101
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Stavrou EF, Lazaris VM, Giannakopoulos A, Papapetrou E, Spyridonidis A, Zoumbos NC, Gkountis A, Athanassiadou A. The β-globin Replicator greatly enhances the potential of S/MAR based episomal vectors for gene transfer into human haematopoietic progenitor cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40673. [PMID: 28106085 PMCID: PMC5247744 DOI: 10.1038/srep40673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Specific human chromosomal elements enhance the performance of episomal gene-transfer vectors. S/MAR-based episomal vector pEPI-eGFP transfects CD34+ haematopoietic cells, but only transiently. To address this issue we reinforced (1) transgene transcription by replacing the CMV promoter driving eGFP with the EF1/HTLV or SFFV promoters to produce vectors pEPI-EF1/HTLV and pEPI-SFFV, respectively; and (2) plasmid replication by inserting the replication-Initiation Region (IR) from the β-globin locus into vector pEPI-SFFV to produce vector pEP-IR. All vectors supported stable transfections in K562 cells. Transfections of CD34+ cells from peripheral blood of healthy donors reached 30% efficiency. Upon evaluation of CD34+/eGFP+ cells in colony-forming cell (CFC) assays, vector pEP-IR showed superior performance after 14 days, by fluorescent microscopy: 100% eGFP+-colonies against 0% for pEPI-eGFP, 56.9% for pEPI-SFFV and 49.8% for pEPI-EF1/HTLV; 50% more plasmid copies per cell and 3-fold eGFP expression compared to the latter two constructs, by quantitative (q)PCR and RT-qPCR, respectively. Importantly, the establishment rate in CFC assays was 15% for pEP-IR against 5.5% for pEPI-SFFV and 5% for pEPI-EF1/HTLV. Vector pEP-IR shows extremely low delivery rate but supports eGFP expression in thalassaemic mouse haematopoietic progenitor cells. The IR is a novel human control element for improved episomal gene transfer into progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleana F. Stavrou
- Department of General Biology, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Greece
| | | | | | - Eirini Papapetrou
- Department of General Biology, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Greece
| | - Alexandros Spyridonidis
- Haematology Unit Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Greece
| | - Nikolas C. Zoumbos
- Haematology Unit Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Greece
| | - Antonis Gkountis
- Gene and Cell Therapy Center, Haematology Department-BMT Unit, George Papanicolaou Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
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102
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Khonsari H, Schneider M, Al-Mahdawi S, Chianea YG, Themis M, Parris C, Pook MA, Themis M. Lentivirus-meditated frataxin gene delivery reverses genome instability in Friedreich ataxia patient and mouse model fibroblasts. Gene Ther 2016; 23:846-856. [PMID: 27518705 PMCID: PMC5143368 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2016.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Friedreich ataxia (FRDA) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease caused by deficiency of frataxin protein, with the primary sites of pathology being the large sensory neurons of the dorsal root ganglia and the cerebellum. FRDA is also often accompanied by severe cardiomyopathy and diabetes mellitus. Frataxin is important in mitochondrial iron-sulfur cluster (ISC) biogenesis and low-frataxin expression is due to a GAA repeat expansion in intron 1 of the FXN gene. FRDA cells are genomically unstable, with increased levels of reactive oxygen species and sensitivity to oxidative stress. Here we report the identification of elevated levels of DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) in FRDA patient and YG8sR FRDA mouse model fibroblasts compared to normal fibroblasts. Using lentivirus FXN gene delivery to FRDA patient and YG8sR cells, we obtained long-term overexpression of FXN mRNA and frataxin protein levels with reduced DSB levels towards normal. Furthermore, γ-irradiation of FRDA patient and YG8sR cells revealed impaired DSB repair that was recovered on FXN gene transfer. This suggests that frataxin may be involved in DSB repair, either directly by an unknown mechanism, or indirectly via ISC biogenesis for DNA repair enzymes, which may be essential for the prevention of neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Khonsari
- Division of Biosciences, Department of Life Sciences, College of Health & Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UK
- Synthetic Biology Theme, Institute of Environment, Health & Societies, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UK
| | - M Schneider
- Division of Biosciences, Department of Life Sciences, College of Health & Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UK
- Synthetic Biology Theme, Institute of Environment, Health & Societies, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UK
| | - S Al-Mahdawi
- Division of Biosciences, Department of Life Sciences, College of Health & Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UK
- Synthetic Biology Theme, Institute of Environment, Health & Societies, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UK
| | - Y G Chianea
- Division of Biosciences, Department of Life Sciences, College of Health & Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UK
- Synthetic Biology Theme, Institute of Environment, Health & Societies, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UK
| | - M Themis
- Division of Biosciences, Department of Life Sciences, College of Health & Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UK
| | - C Parris
- Division of Biosciences, Department of Life Sciences, College of Health & Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UK
| | - M A Pook
- Division of Biosciences, Department of Life Sciences, College of Health & Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UK
- Synthetic Biology Theme, Institute of Environment, Health & Societies, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UK
| | - M Themis
- Division of Biosciences, Department of Life Sciences, College of Health & Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UK
- Synthetic Biology Theme, Institute of Environment, Health & Societies, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UK
- Division of Ecology and Evolution, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
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103
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Oelsner S, Friede ME, Zhang C, Wagner J, Badura S, Bader P, Ullrich E, Ottmann OG, Klingemann H, Tonn T, Wels WS. Continuously expanding CAR NK-92 cells display selective cytotoxicity against B-cell leukemia and lymphoma. Cytotherapy 2016; 19:235-249. [PMID: 27887866 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2016.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Natural killer (NK) cells can rapidly respond to transformed and stressed cells and represent an important effector cell type for adoptive immunotherapy. In addition to donor-derived primary NK cells, continuously expanding cytotoxic cell lines such as NK-92 are being developed for clinical applications. METHODS To enhance their therapeutic utility for the treatment of B-cell malignancies, we engineered NK-92 cells by lentiviral gene transfer to express chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) that target CD19 and contain human CD3ζ (CAR 63.z), composite CD28-CD3ζ or CD137-CD3ζ signaling domains (CARs 63.28.z and 63.137.z). RESULTS Exposure of CD19-positive targets to CAR NK-92 cells resulted in formation of conjugates between NK and cancer cells, NK-cell degranulation and selective cytotoxicity toward established B-cell leukemia and lymphoma cells. Likewise, the CAR NK cells displayed targeted cell killing of primary pre-B-ALL blasts that were resistant to parental NK-92. Although all three CAR NK-92 cell variants were functionally active, NK-92/63.137.z cells were less effective than NK-92/63.z and NK-92/63.28.z in cell killing and cytokine production, pointing to differential effects of the costimulatory CD28 and CD137 domains. In a Raji B-cell lymphoma model in NOD-SCID IL2R γnull mice, treatment with NK-92/63.z cells, but not parental NK-92 cells, inhibited disease progression, indicating that selective cytotoxicity was retained in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that it is feasible to generate CAR-engineered NK-92 cells with potent and selective antitumor activity. These cells may become clinically useful as a continuously expandable off-the-shelf cell therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Oelsner
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Miriam E Friede
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Congcong Zhang
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Juliane Wagner
- Division for Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany; LOEWE Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Susanne Badura
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Peter Bader
- Division for Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Evelyn Ullrich
- Division for Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany; LOEWE Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Oliver G Ottmann
- Department of Haematology, Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | | | - Torsten Tonn
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, German Red Cross Blood Donation Service North-East, Dresden and Transfusion Medicine, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Germany
| | - Winfried S Wels
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Frankfurt/Mainz, Germany.
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104
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Lent-On-Plus Lentiviral vectors for conditional expression in human stem cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37289. [PMID: 27853296 PMCID: PMC5112523 DOI: 10.1038/srep37289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Conditional transgene expression in human stem cells has been difficult to achieve due to the low efficiency of existing delivery methods, the strong silencing of the transgenes and the toxicity of the regulators. Most of the existing technologies are based on stem cells clones expressing appropriate levels of tTA or rtTA transactivators (based on the TetR-VP16 chimeras). In the present study, we aim the generation of Tet-On all-in-one lentiviral vectors (LVs) that tightly regulate transgene expression in human stem cells using the original TetR repressor. By using appropriate promoter combinations and shielding the LVs with the Is2 insulator, we have constructed the Lent-On-Plus Tet-On system that achieved efficient transgene regulation in human multipotent and pluripotent stem cells. The generation of inducible stem cell lines with the Lent-ON-Plus LVs did not require selection or cloning, and transgene regulation was maintained after long-term cultured and upon differentiation toward different lineages. To our knowledge, Lent-On-Plus is the first all-in-one vector system that tightly regulates transgene expression in bulk populations of human pluripotent stem cells and its progeny.
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105
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Merryweather-Clarke AT, Tipping AJ, Lamikanra AA, Fa R, Abu-Jamous B, Tsang HP, Carpenter L, Robson KJH, Nandi AK, Roberts DJ. Distinct gene expression program dynamics during erythropoiesis from human induced pluripotent stem cells compared with adult and cord blood progenitors. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:817. [PMID: 27769165 PMCID: PMC5073849 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-3134-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) are a potentially invaluable resource for regenerative medicine, including the in vitro manufacture of blood products. HiPSC-derived red blood cells are an attractive therapeutic option in hematology, yet exhibit unexplained proliferation and enucleation defects that presently preclude such applications. We hypothesised that substantial differential regulation of gene expression during erythroid development accounts for these important differences between hiPSC-derived cells and those from adult or cord-blood progenitors. We thus cultured erythroblasts from each source for transcriptomic analysis to investigate differential gene expression underlying these functional defects. RESULTS Our high resolution transcriptional view of definitive erythropoiesis captures the regulation of genes relevant to cell-cycle control and confers statistical power to deploy novel bioinformatics methods. Whilst the dynamics of erythroid program elaboration from adult and cord blood progenitors were very similar, the emerging erythroid transcriptome in hiPSCs revealed radically different program elaboration compared to adult and cord blood cells. We explored the function of differentially expressed genes in hiPSC-specific clusters defined by our novel tunable clustering algorithms (SMART and Bi-CoPaM). HiPSCs show reduced expression of c-KIT and key erythroid transcription factors SOX6, MYB and BCL11A, strong HBZ-induction, and aberrant expression of genes involved in protein degradation, lysosomal clearance and cell-cycle regulation. CONCLUSIONS Together, these data suggest that hiPSC-derived cells may be specified to a primitive erythroid fate, and implies that definitive specification may more accurately reflect adult development. We have therefore identified, for the first time, distinct gene expression dynamics during erythroblast differentiation from hiPSCs which may cause reduced proliferation and enucleation of hiPSC-derived erythroid cells. The data suggest several mechanistic defects which may partially explain the observed aberrant erythroid differentiation from hiPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison T Merryweather-Clarke
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK.,National Health Service Blood and Transplant, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9BQ, UK
| | - Alex J Tipping
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK.,National Health Service Blood and Transplant, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9BQ, UK
| | - Abigail A Lamikanra
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK. .,National Health Service Blood and Transplant, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9BQ, UK.
| | - Rui Fa
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Brunel University London, Middlesex, UB8 3PH, UK
| | - Basel Abu-Jamous
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Brunel University London, Middlesex, UB8 3PH, UK
| | - Hoi Pat Tsang
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK.,National Health Service Blood and Transplant, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9BQ, UK
| | - Lee Carpenter
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK.,National Health Service Blood and Transplant, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9BQ, UK
| | - Kathryn J H Robson
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, OX3 9DU, Oxford, UK
| | - Asoke K Nandi
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Brunel University London, Middlesex, UB8 3PH, UK.,Distinguished Visiting Professor, The Key Laboratory of Embedded Systems and Service Computing, College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - David J Roberts
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK. .,National Health Service Blood and Transplant, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9BQ, UK.
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106
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Brendel C, Guda S, Renella R, Bauer DE, Canver MC, Kim YJ, Heeney MM, Klatt D, Fogel J, Milsom MD, Orkin SH, Gregory RI, Williams DA. Lineage-specific BCL11A knockdown circumvents toxicities and reverses sickle phenotype. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:3868-3878. [PMID: 27599293 DOI: 10.1172/jci87885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Reducing expression of the fetal hemoglobin (HbF) repressor BCL11A leads to a simultaneous increase in γ-globin expression and reduction in β-globin expression. Thus, there is interest in targeting BCL11A as a treatment for β-hemoglobinopathies, including sickle cell disease (SCD) and β-thalassemia. Here, we found that using optimized shRNAs embedded within an miRNA (shRNAmiR) architecture to achieve ubiquitous knockdown of BCL11A profoundly impaired long-term engraftment of both human and mouse hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) despite a reduction in nonspecific cellular toxicities. BCL11A knockdown was associated with a substantial increase in S/G2-phase human HSCs after engraftment into immunodeficient (NSG) mice, a phenotype that is associated with HSC exhaustion. Lineage-specific, shRNAmiR-mediated suppression of BCL11A in erythroid cells led to stable long-term engraftment of gene-modified cells. Transduced primary normal or SCD human HSCs expressing the lineage-specific BCL11A shRNAmiR gave rise to erythroid cells with up to 90% reduction of BCL11A protein. These erythrocytes demonstrated 60%-70% γ-chain expression (vs. < 10% for negative control) and a corresponding increase in HbF. Transplantation of gene-modified murine HSCs from Berkeley sickle cell mice led to a substantial improvement of sickle-associated hemolytic anemia and reticulocytosis, key pathophysiological biomarkers of SCD. These data form the basis for a clinical trial application for treating sickle cell disease.
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107
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Oelsner S, Wagner J, Friede ME, Pfirrmann V, Genßler S, Rettinger E, Buchholz CJ, Pfeifer H, Schubert R, Ottmann OG, Ullrich E, Bader P, Wels WS. Chimeric antigen receptor-engineered cytokine-induced killer cells overcome treatment resistance of pre-B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia and enhance survival. Int J Cancer 2016; 139:1799-809. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Oelsner
- Georg-Speyer-Haus; Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy; Frankfurt Germany
- Division for Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology; Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Goethe University; Frankfurt Germany
| | - Juliane Wagner
- Division for Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology; Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Goethe University; Frankfurt Germany
- LOEWE Center for Cell and Gene Therapy; Goethe University; Frankfurt Germany
| | - Miriam E. Friede
- Georg-Speyer-Haus; Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy; Frankfurt Germany
| | - Verena Pfirrmann
- Division for Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology; Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Goethe University; Frankfurt Germany
| | - Sabrina Genßler
- Georg-Speyer-Haus; Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy; Frankfurt Germany
| | - Eva Rettinger
- Division for Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology; Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Goethe University; Frankfurt Germany
| | - Christian J. Buchholz
- Molecular Biotechnology and Gene Therapy; Paul-Ehrlich-Institut; Langen Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK); Heidelberg Germany
| | - Heike Pfeifer
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Oncology; Goethe University; Frankfurt Germany
| | - Ralf Schubert
- Division for Allergology, Pneumology and Cystic Fibrosis; Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Goethe University; Frankfurt Germany
| | - Oliver G. Ottmann
- Department of Haematology, Division of Cancer and Genetics; Cardiff University School of Medicine; Cardiff United Kingdom
| | - Evelyn Ullrich
- Division for Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology; Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Goethe University; Frankfurt Germany
- LOEWE Center for Cell and Gene Therapy; Goethe University; Frankfurt Germany
| | - Peter Bader
- Division for Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology; Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Goethe University; Frankfurt Germany
| | - Winfried S. Wels
- Georg-Speyer-Haus; Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy; Frankfurt Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz; Germany
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108
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Bender RR, Muth A, Schneider IC, Friedel T, Hartmann J, Plückthun A, Maisner A, Buchholz CJ. Receptor-Targeted Nipah Virus Glycoproteins Improve Cell-Type Selective Gene Delivery and Reveal a Preference for Membrane-Proximal Cell Attachment. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005641. [PMID: 27281338 PMCID: PMC4900575 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor-targeted lentiviral vectors (LVs) can be an effective tool for selective transfer of genes into distinct cell types of choice. Moreover, they can be used to determine the molecular properties that cell surface proteins must fulfill to act as receptors for viral glycoproteins. Here we show that LVs pseudotyped with receptor-targeted Nipah virus (NiV) glycoproteins effectively enter into cells when they use cell surface proteins as receptors that bring them closely enough to the cell membrane (less than 100 Å distance). Then, they were flexible in receptor usage as demonstrated by successful targeting of EpCAM, CD20, and CD8, and as selective as LVs pseudotyped with receptor-targeted measles virus (MV) glycoproteins, the current standard for cell-type specific gene delivery. Remarkably, NiV-LVs could be produced at up to two orders of magnitude higher titers compared to their MV-based counterparts and were at least 10,000-fold less effectively neutralized than MV glycoprotein pseudotyped LVs by pooled human intravenous immunoglobulin. An important finding for NiV-LVs targeted to Her2/neu was an about 100-fold higher gene transfer activity when particles were targeted to membrane-proximal regions as compared to particles binding to a more membrane-distal epitope. Likewise, the low gene transfer activity mediated by NiV-LV particles bound to the membrane distal domains of CD117 or the glutamate receptor subunit 4 (GluA4) was substantially enhanced by reducing receptor size to below 100 Å. Overall, the data suggest that the NiV glycoproteins are optimally suited for cell-type specific gene delivery with LVs and, in addition, for the first time define which parts of a cell surface protein should be targeted to achieve optimal gene transfer rates with receptor-targeted LVs. Pseudotyping of lentiviral vectors (LVs) with glycoproteins from other enveloped viruses has not only often been revealing in mechanistic studies of particle assembly and entry, but is also of practical importance for gene delivery. LVs pseudotyped with engineered glycoproteins allowing free choice of receptor usage are expected to overcome current limitations in cell-type selectivity of gene transfer. Here we describe for the first time receptor-targeted Nipah virus glycoproteins as important step towards this goal. LV particles carrying the engineered Nipah virus glycoproteins were substantially more efficient in gene delivery than their state-of-the-art measles virus-based counterparts, now making the production of receptor-targeted LVs for clinical applications possible. Moreover, the data define for the first time the molecular requirements for membrane fusion with respect to the position of the receptor binding site relative to the cell membrane, a finding with implications for the molecular evolution of paramyxoviruses using proteinaceous receptors for cell entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben R Bender
- Molecular Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Anke Muth
- Molecular Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Irene C Schneider
- Molecular Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Thorsten Friedel
- Molecular Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Jessica Hartmann
- Molecular Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Andreas Plückthun
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Maisner
- Institute for Virology (BMFZ), Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Christian J Buchholz
- Molecular Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
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109
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Morton PE, Hicks A, Ortiz-Zapater E, Raghavan S, Pike R, Noble A, Woodfin A, Jenkins G, Rayner E, Santis G, Parsons M. TNFα promotes CAR-dependent migration of leukocytes across epithelial monolayers. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26321. [PMID: 27193388 PMCID: PMC4872059 DOI: 10.1038/srep26321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Trans-epithelial migration (TEpM) of leukocytes during inflammation requires engagement with receptors expressed on the basolateral surface of the epithelium. One such receptor is Coxsackie and Adenovirus Receptor (CAR) that binds to Junctional Adhesion Molecule-like (JAM-L) expressed on leukocytes. Here we provide the first evidence that efficient TEpM of monocyte-derived THP-1 cells requires and is controlled by phosphorylation of CAR. We show that TNFα acts in a paracrine manner on epithelial cells via a TNFR1-PI3K-PKCδ pathway leading to CAR phosphorylation and subsequent transmigration across cell junctions. Moreover, we show that CAR is hyper-phosphorylated in vivo in acute and chronic lung inflammation models and this response is required to facilitate immune cell recruitment. This represents a novel mechanism of feedback between leukocytes and epithelial cells during TEpM and may be important in controlling responses to pro-inflammatory cytokines in pathological settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penny E Morton
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guys Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Alexander Hicks
- Division of Asthma, Allergy &Lung Biology, King's College London, 5th Floor Tower Wing, Guy's Hospital Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Elena Ortiz-Zapater
- Division of Asthma, Allergy &Lung Biology, King's College London, 5th Floor Tower Wing, Guy's Hospital Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Swetavalli Raghavan
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guys Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Rosemary Pike
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guys Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Alistair Noble
- Division of Asthma, Allergy &Lung Biology, King's College London, 5th Floor Tower Wing, Guy's Hospital Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Abigail Woodfin
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary, University of London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Gisli Jenkins
- Respiratory Research Unit, University of Nottingham, Clinical Sciences Building, City Campus, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK
| | - Emma Rayner
- Public Health England, Salisbury, Wiltshire, SP4 0JG, UK
| | - George Santis
- Division of Asthma, Allergy &Lung Biology, King's College London, 5th Floor Tower Wing, Guy's Hospital Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Maddy Parsons
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guys Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK
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110
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Friedel T, Jung-Klawitter S, Sebe A, Schenk F, Modlich U, Ivics Z, Schumann GG, Buchholz CJ, Schneider IC. CD30 Receptor-Targeted Lentiviral Vectors for Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Specific Gene Modification. Stem Cells Dev 2016; 25:729-39. [PMID: 26956718 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2015.0386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cultures of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) often contain cells of varying grades of pluripotency. We present novel lentiviral vectors targeted to the surface receptor CD30 (CD30-LV) to transfer genes into iPSCs that are truly pluripotent as demonstrated by marker gene expression. We demonstrate that CD30 expression is restricted to SSEA4(high) cells of human iPSC cultures and a human embryonic stem cell line. When CD30-LV was added to iPSCs during routine cultivation, efficient and exclusive transduction of cells positive for the pluripotency marker Oct-4 was achieved, while retaining their pluripotency. When added during the reprogramming process, CD30-LV solely transduced cells that became fully reprogrammed iPSCs as confirmed by co-expression of endogenous Nanog and the reporter gene. Thus, CD30-LV may serve as novel tool for the selective gene transfer into PSCs with broad applications in basic and therapeutic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Friedel
- 1 Molecular Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut , Langen, Germany
| | | | - Attila Sebe
- 2 Medical Biotechnology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut , Langen, Germany
| | - Franziska Schenk
- 3 Research Group for Gene Modification in Stem Cells, LOEWE Center of Cell and Gene Therapy Frankfurt , Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Ute Modlich
- 3 Research Group for Gene Modification in Stem Cells, LOEWE Center of Cell and Gene Therapy Frankfurt , Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Zoltán Ivics
- 2 Medical Biotechnology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut , Langen, Germany
| | | | - Christian J Buchholz
- 1 Molecular Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut , Langen, Germany
| | - Irene C Schneider
- 1 Molecular Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut , Langen, Germany
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111
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Kohrs N, Kolodziej S, Kuvardina ON, Herglotz J, Yillah J, Herkt S, Piechatzek A, Salinas Riester G, Lingner T, Wichmann C, Bonig H, Seifried E, Platzbecker U, Medyouf H, Grez M, Lausen J. MiR144/451 Expression Is Repressed by RUNX1 During Megakaryopoiesis and Disturbed by RUNX1/ETO. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1005946. [PMID: 26990877 PMCID: PMC4798443 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
A network of lineage-specific transcription factors and microRNAs tightly regulates differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells along the distinct lineages. Deregulation of this regulatory network contributes to impaired lineage fidelity and leukemogenesis. We found that the hematopoietic master regulator RUNX1 controls the expression of certain microRNAs, of importance during erythroid/megakaryocytic differentiation. In particular, we show that the erythorid miR144/451 cluster is epigenetically repressed by RUNX1 during megakaryopoiesis. Furthermore, the leukemogenic RUNX1/ETO fusion protein transcriptionally represses the miR144/451 pre-microRNA. Thus RUNX1/ETO contributes to increased expression of miR451 target genes and interferes with normal gene expression during differentiation. Furthermore, we observed that inhibition of RUNX1/ETO in Kasumi1 cells and in RUNX1/ETO positive primary acute myeloid leukemia patient samples leads to up-regulation of miR144/451. RUNX1 thus emerges as a key regulator of a microRNA network, driving differentiation at the megakaryocytic/erythroid branching point. The network is disturbed by the leukemogenic RUNX1/ETO fusion product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Kohrs
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumorbiology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Stephan Kolodziej
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumorbiology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Olga N. Kuvardina
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumorbiology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Julia Herglotz
- Heinrich-Pette-Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jasmin Yillah
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumorbiology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Stefanie Herkt
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumorbiology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Alexander Piechatzek
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumorbiology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | - Thomas Lingner
- Medical-University Goettingen, Transcriptome Analysis Laboratory, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Christian Wichmann
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Cell Therapeutics and Hemostaseology, Ludwig-Maximilian University Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - Halvard Bonig
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Immunohematology, Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe University and German Red Cross Blood Service, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Erhard Seifried
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Immunohematology, Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe University and German Red Cross Blood Service, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Uwe Platzbecker
- Department of Hematology, Medical Clinic and Polyclinic I, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany
| | - Hind Medyouf
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumorbiology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Manuel Grez
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumorbiology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jörn Lausen
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumorbiology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt, Germany
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Immunohematology, Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe University and German Red Cross Blood Service, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- * E-mail:
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112
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Chang VT, Spooner RA, Crispin M, Davis SJ. Glycan Remodeling with Processing Inhibitors and Lectin-Resistant Eukaryotic Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1321:307-22. [PMID: 26082231 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2760-9_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Some of the most important and interesting molecules in metazoan biology are glycoproteins. The importance of the carbohydrate component of these structures is often revealed by the disease phenotypes that manifest when the biosynthesis of particular glycoforms is disrupted. On the other hand, the presence of large amounts of carbohydrate can often hinder the structural and functional analysis of glycoproteins. There are often good reasons, therefore, for wanting to engineer and predefine the N-glycans present on glycoproteins, e.g., in order to characterize the functions of the glycans or facilitate their subsequent removal. Here, we describe in detail two distinct ways in which to usefully interfere with oligosaccharide processing, one involving the use of specific processing inhibitors, and the other the selection of cell lines mutated at gene loci that control oligosaccharide processing, using cytotoxic lectins. Both approaches have the capacity for controlled, radical alteration of oligosaccharide processing in eukaryotic cells used for heterologous protein expression, and have great utility in the structural analysis of glycoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica T Chang
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine and MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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113
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Severi F, Conticello SG. Flow-cytometric visualization of C>U mRNA editing reveals the dynamics of the process in live cells. RNA Biol 2016; 12:389-97. [PMID: 25806564 PMCID: PMC4615904 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2015.1026033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
APOBEC1 is the catalytic subunit of the complex that edits ApolipoproteinB (ApoB) mRNA, which specifically deaminates cytidine 6666 to uracil in the human transcript. The editing leads to the generation of a stop codon, resulting in the synthesis of a truncated form of ApoB. We have developed a method to quantitatively assay ApoB RNA editing in live cells by using a double fluorescent mCherry-EGFP chimera containing a ∼300bp fragment encompassing the region of ApoB subject to RNA editing. Coexpression of APOBEC1 together with this chimera causes specific RNA editing of the ApoB fragment. The insertion of a stop codon between the mCherry and EGFP thus induces the loss of EGFP fluorescence. Using this method we analyze the dynamics of APOBEC1-dependent RNA editing under various conditions. Namely we show the interplay of APOBEC1 with known interactors (ACF, hnRNP-C1, GRY-RBP) in cells that are RNA editing-proficient (HuH-7) or -deficient (HEK-293T), and the effects of restricted cellular localization of APOBEC1 on the efficiency of the editing. Furthermore, our approach is effective in assaying the induction of RNA editing in Caco-2, a cellular model physiologically capable of ApoB RNA editing.
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Key Words
- ACF, APOBEC1 Complementation Factor
- ADAR, Adenosine Deaminase, RNA-specific
- ADAT, Adenosine Deaminase, tRNA-specific
- AID/APOBECs
- APOBEC1, Apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme, catalytic polypeptide 1
- ApoB, Apolipoprotein B
- EGFP, Enhanced Green Fluorescent Protein
- FACS, Fluorescence activated cell sorting
- FBS, Fetal bovine serum
- GRY-RBP, Glycine-Arginine-Tyrosine-rich RNA-binding protein
- RBM47, RNA binding motif protein 47
- RNA editing
- cds, coding sequence
- cytosine deaminase
- hnRNP-C1, heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein C1
- lipid metabolism
- mRNA
- post-transcriptional modification
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Severi
- a Core Research Laboratory; Istituto Toscano Tumori ; Firenze , Italy
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114
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Genßler S, Burger MC, Zhang C, Oelsner S, Mildenberger I, Wagner M, Steinbach JP, Wels WS. Dual targeting of glioblastoma with chimeric antigen receptor-engineered natural killer cells overcomes heterogeneity of target antigen expression and enhances antitumor activity and survival. Oncoimmunology 2015; 5:e1119354. [PMID: 27141401 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1119354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and its mutant form EGFRvIII are overexpressed in a large proportion of glioblastomas (GBM). Immunotherapy with an EGFRvIII-specific vaccine has shown efficacy against GBM in clinical studies. However, immune escape by antigen-loss variants and lack of control of EGFR wild-type positive clones limit the usefulness of this approach. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-engineered natural killer (NK) cells may represent an alternative immunotherapeutic strategy. For targeting to GBM, we generated variants of the clinically applicable human NK cell line NK-92 that express CARs carrying a composite CD28-CD3ζ domain for signaling, and scFv antibody fragments for cell binding either recognizing EGFR, EGFRvIII, or an epitope common to both antigens. In vitro analysis revealed high and specific cytotoxicity of EGFR-targeted NK-92 against established and primary human GBM cells, which was dependent on EGFR expression and CAR signaling. EGFRvIII-targeted NK-92 only lysed EGFRvIII-positive GBM cells, while dual-specific NK cells expressing a cetuximab-based CAR were active against both types of tumor cells. In immunodeficient mice carrying intracranial GBM xenografts either expressing EGFR, EGFRvIII or both receptors, local treatment with dual-specific NK cells was superior to treatment with the corresponding monospecific CAR NK cells. This resulted in a marked extension of survival without inducing rapid immune escape as observed upon therapy with monospecific effectors. Our results demonstrate that dual targeting of CAR NK cells reduces the risk of immune escape and suggest that EGFR/EGFRvIII-targeted dual-specific CAR NK cells may have potential for adoptive immunotherapy of glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Genßler
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy , Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Michael C Burger
- Institute for Neurooncology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) partner site Frankfurt/Mainz, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Congcong Zhang
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) partner site Frankfurt/Mainz, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sarah Oelsner
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy , Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Iris Mildenberger
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Institute for Neurooncology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Marlies Wagner
- Institute of Neuroradiology, Goethe University , Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Joachim P Steinbach
- Institute for Neurooncology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) partner site Frankfurt/Mainz, Germany
| | - Winfried S Wels
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) partner site Frankfurt/Mainz, Germany
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115
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Brennig S, Lachmann N, Buchegger T, Hetzel M, Schambach A, Moritz T. Chemoprotection of murine hematopoietic cells by combined gene transfer of cytidine deaminase (CDD) and multidrug resistance 1 gene (MDR1). JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2015; 34:148. [PMID: 26651614 PMCID: PMC4676838 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-015-0260-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Background Hematologic toxicity represents a major side effect of cytotoxic chemotherapy frequently preventing adequately dosed chemotherapy application and impeding therapeutic success. Transgenic (over)expression of chemotherapy resistance (CTX-R) genes in hematopoietic stem- and progenitor cells represents a potential strategy to overcome this problem. To apply this concept in the context of acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplasia, we have investigated the overexpression of the multidrug resistance 1 (MDR1) and the cytidine deaminase (CDD) gene conferring resistance to anthracyclines and cytarabine (Ara-C), the two most important drugs in the treatment of these diseases. Methods State-of-the-art, third generation, self-inactivating (SIN) lentiviral vectors were utilized to overexpress a human CDD-cDNA and a codon-optimized human MDR1-cDNA corrected for cryptic splice sites from a spleen focus forming virus derived internal promoter. Studies were performed in myeloid 32D cells as well as primary lineage marker negative (lin−) murine bone marrow cells and flow cytometric analysis of suspension cultures and clonogenic analysis of vector transduced cells following cytotoxic drug challenge were utilized as read outs. Results Efficient chemoprotection of CDD and MDR1 transduced hematopoietic 32D as well as primary lin− cells was proven in the context of Ara-C and anthracycline application. Both, CTX-R transduced 32D as well as primary hematopoietic cells displayed marked resistance at concentrations 5–20 times the LD50 of non-transduced control cells. Moreover, simultaneous CDD/MDR1 gene transfer resulted in similar protection levels even when combined Ara-C anthracycline treatment was applied. Furthermore, significant enrichment of transduced cells was observed upon cytotoxic drug administration. Conclusions Our data demonstrate efficient chemoprotection as well as enrichment of transduced cells in hematopoietic cell lines as well as primary murine hematopoietic progenitor cells following Ara-C and/or anthracycline application, arguing for the efficacy as well as feasibility of our approach and warranting further evaluation of this concept. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13046-015-0260-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Brennig
- Reprogramming and Gene Therapy Group, REBIRTH Cluster-of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str.1, Hannover, D-30625, Germany.,Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Nico Lachmann
- Reprogramming and Gene Therapy Group, REBIRTH Cluster-of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str.1, Hannover, D-30625, Germany.,Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,JRG Translational Hematology of Congenital Diseases, REBIRTH Cluster-of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Theresa Buchegger
- Reprogramming and Gene Therapy Group, REBIRTH Cluster-of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str.1, Hannover, D-30625, Germany.,Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Miriam Hetzel
- Reprogramming and Gene Therapy Group, REBIRTH Cluster-of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str.1, Hannover, D-30625, Germany.,Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Axel Schambach
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Thomas Moritz
- Reprogramming and Gene Therapy Group, REBIRTH Cluster-of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str.1, Hannover, D-30625, Germany. .,Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
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116
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Chandra A, Zhang F, Gilmour KC, Webster D, Plagnol V, Kumararatne DS, Burns SO, Nejentsev S, Thrasher AJ. Common variable immunodeficiency and natural killer cell lymphopenia caused by Ets-binding site mutation in the IL-2 receptor γ (IL2RG) gene promoter. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 137:940-2.e4. [PMID: 26525228 PMCID: PMC4774944 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.08.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Revised: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anita Chandra
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Lymphocyte Signalling & Development, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
| | - Fang Zhang
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kimberly C Gilmour
- Department of Immunology, Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - David Webster
- University College London Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, London, United Kingdom
| | - Vincent Plagnol
- University College London Genetics Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dinakantha S Kumararatne
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Siobhan O Burns
- University College London Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, London, United Kingdom; Department of Immunology, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sergey Nejentsev
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian J Thrasher
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
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117
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Levitt JA, Morton PE, Fruhwirth GO, Santis G, Chung PH, Parsons M, Suhling K. Simultaneous FRAP, FLIM and FAIM for measurements of protein mobility and interaction in living cells. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 6:3842-54. [PMID: 26504635 PMCID: PMC4605044 DOI: 10.1364/boe.6.003842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 08/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We present a novel integrated multimodal fluorescence microscopy technique for simultaneous fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP), fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM) and fluorescence anisotropy imaging (FAIM). This approach captures a series of polarization-resolved fluorescence lifetime images during a FRAP recovery, maximizing the information available from a limited photon budget. We have applied this method to analyse the behaviour of GFP-labelled coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR) in living human epithelial cells. Our data reveal that CAR exists in oligomeric states throughout the cell, and that these complexes occur in conjunction with high immobile fractions of the receptor at cell-cell junctions. These findings shed light on previously unknown molecular associations between CAR receptors in intact cells and demonstrate the power of combined FRAP, FLIM and FAIM microscopy as a robust method to analyse complex multi-component dynamics in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A. Levitt
- Department of Physics, King’s College London, Strand, London WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - Penny E. Morton
- Division of Asthma, Allergy, and Lung Biology, Guys Campus, King’s College London, London, UK
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, Guys Campus, King’s College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Gilbert O. Fruhwirth
- Department of Imaging Chemsitry and Biology, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, St. Thomas Hospital, King's College London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - George Santis
- Division of Asthma, Allergy, and Lung Biology, Guys Campus, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Pei-Hua Chung
- Department of Physics, King’s College London, Strand, London WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - Maddy Parsons
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, Guys Campus, King’s College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Klaus Suhling
- Department of Physics, King’s College London, Strand, London WC2R 2LS, UK
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118
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Shahni R, Cale CM, Anderson G, Osellame LD, Hambleton S, Jacques TS, Wedatilake Y, Taanman JW, Chan E, Qasim W, Plagnol V, Chalasani A, Duchen MR, Gilmour KC, Rahman S. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 2 deficiency is a novel disorder of mitochondrial fission. Brain 2015; 138:2834-46. [PMID: 26122121 PMCID: PMC5808733 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awv182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Defects of mitochondrial dynamics are emerging causes of neurological disease. In two children presenting with severe neurological deterioration following viral infection we identified a novel homozygous STAT2 mutation, c.1836 C>A (p.Cys612Ter), using whole exome sequencing. In muscle and fibroblasts from these patients, and a third unrelated STAT2-deficient patient, we observed extremely elongated mitochondria. Western blot analysis revealed absence of the STAT2 protein and that the mitochondrial fission protein DRP1 (encoded by DNM1L) is inactive, as shown by its phosphorylation state. All three patients harboured decreased levels of DRP1 phosphorylated at serine residue 616 (P-DRP1(S616)), a post-translational modification known to activate DRP1, and increased levels of DRP1 phosphorylated at serine 637 (P-DRP1(S637)), associated with the inactive state of the DRP1 GTPase. Knockdown of STAT2 in SHSY5Y cells recapitulated the fission defect, with elongated mitochondria and decreased P-DRP1(S616) levels. Furthermore the mitochondrial fission defect in patient fibroblasts was rescued following lentiviral transduction with wild-type STAT2 in all three patients, with normalization of mitochondrial length and increased P-DRP1(S616) levels. Taken together, these findings implicate STAT2 as a novel regulator of DRP1 phosphorylation at serine 616, and thus of mitochondrial fission, and suggest that there are interactions between immunity and mitochondria. This is the first study to link the innate immune system to mitochondrial dynamics and morphology. We hypothesize that variability in JAK-STAT signalling may contribute to the phenotypic heterogeneity of mitochondrial disease, and may explain why some patients with underlying mitochondrial disease decompensate after seemingly trivial viral infections. Modulating JAK-STAT activity may represent a novel therapeutic avenue for mitochondrial diseases, which remain largely untreatable. This may also be relevant for more common neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's, Huntington's and Parkinson's diseases, in which abnormalities of mitochondrial morphology have been implicated in disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rojeen Shahni
- 1 Mitochondrial Research Group, Genetics and Genomic Medicine, UCL Institute of Child Health, Guilford Street, London, UK
| | - Catherine M Cale
- 2 Molecular Immunology Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| | - Glenn Anderson
- 3 Histopathology Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| | - Laura D Osellame
- 4 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne 3800, Australia
| | - Sophie Hambleton
- 5 Primary Immunodeficiency Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, UK
| | - Thomas S Jacques
- 3 Histopathology Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK 6 Developmental Neurosciences, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Yehani Wedatilake
- 1 Mitochondrial Research Group, Genetics and Genomic Medicine, UCL Institute of Child Health, Guilford Street, London, UK
| | - Jan-Willem Taanman
- 7 Department of Clinical Neurosciences, UCL Institute of Neurology, Rowland Hill Street, London, UK
| | - Emma Chan
- 2 Molecular Immunology Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| | - Waseem Qasim
- 2 Molecular Immunology Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| | | | - Annapurna Chalasani
- 9 Neurometabolic Unit, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Michael R Duchen
- 10 Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, UK
| | | | - Shamima Rahman
- 1 Mitochondrial Research Group, Genetics and Genomic Medicine, UCL Institute of Child Health, Guilford Street, London, UK 1 Mitochondrial Research Group, Genetics and Genomic Medicine, UCL Institute of Child Health, Guilford Street, London, UK
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119
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Tchasovnikarova IA, Timms RT, Matheson NJ, Wals K, Antrobus R, Göttgens B, Dougan G, Dawson MA, Lehner PJ. GENE SILENCING. Epigenetic silencing by the HUSH complex mediates position-effect variegation in human cells. Science 2015; 348:1481-1485. [PMID: 26022416 PMCID: PMC4487827 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaa7227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Forward genetic screens in Drosophila melanogaster for modifiers of position-effect variegation have revealed the basis of much of our understanding of heterochromatin. We took an analogous approach to identify genes required for epigenetic repression in human cells. A nonlethal forward genetic screen in near-haploid KBM7 cells identified the HUSH (human silencing hub) complex, comprising three poorly characterized proteins, TASOR, MPP8, and periphilin; this complex is absent from Drosophila but is conserved from fish to humans. Loss of HUSH components resulted in decreased H3K9me3 both at endogenous genomic loci and at retroviruses integrated into heterochromatin. Our results suggest that the HUSH complex is recruited to genomic loci rich in H3K9me3, where subsequent recruitment of the methyltransferase SETDB1 is required for further H3K9me3 deposition to maintain transcriptional silencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iva A Tchasovnikarova
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Richard T Timms
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Nicholas J Matheson
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Kim Wals
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Robin Antrobus
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Berthold Göttgens
- Department of Haematology, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Gordon Dougan
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Mark A Dawson
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, St Andrews Place, East Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia
| | - Paul J Lehner
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
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120
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Flynn R, Grundmann A, Renz P, Hänseler W, James WS, Cowley SA, Moore MD. CRISPR-mediated genotypic and phenotypic correction of a chronic granulomatous disease mutation in human iPS cells. Exp Hematol 2015; 43:838-848.e3. [PMID: 26101162 PMCID: PMC4596252 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is a rare genetic disease characterized by severe and persistent childhood infections. It is caused by the lack of an antipathogen oxidative burst, normally performed by phagocytic cells to contain and clear bacterial and fungal growth. Restoration of immune function can be achieved with heterologous bone marrow transplantation; however, autologous bone marrow transplantation would be a preferable option. Thus, a method is required to recapitulate the function of the diseased gene within the patient's own cells. Gene therapy approaches for CGD have employed randomly integrating viruses with concomitant issues of insertional mutagenesis, inaccurate gene dosage, and gene silencing. Here, we explore the potential of the recently described clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)-Cas9 site-specific nuclease system to encourage repair of the endogenous gene by enhancing the levels of homologous recombination. Using induced pluripotent stem cells derived from a CGD patient containing a single intronic mutation in the CYBB gene, we show that footprintless gene editing is a viable option to correct disease mutations. Gene correction results in restoration of oxidative burst function in iPS-derived phagocytes by reintroduction of a previously skipped exon in the cytochrome b-245 heavy chain (CYBB) protein. This study provides proof-of-principle for a gene therapy approach to CGD treatment using CRISPR-Cas9. Chronic granulomatous disease–causing mutation was corrected in patient-derived iPS cells using CRISPR-Cas9 A key to efficiency is prevention of CRISPR activity on corrected gene Potentially clinically relevant efficiencies are attainable with CRISPR-Cas9 The defect in ROS production from macrophages was overcome in patient-derived cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Rowan Flynn
- James Martin Stem Cell Facility, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Grundmann
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Renz
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Walther Hänseler
- James Martin Stem Cell Facility, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - William S James
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sally A Cowley
- James Martin Stem Cell Facility, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Michael D Moore
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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Guda S, Brendel C, Renella R, Du P, Bauer DE, Canver MC, Grenier JK, Grimson AW, Kamran SC, Thornton J, de Boer H, Root DE, Milsom MD, Orkin SH, Gregory RI, Williams DA. miRNA-embedded shRNAs for Lineage-specific BCL11A Knockdown and Hemoglobin F Induction. Mol Ther 2015; 23:1465-74. [PMID: 26080908 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2015.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) technology using short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) expressed via RNA polymerase (pol) III promoters has been widely exploited to modulate gene expression in a variety of mammalian cell types. For certain applications, such as lineage-specific knockdown, embedding targeting sequences into pol II-driven microRNA (miRNA) architecture is required. Here, using the potential therapeutic target BCL11A, we demonstrate that pol III-driven shRNAs lead to significantly increased knockdown but also increased cytotoxcity in comparison to pol II-driven miRNA adapted shRNAs (shRNA(miR)) in multiple hematopoietic cell lines. We show that the two expression systems yield mature guide strand sequences that differ by a 4 bp shift. This results in alternate seed sequences and consequently influences the efficacy of target gene knockdown. Incorporating a corresponding 4 bp shift into the guide strand of shRNA(miR)s resulted in improved knockdown efficiency of BCL11A. This was associated with a significant de-repression of the hemoglobin target of BCL11A, human γ-globin or the murine homolog Hbb-y. Our results suggest the requirement for optimization of shRNA sequences upon incorporation into a miRNA backbone. These findings have important implications in future design of shRNA(miR)s for RNAi-based therapy in hemoglobinopathies and other diseases requiring lineage-specific expression of gene silencing sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swaroopa Guda
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christian Brendel
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Raffaele Renella
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Peng Du
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Stem Cell Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Daniel E Bauer
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Jennifer K Grenier
- Genetic Perturbation Platform, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andrew W Grimson
- Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, College of Arts and Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Sophia C Kamran
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - James Thornton
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Stem Cell Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Helen de Boer
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David E Root
- Genetic Perturbation Platform, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael D Milsom
- Division of Stem Cells and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg Institute for Stem Cell Technology and Experimental Medicine, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stuart H Orkin
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Richard I Gregory
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Stem Cell Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David A Williams
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Hipp MM, Shepherd D, Booth S, Waithe D, Reis e Sousa C, Cerundolo V. The Processed Amino-Terminal Fragment of Human TLR7 Acts as a Chaperone To Direct Human TLR7 into Endosomes. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2015; 194:5417-25. [PMID: 25917086 PMCID: PMC4432728 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
TLR7 mediates innate immune responses to viral RNA in endocytic compartments. Mouse and human (h)TLR7 undergo proteolytic cleavage, resulting in the generation of a C-terminal fragment that accumulates in endosomes and associates with the signaling adaptor MyD88 upon receptor triggering by TLR7 agonists. Although mouse TLR7 is cleaved in endosomes by acidic proteases, hTLR7 processing can occur at neutral pH throughout the secretory pathway through the activity of furin-like proprotein convertases. However, the mechanisms by which cleaved hTLR7 reaches the endosomal compartment remain unclear. In this study, we demonstrate that, after hTLR7 proteolytic processing, the liberated amino (N)-terminal fragment remains bound to the C terminus through disulfide bonds and provides key trafficking information that ensures correct delivery of the complex to endosomal compartments. In the absence of the N-terminal fragment, the C-terminal fragment is redirected to the cell surface, where it is functionally inactive. Our data reveal a novel role for the N terminus of hTLR7 as a molecular chaperone that provides processed hTLR7 with the correct targeting instructions to reach the endosomal compartment, hence ensuring its biological activity and preventing inadvertent cell surface responses to self-RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine M Hipp
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom; and
| | - Dawn Shepherd
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom; and
| | - Sarah Booth
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom; and
| | - Dominic Waithe
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom; and
| | - Caetano Reis e Sousa
- The Francis Crick Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratory, London WC2A 3LY, United Kingdom
| | - Vincenzo Cerundolo
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom; and
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Cubbon RM, Yuldasheva NY, Viswambharan H, Mercer BN, Baliga V, Stephen SL, Askham J, Sukumar P, Skromna A, Mughal RS, Walker AMN, Bruns A, Bailey MA, Galloway S, Imrie H, Gage MC, Rakobowchuk M, Li J, Porter KE, Ponnambalam S, Wheatcroft SB, Beech DJ, Kearney MT. Restoring Akt1 activity in outgrowth endothelial cells from South Asian men rescues vascular reparative potential. Stem Cells 2015; 32:2714-23. [PMID: 24916783 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Recent data suggest reduced indices of vascular repair in South Asian men, a group at increased risk of cardiovascular events. Outgrowth endothelial cells (OEC) represent an attractive tool to study vascular repair in humans and may offer potential in cell-based repair therapies. We aimed to define and manipulate potential mechanisms of impaired vascular repair in South Asian (SA) men. In vitro and in vivo assays of vascular repair and angiogenesis were performed using OEC derived from SA men and matched European controls, prior defining potentially causal molecular mechanisms. SA OEC exhibited impaired colony formation, migration, and in vitro angiogenesis, associated with decreased expression of the proangiogenic molecules Akt1 and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). Transfusion of European OEC into immunodeficient mice after wire-induced femoral artery injury augmented re-endothelialization, in contrast with SA OEC and vehicle; SA OEC also failed to promote angiogenesis after induction of hind limb ischemia. Expression of constitutively active Akt1 (E17KAkt), but not green fluorescent protein control, in SA OEC increased in vitro angiogenesis, which was abrogated by a NOS antagonist. Moreover, E17KAkt expressing SA OEC promoted re-endothelialization of wire-injured femoral arteries, and perfusion recovery of ischemic limbs, to a magnitude comparable with nonmanipulated European OEC. Silencing Akt1 in European OEC recapitulated the functional deficits noted in SA OEC. Reduced signaling via the Akt/eNOS axis is causally linked with impaired OEC-mediated vascular repair in South Asian men. These data prove the principle of rescuing marked reparative dysfunction in OEC derived from these men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M Cubbon
- Leeds Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Centre, LIGHT Laboratories, The University of Leeds, Clarendon Way, Leeds, United Kingdom
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Vitacolonna M, Belharazem D, Maier P, Hohenberger P, Roessner ED. In vivo Quantification of the Effects of Radiation and Presence of Hair Follicle Pores on the Proliferation of Fibroblasts in an Acellular Human Dermis in a Dorsal Skinfold Chamber: Relevance for Tissue Reconstruction following Neoadjuvant Therapy. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125689. [PMID: 25955842 PMCID: PMC4425687 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In neoadjuvant therapy, irradiation has a deleterious effect on neoangiogenesis. The aim of this study was to examine the post-implantation effects of neoadjuvant irradiation on the survival and proliferation of autologous cells seeded onto an acellular human dermis (hAD; Epiflex). Additionally, we examined the influence of dermal hair follicle pores on viability and proliferation. We used dorsal skinfold chambers implanted in rats and in-situ microscopy to quantify cell numbers over 9 days. METHODS 24 rats received a skinfold chamber and were divided into 2 main groups; irradiated and unirradiated. In the irradiated groups 20Gy were applied epicutaneously at the dorsum. Epiflex pieces were cut to size 5x5mm such that each piece had either one or more visible hair follicle pores, or no such visible pores. Fibroblasts were transduced lentiviral with a fluorescent protein for cell tracking. Matrices were seeded statically with 2.5x104 fluorescent fibroblasts and implanted into the chambers. In each of the two main groups, half of the rats received Epiflex with hair follicle pores and half received Epiflex without pores. Scaffolds were examined in-situ at 0, 3, 6 and 9 days after transplantation. Visible cells on the surface were quantified using ImageJ. RESULTS In all groups cell numbers were decreased on day 3. A treatment-dependent increase in cell numbers was observed at subsequent time points. Irradiation had an adverse effect on cell survival and proliferation. The number of cells detected in both irradiated and non-irradiated subjects was increased in those subjects that received transplants with hair follicle pores. DISCUSSION This in-vivo study confirms that radiation negatively affects the survival and proliferation of fibroblasts seeded onto a human dermis transplant. The presence of hair follicle pores in the dermis transplants is shown to have a positive effect on cell survival and proliferation even in irradiated subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Vitacolonna
- Division of Surgical Oncology and Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University Medical Centre Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Djeda Belharazem
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Centre Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Patrick Maier
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Hohenberger
- Division of Surgical Oncology and Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University Medical Centre Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Eric Dominic Roessner
- Division of Surgical Oncology and Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University Medical Centre Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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125
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RUNX1 represses the erythroid gene expression program during megakaryocytic differentiation. Blood 2015; 125:3570-9. [PMID: 25911237 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-11-610519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The activity of antagonizing transcription factors represents a mechanistic paradigm of bidirectional lineage-fate control during hematopoiesis. At the megakaryocytic/erythroid bifurcation, the cross-antagonism of krueppel-like factor 1 (KLF1) and friend leukemia integration 1 (FLI1) has such a decisive role. However, how this antagonism is resolved during lineage specification is poorly understood. We found that runt-related transcription factor 1 (RUNX1) inhibits erythroid differentiation of murine megakaryocytic/erythroid progenitors and primary human CD34(+) progenitor cells. We show that RUNX1 represses the erythroid gene expression program during megakaryocytic differentiation by epigenetic repression of the erythroid master regulator KLF1. RUNX1 binding to the KLF1 locus is increased during megakaryocytic differentiation and counterbalances the activating role of T-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia 1 (TAL1). We found that corepressor recruitment by RUNX1 contributes to a block of the KLF1-dependent erythroid gene expression program. Our data indicate that the repressive function of RUNX1 influences the balance between erythroid and megakaryocytic differentiation by shifting the balance between KLF1 and FLI1 in the direction of FLI1. Taken together, we show that RUNX1 is a key player within a network of transcription factors that represses the erythroid gene expression program.
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126
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Stat5 Exerts Distinct, Vital Functions in the Cytoplasm and Nucleus of Bcr-Abl+ K562 and Jak2(V617F)+ HEL Leukemia Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2015; 7:503-37. [PMID: 25809097 PMCID: PMC4381271 DOI: 10.3390/cancers7010503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Signal transducers and activators of transcription (Stats) play central roles in the conversion of extracellular signals, e.g., cytokines, hormones and growth factors, into tissue and cell type specific gene expression patterns. In normal cells, their signaling potential is strictly limited in extent and duration. The persistent activation of Stat3 or Stat5 is found in many human tumor cells and contributes to their growth and survival. Stat5 activation plays a pivotal role in nearly all hematological malignancies and occurs downstream of oncogenic kinases, e.g., Bcr-Abl in chronic myeloid leukemias (CML) and Jak2(V617F) in other myeloproliferative diseases (MPD). We defined the mechanisms through which Stat5 affects growth and survival of K562 cells, representative of Bcr-Abl positive CML, and HEL cells, representative for Jak2(V617F) positive acute erythroid leukemia. In our experiments we suppressed the protein expression levels of Stat5a and Stat5b through shRNA mediated downregulation and demonstrated the dependence of cell survival on the presence of Stat5. Alternatively, we interfered with the functional capacities of the Stat5 protein through the interaction with a Stat5 specific peptide ligand. This ligand is a Stat5 specific peptide aptamer construct which comprises a 12mer peptide integrated into a modified thioredoxin scaffold, S5-DBD-PA. The peptide sequence specifically recognizes the DNA binding domain (DBD) of Stat5. Complex formation of S5-DBD-PA with Stat5 causes a strong reduction of P-Stat5 in the nuclear fraction of Bcr-Abl-transformed K562 cells and a suppression of Stat5 target genes. Distinct Stat5 mediated survival mechanisms were detected in K562 and Jak2(V617F)-transformed HEL cells. Stat5 is activated in the nuclear and cytosolic compartments of K562 cells and the S5-DBD-PA inhibitor most likely affects the viability of Bcr-Abl+ K562 cells through the inhibition of canonical Stat5 induced target gene transcription. In HEL cells, Stat5 is predominantly present in the cytoplasm and the survival of the Jak2(V617F)+ HEL cells is impeded through the inhibition of the cytoplasmic functions of Stat5.
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127
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Shields AM, Klavinskis LS, Antoniou M, Wooley PH, Collins HL, Panayi GS, Thompson SJ, Corrigall VM. Systemic gene transfer of binding immunoglobulin protein (BiP) prevents disease progression in murine collagen-induced arthritis. Clin Exp Immunol 2015; 179:210-9. [PMID: 25228326 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Summary Recombinant human binding immunoglobulin protein (BiP) has previously demonstrated anti-inflammatory properties in multiple models of inflammatory arthritis. We investigated whether these immunoregulatory properties could be exploited using gene therapy techniques. A single intraperitoneal injection of lentiviral vector containing the murine BiP (Lenti-mBiP) or green fluorescent protein (Lenti-GFP) transgene was administered in low- or high-dose studies during early arthritis. Disease activity was assessed by visual scoring, histology, serum cytokine and antibody production measured by cell enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and ELISA, respectively. Lentiviral vector treatment caused significant induction of interferon (IFN)-γ responses regardless of the transgene; however, further specific effects were directly attributable to the BiP transgene. In both studies Lenti-mBiP suppressed clinical arthritis significantly. Histological examination showed that low-dose Lenti-mBiP suppressed inflammatory cell infiltration, cartilage destruction and significantly reduced pathogenic anti-type II collagen (CII) antibodies. Lenti-mBiP treatment caused significant up-regulation of soluble cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (sCTLA-4) serum levels and down-regulation of interleukin (IL)-17A production in response to CII cell restimulation. In-vitro studies confirmed that Lenti-mBiP spleen cells could significantly suppress the release of IL-17A from CII primed responder cells following CII restimulation in vitro, and this suppression was associated with increased IL-10 production. Neutralization of CTLA-4 in further co-culture experiments demonstrated inverse regulation of IL-17A production. In conclusion, these data demonstrate proof of principle for the therapeutic potential of systemic lentiviral vector delivery of the BiP transgene leading to immunoregulation of arthritis by induction of soluble CTLA-4 and suppression of IL-17A production.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Shields
- Academic Department of Rheumatology, King's College London, London, UK
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128
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Improved intracellular delivery of peptide- and lipid-nanoplexes by natural glycosides. J Control Release 2015; 206:75-90. [PMID: 25758332 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Targeted nanocarriers undergo endocytosis upon binding to their membrane receptors and are transported into cellular compartments such as late endosomes and lysosomes. In gene delivery the genetic material has to escape from the cellular compartments into the cytosol. The process of endosomal escape is one of the most critical steps for successful gene delivery. For this reason synthetic lipids with fusogenic properties such as 2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DOPE) are integrated into the nanocarriers. In this study we show that a natural, plant derived glycoside (SO1861) from Saponaria officinalis L. greatly improves the efficacy of lipid based as well as non-lipid based targeted nanoplexes consisting of a targeted K16 peptide with a nucleic acid binding domain and plasmid-DNA, minicircle-DNA or small interfering RNA (siRNA). By confocal live cell imaging and single cell analyses, we demonstrate that SO1861 augments the escape of the genetic cargo out of the intracellular compartments into the cytosol. Co-localisation experiments with fluorescence labelled dextran and transferrin indicate that SO1861 induces the release of the genetic cargo out of endosomes and lysosomes. However, the transduction efficacy of a lentivirus based gene delivery system was not augmented. In order to design receptor-targeted nanoplexes (LPD) with improved functional properties, SO1861 was integrated into the lipid matrix of the LPD. The SO1861 sensitized LPD (LPDS) were characterized by dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy. Compared to their LPD counterparts the LPDS-nanoplexes showed a greatly improved gene delivery. As shown by differential scanning calorimetry SO1861 can be easily integrated into the lipid bilayer of glycerophospholipid model membranes. This underlines the great potential of SO1861 as a new transfection multiplier for non-viral gene delivery systems.
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129
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Friedel T, Hanisch LJ, Muth A, Honegger A, Abken H, Plückthun A, Buchholz CJ, Schneider IC. Receptor-targeted lentiviral vectors are exceptionally sensitive toward the biophysical properties of the displayed single-chain Fv. Protein Eng Des Sel 2015; 28:93-106. [PMID: 25715658 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzv005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
An increasing number of applications require the expression of single-chain variable fragments (scFv) fusion proteins in mammalian cells at the cell surface membrane. Here we assessed the CD30-specific scFv HRS3, which is used in immunotherapy, for its ability to retarget lentiviral vectors (LVs) to CD30 and to mediate selective gene transfer into CD30-positive cells. Fused to the C-terminus of the type-II transmembrane protein hemagglutinin (H) of measles virus and expressed in LV packaging cells, gene transfer mediated by the released LV particles was inefficient. A series of point mutations in the scFv framework regions addressing its biophysical properties, which substantially improved production and increased the melting temperature without impairing its kinetic binding behavior to CD30, also improved the performance of LV particles. Gene transfer into CD30-positive cells increased ∼100-fold due to improved transport of the H-scFv protein to the plasma membrane. Concomitantly, LV particle aggregation and syncytia formation in packaging cells were substantially reduced. The data suggest that syncytia formation can be triggered by trans-cellular dimerization of H-scFv proteins displayed on adjacent cells. Taken together, we show that the biophysical properties of the targeting ligand have a decisive role for the gene transfer efficiency of receptor-targeted LVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Friedel
- Section of Molecular Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 51-59, Langen 63225, Germany
| | - Lydia J Hanisch
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Protein Engineering Group, Roche Innovation Center Zürich, Schlieren 8952, Switzerland
| | - Anke Muth
- Section of Molecular Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 51-59, Langen 63225, Germany
| | - Annemarie Honegger
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zürich, Zürich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Hinrich Abken
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne 50931, Germany Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne 50931, Germany
| | - Andreas Plückthun
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zürich, Zürich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Christian J Buchholz
- Section of Molecular Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 51-59, Langen 63225, Germany
| | - Irene C Schneider
- Section of Molecular Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 51-59, Langen 63225, Germany
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130
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Benfield CTO, Smith SE, Wright E, Wash RS, Ferrara F, Temperton NJ, Kellam P. Bat and pig IFN-induced transmembrane protein 3 restrict cell entry by influenza virus and lyssaviruses. J Gen Virol 2015; 96:991-1005. [PMID: 25614588 PMCID: PMC4631062 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.000058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
IFN-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3) is a restriction factor that blocks cytosolic entry of numerous viruses that utilize acidic endosomal entry pathways. In humans and mice, IFITM3 limits influenza-induced morbidity and mortality. Although many IFITM3-sensitive viruses are zoonotic, whether IFITMs function as antiviral restriction factors in mammalian species other than humans and mice is unknown. Here, IFITM3 orthologues in the microbat (Myotis myotis) and pig (Sus scrofa domesticus) were identified using rapid amplification of cDNA ends. Amino acid residues known to be important for IFITM3 function were conserved in the pig and microbat orthologues. Ectopically expressed pig and microbat IFITM3 co-localized with transferrin (early endosomes) and CD63 (late endosomes/multivesicular bodies). Pig and microbat IFITM3 restricted cell entry mediated by multiple influenza haemagglutinin subtypes and lyssavirus glycoproteins. Expression of pig or microbat IFITM3 in A549 cells reduced influenza virus yields and nucleoprotein expression. Conversely, small interfering RNA knockdown of IFITM3 in pig NPTr cells and primary microbat cells enhanced virus replication, demonstrating that these genes are functional in their species of origin at endogenous levels. In summary, we showed that IFITMs function as potent broad-spectrum antiviral effectors in two mammals - pigs and bats - identified as major reservoirs for emerging viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla T O Benfield
- Department of Pathology and Pathogen Biology, The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK
| | - Sarah E Smith
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Edward Wright
- Viral Pseudotype Unit (Fitzrovia), Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster, London, UK
| | - Rachael S Wash
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Francesca Ferrara
- Viral Pseudotype Unit (Medway), School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Chatham Maritime, Kent, UK
| | - Nigel J Temperton
- Viral Pseudotype Unit (Medway), School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Chatham Maritime, Kent, UK
| | - Paul Kellam
- MRC/UCL Centre for Medical Molecular Virology, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK.,Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
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131
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Kirschner S, Felix MC, Hartmann L, Bierbaum M, Maros ME, Kerl HU, Wenz F, Glatting G, Kramer M, Giordano FA, Brockmann MA. In vivo micro-CT imaging of untreated and irradiated orthotopic glioblastoma xenografts in mice: capabilities, limitations and a comparison with bioluminescence imaging. J Neurooncol 2015; 122:245-54. [PMID: 25605299 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-014-1708-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Small animal imaging is of increasing relevance in biomedical research. Studies systematically assessing the diagnostic accuracy of contrast-enhanced in vivo micro-CT of orthotopic glioma xenografts in mice do not exist. NOD/SCID/γc(-/-) mice (n = 27) underwent intracerebral implantation of 2.5 × 10(6) GFP-Luciferase-transduced U87MG cells. Mice underwent bioluminescence imaging (BLI) to detect tumor growth and afterwards repeated contrast-enhanced (300 µl Iomeprol i.v.) micro-CT imaging (80 kV, 75 µAs, 360° rotation, 1,000 projections, 33 s scan time, resolution 40 × 40 × 53 µm, 0.5 Gy/scan). Presence of tumors, tumor diameter and tumor volume in micro-CT were rated by two independent readers. Results were compared with histological analyses. Six mice with tumors confirmed by micro-CT received fractionated irradiation (3 × 5 Gy every other day) using the micro-CT (5 mm pencil beam geometry). Repeated micro-CT scans were tolerated well. Tumor engraftment rate was 74 % (n = 20). In micro-CT, mean tumor volume was 30 ± 33 mm(3), and the smallest detectable tumor measured 360 × 620 µm. The inter-rater agreement (n = 51 micro-CT scans) for the item tumor yes/no was excellent (Spearman-Rho = 0.862, p < 0.001). Sensitivity and specificity of micro-CT were 0.95 and 0.71, respectively (PPV = 0.91, NPV = 0.83). BLI on day 21 after tumor implantation had a sensitivity and specificity of 0.90 and 1.0, respectively (PPV = 1.0, NPV = 0.5). Maximum tumor diameter and volume in micro-CT and histology correlated excellently (tumor diameter: 0.929, p < 0.001; tumor volume: 0.969, p < 0.001, n = 17). Irradiated animals showed a large central tumor necrosis. Longitudinal contrast enhanced micro-CT imaging of brain tumor growth in live mice is feasible at high sensitivity levels and with excellent inter-rater agreement and allows visualization of radiation effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Kirschner
- Department of Neuroradiology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University, Medical Center Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
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132
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Kays SK, Kaufmann KB, Abel T, Brendel C, Bonig H, Grez M, Buchholz CJ, Kneissl S. CD105 is a surface marker for receptor-targeted gene transfer into human long-term repopulating hematopoietic stem cells. Stem Cells Dev 2015; 24:714-23. [PMID: 25517513 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2014.0455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are an important target cell population for gene therapy since they can reconstitute the entire hematopoietic system. HSC-enriched cell populations can be recognized based on cell surface marker expression, such as CD34, which is broadly expressed on immature and partially differentiated cells. In mice, co-expression of CD34 and CD105 was previously shown to be relatively more specific for the most immature, long-term repopulating HSCs. Here, we evaluated whether CD105, which is expressed on 30%-80% of CD34(+) cells, is a marker also for human long-term repopulating HSCs. Therefore, we tracked the mature progeny of CD34(+) cells transduced with the CD105-targeted lentiviral vector CD105-LV in xenotolerant mice. Transduction was blocked with soluble CD105 protein confirming specificity. Importantly, CD105-LV transduced human CD34(+) cells engrafted in NOD-scid IL2Rγ(-/-) mice with up to 20% reporter gene-positive cells detected long term in all human hematopoietic lineages in bone marrow (BM), spleen, and blood. In addition, competitive repopulation experiments in mice showed a superior engraftment of CD105-LV transduced CD34(+) cells in BM and spleen compared with cells transduced with a conventional nontargeted lentiviral vector. Thus, human CD34(+)/CD105(+) cells are enriched for early HSCs with high repopulating capacity. Targeting this cell population with CD105-LV offers a novel gene transfer strategy to reach high engraftment rates of transduced cells and highlights the applicability of receptor-targeted vectors to trace cell subsets offering an alternative to prospective isolation by surface markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah-Katharina Kays
- 1 Molecular Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut , Langen, Germany
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133
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Apolonia L, Schulz R, Curk T, Rocha P, Swanson CM, Schaller T, Ule J, Malim MH. Promiscuous RNA binding ensures effective encapsidation of APOBEC3 proteins by HIV-1. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004609. [PMID: 25590131 PMCID: PMC4295846 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing enzyme catalytic polypeptide-like 3 (APOBEC3) proteins are cell-encoded cytidine deaminases, some of which, such as APOBEC3G (A3G) and APOBEC3F (A3F), act as potent human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) restriction factors. These proteins require packaging into HIV-1 particles to exert their antiviral activities, but the molecular mechanism by which this occurs is incompletely understood. The nucleocapsid (NC) region of HIV-1 Gag is required for efficient incorporation of A3G and A3F, and the interaction between A3G and NC has previously been shown to be RNA-dependent. Here, we address this issue in detail by first determining which RNAs are able to bind to A3G and A3F in HV-1 infected cells, as well as in cell-free virions, using the unbiased individual-nucleotide resolution UV cross-linking and immunoprecipitation (iCLIP) method. We show that A3G and A3F bind many different types of RNA, including HIV-1 RNA, cellular mRNAs and small non-coding RNAs such as the Y or 7SL RNAs. Interestingly, A3G/F incorporation is unaffected when the levels of packaged HIV-1 genomic RNA (gRNA) and 7SL RNA are reduced, implying that these RNAs are not essential for efficient A3G/F packaging. Confirming earlier work, HIV-1 particles formed with Gag lacking the NC domain (Gag ΔNC) fail to encapsidate A3G/F. Here, we exploit this system by demonstrating that the addition of an assortment of heterologous RNA-binding proteins and domains to Gag ΔNC efficiently restored A3G/F packaging, indicating that A3G and A3F have the ability to engage multiple RNAs to ensure viral encapsidation. We propose that the rather indiscriminate RNA binding characteristics of A3G and A3F promote functionality by enabling recruitment into a wide range of retroviral particles whose packaged RNA genomes comprise divergent sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Apolonia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Reiner Schulz
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tomaž Curk
- Faculty of Computer and Information Science, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Paula Rocha
- Department of Statistical Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Chad M. Swanson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Torsten Schaller
- Department of Infectious Diseases, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jernej Ule
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael H. Malim
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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134
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Ramachandra DL, Shaw SSW, Shangaris P, Loukogeorgakis S, Guillot PV, Coppi PD, David AL. In utero therapy for congenital disorders using amniotic fluid stem cells. Front Pharmacol 2014; 5:270. [PMID: 25566071 PMCID: PMC4271591 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2014.00270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital diseases are responsible for over a third of all pediatric hospital admissions. Advances in prenatal screening and molecular diagnosis have allowed the detection of many life-threatening genetic diseases early in gestation. In utero transplantation (IUT) with stem cells could cure affected fetuses but so far in humans, successful IUT using allogeneic hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), has been limited to fetuses with severe immunologic defects and more recently IUT with allogeneic mesenchymal stem cell transplantation, has improved phenotype in osteogenesis imperfecta. The options of preemptive treatment of congenital diseases in utero by stem cell or gene therapy changes the perspective of congenital diseases since it may avoid the need for postnatal treatment and reduce future costs. Amniotic fluid stem (AFS) cells have been isolated and characterized in human, mice, rodents, rabbit, and sheep and are a potential source of cells for therapeutic applications in disorders for treatment prenatally or postnatally. Gene transfer to the cells with long-term transgenic protein expression is feasible. Recently, pre-clinical autologous transplantation of transduced cells has been achieved in fetal sheep using minimally invasive ultrasound guided injection techniques. Clinically relevant levels of transgenic protein were expressed in the blood of transplanted lambs for at least 6 months. The cells have also demonstrated the potential of repair in a range of pre-clinical disease models such as neurological disorders, tracheal repair, bladder injury, and diaphragmatic hernia repair in neonates or adults. These results have been encouraging, and bring personalized tissue engineering for prenatal treatment of genetic disorders closer to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Durrgah L. Ramachandra
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Steven S. W. Shaw
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Prenatal Therapy, Institute for Women’s Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Panicos Shangaris
- Prenatal Therapy, Institute for Women’s Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Stavros Loukogeorgakis
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Pascale V. Guillot
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
- Cellular Reprogramming and Perinatal Therapy, Institute for Women’s Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Paolo De Coppi
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Anna L. David
- Prenatal Therapy, Institute for Women’s Health, University College London, London, UK
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135
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Selective inhibition of tumor growth by clonal NK cells expressing an ErbB2/HER2-specific chimeric antigen receptor. Mol Ther 2014; 23:330-8. [PMID: 25373520 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2014.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are an important effector cell type for adoptive cancer immunotherapy. Similar to T cells, NK cells can be modified to express chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) to enhance antitumor activity, but experience with CAR-engineered NK cells and their clinical development is still limited. Here, we redirected continuously expanding and clinically usable established human NK-92 cells to the tumor-associated ErbB2 (HER2) antigen. Following GMP-compliant procedures, we generated a stable clonal cell line expressing a humanized CAR based on ErbB2-specific antibody FRP5 harboring CD28 and CD3ζ signaling domains (CAR 5.28.z). These NK-92/5.28.z cells efficiently lysed ErbB2-expressing tumor cells in vitro and exhibited serial target cell killing. Specific recognition of tumor cells and antitumor activity were retained in vivo, resulting in selective enrichment of NK-92/5.28.z cells in orthotopic breast carcinoma xenografts, and reduction of pulmonary metastasis in a renal cell carcinoma model, respectively. γ-irradiation as a potential safety measure for clinical application prevented NK cell replication, while antitumor activity was preserved. Our data demonstrate that it is feasible to engineer CAR-expressing NK cells as a clonal, molecularly and functionally well-defined and continuously expandable cell therapeutic agent, and suggest NK-92/5.28.z cells as a promising candidate for use in adoptive cancer immunotherapy.
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136
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Yen B, Mulder LCF, Martinez O, Basler CF. Molecular basis for ebolavirus VP35 suppression of human dendritic cell maturation. J Virol 2014; 88:12500-10. [PMID: 25142601 PMCID: PMC4248944 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02163-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Zaire ebolavirus (EBOV) VP35 is a double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-binding protein that inhibits RIG-I signaling and alpha/beta interferon (IFN-α/β) responses by both dsRNA-binding-dependent and -independent mechanisms. VP35 also suppresses dendritic cell (DC) maturation. Here, we define the pathways and mechanisms through which VP35 impairs DC maturation. Wild-type VP35 (VP35-WT) and two well-characterized VP35 mutants (F239A and R322A) that independently ablate dsRNA binding and RIG-I inhibition were delivered to primary human monocyte-derived DCs (MDDCs) using a lentivirus-based expression system. VP35-WT suppressed not only IFN-α/β but also proinflammatory responses following stimulation of MDDCs with activators of RIG-I-like receptor (RLR) signaling, including RIG-I activators such as Sendai virus (SeV) or 5'-triphosphate RNA, or MDA5 activators such as encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) or poly(I · C). The F239A and R322A mutants exhibited greatly reduced suppression of IFN-α/β and proinflammatory cytokine production following treatment of DCs with RLR agonists. VP35-WT also blocked the upregulation of DC maturation markers and the stimulation of allogeneic T cell responses upon SeV infection, whereas the mutants did not. In contrast to the RLR activators, VP35-WT and the VP35 mutants impaired IFN-β production induced by Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) or TLR4 agonists but failed to inhibit proinflammatory cytokine production induced by TLR2, TLR3, or TLR4 agonists. Furthermore, VP35 did not prevent lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced upregulation of surface markers of MDDC maturation and did not prevent LPS-triggered allogeneic T cell stimulation. Therefore, VP35 is a general antagonist of DC responses to RLR activation. However, TLR agonists can circumvent many of the inhibitory effects of VP35. Therefore, it may be possible to counteract EBOV immune evasion by using treatments that bypass the VP35-imposed block to DC maturation. IMPORTANCE The VP35 protein, which is an inhibitor of RIG-I signaling and alpha/beta interferon (IFN-α/β) responses, has been implicated as an EBOV-encoded factor that contributes to suppression of dendritic cell (DC) function. We used wild-type VP35 and previously characterized VP35 mutants to clarify VP35-DC interactions. Our data demonstrate that VP35 is a general inhibitor of RIG-I-like receptor (RLR) signaling that blocks not only RIG-I- but also MDA5-mediated induction of IFN-α/β responses. Furthermore, in DCs, VP35 also impairs the RLR-mediated induction of proinflammatory cytokine production, upregulation of costimulatory markers, and activation of T cells. These inhibitory activities require VP35 dsRNA-binding activity, an activity previously correlated to VP35 RIG-I inhibitory function. In contrast, while VP35 can inhibit IFN-α/β production induced by TLR3 or TLR4 agonists, this occurs in a dsRNA-independent fashion, and VP35 does not inhibit TLR-mediated expression of proinflammatory cytokines. These data suggest strategies to overcome VP35 inhibition of DC function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Yen
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Lubbertus C F Mulder
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Osvaldo Martinez
- Department of Biology, Winona State University, Winona, Minnesota, USA
| | - Christopher F Basler
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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137
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Antibody-free magnetic cell sorting of genetically modified primary human CD4+ T cells by one-step streptavidin affinity purification. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111437. [PMID: 25360777 PMCID: PMC4216076 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Existing methods for phenotypic selection of genetically modified mammalian cells suffer disadvantages of time, cost and scalability and, where antibodies are used to bind exogenous cell surface markers for magnetic selection, typically yield cells coated with antibody-antigen complexes and beads. To overcome these limitations we have developed a method termed Antibody-Free Magnetic Cell Sorting in which the 38 amino acid Streptavidin Binding Peptide (SBP) is displayed at the cell surface by the truncated Low Affinity Nerve Growth Receptor (LNGFRF) and used as an affinity tag for one-step selection with streptavidin-conjugated magnetic beads. Cells are released through competition with the naturally occurring vitamin biotin, free of either beads or antibody-antigen complexes and ready for culture or use in downstream applications. Antibody-Free Magnetic Cell Sorting is a rapid, cost-effective, scalable method of magnetic selection applicable to either viral transduction or transient transfection of cell lines or primary cells. We have optimised the system for enrichment of primary human CD4+ T cells expressing shRNAs and exogenous genes of interest to purities of >99%, and used it to isolate cells following Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 genome editing.
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138
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Chen BC, Legant WR, Wang K, Shao L, Milkie DE, Davidson MW, Janetopoulos C, Wu XS, Hammer JA, Liu Z, English BP, Mimori-Kiyosue Y, Romero DP, Ritter AT, Lippincott-Schwartz J, Fritz-Laylin L, Mullins RD, Mitchell DM, Bembenek JN, Reymann AC, Böhme R, Grill SW, Wang JT, Seydoux G, Tulu US, Kiehart DP, Betzig E. Lattice light-sheet microscopy: imaging molecules to embryos at high spatiotemporal resolution. Science 2014; 346:1257998. [PMID: 25342811 DOI: 10.1126/science.1257998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1112] [Impact Index Per Article: 111.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Although fluorescence microscopy provides a crucial window into the physiology of living specimens, many biological processes are too fragile, are too small, or occur too rapidly to see clearly with existing tools. We crafted ultrathin light sheets from two-dimensional optical lattices that allowed us to image three-dimensional (3D) dynamics for hundreds of volumes, often at subsecond intervals, at the diffraction limit and beyond. We applied this to systems spanning four orders of magnitude in space and time, including the diffusion of single transcription factor molecules in stem cell spheroids, the dynamic instability of mitotic microtubules, the immunological synapse, neutrophil motility in a 3D matrix, and embryogenesis in Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster. The results provide a visceral reminder of the beauty and the complexity of living systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bi-Chang Chen
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Wesley R Legant
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Kai Wang
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Lin Shao
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Daniel E Milkie
- Coleman Technologies, Incorporated, Newtown Square, PA 19073, USA
| | - Michael W Davidson
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory and Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA
| | - Chris Janetopoulos
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Xufeng S Wu
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - John A Hammer
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Zhe Liu
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Brian P English
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Yuko Mimori-Kiyosue
- Optical Image Analysis Unit, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Daniel P Romero
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Alex T Ritter
- Cell Biology and Metabolism Program, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0XY, England, UK
| | - Jennifer Lippincott-Schwartz
- Cell Biology and Metabolism Program, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Lillian Fritz-Laylin
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - R Dyche Mullins
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Diana M Mitchell
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Joshua N Bembenek
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Anne-Cecile Reymann
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany. Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Ralph Böhme
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany. Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Stephan W Grill
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany. Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Jennifer T Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Center for Cell Dynamics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Geraldine Seydoux
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Center for Cell Dynamics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - U Serdar Tulu
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | | | - Eric Betzig
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA.
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139
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Gao S, Bajrami I, Verrill C, Kigozi A, Ouaret D, Aleksic T, Asher R, Han C, Allen P, Bailey D, Feller S, Kashima T, Athanasou N, Blay JY, Schmitz S, Machiels JP, Upile N, Jones TM, Thalmann G, Ashraf SQ, Wilding JL, Bodmer WF, Middleton MR, Ashworth A, Lord CJ, Macaulay VM. Dsh homolog DVL3 mediates resistance to IGFIR inhibition by regulating IGF-RAS signaling. Cancer Res 2014; 74:5866-77. [PMID: 25168481 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-0806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Drugs that inhibit insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGFI) receptor IGFIR were encouraging in early trials, but predictive biomarkers were lacking and the drugs provided insufficient benefit in unselected patients. In this study, we used genetic screening and downstream validation to identify the WNT pathway element DVL3 as a mediator of resistance to IGFIR inhibition. Sensitivity to IGFIR inhibition was enhanced specifically in vitro and in vivo by genetic or pharmacologic blockade of DVL3. In breast and prostate cancer cells, sensitization tracked with enhanced MEK-ERK activation and relied upon MEK activity and DVL3 expression. Mechanistic investigations showed that DVL3 is present in an adaptor complex that links IGFIR to RAS, which includes Shc, growth factor receptor-bound-2 (Grb2), son-of-sevenless (SOS), and the tumor suppressor DAB2. Dual DVL and DAB2 blockade synergized in activating ERKs and sensitizing cells to IGFIR inhibition, suggesting a nonredundant role for DVL3 in the Shc-Grb2-SOS complex. Clinically, tumors that responded to IGFIR inhibition contained relatively lower levels of DVL3 protein than resistant tumors, and DVL3 levels in tumors correlated inversely with progression-free survival in patients treated with IGFIR antibodies. Because IGFIR does not contain activating mutations analogous to EGFR variants associated with response to EGFR inhibitors, we suggest that IGF signaling achieves an equivalent integration at the postreceptor level through adaptor protein complexes, influencing cellular dependence on the IGF axis and identifying a patient population with potential to benefit from IGFIR inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Gao
- Department of Oncology, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ilirjana Bajrami
- Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Clare Verrill
- Department of Cellular Pathology and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Asha Kigozi
- Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Djamila Ouaret
- Department of Oncology, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Tamara Aleksic
- Department of Oncology, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth Asher
- Department of Cellular Pathology and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Cheng Han
- Department of Oncology, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Allen
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Deborah Bailey
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Stephan Feller
- Department of Oncology, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Takeshi Kashima
- Department of Oncology, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas Athanasou
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Science, Department of Pathology, Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jean-Yves Blay
- University Claude Bernard Lyon I, Centre Léon Bérard, Department of Medicine, Lyon, France
| | - Sandra Schmitz
- Service d'oncologie médicale, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean-Pascal Machiels
- Service d'oncologie médicale, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nav Upile
- Liverpool CR-UK Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Terry M Jones
- Liverpool CR-UK Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | | | - Shazad Q Ashraf
- Department of Oncology, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer L Wilding
- Department of Oncology, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Walter F Bodmer
- Department of Oncology, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mark R Middleton
- Oxford Cancer and Haematology Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Alan Ashworth
- Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher J Lord
- Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Valentine M Macaulay
- Department of Oncology, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom. Oxford Cancer and Haematology Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
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140
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Macdonald DC, Hotblack A, Akbar S, Britton G, Collins MK, Rosenberg WC. 4-1BB ligand activates bystander dendritic cells to enhance immunization in trans. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:5056-64. [PMID: 25305314 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Expression of the costimulatory receptor 4-1BB is induced by TCR recognition of Ag, whereas 4-1BB ligand (4-1BBL) is highly expressed on activated APC. 4-1BB signaling is particularly important for survival of activated and memory CD8(+) T cells. We wished to test whether coexpression of Ag and 4-1BBL by dendritic cells (DC) would be an effective vaccine strategy. Therefore, we constructed lentiviral vectors (LV) coexpressing 4-1BBL and influenza nucleoprotein (NP). Following s.c. immunization of mice, which targets DC, we found superior CD8(+) T cell responses against NP and protection from influenza when 4-1BBL was expressed. However, functionally superior CD8(+) T cell responses were obtained when two LV were coinjected: one expressing 4-1BBL and the other expressing NP. This surprising result suggested that 4-1BBL is more effective when expressed in trans, acting on adjacent DC. Therefore, we investigated the effect of LV expression of 4-1BBL in mouse DC cultures and observed induced maturation of bystander, untransduced cells. Maturation was blocked by anti-4-1BBL Ab, required cell-cell contact, and did not require the cytoplasmic signaling domain of 4-1BBL. Greater maturation of untransduced cells could be explained by LV expression of 4-1BBL, causing downregulation of 4-1BB. These data suggest that coexpression of 4-1BBL and Ag by vaccine vectors that target DC may not be an optimal strategy. However, 4-1BBL LV immunization activates significant numbers of bystander DC in the draining lymph nodes. Therefore, transactivation by 4-1BBL/4-1BB interaction following DC-DC contact may play a role in the immune response to infection or vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas C Macdonald
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Alastair Hotblack
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Saniath Akbar
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Gary Britton
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Mary K Collins
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom; National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertsfordshire EN6 3QG, United Kingdom; and
| | - William C Rosenberg
- Division of Medicine, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
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141
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Mather ST, Wright E, Scott SD, Temperton NJ. Lyophilisation of influenza, rabies and Marburg lentiviral pseudotype viruses for the development and distribution of a neutralisation -assay-based diagnostic kit. J Virol Methods 2014; 210:51-8. [PMID: 25286181 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2014.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 09/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Pseudotype viruses (PVs) are chimeric, replication-deficient virions that mimic wild-type virus entry mechanisms and can be safely employed in neutralisation assays, bypassing the need for high biosafety requirements and performing comparably to established serological assays. However, PV supernatant necessitates -80°C long-term storage and cold-chain maintenance during transport, which limits the scope of dissemination and application throughout resource-limited laboratories. We therefore investigated the effects of lyophilisation on influenza, rabies and Marburg PV stability, with a view to developing a pseudotype virus neutralisation assay (PVNA) based kit suitable for affordable global distribution. Infectivity of each PV was calculated after lyophilisation and immediate reconstitution, as well as subsequent to incubation of freeze-dried pellets at varying temperatures, humidities and timepoints. Integrity of glycoprotein structure following treatment was also assessed by employing lyophilised PVs in downstream PVNAs. In the presence of 0.5M sucrose-PBS cryoprotectant, each freeze-dried pseudotype was stably stored for 4 weeks at up to 37°C and could be neutralised to the same potency as unlyophilised PVs when employed in PVNAs. These results confirm the viability of a freeze-dried PVNA-based kit, which could significantly facilitate low-cost serology for a wide portfolio of emerging infectious viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart T Mather
- Viral Pseudotype Unit (Medway), School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Chatham Maritime, Kent, UK
| | - Edward Wright
- Viral Pseudotype Unit (Fitzrovia), Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster, London, UK
| | - Simon D Scott
- Viral Pseudotype Unit (Medway), School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Chatham Maritime, Kent, UK
| | - Nigel J Temperton
- Viral Pseudotype Unit (Medway), School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Chatham Maritime, Kent, UK.
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142
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Israelow B, Narbus CM, Sourisseau M, Evans MJ. HepG2 cells mount an effective antiviral interferon-lambda based innate immune response to hepatitis C virus infection. Hepatology 2014; 60:1170-9. [PMID: 24833036 PMCID: PMC4176518 DOI: 10.1002/hep.27227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Hepatitis C virus (HCV) exposure leads to persistent life-long infections characterized by chronic inflammation often developing into cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The mechanism by which HCV remains in the liver while inducing an inflammatory and antiviral response remains unclear. Though the innate immune response to HCV in patients seems to be quite active, HCV has been shown in cell culture to employ a diverse array of innate immune antagonists, which suggests that current model systems to study interactions between HCV and the innate immune system are not representative of what happens in vivo. We recently showed that hepatoma-derived HepG2 cells support the entire HCV life cycle if the liver-specific microRNA, miR-122, is expressed along with the entry factor, CD81 (termed HepG2-HFL cells). We found that there was a striking difference in these cells' ability to sustain HCV infection and spread when compared with Huh-7 and Huh-7.5 cells. Additionally, HepG2-HFL cells exhibited a more robust antiviral response when challenged with other RNA viruses and viral mimetics than Huh-7 and Huh-7.5 cells. HCV infection elicited a potent interferon-lambda (IFN-λ), IFN-stimulated gene, and cytokine response in HepG2-HFL cells, but not in Huh-7 cells, suggesting that HepG2-HFL cells more faithfully recapitulate the innate immune response to HCV infection in vivo. Using this model, we found that blocking the retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptor pathway or the IFN-λ-signaling pathway promoted HCV infection and spread in HepG2-HFL cells. CONCLUSION HepG2-HFL cells represent a new system to study the interaction between HCV and the innate immune system, solidifying the importance of IFN-λ in hepatic response to HCV infection and revealing non-redundant roles of RIG-I and melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 in HCV recognition and repression of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Israelow
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029
| | - Christopher M. Narbus
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029
| | - Marion Sourisseau
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029
| | - Matthew J. Evans
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029
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143
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Natarajan D, Cooper J, Choudhury S, Delalande JM, McCann C, Howe SJ, Thapar N, Burns AJ. Lentiviral labeling of mouse and human enteric nervous system stem cells for regenerative medicine studies. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2014; 26:1513-8. [PMID: 25199909 PMCID: PMC4237145 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reliable methods of labeling human enteric nervous system (ENS) stem cells for use in novel cell replacement therapies for enteric neuropathies are lacking. Here, we explore the possibility of using lentiviral vectors expressing fluorescent reporter genes to transduce, label, and trace mouse and human ENS stem cells following transplantation into mouse gut. METHODS Enteric nervous system precursors, including ENS stem cells, were isolated from enzymatically dissociated mouse and human gut tissues. Lentivirus containing eGFP or mCherry fluorescent reporter genes was added to gut cell cultures at a multiplicity of infection of 2-5. After fluorescence activated cell sorting for eGFP and subsequent analysis with markers of proliferation and cell phenotype, transduced mouse and human cells were transplanted into the gut of C57BL/6 and immune deficient Rag2-/gamma chain-/C5 mice, respectively and analyzed up to 60 days later. KEY RESULTS Mouse and human transduced cells survived in vitro, maintained intense eGFP expression, proliferated as shown by BrdU incorporation, and formed characteristic neurospheres. When transplanted into mouse gut in vivo and analyzed up to 2 months later, transduced mouse and human cells survived, strongly expressed eGFP and integrated into endogenous ENS networks. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES Lentiviral vectors expressing fluorescent reporter genes enable efficient, stable, long-term labeling of ENS stem cells when transplanted into in vivo mouse gut. This lentiviral approach not only addresses the need for a reliable fluorescent marker of human ENS stem cells for preclinical studies, but also raises the possibility of using lentiviruses for other applications, such as gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Natarajan
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, UCL Institute of Child HealthLondon, UK
| | - J Cooper
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, UCL Institute of Child HealthLondon, UK
| | - S Choudhury
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, UCL Institute of Child HealthLondon, UK
| | - J-M Delalande
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, UCL Institute of Child HealthLondon, UK,Centre for Digestive Diseases, Barts & The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary, University of LondonLondon, UK
| | - C McCann
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, UCL Institute of Child HealthLondon, UK
| | - S J Howe
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology, UCL Institute of Child HealthLondon, UK
| | - N Thapar
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, UCL Institute of Child HealthLondon, UK
| | - A J Burns
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, UCL Institute of Child HealthLondon, UK,Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MCRotterdam, The Netherlands
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144
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Cell Lines Expressing Recombinant Transmembrane Domain–Activated Receptor Kinases as Tools for Drug Discovery. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 19:1350-61. [DOI: 10.1177/1087057114552414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Many receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) represent bona fide drug targets in oncology. Effective compounds are available, but treatment invariably leads to resistance, often due to RTK mutations. The discovery of second-generation inhibitors requires cellular models of resistant RTKs. An approach using artificial transmembrane domains (TMDs) to activate RTKs was explored for the rapid generation of simple, ligand-independent cellular RTK assays, including resistance mutants. The RTKs epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), MET, and KIT were chosen in a proof-of-concept study. Their intracellular domains were inserted into a series of expression vectors encoding artificial TMDs, and they were tested for autophosphorylation activity in transient transfection assays. Active constructs could be identified for MET and EGFR, but not for KIT. Rat1 cell pools were generated expressing the MET or EGFR constructs, and their sensitivity to reference tool compounds was compared to that of MKN-45 or A431 cells. A good correlation between natural and recombinant cells led us to build a panel of clinically relevant MET mutant cell pools, based on the wild-type construct, which were then profiled via MET autophosphorylation and soft agar assays. In summary, a platform was established that allows for the rapid generation of cellular models for RTKs and their resistance mutants.
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145
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Andrée B, Bela K, Horvath T, Lux M, Ramm R, Venturini L, Ciubotaru A, Zweigerdt R, Haverich A, Hilfiker A. Successful re-endothelialization of a perfusable biological vascularized matrix (BioVaM) for the generation of 3D artificial cardiac tissue. Basic Res Cardiol 2014; 109:441. [DOI: 10.1007/s00395-014-0441-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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146
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Mock U, Riecken K, Berdien B, Qasim W, Chan E, Cathomen T, Fehse B. Novel lentiviral vectors with mutated reverse transcriptase for mRNA delivery of TALE nucleases. Sci Rep 2014; 4:6409. [PMID: 25230987 PMCID: PMC4166709 DOI: 10.1038/srep06409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
TAL-effector nucleases (TALENs) are attractive tools for sequence-specific genome modifications, but their delivery still remains problematic. It is well known that the presence of multiple sequence repeats in TALEN genes hampers the use of lentiviral vectors. We report that lentiviral vectors readily package full-length vector mRNAs encoding TALENs, but recombination during reverse transcription prevents successful delivery. We reasoned that preventing reverse transcription of lentiviral-vector RNA would allow transfer of TALENs as mRNA. We demonstrate that lentiviral particles containing genetically inactivated reverse transcriptase (RT) mediated efficient transduction of cultured cells and supported transient transgene expression. For proof-of-principle, we transferred CCR5- and TCR-specific TALEN pairs for efficient targeted genome editing and abrogated expression for each of the receptor proteins in different cell lines. Combining the high specificity of TALENs with efficient lentiviral gene delivery should advance genome editing in vitro and potentially in vivo, and RT-deficient lentiviral vectors may be useful for transient expression of various other genes-of-interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Mock
- Research Dept. Cell and Gene Therapy, Clinic for Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kristoffer Riecken
- Research Dept. Cell and Gene Therapy, Clinic for Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Belinda Berdien
- Research Dept. Cell and Gene Therapy, Clinic for Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Waseem Qasim
- Molecular Immunology Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Chan
- Molecular Immunology Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom
| | - Toni Cathomen
- 1] Institute for Cell and Gene Therapy, University Medical Centre Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany [2] Centre for Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Medical Centre Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Boris Fehse
- Research Dept. Cell and Gene Therapy, Clinic for Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
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147
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The HERV-K human endogenous retrovirus envelope protein antagonizes Tetherin antiviral activity. J Virol 2014; 88:13626-37. [PMID: 25210194 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02234-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Endogenous retroviruses are the remnants of past retroviral infections that are scattered within mammalian genomes. In humans, most of these elements are old degenerate sequences that have lost their coding properties. The HERV-K(HML2) family is an exception: it recently amplified in the human genome and corresponds to the most active proviruses, with some intact open reading frames and the potential to encode viral particles. Here, using a reconstructed consensus element, we show that HERV-K(HML2) proviruses are able to inhibit Tetherin, a cellular restriction factor that is active against most enveloped viruses and acts by keeping the viral particles attached to the cell surface. More precisely, we identify the Envelope protein (Env) as the viral effector active against Tetherin. Through immunoprecipitation experiments, we show that the recognition of Tetherin is mediated by the surface subunit of Env. Similar to Ebola glycoprotein, HERV-K(HML2) Env does not mediate Tetherin degradation or cell surface removal; therefore, it uses a yet-undescribed mechanism to inactivate Tetherin. We also assessed all natural complete alleles of endogenous HERV-K(HML2) Env described to date for their ability to inhibit Tetherin and found that two of them (out of six) can block Tetherin restriction. However, due to their recent amplification, HERV-K(HML2) elements are extremely polymorphic in the human population, and it is likely that individuals will not all possess the same anti-Tetherin potential. Because of Tetherin's role as a restriction factor capable of inducing innate immune responses, this could have functional consequences for individual responses to infection. IMPORTANCE Tetherin, a cellular protein initially characterized for its role against HIV-1, has been proven to counteract numerous enveloped viruses. It blocks the release of viral particles from producer cells, keeping them tethered to the cell surface. Several viruses have developed strategies to inhibit Tetherin activity, allowing them to efficiently infect and replicate in their host. Here, we show that human HERV-K(HML2) elements, the remnants of an ancient retroviral infection, possess an anti-Tetherin activity which is mediated by the envelope protein. It is likely that this activity was an important factor that contributed to the recent, human-specific amplification of this family of elements. Also, due to their recent amplification, HERV-K(HML2) elements are highly polymorphic in the human population. Since Tetherin is a mediator of innate immunity, interindividual variations among HERV-K(HML2) Env genes may result in differences in immune responses to infection.
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148
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Boname JM, Bloor S, Wandel MP, Nathan JA, Antrobus R, Dingwell KS, Thurston TL, Smith DL, Smith JC, Randow F, Lehner PJ. Cleavage by signal peptide peptidase is required for the degradation of selected tail-anchored proteins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 205:847-62. [PMID: 24958774 PMCID: PMC4068138 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201312009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Intramembrane proteolytic cleavage by signal peptide peptidase is required for the turnover of some ER-resident, tail-anchored membrane proteins. The regulated turnover of endoplasmic reticulum (ER)–resident membrane proteins requires their extraction from the membrane lipid bilayer and subsequent proteasome-mediated degradation. Cleavage within the transmembrane domain provides an attractive mechanism to facilitate protein dislocation but has never been shown for endogenous substrates. To determine whether intramembrane proteolysis, specifically cleavage by the intramembrane-cleaving aspartyl protease signal peptide peptidase (SPP), is involved in this pathway, we generated an SPP-specific somatic cell knockout. In a stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture–based proteomics screen, we identified HO-1 (heme oxygenase-1), the rate-limiting enzyme in the degradation of heme to biliverdin, as a novel SPP substrate. Intramembrane cleavage by catalytically active SPP provided the primary proteolytic step required for the extraction and subsequent proteasome-dependent degradation of HO-1, an ER-resident tail-anchored protein. SPP-mediated proteolysis was not limited to HO-1 but was required for the dislocation and degradation of additional tail-anchored ER-resident proteins. Our study identifies tail-anchored proteins as novel SPP substrates and a specific requirement for SPP-mediated intramembrane cleavage in protein turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Boname
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, England, UK Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, England, UK
| | - Stuart Bloor
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, England, UK Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, England, UK
| | - Michal P Wandel
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, England, UK Division of Protein and Nucleic Acid Chemistry, Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, England, UK
| | - James A Nathan
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, England, UK Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, England, UK
| | - Robin Antrobus
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, England, UK
| | - Kevin S Dingwell
- Medical Research Council National Institute for Medical Research, London NW7 1AA, England, UK
| | - Teresa L Thurston
- Division of Protein and Nucleic Acid Chemistry, Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, England, UK
| | - Duncan L Smith
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4B, England, UK
| | - James C Smith
- Medical Research Council National Institute for Medical Research, London NW7 1AA, England, UK
| | - Felix Randow
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, England, UK Division of Protein and Nucleic Acid Chemistry, Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, England, UK
| | - Paul J Lehner
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, England, UK Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, England, UK
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149
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Bouwman RD, Palser A, Parry CM, Coulter E, Rasaiyaah J, Kellam P, Jenner RG. Human immunodeficiency virus Tat associates with a specific set of cellular RNAs. Retrovirology 2014; 11:53. [PMID: 24990269 PMCID: PMC4086691 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-11-53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1 (HIV-1) exhibits a wide range of interactions with the host cell but whether viral proteins interact with cellular RNA is not clear. A candidate interacting factor is the trans-activator of transcription (Tat) protein. Tat is required for expression of virus genes but activates transcription through an unusual mechanism; binding to an RNA stem-loop, the transactivation response element (TAR), with the host elongation factor P-TEFb. HIV-1 Tat has also been shown to alter the expression of host genes during infection, contributing to viral pathogenesis but, whether Tat also interacts with cellular RNAs is unknown. RESULTS Using RNA immunoprecipitation coupled with microarray analysis, we have discovered that HIV-1 Tat is associated with a specific set of human mRNAs in T cells. mRNAs bound by Tat share a stem-loop structural element and encode proteins with common biological roles. In contrast, we do not find evidence that Tat associates with microRNAs or the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). The interaction of Tat with cellular RNA requires an intact RNA binding domain and Tat RNA binding is linked to an increase in RNA abundance in cell lines and during infection of primary CD4+ T cells by HIV. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that Tat interacts with a specific set of human mRNAs in T cells, many of which show changes in abundance in response to Tat and HIV infection. This work uncovers a previously unrecognised interaction between HIV and its host that may contribute to viral alteration of the host cellular environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Richard G Jenner
- MRC Centre for Medical Molecular Virology, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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150
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Abstract
Proof-of-concept studies have demonstrated the therapeutic potential of engineered T cells. Transfer of recombinant antigen-specific T cell receptors (TCR) and chimaeric antigen receptors (CARs) against tumour and viral antigens are under investigation by multiple approaches, including viral- and nonviral-mediated gene transfer into both autologous and allogeneic T cell populations. There have been notable successes recently using viral vector-mediated transfer of CARs specific for B cell antigens, but also reports of anticipated and unanticipated complications in these and other studies. We review progress in this promising area of cellular therapy, and consider developments in antigen receptor therapies including the application of emerging gene-editing technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waseem Qasim
- Molecular & Cellular Immunology, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK; Great Ormond Street Hospital Trust, London, UK
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