101
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Herich
- Institute of Pathological Anatomy, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Košice, Slovakia
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102
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Chairatana P, Nolan EM. Defensins, lectins, mucins, and secretory immunoglobulin A: microbe-binding biomolecules that contribute to mucosal immunity in the human gut. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2016. [PMID: 27841019 DOI: 10,1080/10409238.2016.124365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In the intestine, the mucosal immune system plays essential roles in maintaining homeostasis between the host and microorganisms, and protecting the host from pathogenic invaders. Epithelial cells produce and release a variety of biomolecules into the mucosa and lumen that contribute to immunity. In this review, we focus on a subset of these remarkable host-defense factors - enteric α-defensins, select lectins, mucins, and secretory immunoglobulin A - that have the capacity to bind microbes and thereby contribute to barrier function in the human gut. We provide an overview of the intestinal epithelium, describe specialized secretory cells named Paneth cells, and summarize our current understanding of the biophysical and functional properties of these select microbe-binding biomolecules. We intend for this compilation to complement prior reviews on intestinal host-defense factors, highlight recent advances in the field, and motivate investigations that further illuminate molecular mechanisms as well as the interplay between these molecules and microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phoom Chairatana
- a Department of Chemistry , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , MA , USA
| | - Elizabeth M Nolan
- a Department of Chemistry , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , MA , USA
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103
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Abstract
Disruptions to the microbiota can have pathological consequences, which highlights the need to understand the factors that contribute to its stability. Although decades of research have focused on the importance of IgA during pathogenic infection, much of the IgA that is generated in the gut targets the resident commensal microorganisms. Despite this observation, the role of antibodies in regulating microbiota composition remains controversial and poorly understood. Here we propose that antibodies generated in response to microbial colonization of the gut shape the composition of the microbiota to benefit the health of the host through a process that we term antibody-mediated immunoselection (AMIS). Given the exquisite specificity of antibodies and an emerging interest in the use of immunotherapies, we suggest that understanding AMIS of the microbiota will highlight novel uses of antibodies to manipulate microbial communities for therapeutic benefit.
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104
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Sutherland DB, Suzuki K, Fagarasan S. Fostering of advanced mutualism with gut microbiota by Immunoglobulin A. Immunol Rev 2016; 270:20-31. [PMID: 26864102 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin A (IgA), the most abundantly secreted antibody isotype in mammals, not only provides direct immune protection to neonates via maternal milk but also helps program the infant immune system by regulating the microbiota. IgA continues to maintain dynamic interactions with the gut microbiota throughout life and this influences immune system homeostasis as well as other physiological processes. The secretory IgA produced independently of T-cell selection are commonly referred to as natural or innate antibodies. Our studies have shown that innate-IgA, while effective at excluding microorganisms from the gut, does not promote mutualism with the microbiota in the same way as adaptive-IgA that is selected in T cell-dependent germinal center reactions. Adaptive-IgA fosters more advanced mutualism with the microbiota than innate-IgA by selecting and diversifying beneficial microbial communities. In this review, we suggest that the diversified microbiota resulting from adaptive-IgA pressure was pivotal in promoting ecological adaptability and speciation potential of mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duncan B Sutherland
- Laboratory of Intestinal Immunology, Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Keiichiro Suzuki
- Center for Innovation in Immunoregulative Technology and Therapeutics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Sidonia Fagarasan
- Laboratory for Mucosal Immunity, Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), RIKEN Yokohama Institute, Yokohama, Japan
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105
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New JS, King RG, Kearney JF. Manipulation of the glycan-specific natural antibody repertoire for immunotherapy. Immunol Rev 2016; 270:32-50. [PMID: 26864103 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Natural immunoglobulin derived from innate-like B lymphocytes plays important roles in the suppression of inflammatory responses and represents a promising therapeutic target in a growing number of allergic and autoimmune diseases. These antibodies are commonly autoreactive and incorporate evolutionarily conserved specificities, including certain glycan-specific antibodies. Despite this conservation, exposure to bacterial polysaccharides during innate-like B lymphocyte development, through either natural exposure or immunization, induces significant changes in clonal representation within the glycan-reactive B cell pool. Glycan-reactive natural antibodies (NAbs) have been reported to play protective and pathogenic roles in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. An understanding of the composition and functions of a healthy glycan-reactive NAb repertoire is therefore paramount. A more thorough understanding of NAb repertoire development holds promise for the design of both biological diagnostics and therapies. In this article, we review the development and functions of NAbs and examine three glycan specificities, represented in the innate-like B cell pool, to illustrate the complex roles environmental antigens play in NAb repertoire development. We also discuss the implications of increased clonal plasticity of the innate-like B cell repertoire during neonatal and perinatal periods, and the prospect of targeting B cell development with interventional therapies and correct defects in this important arm of the adaptive immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Stewart New
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - R Glenn King
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - John F Kearney
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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106
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Den Hartog G, De Vries-Reilingh G, Wehrmaker AM, Savelkoul HFJ, Parmentier HK, Lammers A. Intestinal immune maturation is accompanied by temporal changes in the composition of the microbiota. Benef Microbes 2016; 7:677-685. [PMID: 27633172 DOI: 10.3920/bm2016.0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In animals establishment of the intestinal microbial ecosystem is influenced by mucosal immune functions. As mucosal immune functions dynamically change during development of juvenile layer chicken, this study focused on dynamics in the ileal microbiota composition in relation to intestinal immune development. In addition, the levels of immunoglobulin (Ig) in serum and amount of bacteria coated with IgA, a hallmark of intestinal immune maturation, were analysed. The composition of the intestinal microbiota transiently changed at the age of 14-42 days compared to the microbiota composition before and after this period. This temporal deviation in microbiota composition was associated to a temporal increase in transcriptional activity of pro-inflammatory cytokine genes. Furthermore, before week two limited amounts of faecal bacteria were bound by IgM and from week two increasing amounts of bacteria were bound by IgA, reaching a maximal level of 70% of IgA-coated bacteria at 6 weeks of age. These data could indicate that prior to achievement of intestinal homeostasis at 6-10 weeks post hatch, activation of inflammatory pathways cause a temporal disturbance of the microbiota composition. This period of imbalance may be essential for adequate immune development and establishment of intestinal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Den Hartog
- 1 Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University, De Elst 1, 6708 WD, Wageningen, the Netherlands.,2 Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University, De Elst 1, 6708 WD, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - G De Vries-Reilingh
- 2 Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University, De Elst 1, 6708 WD, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - A M Wehrmaker
- 2 Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University, De Elst 1, 6708 WD, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - H F J Savelkoul
- 1 Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University, De Elst 1, 6708 WD, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - H K Parmentier
- 2 Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University, De Elst 1, 6708 WD, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - A Lammers
- 2 Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University, De Elst 1, 6708 WD, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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107
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Limited clonal relatedness between gut IgA plasma cells and memory B cells after oral immunization. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12698. [PMID: 27596266 PMCID: PMC5025876 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding how memory B cells are induced and relate to long-lived plasma cells is important for vaccine development. Immunity to oral vaccines has been considered short-lived because of a poor ability to develop IgA B-cell memory. Here we demonstrate that long-lived mucosal IgA memory is readily achieved by oral but not systemic immunization in mouse models with NP hapten conjugated with cholera toxin and transfer of B1-8(high)/GFP(+) NP-specific B cells. Unexpectedly, memory B cells are poorly related to long-lived plasma cells and less affinity-matured. They are α4β7-integrin(+)CD73(+)PD-L2(+)CD80(+) and at systemic sites mostly IgM(+), while 80% are IgA(+) in Peyer's patches. On reactivation, most memory B cells in Peyer's patches are GL7(-), but expand in germinal centres and acquire higher affinity and more mutations, demonstrating strong clonal selection. CCR9 expression is found only in Peyer's patches and appears critical for gut homing. Thus, gut mucosal memory possesses unique features not seen after systemic immunization.
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108
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Aase A, Sommerfelt H, Petersen LB, Bolstad M, Cox RJ, Langeland N, Guttormsen AB, Steinsland H, Skrede S, Brandtzaeg P. Salivary IgA from the sublingual compartment as a novel noninvasive proxy for intestinal immune induction. Mucosal Immunol 2016; 9:884-93. [PMID: 26509875 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2015.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Whole-saliva IgA appears like an attractive noninvasive readout for intestinal immune induction after enteric infection or vaccination, but has failed to show consistent correlation with established invasive markers and IgA in feces or intestinal lavage. For reference, we measured antibodies in samples from 30 healthy volunteers who were orally infected with wild-type enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. The response against these bacteria in serum, lavage, and lymphocyte supernatants (antibody-in-lymphocyte-supernatant, ALS) was compared with that in targeted parotid and sublingual/submandibular secretions. Strong correlation occurred between IgA antibody levels against the challenge bacteria in sublingual/submandibular secretions and in lavage (r=0.69, P<0.0001) and ALS (r=0.70, P<0.0001). In sublingual/submandibular secretions, 93% responded with more than a twofold increase in IgA antibodies against the challenge strain, whereas the corresponding response in parotid secretions was only 67% (P=0.039). With >twofold ALS as a reference, the sensitivity of a >twofold response for IgA in sublingual/submandibular secretion was 96%, whereas it was only 67% in the parotid fluid. To exclude that flow rate variations influenced the results, we used albumin as a marker. Our data suggested that IgA in sublingual/submandibular secretions, rather than whole saliva with its variable content of parotid fluid, is a preferential noninvasive proxy for intestinal immune induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Aase
- Division of Infectious Disease Control, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - H Sommerfelt
- Center for Intervention Science in Maternal and Child Health and Centre for International health, Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of International Public Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - L B Petersen
- Division of Infectious Disease Control, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - M Bolstad
- Division of Infectious Disease Control, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - R J Cox
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Research and Development, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - N Langeland
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Division for Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - A B Guttormsen
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - H Steinsland
- Center for Intervention Science in Maternal and Child Health and Centre for International health, Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - S Skrede
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Division for Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - P Brandtzaeg
- LIIPAT, Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
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109
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Rios D, Wood MB, Li J, Chassaing B, Gewirtz AT, Williams IR. Antigen sampling by intestinal M cells is the principal pathway initiating mucosal IgA production to commensal enteric bacteria. Mucosal Immunol 2016; 9:907-16. [PMID: 26601902 PMCID: PMC4917673 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2015.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Secretory IgA (SIgA) directed against gut resident bacteria enables the mammalian mucosal immune system to establish homeostasis with the commensal gut microbiota after weaning. Germinal centers (GCs) in Peyer's patches (PPs) are the principal inductive sites where naive B cells specific for bacterial antigens encounter their cognate antigens and receive T-cell help driving their differentiation into IgA-producing plasma cells. We investigated the role of antigen sampling by intestinal M cells in initiating the SIgA response to gut bacteria by developing mice in which receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL)-dependent M-cell differentiation was abrogated by conditional deletion of Tnfrsf11a in the intestinal epithelium. Mice without intestinal M cells had profound delays in PP GC maturation and emergence of lamina propria IgA plasma cells, resulting in diminished levels of fecal SIgA that persisted into adulthood. We conclude that M-cell-mediated sampling of commensal bacteria is a required initial step for the efficient induction of intestinal SIgA.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Rios
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - M B Wood
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - J Li
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - B Chassaing
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - A T Gewirtz
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - I R Williams
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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110
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Soto R, Round J. Immunology: You Remind Me of a Microbe I Know. Curr Biol 2016; 26:R373-6. [PMID: 27166699 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2016.03.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The majority of bacteria found within the gut are commensals, although it is unclear whether these organisms can elicit systemic immunity. New research indicates that gut-microbiota-specific serum antibodies targeting an epitope conserved among Gram-negative bacteria can protect the host from systemic pathogenic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ray Soto
- Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - June Round
- Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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111
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Abstract
Secondary lymphoid tissues share the important function of bringing together antigens and rare antigen-specific lymphocytes to foster induction of adaptive immune responses. Peyer's patches (PPs) are unique compared to other secondary lymphoid tissues in their continual exposure to an enormous diversity of microbiome- and food-derived antigens and in the types of pathogens they encounter. Antigens are delivered to PPs by specialized microfold (M) epithelial cells and they may be captured and presented by resident dendritic cells (DCs). In accord with their state of chronic microbial antigen exposure, PPs exhibit continual germinal center (GC) activity. These GCs not only contribute to the generation of B cells and plasma cells producing somatically mutated gut antigen-specific IgA antibodies but have also been suggested to support non-specific antigen diversification of the B-cell repertoire. Here, we review current understanding of how PPs foster B-cell encounters with antigen, how they favor isotype switching to the secretory IgA isotype, and how their GC responses may uniquely contribute to mucosal immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Reboldi
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jason G Cyster
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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112
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Persistence of the IgE repertoire in birch pollen allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 137:1884-1887.e8. [PMID: 27001158 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.12.1333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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113
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Pabst O, Cerovic V, Hornef M. Secretory IgA in the Coordination of Establishment and Maintenance of the Microbiota. Trends Immunol 2016; 37:287-296. [PMID: 27066758 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Starting at birth, the intestinal microbiota changes dramatically from a highly individual collection of microorganisms, dominated by comparably few species, to a mature, competitive, and diverse microbial community. Microbial colonization triggers and accompanies the maturation of the mucosal immune system and ultimately results in a mutually beneficial host-microbe interrelation in the healthy host. Here, we discuss the role of secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) during the establishment of the infant microbiota and life-long host-microbial homeostasis. We critically review the published literature on how SIgA affects the enteric microbiota and highlight the accessibility of the infant microbiota to therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Pabst
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, RWTH University, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Vuk Cerovic
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, RWTH University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Mathias Hornef
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, RWTH University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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114
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The effects of melamine on humoral immunity with or without cyanuric acid in mice. Res Vet Sci 2016; 105:65-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2016.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 12/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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115
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McLoughlin K, Schluter J, Rakoff-Nahoum S, Smith A, Foster K. Host Selection of Microbiota via Differential Adhesion. Cell Host Microbe 2016; 19:550-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2016.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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116
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Effects of dietary supplementation with epidermal growth factor-expressing Saccharomyces cerevisiae on duodenal development in weaned piglets. Br J Nutr 2016; 115:1509-20. [PMID: 26983845 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114516000738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of dietary supplementation with epidermal growth factor (EGF)-expressing Saccharomyces cerevisiae on duodenal development in weaned piglets. In total, forty piglets weaned at 21-26 d of age were assigned to one of the five groups that were provided basic diet (control group) or diet supplemented with S. cerevisiae expressing either empty-vector (INVSc1(EV) group), tagged EGF (T-EGF) (INVSc1-TE(-) group), extracellular EGF (EE-EGF) (INVSc1-EE(+) group) or intracellular EGF (IE-EGF) (INVSc1-IE(+) group). All treatments were delivered as 60·00 μg/kg body weight EGF/d. On 0, 7, 14 and 21 d, eight piglets per treatment were sacrificed to analyse the morphology, activities and mRNA expressions of digestive enzymes, as well as Ig levels (IgA, IgM, IgG) in duodenal mucosa. The results showed significant improvement on 7, 14 and 21 d, with respect to average daily gain (P<0·05), mucosa morphology (villus height and crypt depth) (P<0·05), Ig levels (P<0·01), activities and mRNA expressions of digestive enzymes (creatine kinase, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase and sucrase) (P<0·05) and the mRNA expression of EGF-receptor (P<0·01) in NVSc1-TE(-), INVSc1-EE(+) and INVSc1-IE(+) groups compared with control and INVSc1(EV) groups. In addition, a trend was observed in which the INVSc1-IE(+) group showed an improvement in Ig levels (0·05<P<0·10), mRNA expressions of digestive enzymes and EGF-receptor (P<0·05) compared with NVSc1-TE(-) and INVSc1-EE(+) groups. These results indicate that supplementing recombinant EGF-expressing S. cerevisiae to the diet of weaned piglets enhanced duodenal development. Moreover, biological activity (Ig levels, mRNA expressions of digestive enzymes and EGF-receptor) of IE-EGF was better than either EE-EGF or T-EGF.
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117
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Crosstalk between microbiota, pathogens and the innate immune responses. Int J Med Microbiol 2016; 306:257-265. [PMID: 26996809 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Research in the last decade has convincingly demonstrated that the microbiota is crucial in order to prime and orchestrate innate and adaptive immune responses of their host and influence barrier function as well as multiple developmental and metabolic parameters of the host. Reciprocally, host reactions and immune responses instruct the composition of the microbiota. This review summarizes recent evidence from experimental and human studies which supports these arms of mutual relationship and crosstalk between host and resident microbiota, with a focus on innate immune responses in the gut, the role of cell death pathways and antimicrobial peptides. We also provide some recent examples on how dysbiosis and pathogens can act in concert to promote intestinal infection, inflammatory pathologies and cancer. The future perspectives of these combined research efforts include the discovery of protective species within the microbiota and specific traits and factors of microbes that weaken or enforce host intestinal homeostasis.
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118
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Lemke A, Kraft M, Roth K, Riedel R, Lammerding D, Hauser AE. Long-lived plasma cells are generated in mucosal immune responses and contribute to the bone marrow plasma cell pool in mice. Mucosal Immunol 2016; 9:83-97. [PMID: 25943272 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2015.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
During systemic immune responses, plasma blasts are generated in secondary lymphoid organs and migrate to the bone marrow, where they can become long-lived, being responsible for the maintenance of long-term antibody titers. Plasma blasts generated in mucosal immune responses of the small intestine home to the lamina propria (LP), producing mainly immunoglobulin A. The migration of these antibody-secreting cells is well characterized during acute immune responses. Less is known about their lifetime and contribution to the long-lived bone marrow compartment. Here we investigate the lifetime of plasma cells (PCs) and the relationship between the PC compartments of the gut and bone marrow after oral immunization. Our findings indicate that PCs in the LP can survive for extended time periods. PCs specific for orally administered antigens can be detected in the bone marrow for at least 9 months after immunization, indicating that the mucosal PC compartment can contribute to the long-lived PC pool in this organ, independent of the participation of splenic B cells. Our findings suggest that the compartmentalization between mucosal and systemic PC pools is less strict than previously thought. This may have implications for the development of vaccines as well as for autoantibody-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lemke
- Deutsches Rheuma Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - M Kraft
- Deutsches Rheuma Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany.,Charité Universitätsmedizin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - K Roth
- Deutsches Rheuma Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - R Riedel
- Deutsches Rheuma Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - D Lammerding
- Deutsches Rheuma Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany.,Charité Universitätsmedizin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - A E Hauser
- Deutsches Rheuma Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany.,Charité Universitätsmedizin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany
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119
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Di Niro R, Snir O, Kaukinen K, Yaari G, Lundin KEA, Gupta NT, Kleinstein SH, Cols M, Cerutti A, Mäki M, Shlomchik MJ, Sollid LM. Responsive population dynamics and wide seeding into the duodenal lamina propria of transglutaminase-2-specific plasma cells in celiac disease. Mucosal Immunol 2016; 9:254-64. [PMID: 26153762 PMCID: PMC4703456 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2015.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A hallmark of celiac disease is autoantibodies to transglutaminase 2 (TG2). By visualizing TG2-specific antibodies by antigen staining of affected gut tissue, we identified TG2-specific plasma cells in the lamina propria as well as antibodies in the subepithelial layer, inside the epithelium, and at the brush border. The frequency of TG2-specific plasma cells were found not to correlate with serum antibody titers, suggesting that antibody production at other sites may contribute to serum antibody levels. Upon commencement of a gluten-free diet, the frequency of TG2-specific plasma cells in the lesion dropped dramatically within 6 months, yet some cells remained. The frequency of TG2-specific plasma cells in the celiac lesion is thus dynamically regulated in response to gluten exposure. Laser microdissection of plasma cell patches, followed by antibody gene sequencing, demonstrated that clonal cells were seeded in distinct areas of the mucosa. This was confirmed by immunoglobulin heavy chain repertoire analysis of plasma cells isolated from individual biopsies of two untreated patients, both for TG2-specific and non-TG2-specific cells. Our results shed new light on the processes underlying the B-cell response in celiac disease, and the approach of staining for antigen-specific antibodies should be applicable to other antibody-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Di Niro
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA,
| | - O Snir
- Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - K Kaukinen
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Tampere University Hospital and School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - G Yaari
- Bioengineering Program, Faculty of Engineering, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - K E A Lundin
- Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway,Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Gastroenterology, Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - N T Gupta
- Interdepartmental Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - S H Kleinstein
- Interdepartmental Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA,Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - M Cols
- Immunology Institute, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - A Cerutti
- Immunology Institute, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - M Mäki
- Tampere Centre for Child Health Research, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - M J Shlomchik
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - L M Sollid
- Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
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120
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Turqueti-Neves A, Otte M, Schwartz C, Schmitt MER, Lindner C, Pabst O, Yu P, Voehringer D. The Extracellular Domains of IgG1 and T Cell-Derived IL-4/IL-13 Are Critical for the Polyclonal Memory IgE Response In Vivo. PLoS Biol 2015; 13:e1002290. [PMID: 26523376 PMCID: PMC4629909 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
IgE-mediated activation of mast cells and basophils contributes to protective immunity against helminths but also causes allergic responses. The development and persistence of IgE responses are poorly understood, which is in part due to the low number of IgE-producing cells. Here, we used next generation sequencing to uncover a striking overlap between the IgE and IgG1 repertoires in helminth-infected or OVA/alum-immunized wild-type BALB/c mice. The memory IgE response after secondary infection induced a strong increase of IgE+ plasma cells in spleen and lymph nodes. In contrast, germinal center B cells did not increase during secondary infection. Unexpectedly, the memory IgE response was lost in mice where the extracellular part of IgG1 had been replaced with IgE sequences. Adoptive transfer studies revealed that IgG1+ B cells were required and sufficient to constitute the memory IgE response in recipient mice. T cell-derived IL-4/IL-13 was required for the memory IgE response but not for expansion of B cells from memory mice. Together, our results reveal a close relationship between the IgE and IgG1 repertoires in vivo and demonstrate that the memory IgE response is mainly conserved at the level of memory IgG1+ B cells. Therefore, targeting the generation and survival of allergen-specific IgG1+ B cells could lead to development of new therapeutic strategies to treat chronic allergic disorders. This study reveals that repertoires of IgE—the class of antibody that mediates allergic reactions—closely resemble those of IgG1, suggesting that the memory IgE response unfolds from IgG1-switched B cells (and not from IgM-expressing B cells) in response to T cell-derived cytokines. Allergic inflammation is initiated when IgE antibodies bind to high-affinity receptors on the cell surface of mast cells and basophils, thereby triggering the release of proinflammatory mediators. The development and persistence of IgE responses in vivo is poorly characterized because of the low number of IgE-producing B cells and plasma cells. Naïve mature B cells produce IgM antibodies. Upon activation, they “switch” class to produce IgG, IgA, or IgE antibodies. It is currently highly debated whether IgE-expressing B cells are generated by direct switching from IgM-expressing B cells or by sequential switching via IgG1-expressing B cells. Using next generation sequencing, we compared thousands of IgE, IgG1, and IgM sequences after immunization of mice with parasitic worms and found a striking overlap between the IgE and IgG1 repertoires. We further show that the memory IgE response to a secondary encounter with the same parasitic worms was dependent on T cell-derived cytokines. Genetically modified mice and adoptive transfers of B cells revealed that the memory IgE response is conserved at the level of IgG1-expressing B cells. These results favor the concept that bona fide IgE-expressing B cells do not exist, and memory IgE responses unfold from IgG1-expressing B cells, which undergo a secondary switch reaction and differentiation to plasma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Turqueti-Neves
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute for Clinical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University Hospital Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Manuel Otte
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute for Clinical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University Hospital Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christian Schwartz
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute for Clinical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University Hospital Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michaela Erika Renate Schmitt
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute for Clinical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University Hospital Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Cornelia Lindner
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Oliver Pabst
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Medical Faculty, RWTH University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Philipp Yu
- Institute for Immunology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - David Voehringer
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute for Clinical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University Hospital Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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121
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What Makes A Bacterial Oral Vaccine a Strong Inducer of High-Affinity IgA Responses? Antibodies (Basel) 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/antib4040295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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122
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Jiang M, Fang J, Peng X, Cui H, Yu Z. Effect of aflatoxin B₁ on IgA⁺ cell number and immunoglobulin mRNA expression in the intestine of broilers. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2015; 37:450-7. [PMID: 26357012 DOI: 10.3109/08923973.2015.1081933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is the most toxic group of mycotoxins produced by two species of the Aspergillus, common contaminants of food and animal feed. The purpose of our study was to determine the effect of AFB1 on the number of IgA(+) cell and immunoglobulin mRNA expression in the intestine of broilers. One hundred and fifty six one-day-old healthy Cobb broilers were randomly divided into the control group (the dosage of 0 mg/kg AFB1) and AFB1 group (the dosage of 0.6 mg/kg AFB1) with three replicates per group and 26 birds per replicate for 21 days, respectively. After necropsy at 7, 14 and 21 days of age, duodenum, jejunum and ileum samples were taken for analyzing IgA(+) cell by immunohistochemistry and IgA, pIgR, IgM and IgG mRNA expression by qRT-PCR. IgA(+) cells were mainly distributed in the lamina propria of small intestinal mucosa in both groups at 14 and 21 days of age. A significant decrease in the number of IgA(+) cells in the duodenum, jejunum and ileum was revealed in the AFB1 group compared with that of the control group. The expression levels of IgA, pIgR, IgM and IgG mRNA in the intestinal mucosa were lower in the AFB1 group than those in the control group at 14 and 21 days of age. Our data demonstrated that the dosage of 0.6 mg/kg AFB1 in broiler diet reduced the number of IgA(+) cell and the expression of IgA, pIgR, IgM and IgG mRNA in the small intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Jiang
- a Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Environmental Hazards of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University , Ya'an , Sichuan , P.R. China
| | - Jing Fang
- a Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Environmental Hazards of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University , Ya'an , Sichuan , P.R. China
| | - Xi Peng
- a Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Environmental Hazards of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University , Ya'an , Sichuan , P.R. China
| | - Hengmin Cui
- a Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Environmental Hazards of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University , Ya'an , Sichuan , P.R. China
| | - Zhengqiang Yu
- a Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Environmental Hazards of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University , Ya'an , Sichuan , P.R. China
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Fransen F, Zagato E, Mazzini E, Fosso B, Manzari C, El Aidy S, Chiavelli A, D'Erchia AM, Sethi MK, Pabst O, Marzano M, Moretti S, Romani L, Penna G, Pesole G, Rescigno M. BALB/c and C57BL/6 Mice Differ in Polyreactive IgA Abundance, which Impacts the Generation of Antigen-Specific IgA and Microbiota Diversity. Immunity 2015; 43:527-40. [PMID: 26362264 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2015.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The interrelationship between IgAs and microbiota diversity is still unclear. Here we show that BALB/c mice had higher abundance and diversity of IgAs than C57BL/6 mice and that this correlated with increased microbiota diversity. We show that polyreactive IgAs mediated the entrance of non-invasive bacteria to Peyer's patches, independently of CX3CR1(+) phagocytes. This allowed the induction of bacteria-specific IgA and the establishment of a positive feedback loop of IgA production. Cohousing of mice or fecal transplantation had little or no influence on IgA production and had only partial impact on microbiota composition. Germ-free BALB/c, but not C57BL/6, mice already had polyreactive IgAs that influenced microbiota diversity and selection after colonization. Together, these data suggest that genetic predisposition to produce polyreactive IgAs has a strong impact on the generation of antigen-specific IgAs and the selection and maintenance of microbiota diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floris Fransen
- Department of Experimental Oncology and Immunotherapy Programme, IEO, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Zagato
- Department of Experimental Oncology and Immunotherapy Programme, IEO, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Mazzini
- Department of Experimental Oncology and Immunotherapy Programme, IEO, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Bruno Fosso
- Institute of Biomembranes and Bioenergetics, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Caterina Manzari
- Institute of Biomembranes and Bioenergetics, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Sahar El Aidy
- Department of Experimental Oncology and Immunotherapy Programme, IEO, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy; Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Nijenborgh 7, 9700 CC Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Andrea Chiavelli
- Department of Experimental Oncology and Immunotherapy Programme, IEO, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Maria D'Erchia
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Maya K Sethi
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Stra. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Oliver Pabst
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Marinella Marzano
- Institute of Biomembranes and Bioenergetics, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Silvia Moretti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Polo Unico Sant'Andrea delle Fratte, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Luigina Romani
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Polo Unico Sant'Andrea delle Fratte, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Penna
- Department of Experimental Oncology and Immunotherapy Programme, IEO, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Graziano Pesole
- Institute of Biomembranes and Bioenergetics, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy; Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Rescigno
- Department of Experimental Oncology and Immunotherapy Programme, IEO, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze della salute, Universita' di Milano, via Rudini 8, 20142 Milan, Italy.
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124
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Host genetics and diet, but not immunoglobulin A expression, converge to shape compositional features of the gut microbiome in an advanced intercross population of mice. Genome Biol 2015; 15:552. [PMID: 25516416 PMCID: PMC4290092 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-014-0552-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Individuality in the species composition of the vertebrate gut microbiota is driven by a combination of host and environmental factors that have largely been studied independently. We studied the convergence of these factors in a G10 mouse population generated from a cross between two strains to search for quantitative trait loci (QTLs) that affect gut microbiota composition or ileal Immunoglobulin A (IgA) expression in mice fed normal or high-fat diets. Results We found 42 microbiota-specific QTLs in 27 different genomic regions that affect the relative abundances of 39 taxa, including four QTL that were shared between this G10 population and the population previously studied at G4. Several of the G10 QTLs show apparent pleiotropy. Eight of these QTLs, including four at the same site on chromosome 9, show significant interaction with diet, implying that diet can modify the effects of some host loci on gut microbiome composition. Utilization patterns of IghV variable regions among IgA-specific mRNAs from ileal tissue are affected by 54 significant QTLs, most of which map to a segment of chromosome 12 spanning the Igh locus. Despite the effect of genetic variation on IghV utilization, we are unable to detect overlapping microbiota and IgA QTLs and there is no significant correlation between IgA variable pattern utilization and the abundance of any of the taxa from the fecal microbiota. Conclusions We conclude that host genetics and diet can converge to shape the gut microbiota, but host genetic effects are not manifested through differences in IgA production. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13059-014-0552-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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125
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Diversification of memory B cells drives the continuous adaptation of secretory antibodies to gut microbiota. Nat Immunol 2015; 16:880-8. [DOI: 10.1038/ni.3213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/31/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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126
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Snir O, Mesin L, Gidoni M, Lundin KEA, Yaari G, Sollid LM. Analysis of celiac disease autoreactive gut plasma cells and their corresponding memory compartment in peripheral blood using high-throughput sequencing. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:5703-12. [PMID: 25972486 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Autoreactive IgA plasma cells (PCs) specific for the enzyme transglutaminase 2 (TG2) are abundant in the small intestine of patients with active celiac disease (CD), and their number drops in patients treated by dietary gluten elimination. Little is known about their characteristics and their role in the disease. In this study, using high-throughput sequencing of the IgH V region (IGHV) genes, we have studied features of TG2-specific PCs and their related B cell clones in peripheral blood. We found that TG2-specific PCs from both untreated and treated patients have acquired lower number of somatic hypermutation and used focused IGHV repertoire with overrepresentation of the IGHV3-48, IGHV4-59, IGHV5-10-1, and IGHV5-51 gene segments. Furthermore, these PCs were clonally expanded and showed signs of affinity maturation. Lineage trees demonstrated shared clones between gut PCs and blood memory B cells, primarily IgAs. Some trees also involved IgG cells, suggesting that anti-TG2 IgA and IgG responses are related. Similarly to TG2-specific PCs, clonally related memory IgA B cells of blood showed lower mutation rates with biased usage of IGHV3-48 and IGHV5-51. Such memory cells were rare in peripheral blood, yet detectable in most patients assessed by production of anti-TG2 Abs in vitro following stimulation of cells from patients who had been on a long-term gluten-free diet. Thus, the Ab response to TG2 in CD, while maintaining its IGHV gene usage, is dynamically regulated in response to gluten exposure with a low degree of maintenance at both PC and memory B cell levels in patients in remission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omri Snir
- Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Luka Mesin
- Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Moriah Gidoni
- Bioengineering Program, Faculty of Engineering, Bar-Ilan University, Ramt Gan 52900, Israel; and
| | - Knut E A Lundin
- Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, 0372 Oslo, Norway; Department of Gastroenterology, Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Gur Yaari
- Bioengineering Program, Faculty of Engineering, Bar-Ilan University, Ramt Gan 52900, Israel; and
| | - Ludvig M Sollid
- Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, 0372 Oslo, Norway;
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127
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Bemark M. Translating transitions - how to decipher peripheral human B cell development. J Biomed Res 2015; 29:264-84. [PMID: 26243514 PMCID: PMC4547376 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.29.20150035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
During the last two decades our understanding of human B cell differentiation has developed considerably. Our understanding of the human B cell compartment has advanced from a point where essentially all assays were based on the presence or not of class-switched antibodies to a level where a substantial diversity is appreciated among the cells involved. Several consecutive transitional stages that newly formed IgM expressing B cells go through after they leave the bone marrow, but before they are fully mature, have been described, and a significant complexity is also acknowledged within the IgM expressing and class-switched memory B cell compartments. It is possible to isolate plasma blasts in blood to follow the formation of plasma cells during immune responses, and the importance and uniqueness of the mucosal IgA system is now much more appreciated. Current data suggest the presence of at least one lineage of human innate-like B cells akin to B1 and/or marginal zone B cells in mice. In addition, regulatory B cells with the ability to produce IL-10 have been identified. Clinically, B cell depletion therapy is used for a broad range of conditions. The ability to define different human B cell subtypes using flow cytometry has therefore started to come into clinical use, but as our understanding of human B cell development further progresses, B cell subtype analysis will be of increasing importance in diagnosis, to measure the effect of immune therapy and to understand the underlying causes for diseases. In this review the diversity of human B cells will be discussed, with special focus on current data regarding their phenotypes and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mats Bemark
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Sahlgrenska University hospital, SE 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden.,Mucosal Immunobiology and Vaccine Center (MIVAC), Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden.
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128
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Xiong N, Hu S. Regulation of intestinal IgA responses. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:2645-55. [PMID: 25837997 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1892-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The intestine harbors enormous numbers of commensal bacteria and is under frequent attack from food-borne pathogens and toxins. A properly regulated immune response is critical for homeostatic maintenance of commensals and for protection against infection and toxins in the intestine. Immunoglobulin A (IgA) isotype antibodies function specifically in mucosal sites such as the intestines to help maintain intestinal health by binding to and regulating commensal microbiota, pathogens and toxins. IgA antibodies are produced by intestinal IgA antibody-secreting plasma cells generated in gut-associated lymphoid tissues from naïve B cells in response to stimulations of the intestinal bacteria and components. Research on generation, migration, and maintenance of IgA-secreting cells is important in our effort to understand the biology of IgA responses and to help better design vaccines against intestinal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Xiong
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Centre for Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, The Pennsylvania State University, 115 Henning Building, University Park, PA, 16802, USA,
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129
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Mabbott NA, Kobayashi A, Sehgal A, Bradford BM, Pattison M, Donaldson DS. Aging and the mucosal immune system in the intestine. Biogerontology 2015; 16:133-45. [PMID: 24705962 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-014-9498-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial and viral infections of the gastrointestinal tract are more common in the elderly and represent a major cause of morbidity and mortality. The mucosal immune system provides the first line of defence against pathogens acquired by ingestion and inhalation, but its function is adversely affected in the elderly. This aging-related decline in the immune function is termed immunosenescence and is associated with diminished abilities to generate protective immunity, reduced vaccine efficacy, increased incidence of cancer, inflammation and autoimmunity, and the impaired ability to generate tolerance to harmless antigens. In this review we describe our current understanding of the effects immunosenescence has on the innate and adaptive arms of the mucosal immune system in the intestine. Current estimates suggest that by the year 2050 up to 40% of the UK population will be over 65 years old, bringing with it important health challenges. A thorough understanding of the mechanisms that contribute to the development of immunosenescence is therefore crucial to help identify novel approaches to improve mucosal immunity in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil A Mabbott
- The Roslin Institute & Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK,
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130
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Winsauer C, Prepens S, Schlienz D, Nedospasov S, Kruglov AA. Novel mouse model to study T cell-dependent IgA induction in vivo. J Immunol Methods 2015; 421:54-60. [PMID: 25790905 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Commensal microbiota at the mucosal surfaces controls multiple aspects of body homeostasis. Therefore, regulation of microflora composition by the host is crucial, and one of the mechanisms driving microbiota diversity is the production of large quantities of immunoglobulin A (IgA) at the mucosal surfaces. However, mechanisms of IgA induction in the gut are not completely understood. Here we further characterize a mouse model for studying T cell-dependent IgA production in the gut due to specific genetic ablation of LTβ in RORγt+ cells. Using in utero blockade of the mesenteric lymph node development, we showed that IgA induction in these mice occurs directly in the LP. Furthermore, T cell-dependent IgA inducing mechanism in these mice generates distinct IgA plasma cells producing commensal microflora-binding IgA antibodies. Thus, this model represents a unique in vivo tool for the analysis of T cell-dependent IgA plasma cell generation and their antibody specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Winsauer
- German Rheumatism Research Center (DRFZ), a Leibniz Institute, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Sandra Prepens
- German Rheumatism Research Center (DRFZ), a Leibniz Institute, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Dirk Schlienz
- German Rheumatism Research Center (DRFZ), a Leibniz Institute, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Sergei Nedospasov
- German Rheumatism Research Center (DRFZ), a Leibniz Institute, Berlin 10117, Germany; Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology and Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia; Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Andrey A Kruglov
- German Rheumatism Research Center (DRFZ), a Leibniz Institute, Berlin 10117, Germany; Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology and Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia.
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131
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Slack E, Balmer ML, Macpherson AJ. B cells as a critical node in the microbiota-host immune system network. Immunol Rev 2015; 260:50-66. [PMID: 24942681 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mutualism with our intestinal microbiota is a prerequisite for healthy existence. This requires physical separation of the majority of the microbiota from the host (by secreted antimicrobials, mucus, and the intestinal epithelium) and active immune control of the low numbers of microbes that overcome these physical and chemical barriers, even in healthy individuals. In this review, we address how B-cell responses to members of the intestinal microbiota form a robust network with mucus, epithelial integrity, follicular helper T cells, innate immunity, and gut-associated lymphoid tissues to maintain host-microbiota mutualism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Slack
- Institute for Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
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132
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Gutzeit C, Magri G, Cerutti A. Intestinal IgA production and its role in host-microbe interaction. Immunol Rev 2015; 260:76-85. [PMID: 24942683 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Complex and diverse communities of bacteria establish mutualistic and symbiotic relationships with the gut after birth. The intestinal immune system responds to bacterial colonization by acquiring a state of hypo-responsiveness against commensals and active readiness against pathogens. The resulting homeostatic balance involves a continuous dialog between the microbiota and lymphocytes with the intermediation of epithelial and dendritic cells. This dialog causes massive production of immunoglobulin A (IgA), a non-inflammatory antibody specialized in mucosal protection. Here, we discuss recent advances on the regulation of intestinal IgA responses and their role in host-microbe interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Gutzeit
- Immunology Institute, Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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133
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Kubinak JL, Petersen C, Stephens WZ, Soto R, Bake E, O'Connell RM, Round JL. MyD88 signaling in T cells directs IgA-mediated control of the microbiota to promote health. Cell Host Microbe 2015; 17:153-63. [PMID: 25620548 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2014.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Altered commensal communities are associated with human disease. IgA mediates intestinal homeostasis and regulates microbiota composition. Intestinal IgA is produced at high levels as a result of T follicular helper cell (TFH) and B cell interactions in germinal centers. However, the pathways directing host IgA responses toward the microbiota remain unknown. Here, we report that signaling through the innate adaptor MyD88 in gut T cells coordinates germinal center responses, including TFH and IgA+ B cell development. TFH development is deficient in germ-free mice and can be restored by feeding TLR2 agonists that activate T cell-intrinsic MyD88 signaling. Loss of this pathway diminishes high-affinity IgA targeting of the microbiota and fails to control the bacterial community, leading to worsened disease. Our findings identify that T cells converge innate and adaptive immune signals to coordinate IgA against the microbiota, constraining microbial community membership to promote symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason L Kubinak
- Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Charisse Petersen
- Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - W Zac Stephens
- Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Ray Soto
- Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Erin Bake
- Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Ryan M O'Connell
- Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - June L Round
- Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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134
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Caballero S, Pamer EG. Microbiota-mediated inflammation and antimicrobial defense in the intestine. Annu Rev Immunol 2015; 33:227-56. [PMID: 25581310 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-032713-120238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The diverse microbial populations constituting the intestinal microbiota promote immune development and differentiation, but because of their complex metabolic requirements and the consequent difficulty culturing them, they remained, until recently, largely uncharacterized and mysterious. In the last decade, deep nucleic acid sequencing platforms, new computational and bioinformatics tools, and full-genome characterization of several hundred commensal bacterial species facilitated studies of the microbiota and revealed that differences in microbiota composition can be associated with inflammatory, metabolic, and infectious diseases, that each human is colonized by a distinct bacterial flora, and that the microbiota can be manipulated to reduce and even cure some diseases. Different bacterial species induce distinct immune cell populations that can play pro- and anti-inflammatory roles, and thus the composition of the microbiota determines, in part, the level of resistance to infection and susceptibility to inflammatory diseases. This review summarizes recent work characterizing commensal microbes that contribute to the antimicrobial defense/inflammation axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Caballero
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Infectious Diseases Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065;
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135
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Lycke N, Bemark M, Spencer J. Mucosal B Cell Differentiation and Regulation. Mucosal Immunol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415847-4.00033-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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136
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Fagarasan S, Macpherson AJ. The Regulation of IgA Production. Mucosal Immunol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415847-4.00023-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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137
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Magadan S, Sunyer OJ, Boudinot P. Unique Features of Fish Immune Repertoires: Particularities of Adaptive Immunity Within the Largest Group of Vertebrates. Results Probl Cell Differ 2015; 57:235-64. [PMID: 26537384 PMCID: PMC5124013 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-20819-0_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Fishes (i.e., teleost fishes) are the largest group of vertebrates. Although their immune system is based on the fundamental receptors, pathways, and cell types found in all groups of vertebrates, fishes show a diversity of particular features that challenge some classical concepts of immunology. In this chapter, we discuss the particularities of fish immune repertoires from a comparative perspective. We examine how allelic exclusion can be achieved when multiple Ig loci are present, how isotypic diversity and functional specificity impact clonal complexity, how loss of the MHC class II molecules affects the cooperation between T and B cells, and how deep sequencing technologies bring new insights about somatic hypermutation in the absence of germinal centers. The unique coexistence of two distinct B-cell lineages respectively specialized in systemic and mucosal responses is also discussed. Finally, we try to show that the diverse adaptations of immune repertoires in teleosts can help in understanding how somatic adaptive mechanisms of immunity evolved in parallel in different lineages across vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Magadan
- Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Jouy-en-Josas, France.
| | - Oriol J Sunyer
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Pierre Boudinot
- Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Jouy-en-Josas, France.
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138
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139
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140
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Chorny A, Cerutti A. Regulation and Function of Mucosal IgA and IgD. Mucosal Immunol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415847-4.00032-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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141
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142
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Smith PM, Garrett WS. Gut Microbiota and Intestinal Adaptive Immunity. Mucosal Immunol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415847-4.00042-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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143
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Crohn’s Disease. Mucosal Immunol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415847-4.00082-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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144
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Old questions, new tools: does next-generation sequencing hold the key to unraveling intestinal B-cell responses? Mucosal Immunol 2015; 8:29-37. [PMID: 25389035 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2014.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of the intestinal B-cell system and properties of immunoglobulin A, the main antibody isotype produced in the gut, has dominated the rise of mucosal immunology as a discipline. Seminal work established concepts describing the induction, transport, and function of mucosal antibodies. Still, open questions remain and we lack a comprehensive view of how the various sites and pathways of immunoglobulin A induction are integrated to respond to gut antigens. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) offers a novel approach to study B-cell responses, which might substantially enhance our tool box to answer key questions in the field and to take the next steps toward therapeutic exploitation of the mucosal B-cell system. In this review we discuss the potential, challenges, and emerging solutions for gut B-cell repertoire analysis by NGS.
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145
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Mathias A, Pais B, Favre L, Benyacoub J, Corthésy B. Role of secretory IgA in the mucosal sensing of commensal bacteria. Gut Microbes 2014; 5:688-95. [PMID: 25536286 PMCID: PMC4615909 DOI: 10.4161/19490976.2014.983763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
While the gut epithelium represents the largest mucosal tissue, the mechanisms underlying the interaction between intestinal bacteria and the host epithelium lead to multiple outcomes that remain poorly understood at the molecular level. Deciphering such events may provide valuable information as to the mode of action of commensal and probiotic microorganisms in the gastrointestinal environment. Potential roles of such microorganisms along the privileged target represented by the intestinal immune system include maturation processes prior, during and after weaning, and the reduction of inflammatory reactions in pathogenic conditions. As commensal bacteria are naturally coated by natural and antigen-specific SIgA in the gut lumen, understanding the consequences of such an interaction may provide new clues on how the antibody contributes to homeostasis at mucosal surfaces. This review discusses several aspects of the role of SIgA in the essential communication existing between the host epithelium and members of its microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandine Mathias
- R&D Laboratory; Division of Immunology and Allergy; Center des Laboratoires d’Epalinges; Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Bruno Pais
- R&D Laboratory; Division of Immunology and Allergy; Center des Laboratoires d’Epalinges; Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Favre
- Nutrition and Health; Nestlé Research Center; Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jalil Benyacoub
- Nutrition and Health; Nestlé Research Center; Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Blaise Corthésy
- R&D Laboratory; Division of Immunology and Allergy; Center des Laboratoires d’Epalinges; Epalinges, Switzerland,Correspondence to: Blaise Corthésy;
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146
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Abstract
The intestinal mucosa harbors the largest population of antibody (Ab)-secreting plasma cells (PC) in the human body, producing daily several grams of immunoglobulin A (IgA). IgA has many functions, serving as a first-line barrier that protects the mucosal epithelium from pathogens, toxins and food antigens (Ag), shaping the intestinal microbiota, and regulating host-commensal homeostasis. Signals induced by commensal colonization are central for regulating IgA induction, maintenance, positioning and function and the number of IgA(+) PC is dramatically reduced in neonates and germ-free (GF) animals. Recent evidence demonstrates that the innate immune effector molecules tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) are required for IgA(+) PC homeostasis during the steady state and infection. Moreover, new functions ascribed to PC independent of Ab secretion continue to emerge, suggesting that PC, including IgA(+) PC, should be re-examined in the context of inflammation and infection. Here, we outline mechanisms of IgA(+) PC generation and survival, reviewing their functions in health and disease.
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Key Words
- AID, activation-induced deaminase
- APC, antigen-presenting cell
- APRIL, a proliferation-inducing ligand
- Ab, antibody
- Ag, antigen
- Arg, arginase
- Atg, autophagy-related gene
- B cell
- BAFF, B-cell activating factor
- BCMA, B-cell maturation antigen
- BM, bone marrow
- Blimp, B-lymphocyte-induced maturation protein
- CCL, CC chemokine ligand
- CCR, CC chemokine receptor
- CD, cluster of differentiation
- CSR, class-switch recombination
- CXCL, CXC chemokine ligand
- DC, dendritic cell
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- FDC, follicular dendritic cells
- FcαR, Fc fragment of IgA receptor
- GALT, gut-associated lymphoid tissues
- GC, germinal center
- GF, germ-free
- GM-CSF, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor
- GRP, glucose-regulated proteins
- HIV, human immunodeficiency virus
- IEC, intestinal epithelial cells
- IFN, interferon
- IL, interleukin
- ILC, innate lymphoid cells
- ILF, isolated lymphoid follicles
- IRE, inositol-requiring enzyme
- IRF, interferon regulatory factor
- Id, inhibitor of DNA binding
- IgA, immunoglobulin A
- IgAD, selective IgA deficiency
- L-Arg, L-Arginine
- L-Cit, L-citrulline
- L-Glu, L-Glutamate
- L-Orn, L-Ornithine
- L-Pro, L-Proline
- LIGHT, homologous to lymphotoxin, exhibits inducible expression, and competes with HSV glycoprotein D for herpes virus entry mediator, a receptor expressed by T lymphocytes
- LP, lamina propria
- LT, lymphotoxinLTβR, LTβ-receptor
- LTi, lymphoid tissue-inducer
- LTo, lymphoid tissue organizing
- Ly, lymphocyte antigen
- MHC, major histocompatibility complex
- MLN, mesenteric lymph nodes
- NO, nitric oxide
- PC, plasma cells
- PP, Peyer's patch
- Pax, paired box
- ROR, Retionic acid receptor (RAR)- or retinoid-related orphan receptor
- SC, stromal cells
- SHM, somatic hypermutation
- SIGNR, specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3-grabbing non-integrin-related
- SIgAsecretory IgA
- TACI, transmembrane activator and calcium-modulator and cyclophilin ligand interactor
- TD, T-dependent
- TFH, T-follicular helper cells
- TGFβR, transforming growth factor β receptor
- TI, T-independent
- TLR, Toll-like receptor
- TNFR, TNF receptor
- TNFα, tumor necrosis factor α
- Th, T helper cell
- Treg, T-regulatory cell
- UPR, unfolded protein response
- XBP, X-box binding protein
- bcl, B-cell lymphoma
- cGMP, cyclic guanosine monophosphate
- iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase
- immunoglobulin A (IgA)
- inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)
- innate immune recognition
- intestinal microbiota
- mucosa
- pIgA, polymeric IgA
- pIgR, polymeric Ig receptor
- plasma cell
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olga L Rojas
- Department of Immunology; University of Toronto; Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Jörg H Fritz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Department of Physiology; Complex Traits Group; McGill University; Montreal, QC Canada,Correspondence to: Jörg H Fritz;
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147
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Abstract
The intestine represents the largest compartment of the immune system. It is continually exposed to antigens and immunomodulatory agents from the diet and the commensal microbiota, and it is the port of entry for many clinically important pathogens. Intestinal immune processes are also increasingly implicated in controlling disease development elsewhere in the body. In this Review, we detail the anatomical and physiological distinctions that are observed in the small and large intestines, and we suggest how these may account for the diversity in the immune apparatus that is seen throughout the intestine. We describe how the distribution of innate, adaptive and innate-like immune cells varies in different segments of the intestine and discuss the environmental factors that may influence this. Finally, we consider the implications of regional immune specialization for inflammatory disease in the intestine.
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148
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Toxicological effects of nickel chloride on IgA+ B Cells and sIgA, IgA, IgG, IgM in the intestinal mucosal immunity in broilers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2014; 11:8175-92. [PMID: 25116637 PMCID: PMC4143856 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph110808175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the toxicological effects of dietary NiCl2 on IgA+ B cells and the immunoglobulins including sIgA, IgA, IgG and IgM in the small intestine and cecal tonsil of broilers by the methods of immunohistochemistry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Two hundred and forty one-day-old avian broilers were randomly divided into four groups and fed on a control diet and three experimental diets supplemented with 300, 600, and 900 mg/kg NiCl2 for 42 days. Compared with the control group, the IgA+ B cell number and the sIgA, IgA, IgG, and IgM contents in the NiCl2-treated groups were significantly decreased (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01). It was concluded that dietary NiCl2 in the excess of 300 mg/kg had negative effects on the IgA+ B cell number and the above mentioned immunoglobulin contents in the small intestine and the cecal tonsil. NiCl2-reduced sIgA, IgA, IgG and IgM contents is due to decrease in the population and/or the activation of B cell. The results suggest that NiCl2 at high levels has intestinal mucosal humoral immunotoxicity in animals.
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149
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Pontes-de-Carvalho L, Mengel J. A Question of Nature: Some Antigens are Bound to be Allergens. Front Immunol 2014; 5:373. [PMID: 25140169 PMCID: PMC4122158 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lain Pontes-de-Carvalho
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz , Salvador , Brazil ; Social Changes, Asthma and Allergy in Latin America - SCAALA - Program , Salvador , Brazil
| | - José Mengel
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil ; Faculty of Medicine of Petropolis, FMP-FASE , Petrópolis , Brazil
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150
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Abstract
The human fetus lives in a germ-free intrauterine environment and enters the outside world containing microorganisms from several sources, resulting in gut colonization. Full-term, vaginally born infants are completely colonized with a diverse array of bacterial families in clusters (Phyla) and species (>1000) by the first year of life. Colonizing bacteria communicating with the gut epithelium and underlying lymphoid tissues ('bacterial-epithelial crosstalk') result in a functional immune phenotype and no expression of disease (immune homeostasis). Appropriate colonization is influenced by the prebiotic effect of breast milk oligosaccharides. Adequate colonization results in an innate and adaptive mucosal immune phenotype via communication between molecular patterns on colonizing bacteria and pattern-recognition receptors (e.g., toll-like receptors) on epithelial and lymphoid cells. This ontogeny affects the immune system's capacity to develop oral tolerance to innocuous bacteria and benign antigens. Inadequate intestinal colonization with premature delivery, delivery by Cesarean section and excessive use of perinatal antibiotics results in the absence of adequate bacterial-epithelial crosstalk and an increased incidence of immune-mediated diseases [e.g., asthma, allergy in general and necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC)]. Fortunately, infants with inadequate intestinal colonization can be restored to a bacterial balance with the intake of probiotics. This has been shown to prevent debilitating diseases such as NEC. Thus, understanding the role of gut microbiota in programming of the immune phenotype may be important in preventing disease expression in later childhood and adulthood.
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