmania major paradigm of pathogenesis and protection hold for New World cutaneous leishmaniases or the visceral disease? Immunol Rev 2004; 201:206-24. [PMID: 15361243 DOI: 10.1111/j.0105-2896.2004.00190.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Parasitic protozoa of the genus Leishmania have provided a useful perspective for immunologists in terms of host defense mechanisms critical for the resolution of infection caused by intracellular pathogens. These organisms, which normally reside in a late endosomal, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II(+) compartment within host macrophages cells, require CD4(+) T-cell responses for the control of disease. The paradigm for the CD4(+) T-helper 1 (Th1)/Th2 dichotomy is largely based on the curing/non-curing responses, respectively, to Leishmania major infection. However, this genus of parasitic protozoa is evolutionarily diverse, with the cutaneous disease-causing organisms of the Old World (L. major) and New World (Leishmania mexicana/ Leishmania amazonensis) having diverged 40-80 million years ago. Further adaptations to survive within the visceral organs (for Leishmania donovani, Leishmania chagasi, and Leishmania infantum) must have been required. Consequently, significant differences in host-parasite interactions have evolved. Different virulence factors have been identified for distinct Leishmania species, and there are profound differences in the immune mechanisms that mediate susceptibility/resistance to infection and in the pathology associated with disease. These variations not only point to interesting features of the host-pathogen interaction and immunobiology of this genus of parasitic protozoa, but also have important implications for immunotherapy and vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane McMahon-Pratt
- Department of Epidemiology & Public Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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138
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Cameron P, McGachy A, Anderson M, Paul A, Coombs GH, Mottram JC, Alexander J, Plevin R. Inhibition of lipopolysaccharide-induced macrophage IL-12 production by Leishmania mexicana amastigotes: the role of cysteine peptidases and the NF-kappaB signaling pathway. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 173:3297-304. [PMID: 15322192 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.5.3297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Infection with lesion-derived Leishmania mexicana amastigotes inhibited LPS-induced IL-12 production by mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages. This effect was associated with expression of cysteine peptidase B (CPB) because amastigotes of CPB deletion mutants had limited ability to inhibit IL-12 production, whereas preincubation of cells with a CPB inhibitor, cathepsin inhibitor IV, was able to suppress the effect of wild-type amastigotes. Infection with wild-type amastigotes resulted in a time-dependent proteolytic degradation of IkappaBalpha and IkappaBbeta and the related protein NF-kappaB. This effect did not occur with amastigotes of CPB deletion mutants or wild-type promastigotes, which do not express detectable CPB. NF-kappaB DNA binding was also inhibited by amastigote infection, although nuclear translocation of cleaved fragments of p65 NF-kappaB was still observed. Cysteine peptidase inhibitors prevented IkappaBalpha, IkappaBbeta, and NF-kappaB degradation induced by amastigotes, and recombinant CPB2.8, an amastigote-specific isoenzyme of CPB, was shown to degrade GST-IkappaBalpha in vitro. LPS-mediated IkappaBalpha and IkappaBbeta degradation was not affected by these inhibitors, confirming that the site of degradation of IkappaBalpha, IkappaBbeta, and NF-kappaB by the amastigotes was not receptor-driven, proteosomal-mediated cleavage. Infection of bone marrow macrophages with amastigotes resulted in cleavage of JNK and ERK, but not p38 MAPK, whereas preincubation with a cysteine peptidase inhibitor prevented degradation of these proteins, but did not result in enhanced protein kinase activation. Collectively, our results suggest that the amastigote-specific cysteine peptidases of L. mexicana are central to the ability of the parasite to modulate signaling via NF-kappaB and consequently inhibit IL-12 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Cameron
- Department of Immunology, Strathclyde Institute for Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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139
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Mattner J, Wandersee-Steinhäuser A, Pahl A, Röllinghoff M, Majeau GR, Hochman PS, Bogdan C. Protection against progressive leishmaniasis by IFN-beta. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 172:7574-82. [PMID: 15187137 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.12.7574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Type I IFNs (IFN-alphabeta) exert potent antiviral and immunoregulatory activities during viral infections, but their role in bacterial or protozoan infections is poorly understood. In this study, we demonstrate that the application of low, but not of high doses of IFN-beta protects 60 or 100% of BALB/c mice from progressive cutaneous and fatal visceral disease after infection with a high (10(6)) or low (10(4)) number of Leishmania major parasites, respectively. IFN-beta treatment of BALB/c mice restored the NK cell cytotoxic activity, increased the lymphocyte proliferation, and augmented the production of IFN-gamma and IL-12 in the draining lymph node. Low, but not high doses of IFN-beta caused enhanced tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT1 and STAT4, suppressed the levels of suppressor of cytokine signaling-1, and up-regulated the expression of inducible NO synthase in vivo. The IFN-beta-induced increase of IFN-gamma production was dependent on STAT4. Protection by IFN-beta strictly required the presence of inducible NO synthase. In the absence of STAT4 or IL-12, IFN-beta led to an amelioration of the cutaneous and visceral disease, but was unable to prevent its progression. These results identify IFN-beta as a novel cytokine with a strong, dose-dependent protective effect against progressive cutaneous leishmaniasis that results from IL-12- and STAT4-dependent as well as -independent events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Mattner
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
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140
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Babay BEC, Louzir H, Kebaïer C, Boubaker S, Dellagi K, Cazenave PA. Inbred strains derived from feral mice reveal new pathogenic mechanisms of experimental leishmaniasis due to Leishmania major. Infect Immun 2004; 72:4603-11. [PMID: 15271920 PMCID: PMC470675 DOI: 10.1128/iai.72.8.4603-4611.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Two inbred mouse strains, derived from feral founders, are susceptible to experimental leishmaniasis due to Leishmania major and support a disease of a severity intermediate between those observed in strains C57BL/6 and BALB/c. Mice of the MAI strain develop a severe, nonhealing, but nonfatal disease with no resistance to a secondary parasite challenge. The immunological responses showed a TH2 dominance characterized by an early peak of interleukin-4 (IL-4) and IL-13. However, neutralization of IL-4, which leads to a resistance phenotype in BALB/c mice, has no effect on disease progression in MAI mice. Mice of strain PWK develop a protracted but self-healing disease, characterized by a mixed TH1-plus-TH2 pattern of immune responses in which IL-10 plays an aggravating role, and acquire resistance to a secondary challenge. These features are close to those observed in human cutaneous leishmaniasis due to L. major and make PWK mice a suitable model for the human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Besma E C Babay
- Laboratory of Immunology (LAF 301), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, WHO Collaborating Center for Training and Research on Leishmaniasis, 1002 Tunis-Belvedere, Tunisia
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141
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Theodos CM, Morris RV, Bishop JV, Jones JD, McMaster WR, Titus RG. Characterization of an I-E-restricted, gp63-specific, CD4-T-cell clone from Leishmania major-resistant C3H mice that secretes type 2 cytokines and exacerbates infection with L. major. Infect Immun 2004; 72:4486-93. [PMID: 15271907 PMCID: PMC470630 DOI: 10.1128/iai.72.8.4486-4493.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2004] [Revised: 03/21/2004] [Accepted: 04/19/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A T-cell clone (designated KLmB-3) was derived from resistant C3H mice 2 weeks after infection with Leishmania major. KLmB-3 was a CD4-T-cell clone that utilized the V beta 8.1 T-cell receptor. When adoptively transferred to naive C3H mice, KLmB-3 unexpectedly exacerbated infection with L. major (it increased the cutaneous lesion size and the parasite burden within the lesion). The ability of KLmB-3 to exacerbate disease correlated with its ability to produce the type 2-associated cytokines interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-5, IL-10, and transforming growth factor beta. Interestingly, KLmB-3 was specific for an epitope in the amino-terminal end of the L. major surface gp63 zinc metalloproteinase (leishmanolysin) that has been shown to be capable of inducing a protective immune response. Moreover, KLmB-3 was activated when this epitope was presented in the context of H-2 I-E rather than H-2 I-A.
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142
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Nolt D, Flynn JL. Interleukin-12 therapy reduces the number of immune cells and pathology in lungs of mice infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Infect Immun 2004; 72:2976-88. [PMID: 15102810 PMCID: PMC387906 DOI: 10.1128/iai.72.5.2976-2988.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternate modalities for the treatment of Mycobacterium tuberculosis are needed due to the rise in numbers of immunosuppressed individuals at risk for serious disease and the increasing prevalence of multidrug-resistant isolates. Interleukin-12 (IL-12) has been shown to improve immune responses against M. tuberculosis infection in both humans and mice. Previous studies using high-dose IL-12 in various disease models reported a paradoxical immunosuppression. We demonstrate here that exogenous administration of IL-12 for 8 weeks after an aerosolized low dose of M. tuberculosis results in increased survival and decreased pulmonary bacterial loads for CD4-T-cell-deficient mice, most likely due to an early increase in gamma interferon. IL-12 treatment did not impair or enhance the ability of the wild-type mice to control infection, as measured by bacterial numbers. Two novel findings are reported here regarding exogenous IL-12 therapy for M. tuberculosis infections: (i). IL-12 treatment resulted in decreased numbers of immune cells and reduced frequencies of lymphocytes (CD8(+), CD4(+), and NK cells) in the lungs of infected mice and (ii). IL-12 therapy reduced the pathology of M. tuberculosis-infected lungs, as granulomas were smaller and less numerous. These studies support an immunoregulatory role for IL-12 in tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn Nolt
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
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143
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de Souza-Neto SM, Carneiro CM, Vieira LQ, Afonso LCC. Leishmania braziliensis: partial control of experimental infection by interleukin-12 p40 deficient mice. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2004; 99:289-94. [PMID: 15273802 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762004000300009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance to infection by Leishmania major has been associated with the development of a Th1 type response that is dependent on the presence of interleukin 12 (IL-12). In this work the involvement of this cytokine in the response to infection by L. braziliensis, a less virulent species in the mouse model, was evaluated. Our results show that while interferon (IFN-gamma) deficient (-/-) mice inoculated L. braziliensis develop severe uncontrolled lesions, chronic lesions that remained under control up to 12 weeks of infection were observed in IL-12p40 -/- mice. IL 12p40 -/- mice had fewer parasites in their lesions than IFN-gamma (-/-) mice. Lymph node cells from IL-12p40 -/- were capable of producing low but consistent levels of IFN-gamma suggestive of its involvement in parasite control. Furthermore, as opposed to previous reports on L. major-infected animals, no switch to a Th2 response was observed in IL-12p40 -/- infected with L. braziliensis.
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144
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Abstract
The development of a Th1 response is critical for controlling many intracellular pathogens. Our laboratory has focused on the role IL-12 plays in initiating such a Th1 response following infection with the obligate intracellular protozoan, Leishmania. Infection of several mouse strains with L. major is associated with IL-12 production and the development of a Th1 response and resistance, although, interestingly, some species of Leishmania (L. mexicana and L. amazonenesis) fail to initiate a Th1 response in the same mouse strains. Consistent with these observations was our finding that IL-12 is an effective adjuvant for the induction of a Th1 response in leishmaniasis (1). Surprisingly, however, in spite of the fact that following resolution of a primary leishmanial infection there is substantial and long-lived resistance to reinfection, an effective prophylactic or therapeutic vaccine for human leishmaniasis does not exist. Our ability to induce a Th1 response in a primate Leishmania vaccine model, but not protection, suggests that long-term resistance to Leishmania requires more than simply initiating a Th1 response (2). Therefore, we recently expanded our studies to investigate how infection-induced resistance to Leishmania operates. We made the unexpected finding that IL-12 is required for L. major-infected mice to remain immune (3). We are now studying how IL-12 participates in maintaining cell-mediated immunity, and more broadly, how immunologic memory works in L. major-healed mice, as well as defining parasite factors that may block the development of cell-mediated immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip Scott
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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145
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Courret N, Lang T, Milon G, Antoine JC. Intradermal inoculations of low doses of Leishmania major and Leishmania amazonensis metacyclic promastigotes induce different immunoparasitic processes and status of protection in BALB/c mice. Int J Parasitol 2004; 33:1373-83. [PMID: 14527520 DOI: 10.1016/s0020-7519(03)00179-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In order to simulate the natural long term parasitisms which may occur in mammals infected with Leishmania, cutaneous leishmaniases due to Leishmania major or Leishmania amazonensis were induced using a model based on the inoculation of 10-1000 metacyclic promastigotes into the ear dermis of BALB/c mice. The final outcome of these parasitisms was dependent upon the number of inoculated parasites. Only some of the mice inoculated with ten parasites displayed cutaneous lesions, whereas most mice infected with 100 metacyclics and all mice infected with 1000 metacyclics developed progressive lesions. We found, using the latter experimental conditions, that the onset of the pathology was associated with: (a) parasite multiplication in the inoculation site and the draining lymph node correlating with an increase of the lymph node cell number, especially in L. major-infected mice; and (b) the detection of lymph node cells, at least in part CD4(+) T lymphocytes, able to produce high levels of interferon-gamma, interleukin (IL)-4, IL-10 and IL-13. Thereafter, mice infected by L. major harboured few parasites in the ear and had a 100-fold reduction in lymph node parasite load between 23 and 40 weeks post-inoculation. In contrast, the parasite loads of L. amazonensis-infected mice remained stable in the ear and increased in nodes during the same period of time. Only L. major-infected mice that exhibited cutaneous lesions in the primary site were resistant to the re-inoculation of 1000 metacyclic promastigotes, whereas all L. amazonensis-primary infected mice remained susceptible to a second homologous challenge. These results are the first to document that a status of resistance to re-infection, referred to concomitant immunity, is coupled to the development of primary progressive lesions in L. major-infected BALB/c mice. Such a protective status is absent in L. amazonensis-infected BALB/c mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Courret
- Unité d'Immunophysiologie et Parasitisme Intracellulaire, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.
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146
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Kropf P, Freudenberg N, Kalis C, Modolell M, Herath S, Galanos C, Freudenberg M, Müller I. Infection of C57BL/10ScCr and C57BL/10ScNCr mice with Leishmania major reveals a role for Toll-like receptor 4 in the control of parasite replication. J Leukoc Biol 2004; 76:48-57. [PMID: 15039466 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1003484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system is essential for host defense; it senses the presence of potentially pathogenic-invading microorganisms, and the contribution of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) to this response is increasingly recognized. In the present study, we investigated the contribution of TLR4 to the course of cutaneous leishmaniasis in vivo. We used C57BL/10ScNCr (TLR4(0/0)) and C57BL/10ScCr [TLR4/interleukin-12 (IL-12)Rbeta2(0/0)] mice and compared the course of Leishmania major infection, parasite load, cell recruitment, and cytokine profile with those of wild-type C57BL/10ScSn mice. Our results confirm the importance of IL-12 receptor-mediated signaling in resistance to L. major infections. Importantly, we show that the lack of TLR4 results in an increased permissiveness for parasite growth during the innate and adaptive phase of the immune response and in delayed healing of the cutaneous lesions. The use of the tlr4 transgenic mouse strain TCr5 demonstrated unequivocally that TLR4 contributes to the efficient control of Leishmania growth in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kropf
- Faculty of Medicine, Division of Investigative Science, Department of Immunology, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, United Kingdom
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147
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Gumy A, Louis JA, Launois P. The murine model of infection with Leishmania major and its importance for the deciphering of mechanisms underlying differences in Th cell differentiation in mice from different genetic backgrounds. Int J Parasitol 2004; 34:433-44. [PMID: 15013733 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2003.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2003] [Revised: 11/03/2003] [Accepted: 11/05/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Mice from the majority of inbred strains are resistant to infection by Leishmania major, an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite of macrophages in the mammalian host. In contrast, mice from BALB strains are unable to control infection and develop progressive disease. In this model of infection, genetically determined resistance and susceptibility have been clearly shown to result from the appearance of parasite-specific CD4+ T helper 1 or T helper 2 cells, respectively. This murine model of infection is considered as one of the best experimental systems for the study of the mechanisms operating in vivo at the initiation of polarised T helper 1 and T helper 2 cell maturation. Among the several factors influencing Th cell development, cytokines themselves critically regulate this process. The results accumulated during the last years have clarified some aspects of the role played by cytokines in Th cell differentiation. They are providing critical information that may ultimately lead to the rational devise of means by which to tailor immune responses to the effector functions that are most efficient in preventing and/or controlling infections with pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Gumy
- World Health Organization Immunology Research and Training Centre, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Chemin des Boveresses 155, CH-1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
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148
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Padigel UM, Kim N, Choi Y, Farrell JP. TRANCE-RANK costimulation is required for IL-12 production and the initiation of a Th1-type response to Leishmania major infection in CD40L-deficient mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 171:5437-41. [PMID: 14607948 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.10.5437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Blockade of TNF-related activation-induced cytokine (TRANCE)-receptor activator of NF-kappaB (RANK) interaction reverses healing in CD40L(-/-) mice infected with Leishmania major. Although previous studies demonstrated a requirement for CD40-CD40L interaction in production of IL-12 and the development of resistance to Leishmania infection, we recently showed that CD40L(-/-) mice control infection when inoculated with low numbers of parasites and that cells from these mice produce IL-12. Here, we show that in vivo treatment with a TRANCE receptor fusion protein results in a decrease in numbers of IL-12 producing cells as well as a shift from a dominant Th1 to Th2 type response in infected mice. These results demonstrate that CD40L(-/-) mice use the TRANCE-RANK costimulatory pathway to promote IL-12 production and the activation of a protective Th1 type response.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CD40 Ligand/genetics
- Carrier Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Carrier Proteins/metabolism
- Carrier Proteins/physiology
- Cells, Cultured
- Down-Regulation/immunology
- Female
- Glycoproteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Glycoproteins/physiology
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin Fc Fragments/administration & dosage
- Immunoglobulin Fc Fragments/genetics
- Immunophenotyping
- Interleukin-12/antagonists & inhibitors
- Interleukin-12/biosynthesis
- Leishmania major/growth & development
- Leishmania major/immunology
- Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/genetics
- Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/immunology
- Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/parasitology
- Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/pathology
- Lymph Nodes/immunology
- Lymph Nodes/metabolism
- Lymph Nodes/pathology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Membrane Glycoproteins/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Osteoprotegerin
- RANK Ligand
- Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-kappa B
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/metabolism
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/physiology
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/administration & dosage
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/administration & dosage
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Th1 Cells/metabolism
- Th1 Cells/parasitology
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Affiliation(s)
- Udaikumar M Padigel
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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149
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Zaph C, Scott P. Th1 cell-mediated resistance to cutaneous infection with Leishmania major is independent of P- and E-selectins. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 171:4726-32. [PMID: 14568948 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.9.4726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Studies in several models of inflammation have underscored the importance of P- and E-selectins in the migration of T cells to inflamed tissues. However, the role of the endothelial selectins in infection-induced cutaneous inflammation and host-protective immunity has not been investigated. In this study, we demonstrate that CD4(+) T cells recruited to the cutaneous compartment during infection with Leishmania major express P- and E-selectin ligands. Furthermore, expression of P- and E-selectin ligands correlates with activated Leishmania-specific Th1 cells and is dependent upon IL-12. To investigate the functional role of the endothelial selectins during leishmaniasis, we infected mice either singly or doubly deficient in the expression of P- and E- selectins. Mice lacking both P- and E-selectins developed significantly less inflammation at the site of a primary and secondary infection, and exhibited an impaired delayed-type hypersensitivity response. Surprisingly, the absence of the endothelial selectins had no effect on the control of parasite replication or immunity to reinfection. Thus, these data demonstrate that although the endothelial selectins contribute to the inflammatory response, they are not required for protective immunity to L. major. Moreover, these data suggest that by blocking P- and E-selectins, the immune pathology associated with cutaneous leishmaniasis might be ameliorated without compromising immunity to infection.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Binding Sites, Antibody/genetics
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- E-Selectin/genetics
- E-Selectin/immunology
- E-Selectin/metabolism
- E-Selectin/physiology
- Female
- Fucosyltransferases/biosynthesis
- Fucosyltransferases/genetics
- Hypersensitivity, Delayed/genetics
- Hypersensitivity, Delayed/immunology
- Immunity, Cellular/genetics
- Immunity, Innate/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Fc Fragments/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Fc Fragments/metabolism
- Leishmania major/immunology
- Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/genetics
- Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/immunology
- Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/metabolism
- Ligands
- Lymph Nodes/enzymology
- Lymph Nodes/pathology
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- P-Selectin/genetics
- P-Selectin/immunology
- P-Selectin/metabolism
- P-Selectin/physiology
- Th1 Cells/enzymology
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Th1 Cells/metabolism
- Th1 Cells/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Colby Zaph
- Department of Pathobiology, The School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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150
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Ismail N, Soong L, McBride JW, Valbuena G, Olano JP, Feng HM, Walker DH. Overproduction of TNF-α by CD8+Type 1 Cells and Down-Regulation of IFN-γ Production by CD4+Th1 Cells Contribute to Toxic Shock-Like Syndrome in an Animal Model of Fatal Monocytotropic Ehrlichiosis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 172:1786-800. [PMID: 14734762 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.3.1786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis (HME) is an emerging, life-threatening, infectious disease caused by Ehrlichia chaffeensis, an obligate intracellular bacterium that lacks cell wall LPS. We have previously developed an animal model of severe HME using a strain of Ehrlichia isolated from Ixodes ovatus ticks (IOE). To understand the basis of susceptibility to severe monocytotropic ehrlichiosis, we compared low and high doses of the highly virulent IOE strain and the less virulent Ehrlichia muris strain that are closely related to E. chaffeensis in C57BL/6 mice. Lethal infections caused by high or low doses of IOE were accompanied by extensive liver damage, extremely elevated levels of TNF-alpha in the serum, high frequency of Ehrlichia-specific, TNF-alpha-producing CD8(+) T cells in the spleen, decreased Ehrlicha-specific CD4(+) T cell proliferation, low IL-12 levels in the spleen, and a 40-fold decrease in the number of IFN-gamma-producing CD4(+) Th1 cells. All groups contained negligible numbers of IL-4-producing cells in the spleen. Transfer of Ehrlichia-specific polyclonal Abs and IFN-gamma-producing Ehrlichia-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) type 1 cells protected naive mice against lethal IOE challenge. Interestingly, infection with high dose E. muris provided protection against rechallenge with a lethal dose of IOE. Cross-protection was associated with substantial expansion of IFN-gamma-producing CD4(+) and CD8(+) cells, but not TNF-alpha-producing CD8(+) T cells, a high titer of IgG2a, and a low serum level of TNF-alpha. In conclusion, uncontrolled TNF-alpha production by CD8(+) T cells together with a weak CD4(+) Th1 cell response are associated with immunopathology and failure to clear IOE in the fatal model of HME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahed Ismail
- Departments of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
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