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Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been implicated in hypoxia/HIF-1-associated cancer progression through largely unknown mechanisms. Here we identify MIR31HG as a hypoxia-inducible lncRNA and therefore we name it LncHIFCAR (long noncoding HIF-1α co-activating RNA); we describe its oncogenic role as a HIF-1α co-activator that regulates the HIF-1 transcriptional network, crucial for cancer development. Extensive analyses of clinical data indicate LncHIFCAR level is substantially upregulated in oral carcinoma, significantly associated with poor clinical outcomes and representing an independent prognostic predictor. Overexpression of LncHIFCAR induces pseudo-hypoxic gene signature, whereas knockdown of LncHIFCAR impairs the hypoxia-induced HIF-1α transactivation, sphere-forming ability, metabolic shift and metastatic potential in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, LncHIFCAR forms a complex with HIF-1α via direct binding and facilitates the recruitment of HIF-1α and p300 cofactor to the target promoters. Our results uncover an lncRNA-mediated mechanism for HIF-1 activation and establish the clinical values of LncHIFCAR in prognosis and potential therapeutic strategy for oral carcinoma. Cancer cells adapt to the changing microenvironment by activating different pathways through multiple mechanisms. Here the authors identify long noncoding RNA MIR31HG as a HIF-1α co-activator required for the induction of the hypoxic response and show its oncogenic role in oral carcinogenesis.
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102
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Chaudhary S, Krishna BM, Mishra SK. A novel FOXA1/ ESR1 interacting pathway: A study of Oncomine™ breast cancer microarrays. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:1247-1264. [PMID: 28789340 PMCID: PMC5529806 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.6329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Forkhead box protein A1 (FOXA1) is essential for the growth and differentiation of breast epithelium, and has a favorable outcome in breast cancer (BC). Elevated FOXA1 expression in BC also facilitates hormone responsiveness in estrogen receptor (ESR)-positive BC. However, the interaction between these two pathways is not fully understood. FOXA1 and GATA binding protein 3 (GATA3) along with ESR1 expression are responsible for maintaining a luminal phenotype, thus suggesting the existence of a strong association between them. The present study utilized the Oncomine™ microarray database to identify FOXA1:ESR1 and FOXA1:ESR1:GATA3 co-expression co-regulated genes. Oncomine™ analysis revealed 115 and 79 overlapping genes clusters in FOXA1:ESR1 and FOXA1:ESR1:GATA3 microarrays, respectively. Five ESR1 direct target genes [trefoil factor 1 (TFF1/PS2), B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL2), seven in absentia homolog 2 (SIAH2), cellular myeloblastosis viral oncogene homolog (CMYB) and progesterone receptor (PGR)] were detected in the co-expression clusters. To further investigate the role of FOXA1 in ESR1-positive cells, MCF7 cells were transfected with a FOXA1 expression plasmid, and it was observed that the direct target genes of ESR1 (PS2, BCL2, SIAH2 and PGR) were significantly regulated upon transfection. Analysis of one of these target genes, PS2, revealed the presence of two FOXA1 binding sites in the vicinity of the estrogen response element (ERE), which was confirmed by binding assays. Under estrogen stimulation, FOXA1 protein was recruited to the FOXA1 site and could also bind to the ERE site (although in minimal amounts) in the PS2 promoter. Co-transfection of FOXA1/ESR1 expression plasmids demonstrated a significantly regulation of the target genes identified in the FOXA1/ESR1 multi-arrays compared with only FOXA1 transfection, which was suggestive of a synergistic effect of ESR1 and FOXA1 on the target genes. In summary, the present study identified novel FOXA1, ESR1 and GATA3 co-expressed genes that may be involved in breast tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjib Chaudhary
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Gene Function and Regulation Group, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751023, India
| | - B Madhu Krishna
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Gene Function and Regulation Group, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751023, India
| | - Sandip K Mishra
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Gene Function and Regulation Group, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751023, India
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103
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Wu HT, Liu J, Li GW, Shen JX, Huang YT. The transcriptional STAT3 is a potential target, whereas transcriptional STAT5A/5B/6 are new biomarkers for prognosis in human breast carcinoma. Oncotarget 2017; 8:36279-36288. [PMID: 28422733 PMCID: PMC5482654 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Signal Transducer and Activators of Transcription (STAT) is a set of transcription factors, involved in diverse cellular functions. Evidences from cell lines, mouse models and human tissues implicate these transcription factors in the oncogenesis of breast cancer. However, the diverse expression patterns and prognostic values of 7 STATs remain to be elucidated. In the current study, we mined the transcriptional and survival data of STATs in patients with breast carcinoma (BC) through ONCOMINE, bc-GenExMiner, Kaplan-Meier Plotter and cBioPortal. It was found that STAT1/2 were up-regulated, whereas STAT3/4/5A/5B were down-regulated in BC patients compared with the normal tissues. The expressions of STAT5A/5B/6 were correlated with decreased levels of histological differentiation. In survival analyses through the Kaplan-Meier plotter database, high transcription levels of STAT2/4/5A/5B/6 were associated with better relapse-free survival (RFS) in all BC patients. Conversely, high STAT3 predicted shorter RFS in BC patients, suggesting that STAT3 is potential targets for precision therapy to BC patients. These data also provided STAT5A/5B/6 as new biomarker for BC prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Tao Wu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, PR China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, PR China
- Chang Jiang Scholar's Laboratory, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Breast Cancer, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, PR China
| | - Guan-Wu Li
- Open Laboratory for Tumor Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry, The Key Lab of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, PR China
| | - Jia-Xin Shen
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, PR China
| | - Yi-Teng Huang
- Health Care Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, PR China
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104
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Lin HY, Zeng D, Liang YK, Wei XL, Chen CF. GATA3 and TRPS1 are distinct biomarkers and prognostic factors in breast cancer: database mining for GATA family members in malignancies. Oncotarget 2017; 8:34750-34761. [PMID: 28423734 PMCID: PMC5471008 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
GATA transcription factors are zinc finger DNA binding proteins that activate transcription during development and cell differentiation. To date, 7 members of GATA family have been reported. However, the expression patterns and the exact roles of distinct GATA family members contributing to tumorigenesis and progression of breast cancer (BC) remain to be elucidated. Here, we studied the expression of GATA transcripts in a variety of tumor types compared with the normal controls using the ONCOMINE and GOBO databases, along with their corresponding expression profiles in an array of cancer cell lines through CCLE analysis. Based on Kaplan-Meier plotter, we further investigated the prognostic values of GATA members specifically high expressed in BC patients. It was found that, when compared with normal tissues, GATA3 and TRPS1 were distinctly high expressed in BC patients among all GATA members. GATA3 expression was significantly associated with ESR1, while TRPS1 was correlated with ERBB2. In survival analysis, GATA3 and TRPS1 mRNA high expressions were correlated to better survival in BC patients, and TRPS1 high expression was significantly associated with longer RFS in patients who have received chemotherapy. These results suggest that GATA3 and TRPS1 are distinct biomarkers and essential prognostic factors for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Yu Lin
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - De Zeng
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- ChangJiang Scholar's Laboratory of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Yuan-Ke Liang
- ChangJiang Scholar's Laboratory of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Xiao-Long Wei
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Hospital of SUMC, Shantou, China
| | - Chun-Fa Chen
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
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105
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Desmedt C, Zoppoli G, Sotiriou C, Salgado R. Transcriptomic and genomic features of invasive lobular breast cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2017; 44:98-105. [PMID: 28400203 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Accounting for 10-15% of all breast neoplasms, invasive lobular breast cancer (ILC) is the second most common histological subtype of breast cancer after invasive ductal breast cancer (IDC). Understanding ILC biology, which differs from IDC in terms of clinical presentation, treatment response, relapse timing and patterns, is essential in order to adopt novel, disease-specific management strategies. While the contribution of the histological subtypes to tumour biology has been poorly investigated and acknowledged in the past, recently several major, independent efforts have led to the assembly and molecular characterization of well-annotated ILC case sets. In this review, we provide a critical overview of the literature exploring ILC, through comprehensive and multiomic methods. The first part specifically focuses on ILC transcriptomic features by reviewing the intrinsic molecular subtypes, the application of gene expression scores for the prediction of recurrence, and the identification of gene expression subtypes. The second part describes the main research efforts that lead to the identification of the genomic landscape of ILC, with a special focus to findings that differentiate ILC from IDC and carry potential clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Desmedt
- Breast Cancer Translational Research Laboratory J.-C. Heuson, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Institut Jules Bordet, 1000 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Gabriele Zoppoli
- Department of Internal Medicine (DiMI), University of Genoa and Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico San Martino-National Cancer Institute, Genoa, Italy
| | - Christos Sotiriou
- Breast Cancer Translational Research Laboratory J.-C. Heuson, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Institut Jules Bordet, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Roberto Salgado
- Breast Cancer Translational Research Laboratory J.-C. Heuson, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Institut Jules Bordet, 1000 Brussels, Belgium; Department of Pathology/TCRU, Sint Augustinus, Wilrijk, Belgium
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106
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Cadherins Associate with Distinct Stem Cell-Related Transcription Factors to Coordinate the Maintenance of Stemness in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Stem Cells Int 2017; 2017:5091541. [PMID: 28392805 PMCID: PMC5368378 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5091541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive type of breast cancer with poor prognosis and is enriched in cancer stem cells (CSCs). However, it is not completely understood how the CSCs were maintained in TNBC. In this study, by analyzing The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) provisional datasets and several small-size breast datasets, we found that cadherins (CDHs) 2, 4, 6, and 17 were frequently amplified/overexpressed in 47% of TNBC while E-cadherin (CDH1) was downregulated/mutated at 10%. The alterations of CDH2/4/6/17 were strongly associated with the elevated levels of several stem cell-related transcription factors (SC-TFs) including FOXM1, MCM2, WWTR1, SNAI1, and SOX9. CDH2/4/6/17-enriched genes including FOXM1 and MCM2 were also clustered and regulated by NFY (nuclear transcription factor Y) and/or EVI1/MECOM. Meanwhile, these SC-TFs including NFYA were upregulated in TNBC cells, but they were downregulated in luminal type of cells. Furthermore, small compounds might be predicted via the Connectivity Map analysis to target TNBC with the alterations of CDH2/4/6/17 and SC-TFs. Together with the important role of these SC-TFs in the stem cell regulation, our data provide novel insights into the maintenance of CSCs in TNBC and the discovery of these SC-TFs associated with the alterations of CDH2/4/6/17 has an implication in targeted therapy of TNBC.
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107
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Role of Runx2 in breast cancer-mediated bone metastasis. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 99:608-614. [PMID: 28268169 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the most prevalent forms of cancer in women. The currently available treatment for breast cancer is mostly curative except when it becomes metastatic. One of the major sites for metastasis of breast cancer is the bone. Homing of the circulating tumor cells is tightly regulated including a number of factors present in the cells and their microenvironment. Runx2, a transcription factor plays an important role in osteogenesis and breast cancer mediated bone metastases. One of the recent advances in molecular therapy includes the discovery of the small, non-coding microRNAs (miRNAs) and they target specific genes to reduce their expression at the post-transcriptional level. This review provides an outline of breast cancer mediated bone metastasis and summarizes the recent development on the regulation of Runx2 expression by miRNAs which can lead to novel molecular therapeutics for the same.
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108
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Expression of Lipid Metabolism-Related Proteins Differs between Invasive Lobular Carcinoma and Invasive Ductal Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18010232. [PMID: 28124996 PMCID: PMC5297861 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18010232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We comparatively investigated the expression and clinical implications of lipid metabolism-related proteins in invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) and invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) of the breast. A total of 584 breast cancers (108 ILC and 476 IDC) were subjected to tissue microarray and immunohistochemical analysis for lipid metabolism-related proteins including hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL), perilipin A, fatty acid binding protein (FABP)4, carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT)-1, acyl-CoA oxidase 1, and fatty acid synthetase (FASN). HSL, perilipin A, and FABP4 expression (all p < 0.001) differed significantly: HSL and FABP4 were more frequently present in ILC, whereas perilipin A was more frequently detected in IDC. Among all invasive cancers, HSL and FABP4 were highly expressed in luminal A-type ILC (p < 0.001) and perilipin A in luminal A-type IDC (p = 0.007). Among luminal B-type cancers, HSL and FABP4 were more highly expressed in ILC (p < 0.001). Univariate analysis found associations of shorter disease-free survival with CPT-1 positivity (p = 0.004) and acyl-CoA oxidase 1 positivity (p = 0.032) and of shorter overall survival with acyl-CoA oxidase 1 positivity (p = 0.027). In conclusion, ILC and IDC exhibited different immunohistochemical lipid metabolism-related protein expression profiles. Notably, ILC exhibited high HSL and FABP4 and low perilipin A expression.
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109
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Saha SK, Choi HY, Kim BW, Dayem AA, Yang GM, Kim KS, Yin YF, Cho SG. KRT19 directly interacts with β-catenin/RAC1 complex to regulate NUMB-dependent NOTCH signaling pathway and breast cancer properties. Oncogene 2017; 36:332-349. [PMID: 27345400 PMCID: PMC5270332 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Studies have reported that interactions between keratins (KRTs) and other proteins initiate signaling cascades that regulate cell migration, invasion, and metastasis. In the current study, we found that expression of KRT19 was specifically high in breast cancers and significantly correlated with their invasiveness. Moreover, knockdown of KRT19 led to increased proliferation, migration, invasion, drug resistance, and sphere formation in breast cancer cells via an upregulated NOTCH signaling pathway. This was owing to reduced expression of NUMB, an inhibitory protein of the NOTCH signaling pathway. In addition, we found that KRT19 interacts with β-catenin/RAC1 complex and enhances the nuclear translocation of β-catenin. Concordantly, knockdown of KRT19 suppressed the nuclear translocation of β-catenin as well as β-catenin-mediated NUMB expression. Furthermore, modulation of KRT19-mediated regulation of NUMB and NOTCH1 expression led to the repression of the cancer stem cell properties of breast cancer patient-derived CD133high/CXCR4high/ALDH1high cancer stem-like cells (CSLCs), which showed very low KRT19 and high NOTCH1 expression. Taken together, our study suggests a novel function for KRT19 in the regulation of nuclear import of the β-catenin/RAC1 complex, thus modulating the NUMB-dependent NOTCH signaling pathway in breast cancers and CSLCs, which might bear potential clinical implications for cancer or CSLC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Saha
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Stem Cell & Regenerative Biotechnology and Incurable Disease Animal Model & Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - H Y Choi
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Stem Cell & Regenerative Biotechnology and Incurable Disease Animal Model & Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - B W Kim
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Stem Cell & Regenerative Biotechnology and Incurable Disease Animal Model & Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - A A Dayem
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Stem Cell & Regenerative Biotechnology and Incurable Disease Animal Model & Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - G-M Yang
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Stem Cell & Regenerative Biotechnology and Incurable Disease Animal Model & Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - K S Kim
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Stem Cell & Regenerative Biotechnology and Incurable Disease Animal Model & Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Y F Yin
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Stem Cell & Regenerative Biotechnology and Incurable Disease Animal Model & Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - S-G Cho
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Stem Cell & Regenerative Biotechnology and Incurable Disease Animal Model & Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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110
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Wang CY, Shahi P, Huang JTW, Phan NN, Sun Z, Lin YC, Lai MD, Werb Z. Systematic analysis of the achaete-scute complex-like gene signature in clinical cancer patients. Mol Clin Oncol 2016; 6:7-18. [PMID: 28123722 PMCID: PMC5244854 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2016.1094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The achaete-scute complex-like (ASCL) family, also referred to as ‘achaete-scute complex homolog’ or ‘achaete-scute family basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor’, is critical for proper development of the nervous system and deregulation of ASCL plays a key role in psychiatric and neurological disorders. The ASCL family consists of five members, namely ASCL1, ASCL2, ASCL3, ASCL4 and ASCL5. The ASCL1 gene serves as a potential oncogene during lung cancer development. There is a correlation between increased ASCL2 expression and colon cancer development. Inhibition of ASCL2 reduced cellular proliferation and tumor growth in xenograft tumor experiments. Although previous studies demonstrated involvement of ASCL1 and ASCL2 in tumor development, little is known on the remaining ASCL family members and their potential effect on tumorigenesis. Therefore, a holistic approach to investigating the expression of ASCL family genes in diverse types of cancer may provide new insights in cancer research. In this study, we utilized a web-based microarray database (Oncomine; www.oncomine.org) to analyze the transcriptional expression of the ASCL family in clinical cancer and normal tissues. Our bioinformatics analysis revealed the potential involvement of multiple ASCL family members during tumor onset and progression in multiple types of cancer. Compared to normal tissue, ASCL1 exhibited a higher expression in cancers of the lung, pancreas, kidney, esophagus and head and neck, whereas ASCL2 exhibited a high expression in cancers of the breast, colon, stomach, lung, head and neck, ovary and testis. ASCL3, however, exhibited a high expression only in breast cancer. Interestingly, ASCL1 expression was downregulated in melanoma and in cancers of the bladder, breast, stomach and colon. ASCL2 exhibited low expression levels in sarcoma, melanoma, brain and prostate cancers. Reduction in the expression of ASCL3 was detected in lymphoma, bladder, cervical, kidney and epithelial cancers. Similarly, ASCL5 exhibited low expression in the majority of brain cancer subtypes, such as glioblastoma and oligodendroglioma. This analysis supports the hypothesis that specific ASCL members may play an important role in cancer development. Collectively, our data suggest that alterations in the expression of ASCL gene family members are correlated with cancer development. Furthermore, ASCL family members were categorized according to cancer subtype. The aim of this report was to provide novel insights to the significance of the ASCL family in various cancers and our findings suggested that the ASCL gene family may be an ideal target for future cancer studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Yang Wang
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan 11114, R.O.C.; Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan 11114, R.O.C
| | - Payam Shahi
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - John Ting Wei Huang
- Department of Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Nam Nhut Phan
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh 7000, Vietnam; Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, Chinese Culture University, Taipei, Taiwan 11114, R.O.C
| | - Zhengda Sun
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Yen-Chang Lin
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, Chinese Culture University, Taipei, Taiwan 11114, R.O.C
| | - Ming-Derg Lai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan 11114, R.O.C.; Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan 11114, R.O.C
| | - Zena Werb
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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111
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Biasiotta A, D'Arcangelo D, Passarelli F, Nicodemi EM, Facchiano A. Ion channels expression and function are strongly modified in solid tumors and vascular malformations. J Transl Med 2016; 14:285. [PMID: 27716384 PMCID: PMC5050926 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-016-1038-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Several cellular functions relate to ion-channels activity. Physiologically relevant chains of events leading to angiogenesis, cell cycle and different forms of cell death, require transmembrane voltage control. We hypothesized that the unordered angiogenesis occurring in solid cancers and vascular malformations might associate, at least in part, to ion-transport alteration. Methods The expression level of several ion-channels was analyzed in human solid tumor biopsies. Expression of 90 genes coding for ion-channels related proteins was investigated within the Oncomine database, in 25 independent patients-datasets referring to five histologically-different solid tumors (namely, bladder cancer, glioblastoma, melanoma, breast invasive-ductal cancer, lung carcinoma), in a total of 3673 patients (674 control-samples and 2999 cancer-samples). Furthermore, the ion-channel activity was directly assessed by measuring in vivo the electrical sympathetic skin responses (SSR) on the skin of 14 patients affected by the flat port-wine stains vascular malformation, i.e., a non-tumor vascular malformation clinical model. Results Several ion-channels showed significantly increased expression in tumors (p < 0.0005); nine genes (namely, CACNA1D, FXYD3, FXYD5, HTR3A, KCNE3, KCNE4, KCNN4, CLIC1, TRPM3) showed such significant modification in at least half of datasets investigated for each cancer type. Moreover, in vivo analyses in flat port-wine stains patients showed a significantly reduced SSR in the affected skin as compared to the contralateral healthy skin (p < 0.05), in both latency and amplitude measurements. Conclusions All together these data identify ion-channel genes showing significantly modified expression in different tumors and cancer-vessels, and indicate a relevant electrophysiological alteration in human vascular malformations. Such data suggest a possible role and a potential diagnostic application of the ion–electron transport in vascular disorders underlying tumor neo-angiogenesis and vascular malformations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniela D'Arcangelo
- Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata, IDI-IRCCS, Fondazione Luigi Maria Monti, via Monti di Creta 104, 00167, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Passarelli
- Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata, IDI-IRCCS, Fondazione Luigi Maria Monti, via Monti di Creta 104, 00167, Rome, Italy
| | - Ezio Maria Nicodemi
- Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata, IDI-IRCCS, Fondazione Luigi Maria Monti, via Monti di Creta 104, 00167, Rome, Italy.
| | - Antonio Facchiano
- Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata, IDI-IRCCS, Fondazione Luigi Maria Monti, via Monti di Creta 104, 00167, Rome, Italy.
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112
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The lncRNA landscape of breast cancer reveals a role for DSCAM-AS1 in breast cancer progression. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12791. [PMID: 27666543 PMCID: PMC5052669 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular classification of cancers into subtypes has resulted in an advance in our understanding of tumour biology and treatment response across multiple tumour types. However, to date, cancer profiling has largely focused on protein-coding genes, which comprise <1% of the genome. Here we leverage a compendium of 58,648 long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) to subtype 947 breast cancer samples. We show that lncRNA-based profiling categorizes breast tumours by their known molecular subtypes in breast cancer. We identify a cohort of breast cancer-associated and oestrogen-regulated lncRNAs, and investigate the role of the top prioritized oestrogen receptor (ER)-regulated lncRNA, DSCAM-AS1. We demonstrate that DSCAM-AS1 mediates tumour progression and tamoxifen resistance and identify hnRNPL as an interacting protein involved in the mechanism of DSCAM-AS1 action. By highlighting the role of DSCAM-AS1 in breast cancer biology and treatment resistance, this study provides insight into the potential clinical implications of lncRNAs in breast cancer. LncRNAs have been associated with cancer. Here, the authors carry out a systematic review of lncRNAs in breast cancer and show that DSCAM-AS1 is highly expressed in oestrogen receptor positive tumours and enhances cancer through an interaction with hnRNPL; and is also associated with tamoxifen resistance.
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113
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Canevari RA, Marchi FA, Domingues MAC, de Andrade VP, Caldeira JRF, Verjovski-Almeida S, Rogatto SR, Reis EM. Identification of novel biomarkers associated with poor patient outcomes in invasive breast carcinoma. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:13855-13870. [PMID: 27485113 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-5133-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast carcinoma (BC) corresponds to 23 % of all cancers in women, with 1.38 million new cases and 460,000 deaths worldwide annually. Despite the significant advances in the identification of molecular markers and different modalities of treatment for primary BC, the ability to predict its metastatic behavior is still limited. The purpose of this study was to identify novel molecular markers associated with distinct clinical outcomes in a Brazilian cohort of BC patients. We generated global gene expression profiles using tumor samples from 24 patients with invasive ductal BC who were followed for at least 5 years, including a group of 15 patients with favorable outcomes and another with nine patients who developed metastasis. We identified a set of 58 differentially expressed genes (p ≤ 0.01) between the two groups. The prognostic value of this metastasis signature was corroborated by its ability to stratify independent BC patient datasets according to disease-free survival and overall survival. The upregulation of B3GNT7, PPM1D, TNKS2, PHB, and GTSE1 in patients with poor outcomes was confirmed by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) in an independent sample of patients with BC (47 with good outcomes and eight that presented metastasis). The expression of BCL2-associated agonist of cell death (BAD) protein was determined in 1276 BC tissue samples by immunohistochemistry and was consistent with the reduced BAD mRNA expression levels in metastatic cases, as observed in the oligoarray data. These findings point to novel prognostic markers that can distinguish breast carcinomas with metastatic potential from those with favorable outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata A Canevari
- Instituto de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, Universidade do Vale do Paraíba, São José dos Campos, SP, 12244-000, Brazil
| | - Fabio A Marchi
- CIPE - AC Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, SP, 01508-010, Brazil
| | - Maria A C Domingues
- Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Estado de São Paulo - UNESP, Botucatu, SP, 18618-000, Brazil
| | | | - José R F Caldeira
- Departamento de Senologia, Hospital Amaral Carvalho, Jaú, SP, 17210-080, Brazil
| | - Sergio Verjovski-Almeida
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, Cidade Universitaria, São Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil.,Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, 05503-900, Brazil
| | - Silvia R Rogatto
- CIPE - AC Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, SP, 01508-010, Brazil. .,Department of Clinical Genetics Vejle Sygehus, Vejle, Denmark. .,Institute of Regional Health, University of Southern Denmark, Vejle, Denmark.
| | - Eduardo M Reis
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, Cidade Universitaria, São Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil.
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114
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Pedanou VE, Gobeil S, Tabariès S, Simone TM, Zhu LJ, Siegel PM, Green MR. The histone H3K9 demethylase KDM3A promotes anoikis by transcriptionally activating pro-apoptotic genes BNIP3 and BNIP3L. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27472901 PMCID: PMC4991936 DOI: 10.7554/elife.16844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cells that lose attachment to the extracellular matrix undergo a specialized form of apoptosis called anoikis. Here, using large-scale RNA interference (RNAi) screening, we find that KDM3A, a histone H3 lysine 9 (H3K9) mono- and di-demethylase, plays a pivotal role in anoikis induction. In attached breast epithelial cells, KDM3A expression is maintained at low levels by integrin signaling. Following detachment, integrin signaling is decreased resulting in increased KDM3A expression. RNAi-mediated knockdown of KDM3A substantially reduces apoptosis following detachment and, conversely, ectopic expression of KDM3A induces cell death in attached cells. We find that KDM3A promotes anoikis through transcriptional activation of BNIP3 and BNIP3L, which encode pro-apoptotic proteins. Using mouse models of breast cancer metastasis we show that knockdown of Kdm3a enhances metastatic potential. Finally, we find defective KDM3A expression in human breast cancer cell lines and tumors. Collectively, our results reveal a novel transcriptional regulatory program that mediates anoikis. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.16844.001 Epithelial cells line the inside of blood vessels, intestines and other organs throughout the body. Any epithelial cells that become detached from their natural surroundings die by a process called anoikis (a Greek word meaning “being without a home”). This process has an important role in preventing cancer from spreading around the body because it eliminates cells that are not in their proper environment. However, some cancers that start from epithelial cells, such as breast cancer, develop resistance to anoikis. Gaining a better understanding of the cellular factors that regulate anoikis, and how resistance develops, may reveal new drug targets for the treatment of breast cancer. Previous studies found proteins called BIM and BMF promote anoikis by inducing cell suicide. However, it is possible that other factors can also promote this process in different ways. Pedanou et al. performed a large-scale genetic screen in human breast epithelial cells and identified several new factors that promote anoikis. Inside our cells, DNA is packaged around proteins called histones, which can influence whether a gene is switched on or off. One of the factors Pedanou et al. identified is a protein called KDM3A that can remove small chemical groups (known as methyl groups) from histones – a process that is known to switch on genes. Further experiments show that epithelial cells in their natural surroundings only produce low levels of KDM3A, but that the levels of this protein increase if these cells become detached. This promotes anoikis by activating two genes called BNIP3 and BNIP3L that induce cell suicide. However, KDM3A levels are low in human breast cancers, which suggests that these cancers become resistant to anoikis by preventing increases in KDM3A production. Using a mouse model of breast cancer, Pedanou et al. found that switching off KDM3A in cancer cells increases their ability to move around the body. Collectively, these findings reveal a new mechanism that triggers anoikis in normal breast epithelial cells and is disabled during breast cancer development. Future challenges are to identify factors that directly regulate the production of KDM3A, and to understand how these factors are manipulated in breast cancer cells to cause anoikis resistance. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.16844.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria E Pedanou
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, United States
| | - Stéphane Gobeil
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada.,Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, CHUL, Québec PQ, Canada
| | - Sébastien Tabariès
- Department of Medicine, Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Tessa M Simone
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, United States
| | - Lihua Julie Zhu
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, United States.,Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, United States.,Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, United States
| | - Peter M Siegel
- Department of Medicine, Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Michael R Green
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, United States
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115
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Christgen M, Steinemann D, Kühnle E, Länger F, Gluz O, Harbeck N, Kreipe H. Lobular breast cancer: Clinical, molecular and morphological characteristics. Pathol Res Pract 2016; 212:583-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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116
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Vázquez-Arreguín K, Tantin D. The Oct1 transcription factor and epithelial malignancies: Old protein learns new tricks. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2016; 1859:792-804. [PMID: 26877236 PMCID: PMC4880489 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2016.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2015] [Revised: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The metazoan-specific POU domain transcription factor family comprises activities underpinning developmental processes such as embryonic pluripotency and neuronal specification. Some POU family proteins efficiently bind an 8-bp DNA element known as the octamer motif. These proteins are known as Oct transcription factors. Oct1/POU2F1 is the only widely expressed POU factor. Unlike other POU factors it controls no specific developmental or organ system. Oct1 was originally described to operate at target genes associated with proliferation and immune modulation, but more recent results additionally identify targets associated with oxidative and cytotoxic stress resistance, metabolic regulation, stem cell function and other unexpected processes. Oct1 is pro-oncogenic in multiple contexts, and several recent reports provide broad evidence that Oct1 has prognostic and therapeutic value in multiple epithelial tumor settings. This review focuses on established and emerging roles of Oct1 in epithelial tumors, with an emphasis on mechanisms of transcription regulation by Oct1 that may underpin these findings. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: The Oct Transcription Factor Family, edited by Dr. Dean Tantin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Vázquez-Arreguín
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Dean Tantin
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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117
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Gatza ML, Carey LA. Another Breast Cancer Entity Confirmed: Genomics of Invasive Lobular Breast Cancer. J Clin Oncol 2016; 34:1838-9. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2015.66.3872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lisa A. Carey
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
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118
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Romeo V, Schümperli D. Cycling in the nucleus: regulation of RNA 3′ processing and nuclear organization of replication-dependent histone genes. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2016; 40:23-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2016.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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119
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Li Y, Jin K, van Pelt GW, van Dam H, Yu X, Mesker WE, Ten Dijke P, Zhou F, Zhang L. c-Myb Enhances Breast Cancer Invasion and Metastasis through the Wnt/β-Catenin/Axin2 Pathway. Cancer Res 2016; 76:3364-75. [PMID: 27197202 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-2302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The molecular underpinnings of aggressive breast cancers remain mainly obscure. Here we demonstrate that activation of the transcription factor c-Myb is required for the prometastatic character of basal breast cancers. An analysis of breast cancer patients led us to identify c-Myb as an activator of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. c-Myb interacted with the intracellular Wnt effector β-catenin and coactivated the Wnt/β-catenin target genes Cyclin D1 and Axin2 Moreover, c-Myb controlled metastasis in an Axin2-dependent manner. Expression microarray analyses revealed a positive association between Axin2 and c-Myb, a target of the proinflammatory cytokine IL1β that was found to be required for IL1β-induced breast cancer cell invasion. Overall, our results identified c-Myb as a promoter of breast cancer invasion and metastasis through its ability to activate Wnt/β-catenin/Axin2 signaling. Cancer Res; 76(11); 3364-75. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihao Li
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China. Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Cancer Genomics Centre Netherlands, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Ke Jin
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Gabi W van Pelt
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Hans van Dam
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Cancer Genomics Centre Netherlands, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands. Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Xiao Yu
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Wilma E Mesker
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Peter Ten Dijke
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China. Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Cancer Genomics Centre Netherlands, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands. Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Fangfang Zhou
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, P.R. China.
| | - Long Zhang
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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120
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Kim DY, Helfman DM. Loss of MLCK leads to disruption of cell-cell adhesion and invasive behavior of breast epithelial cells via increased expression of EGFR and ERK/JNK signaling. Oncogene 2016; 35:4495-508. [PMID: 26876209 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) expression is downregulated in breast cancer, including invasive ductal carcinoma compared with ductal breast carcinoma in situ and metastatic breast tumors. However, little is known about how loss of MLCK expression contributes to tumor progression. MLCK is a component of the actin cytoskeleton and its known role is the phosphorylation of the regulatory light chain of myosin II. To gain insights into the role of MLCK in breast cancer, we perturbed its function using small interfering RNA (siRNA) or pharmacological inhibition in untransformed breast epithelial cells (MCF10A). Loss of MLCK by siRNAs led to increased cell migration and invasion, disruption of cell-cell adhesions and enhanced formation of focal adhesions at the leading edge of migratory cells. In addition, downregulation of MLCK cooperated with HER2 in MCF10A cells to promote cell migration and invasion and low levels of MLCK is associated with a poor prognosis in HER2-positive breast cancer patients. Associated with these altered migratory behaviors were increased expression of epidermal growth factor receptor and activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase and c-Jun N-terminal kinase signaling pathways in MLCK downregulated MCF10A cells. By contrast, inhibition of the kinase function of MLCK using pharmacological agents inhibited cell migration and invasion, and did not affect cellular adhesions. Our results show that loss of MLCK contributes to the migratory properties of epithelial cells resulting from changes in cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesions, and increased epidermal growth factor receptor signaling. These findings suggest that decreased expression of MLCK may have a critical role during tumor progression by facilitating the metastatic potential of tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Y Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - D M Helfman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
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121
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Liu TH, Guo K, Liu RQ, Zhang S, Huang ZH, Liu YK. The high expressed serum soluble neural cell adhesion molecule, a high risk factor indicating hepatic encephalopathy in hepatocelular carcinoma patients. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2016; 16:3131-5. [PMID: 25921109 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.8.3131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether the expression of serum soluble neural cell adhesion molecule (sNCAM) is associated with hepatic encephalopathy (HE) in hepatocelular carcinoma (HCC) patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS The Oncomine Cancer Microarray database was used to determine the clinical relevance of NCAM expression in different kinds of human cancers. Sera from 75 HCC cases enrolled in this study were assessed for expression of sNCAM by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS Dependent on the Oncomine Cancer Microarray database analysis, NCAM was down regulated in 10 different kinds of cancer, like bladder cancer, brain and central nervous system cancer, while up-regulated in lung cancer, uterine corpus leiomyoma and sarcoma, compared to normal groups. Puzzlingly, NCAM expression demonstrated no significant difference between normal and HCC groups. However, we found by quantitative ELISA that the level of sNCAM in sera from HCC patients with HE (347.4±151.9 ng/ml) was significantly more up-regulated than that in HCC patients without HE (260.3±104.2 ng/ml), the p-value being 0.008. sNCAM may be an important risk factor of HE in HCC patients, the correlation coefficients was 0.278 (P< 0.05) on rank correlation analysis. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights that up-regulated level of serum sNCAM is associated with HE in HCC patients and suggests that the high expression can be used as an indicator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Hua Liu
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China E-mail :
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Expressing Status and Correlation of ARID1A and Histone H2B on Breast Cancer. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:7593787. [PMID: 26904685 PMCID: PMC4745880 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7593787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2015] [Revised: 12/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
ARID1A is one of the important cancer-related genes and regulates transcription of certain genes by altering chromatin structure. Inactivated mutations and decreased expression of ARID1A gene have been reported in several kinds of cancer. Histone H2B is a major component of chromatin and encoded by HIST1H2BE. The goal of the study is to evaluate expressing status of ARID1A and H2B as well as their correlation on breast cancer. Gene expression profiles of ARID1A and H2B on Oncomine database are analyzed. Tissue microarray of breast cancer was used for examination of ARID1A and H2B expression by immunohistochemistry. As a result, the disagreement of ARID1A expression was found, while HIST1H2BE expression is elevated in 4 out of 5 datasets on Oncomine database. There were 15 cases (20%) of breast cancers that were positive for ARID1A. Fifty-eight out of 75 cases of breast cancer (77.3%) were highly expressed for H2B protein and 17 cases (22.7%) were low expressed for H2B protein. All cases with ARID1A expression are overlapped with H2B high expression. Among 15 cases with ARID1A and H2B coexpression, 13 are invasive ductal carcinoma and 2 are mucinous carcinoma. Our results indicate that ARID1A gene may be involved in carcinogenesis of some subtypes of breast cancer.
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123
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Bii VM, Rae DT, Trobridge GD. A novel gammaretroviral shuttle vector insertional mutagenesis screen identifies SHARPIN as a breast cancer metastasis gene and prognostic biomarker. Oncotarget 2015; 6:39507-20. [PMID: 26506596 PMCID: PMC4741842 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the second leading cause of malignancy among U.S. women. Metastasis results in a poor prognosis and increased mortality, but the molecular mechanisms by which metastatic tumors occur are not well understood. Identifying the genes that drive the metastatic process could provide targets for improved therapy and biomarkers to improve BC patient outcomes. Using a forward mutagenesis screen, BC cells mutagenized with a replication-incompetent gammaretroviral vector (γRV) were xenotransplanted into the mammary fat pad of immunodeficient mice. In this approach the vector provirus dysregulates nearby genes, providing a selective advantage to transduced cells to form metastases. Metastatic tumors were analyzed for proviral integration sites to identify nearby candidate metastasis genes. The γRV has a transgene cassette that allows for rescue in bacteria and rapid identification of vector integration sites. Using this approach, we identified the previously described metastasis gene WWTR1 (TAZ), and three other novel candidate metastasis genes including SHARPIN. SHARPIN was independently validated in vivo as a BC metastasis gene. Analysis of patient data showed that SHARPIN expression predicts metastasis-free survival after adjuvant therapy. Our approach has broad potential to identify genes involved in oncogenic processes for BC and other cancers. We show here it can identify both known (WWTR1) and novel (SHARPIN) BC metastasis genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor M. Bii
- Washington State University College of Pharmacy, WSU Spokane, Spokane, WA, USA
| | - Dustin T. Rae
- Washington State University College of Pharmacy, WSU Spokane, Spokane, WA, USA
| | - Grant D. Trobridge
- Washington State University College of Pharmacy, WSU Spokane, Spokane, WA, USA
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
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Schummer M, Thorpe J, Giraldez M, Bergan L, Tewari M, Urban N. Evaluating Serum Markers for Hormone Receptor-Negative Breast Cancer. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142911. [PMID: 26565788 PMCID: PMC4643893 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer death in females worldwide. Death rates have been declining, largely as a result of early detection through mammography and improved treatment, but mammographic screening is controversial because of over-diagnosis of breast disease that might not require treatment, and under-diagnosis of cancer in women with dense breasts. Breast cancer screening could be improved by pairing mammography with a tumor circulating marker, of which there are currently none. Given genomic similarities between the basal breast cancer subtype and serous ovarian cancer, and given our success in identifying circulating markers for ovarian cancer, we investigated the performance in hormone receptor-negative breast cancer detection of both previously identified ovarian serum markers and circulating markers associated with transcripts that were differentially expressed in breast cancer tissue compared to healthy breast tissue from reduction mammaplasties. METHODS We evaluated a total of 15 analytes (13 proteins, 1 miRNA, 1 autoantibody) in sera drawn at or before breast cancer surgery from 43 breast cancer cases (28 triple-negative-TN-and 15 hormone receptor-negative-HRN-/ HER2-positive) and 87 matched controls. RESULTS In the analysis of our whole cohort of breast cancer cases, autoantibodies to TP53 performed significantly better than the other selected 14 analytes showing 25.6% and 34.9% sensitivity at 95% and 90% specificity respectively with AUC: 0.7 (p<0.001). The subset of 28 TN cancers showed very similar results. We observed no correlation between anti-TP53 and the 14 other markers; however, anti-TP53 expression correlated with Body-Mass-Index. It did not correlate with tumor size, positive lymph nodes, tumor stage, the presence of metastases or recurrence. CONCLUSION None of the 13 serum proteins nor miRNA 135b identified women with HRN or TN breast cancer. TP53 autoantibodies identified women with HRN breast cancer and may have potential for early detection, confirming earlier reports. TP53 autoantibodies are long lasting in serum but may be affected by storage duration. Autoantibodies to TP53 might correlate with Body-Mass-Index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michèl Schummer
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jason Thorpe
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Maria Giraldez
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Lindsay Bergan
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Muneesh Tewari
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Divisions of Hematology/Oncology and Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Center for Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Nicole Urban
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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Is there an association between invasive lobular carcinoma of the breast and a family history of gastric cancer? Fam Cancer 2015; 15:41-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s10689-015-9833-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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126
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JIANG ZHIBIN, ZHU JIALIANG, MA YUCHAO, HONG CAO, XIAO SHENG, JIN LONGYU. Tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase 1 expression is negatively correlated with c-Met and lymph node metastasis in human lung cancer. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:5217-22. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Proline-rich AKT substrate of 40-kDa (PRAS40) in the pathophysiology of cancer. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 463:161-6. [PMID: 26003731 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway has been reported in various pathologies, such as cancer and insulin resistance. The proline-rich AKT substrate of 40-kDa (PRAS40), also known as AKT substrate 1 (AKT1S1), lies at the crossroads of these cascades and inhibits the activity of the mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) kinase. This review discusses the role of PRAS40 and possible feedback mechanisms, and alterations in AKT/PRAS40/mTOR signaling that have been implicated in the pathogenesis of tumor progression. Additionally, we probed new datasets extracted from Oncomine, a cancer microarray database containing datasets derived from patient samples, to further understand the role of PRAS40 (AKT1S1). These data strongly supports the hypothesis that PRAS40 may serve as a potential therapeutic target for various cancers.
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128
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De Melo J, Tang D. Elevation of SIPL1 (SHARPIN) Increases Breast Cancer Risk. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127546. [PMID: 25992689 PMCID: PMC4438068 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
SIPL1 (Sharpin) or Sharpin plays a role in tumorigenesis. However, its involvement in breast cancer tumorigenesis remains largely unknown. To investigate this issue, we have systemically analyzed SIPL1 gene amplification and expression data available from Oncomine datasets, which were derived from 17 studies and contained approximately 20,000 genes, 3438 breast cancer cases, and 228 normal individuals. We found a SIPL1 gene amplification in invasive ductal breast cancers compared to normal breast tissues and a significant elevation of SIPL1 mRNA in breast cancers in comparison to non-tumor breast tissues. These results collectively reveal that increases in SIPL1 expression occur during breast cancer tumorigenesis. To further investigate this association, we observed increases in the SIPL1 gene and mRNA in the breast cancer subtypes of estrogen receptor (ER)+, progesterone receptor (PR)+, HER2+, or triple negative. Additionally, a gain of the SIPL1 gene correlated with breast cancer grade and the levels of SIPL1 mRNA associated with both breast cancer stages and grades. Elevation of SIPL1 gene copy and mRNA is linked to a decrease in patient survival, especially for those with PR+, ER+, or HER2- breast cancers. These results are supported by our analysis of SIPL1 protein expression using a tissue microarray containing 224 breast cancer cases, in which higher levels of SIPL1 relate to ER+ and PR+ tumors and AKT activation. Furthermore, we were able to show that progesterone significantly reduced SIPL1 mRNA and protein expression in MCF7 cells. As progesterone enhances breast cancer tumorigenesis in a context dependent manner, inhibition of SIPL1 expression may contribute to progesterone's non-tumorigenic function which might be countered by SIPL1 upregulation. Taken together, we demonstrate a positive correlation of SIPL1 with BC tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason De Melo
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Ontario, Canada
- Father Sean O’Sullivan Research Institute, Ontario, Canada
- The Hamilton Center for Kidney Research, St. Joseph’s Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Damu Tang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Ontario, Canada
- Father Sean O’Sullivan Research Institute, Ontario, Canada
- The Hamilton Center for Kidney Research, St. Joseph’s Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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129
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Mao Y, Fu A, Hoffman AE, Jacobs DI, Jin M, Chen K, Zhu Y. The circadian gene CRY2 is associated with breast cancer aggressiveness possibly via epigenomic modifications. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:3533-9. [PMID: 25740058 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-2989-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the role of core circadian gene cryptochrome 2 (CRY2) in breast tumorigenesis has been demonstrated, the correlations of CRY2 with clinical parameters in breast cancer patients and its involvement in epigenetic processes such as DNA methylation remain relatively unexplored. In the current study, we first queried the Oncomine database and the Gene Expression-Based Outcome for Breast Cancer Online (GOBO) database to identify associations between CRY2 expression levels and clinical parameters in breast cancer patients. We then silenced CRY2 in vitro and performed a genome-wide methylation array to determine the epigenetic impact of CRY2 silencing. The Ingenuity Pathway Analysis software was used to further explore the genes exhibiting altered methylation identified using the array. We found that CRY2 was frequently down-regulated in breast cancer tissue compared to adjacent normal tissue or breast tissue from healthy controls. Lower CRY2 expression was associated with estrogen receptor (ER)-negativity (P < 0.0001), higher tumor grade (P < 0.0001), and shorter overall survival time in breast cancer patients (HR = 1.44, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.09-1.91). Genome-wide methylation analysis showed that a total of 515 CpG sites were hypermethylated following CRY2 knockdown, while 730 sites were hypomethylated. The pathway analysis revealed several cancer-relevant networks with genes exhibiting significantly altered methylation following CRY2 silencing. These findings suggest that the core circadian gene CRY2 is associated with breast cancer progression and prognosis, and that knockdown of CRY2 causes the epigenetic dysregulation of genes involved in cancer-relevant pathways, which provide further evidence supporting a role of the circadian system in breast tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Mao
- School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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130
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McCart Reed AE, Kutasovic JR, Lakhani SR, Simpson PT. Invasive lobular carcinoma of the breast: morphology, biomarkers and 'omics. Breast Cancer Res 2015; 17:12. [PMID: 25849106 PMCID: PMC4310190 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-015-0519-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Invasive lobular carcinoma of the breast is the most common 'special' morphological subtype of breast cancer, comprising up to 15% of all cases. Tumours are generally of a good prognostic phenotype, being low histological grade and low mitotic index, hormone receptor positive and HER2, p53 and basal marker negative, and with a generally good response to endocrine therapy. Despite this, clinicians face countless challenges in the diagnosis and long-term management of patients, as they encounter a tumour that can be difficult to detect through screening, elicits a very invasive nature, a propensity for widespread metastatic colonisation and, consequently, in some studies a worse long-term poor outcome compared with invasive carcinoma of no special type. Here we review the morphological and molecular features that underpin the disparate biological and clinical characteristics of this fascinating tumour type.
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131
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Assefnia S, Dakshanamurthy S, Guidry Auvil JM, Hampel C, Anastasiadis PZ, Kallakury B, Uren A, Foley DW, Brown ML, Shapiro L, Brenner M, Haigh D, Byers SW. Cadherin-11 in poor prognosis malignancies and rheumatoid arthritis: common target, common therapies. Oncotarget 2015; 5:1458-74. [PMID: 24681547 PMCID: PMC4039224 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.1538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cadherin-11 (CDH11), associated with epithelial to mesenchymal transformation in development, poor prognosis malignancies and cancer stem cells, is also a major therapeutic target in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). CDH11 expressing basal-like breast carcinomas and other CDH11 expressing malignancies exhibit poor prognosis. We show that CDH11 is increased early in breast cancer and ductal carcinoma in-situ. CDH11 knockdown and antibodies effective in RA slowed the growth of basal-like breast tumors and decreased proliferation and colony formation of breast, glioblastoma and prostate cancer cells. The repurposed arthritis drug celecoxib, which binds to CDH11, and other small molecules designed to bind CDH11 without inhibiting COX-2 preferentially affect the growth of CDH11 positive cancer cells in vitro and in animals. These data suggest that CDH11 is important for malignant progression, and is a therapeutic target in arthritis and cancer with the potential for rapid clinical translation
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahin Assefnia
- The Georgetown-Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
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132
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Abstract
The GAS3 family of tetraspan proteins has recently been implicated in the progression of cancer. Currently, six members of the GAS3 family have been identified in humans and mice, and while their expressions in disease vary, data suggest that they play a role in epithelial cell structure and function. In this review, we highlight the studies implicating four of the members in disease pathogenesis as well as probe the structural similarities between the family members. Finally, the impact of targeting select members of the family such as PMP22 and EMP2 is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negin Ashki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jules Stein Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Lynn Gordon
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Madhuri Wadehra
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
- Address all correspondence to: Madhuri Wadehra, PhD, Pathology and Lab Medicine, 14-127 Center for Health Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095; Tel.: 310-825-1590; Fax: 310-825-5674;
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133
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Pandya HJ, Park K, Chen W, Chekmareva MA, Foran DJ, Desai JP. Simultaneous MEMS-based electro-mechanical phenotyping of breast cancer. LAB ON A CHIP 2015; 15:3695-706. [PMID: 26224116 PMCID: PMC4550491 DOI: 10.1039/c5lc00491h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Carcinomas are the most commonly diagnosed cancers originating in the skin, lungs, breasts, pancreas, and other organs and glands. In most of the cases, the microenvironment within the tissue changes with the progression of disease. A key challenge is to develop a device capable of providing quantitative indicators in diagnosing cancer by measuring alteration in electrical and mechanical property of the tissues from the onset of malignancy. We demonstrate micro-electro-mechanical-systems (MEMS) based flexible polymer microsensor array capable of simultaneously measuring electro-mechanical properties of the breast tissues cores (1 mm in diameter and 10 μm in thickness) from onset through progression of the cancer. The electrical and mechanical signatures obtained from the tissue cores shows the capability of the device to clearly demarcate the specific stages of cancer in epithelial and stromal regions providing quantitative indicators facilitating the diagnosis of breast cancer. The present study shows that electro-mechanical properties of the breast tissue core at the micro-level are different than those at the macro-level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hardik J Pandya
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Maryland Robotics Center, Institute for Systems Research, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.
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134
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Abstract
Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide. Cancer cells proliferate uncontrollably and, many cases, spread to other parts of the body. A protein historically involved in cancer is protein kinase CK2. CK2 is a serine-threonine kinase that has been involved in cell growth, cell proliferation and cell apoptosis. CK2 functions as an oncogene when overexpressed in mouse tissues, and can synergize with known oncogenes, such as ras, to induce cell transformation in cells in culture. CK2, typically the CK2α protein, is found elevated in a number of human tumors. However, we have little information on CK2α' and CK2β proteins, and scarce information on CK2 gene transcript expression. Here, we explore the expression of CK2 transcripts in primary tumor tissues using the database Oncomine in the six cancers with the highest mortality in the U.S.A. In addition, we studied the correlation between CK2 expression and overall survival using the Kaplan-Meier Plotter database in breast, ovarian, and lung cancers. We found widespread upregulation in the expression of CK2 genes in primary tumor tissues. However, we found underexpression of CK2α' transcripts in some tumors, increased CK2β transcripts in some invasive tumors, and deregulation of CK2 transcripts in some tumor precursors. There was also correlation between CK2 expression levels and patient survival. These data provides additional evidence for CK2 as a biomarker for cancer studies and as a target for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charina E. Ortega
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, 02118, United States of America
| | - Yoshua Seidner
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, 02118, United States of America
| | - Isabel Dominguez
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, 02118, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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135
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Park YH, Jung HH, Do IG, Cho EY, Sohn I, Jung SH, Kil WH, Kim SW, Lee JE, Nam SJ, Ahn JS, Im YH. A seven-gene signature can predict distant recurrence in patients with triple-negative breast cancers who receive adjuvant chemotherapy following surgery. Int J Cancer 2014; 136:1976-84. [PMID: 25537444 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate candidate genes that might function as biomarkers to differentiate triple negative breast cancers (TNBCs) among patients, who received adjuvant chemotherapy after curative surgery. We tested whether the results of a NanoString expression assay that targeted 250 prospectively selected genes and used mRNA extracted from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded would predict distant recurrence in patients with TNBC. The levels of expression of seven genes were used in a prospectively defined algorithm to allocate each patient to a risk group (low or high). NanoString expression profiles were obtained for 203 tumor tissue blocks. Increased expressions of the five genes (SMAD2, HRAS, KRT6A, TP63 and ETV6) and decreased expression of the two genes (NFKB1 and MDM4) were associated favorable prognosis and were validated with cross-validation. The Kaplan-Meier estimates of the rates of distant recurrence at 10 years in the low- and high-risk groups according to gene expression signature were 62% [95% confidence interval (CI), 48.6-78.9%] and 85% (95% CI, 79.2-90.7%), respectively. When adjusting for TNM stage, the distant recurrence-free survival (DRFS)s in the low-risk group was significantly longer than that in the high-risk group (p <0.001) for early stage (I and II) and advanced stage (III) tumors. In a multivariate Cox regression model, the gene expression signature provided significant predictive power jointly with the TNM staging system. A seven-gene signature could be used as a prognostic model to predict DRFS in patients with TNBC who received curative surgery followed by adjuvant chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon Hee Park
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Biomedical Research Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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136
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Kulic I, Robertson G, Chang L, Baker JHE, Lockwood WW, Mok W, Fuller M, Fournier M, Wong N, Chou V, Robinson MD, Chun HJ, Gilks B, Kempkes B, Thomson TA, Hirst M, Minchinton AI, Lam WL, Jones S, Marra M, Karsan A. Loss of the Notch effector RBPJ promotes tumorigenesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 212:37-52. [PMID: 25512468 PMCID: PMC4291530 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20121192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Kulic et al. show that RBPJ, a transcriptional repressor of Notch, is frequently deleted in human cancers and can function as a tumor suppressor. Loss of RBPJ acts to derepress target gene promoters, allowing Notch-independent activation by alternate transcription factors that promote tumor growth. Aberrant Notch activity is oncogenic in several malignancies, but it is unclear how expression or function of downstream elements in the Notch pathway affects tumor growth. Transcriptional regulation by Notch is dependent on interaction with the DNA-binding transcriptional repressor, RBPJ, and consequent derepression or activation of associated gene promoters. We show here that RBPJ is frequently depleted in human tumors. Depletion of RBPJ in human cancer cell lines xenografted into immunodeficient mice resulted in activation of canonical Notch target genes, and accelerated tumor growth secondary to reduced cell death. Global analysis of activated regions of the genome, as defined by differential acetylation of histone H4 (H4ac), revealed that the cell death pathway was significantly dysregulated in RBPJ-depleted tumors. Analysis of transcription factor binding data identified several transcriptional activators that bind promoters with differential H4ac in RBPJ-depleted cells. Functional studies demonstrated that NF-κB and MYC were essential for survival of RBPJ-depleted cells. Thus, loss of RBPJ derepresses target gene promoters, allowing Notch-independent activation by alternate transcription factors that promote tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iva Kulic
- Genome Sciences Centre, Integrative Oncology Department, and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada Experimental Medicine Program and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 2B5, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Gordon Robertson
- Genome Sciences Centre, Integrative Oncology Department, and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Linda Chang
- Genome Sciences Centre, Integrative Oncology Department, and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Jennifer H E Baker
- Genome Sciences Centre, Integrative Oncology Department, and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - William W Lockwood
- Genome Sciences Centre, Integrative Oncology Department, and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Winnie Mok
- Genome Sciences Centre, Integrative Oncology Department, and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Megan Fuller
- Genome Sciences Centre, Integrative Oncology Department, and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Michèle Fournier
- Genome Sciences Centre, Integrative Oncology Department, and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Nelson Wong
- Genome Sciences Centre, Integrative Oncology Department, and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Vennie Chou
- Genome Sciences Centre, Integrative Oncology Department, and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Mark D Robinson
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences and SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland Institute of Molecular Life Sciences and SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hye-Jung Chun
- Genome Sciences Centre, Integrative Oncology Department, and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Blake Gilks
- Experimental Medicine Program and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 2B5, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Bettina Kempkes
- Department of Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas A Thomson
- Genome Sciences Centre, Integrative Oncology Department, and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Martin Hirst
- Genome Sciences Centre, Integrative Oncology Department, and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Andrew I Minchinton
- Genome Sciences Centre, Integrative Oncology Department, and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Wan L Lam
- Genome Sciences Centre, Integrative Oncology Department, and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Steven Jones
- Genome Sciences Centre, Integrative Oncology Department, and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Marco Marra
- Genome Sciences Centre, Integrative Oncology Department, and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Aly Karsan
- Genome Sciences Centre, Integrative Oncology Department, and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada Genome Sciences Centre, Integrative Oncology Department, and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada Experimental Medicine Program and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 2B5, British Columbia, Canada Experimental Medicine Program and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 2B5, British Columbia, Canada
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137
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Reed SM, Hagen J, Muniz VP, Rosean TR, Borcherding N, Sciegienka S, Goeken JA, Naumann PW, Zhang W, Tompkins VS, Janz S, Meyerholz DK, Quelle DE. NIAM-deficient mice are predisposed to the development of proliferative lesions including B-cell lymphomas. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112126. [PMID: 25393878 PMCID: PMC4231569 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear Interactor of ARF and Mdm2 (NIAM, gene designation Tbrg1) is a largely unstudied inhibitor of cell proliferation that helps maintain chromosomal stability. It is a novel activator of the ARF-Mdm2-Tip60-p53 tumor suppressor pathway as well as other undefined pathways important for genome maintenance. To examine its predicted role as a tumor suppressor, we generated NIAM mutant (NIAMm/m) mice homozygous for a β-galactosidase expressing gene-trap cassette in the endogenous gene. The mutant mice expressed significantly lower levels of NIAM protein in tissues compared to wild-type animals. Fifty percent of aged NIAM deficient mice (14 to 21 months) developed proliferative lesions, including a uterine hemangioma, pulmonary papillary adenoma, and a Harderian gland adenoma. No age-matched wild-type or NIAM+/m heterozygous animals developed lesions. In the spleen, NIAMm/m mice had prominent white pulp expansion which correlated with enhanced increased reactive lymphoid hyperplasia and evidence of systemic inflammation. Notably, 17% of NIAM mutant mice had splenic white pulp features indicating early B-cell lymphoma. This correlated with selective expansion of marginal zone B cells in the spleens of younger, tumor-free NIAM-deficient mice. Unexpectedly, basal p53 expression and activity was largely unaffected by NIAM loss in isolated splenic B cells. In sum, NIAM down-regulation in vivo results in a significant predisposition to developing benign tumors or early stage cancers. These mice represent an outstanding platform for dissecting NIAM's role in tumorigenesis and various anti-cancer pathways, including p53 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M. Reed
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Jussara Hagen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Viviane P. Muniz
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Timothy R. Rosean
- Interdisciplinary Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Nick Borcherding
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Sebastian Sciegienka
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - J. Adam Goeken
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Paul W. Naumann
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Weizhou Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Van S. Tompkins
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Siegfried Janz
- Interdisciplinary Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - David K. Meyerholz
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Dawn E. Quelle
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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138
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Yoda T, McNamara KM, Miki Y, Takagi M, Rai Y, Ohi Y, Sagara Y, Tamaki K, Hirakawa H, Ishida T, Suzuki T, Ohuchi N, Sasano H. Intratumoral androgen metabolism and actions in invasive lobular carcinoma of the breast. Cancer Sci 2014; 105:1503-9. [PMID: 25230018 PMCID: PMC4462384 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 08/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) accounts for approximately 10% of all breast carcinomas and is characterized by higher levels of androgen receptor (AR) compared to invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC). Despite this potentially androgen-responsive environment, the combined importance of AR and androgen metabolism in non-neoplastic lobules and lobular carcinoma remains unknown. Therefore, in this study, we evaluated the status of pivotal androgen-producing enzymes 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 5 (17βHSD5) and 5α-reductase type 1 (5αRed1) in 178 cases of ILC and surrounding histologically non-neoplastic lobular tissue using immunohistochemistry. Androgen receptor prevalence was higher but androgenic enzymes lower in ILC than non-neoplastic lobules. In ILC cases the status of 5αRed1 and 17βHSD5 was inversely correlated with tumor size (P = 0.0053) and nuclear grade (P = 0.0290), and significantly associated with better overall survival of the patients (P = 0.0059). Based on these findings, we hypothesized that androgen signaling could act as a tumor suppressor. As previous studies suggested that androgens might partially act by increasing levels of the estrogen inactivating enzyme 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (17βHSD2) in IDC tissues, this was reasonably considered a potential mechanism of androgen actions. Significantly positive correlation was detected between the status of androgenic enzymes and 17βHSD2 (P < 0.0001) and intratumoral 17βHSD2 was inversely correlated with tumor size in ILC (P = 0.0075). These correlations suggest one protective mode of androgen action could be through modulation of estrogen metabolism. Results of our present study indicated that androgen-producing enzymes could play pivotal protective roles in AR-enriched ILC cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Yoda
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of MedicineSendai
| | - Keely May McNamara
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of MedicineSendai
| | - Yasuhiro Miki
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of MedicineSendai
| | - Mayu Takagi
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of MedicineSendai
- Department of Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of MedicineSendai, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Rai
- Department of Sagara Hospital, Social Medical Corporation HakuaikaiKagoshima, Japan
| | - Yasuyo Ohi
- Department of Sagara Hospital, Social Medical Corporation HakuaikaiKagoshima, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Sagara
- Department of Sagara Hospital, Social Medical Corporation HakuaikaiKagoshima, Japan
| | - Kentaro Tamaki
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of MedicineSendai
- Department of Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of MedicineSendai, Japan
- Department of Nahanishi ClinicNaha, Japan
| | | | - Takanori Ishida
- Department of Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of MedicineSendai, Japan
| | - Takashi Suzuki
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of MedicineSendai
| | - Noriaki Ohuchi
- Department of Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of MedicineSendai, Japan
| | - Hironobu Sasano
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of MedicineSendai
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139
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Scheiber MN, Watson PM, Rumboldt T, Stanley C, Wilson RC, Findlay VJ, Anderson PE, Watson DK. FLI1 expression is correlated with breast cancer cellular growth, migration, and invasion and altered gene expression. Neoplasia 2014; 16:801-13. [PMID: 25379017 PMCID: PMC4212256 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2014.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ETS factors have been shown to be dysregulated in breast cancer. ETS factors control the expression of genes involved in many biological processes, such as cellular proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. FLI1 is an ETS protein aberrantly expressed in retrovirus-induced hematological tumors, but limited attention has been directed towards elucidating the role of FLI1 in epithelial-derived cancers. Using data mining, we show that loss of FLI1 expression is associated with shorter survival and more aggressive phenotypes of breast cancer. Gain and loss of function cellular studies indicate the inhibitory effect of FLI1 expression on cellular growth, migration, and invasion. Using Fli1 mutant mice and both a transgenic murine breast cancer model and an orthotopic injection of syngeneic tumor cells indicates that reduced Fli1 contributes to accelerated tumor growth. Global expression analysis and RNA-Seq data from an invasive human breast cancer cell line with over expression of either FLI1 and another ETS gene, PDEF, shows changes in several cellular pathways associated with cancer, such as the cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction and PI3K-Akt signaling pathways. This study demonstrates a novel role for FLI1 in epithelial cells. In addition, these results reveal that FLI1 down-regulation in breast cancer may promote tumor progression.
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Key Words
- Ad-FLI1, Ad-GFP-FLI1
- EMT, Epithelial-mesenchymal transition
- ER, Estrogen receptor
- FLI1, Friend leukemia virus integration 1
- GAPDH, Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
- GEO, Gene Expression Omnibus
- GOBO, Gene expression-based Outcome for Breast cancer Online
- IDC, Invasive ductal carcinoma
- IHC, Immunohistochemistry
- ILC, Invasive lobular carcinoma
- N, Normal Breast Tissue
- PDEF, Prostate-derived ETS factor
- PyVT, FVB/N-Tg(MMTV-PyVT)634Mul/J
- Rb, Retinoblastoma
- T, Tumor
- uPA, Urokinase plasminogen activator
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa N Scheiber
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The James E. Clyburn Research Center, Medical University of South Carolina, 68 President Street, Charleston, SC 29425
| | - Patricia M Watson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, The James E. Clyburn Research Center, Medical University of South Carolina, 68 President Street, Charleston, SC 29425
| | - Tihana Rumboldt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Children's Hospital, 171 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425
| | - Connor Stanley
- Department of Computer Science, College of Charleston, Charleston, SC 29424
| | - Robert C Wilson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, The James E. Clyburn Research Center, Medical University of South Carolina, 68 President Street, Charleston, SC 29425
| | - Victoria J Findlay
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Walton Research Building, 39 Sabin Street, Charleston, SC 29425
| | - Paul E Anderson
- Department of Computer Science, College of Charleston, Charleston, SC 29424
| | - Dennis K Watson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The James E. Clyburn Research Center, Medical University of South Carolina, 68 President Street, Charleston, SC 29425
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Jia Z, Gao S, M'Rabet N, De Geyter C, Zhang H. Sp1 is necessary for gene activation of Adamts17 by estrogen. J Cell Biochem 2014; 115:1829-39. [PMID: 24906090 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Adamts17 is a member of a family of secreted metalloproteinases. In this report, we show that knockdown of Adamts17 expression induces apoptosis and inhibits breast cancer cell growth. Adamts17 expression can rapidly be induced by estrogens. siRNA knockdown of Sp1 or Myc demonstrated that Sp1 is required to induce Adamts17 gene expression in response to estrogen. Moreover, reporter assays showed that the proximal promoter and the upstream sequences were not capable of conferring estrogen responsiveness, suggesting that Sp1 elements may be located in the downstream intronic region. We further demonstrated that Sp1 and Myc binding in the proximal promoter region contributed to the Adamts17 basal expression. Furthermore, histone deacetylase (HDAC) and methylase inhibitors also induced Adamts17 expression, indicating that epigenetic alterations, such as aberrant HDAC and/or methylation are associated with dysregulated Adamts17 expression. By meta-analysis using Oncomine microarray data, we found that higher Adamts17 expression is found in several human cancer cell subtypes, especially in breast ductal carcinoma. Moreover, we found that there is an inverse correlation between higher Adamts17 expression and patients' survival. Our study suggests that Adamts17 may support breast cancer cell growth and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zanhui Jia
- Clinic of Gynecological Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 21, CH-4031, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, CH-4031, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun City, Jilin Province, P.R. China
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141
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Arthur LM, Turnbull AK, Webber VL, Larionov AA, Renshaw L, Kay C, Thomas JS, Dixon JM, Sims AH. Molecular Changes in Lobular Breast Cancers in Response to Endocrine Therapy. Cancer Res 2014; 74:5371-6. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-0620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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142
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Cheng J, Levina E, Wang P, Zhu J. A sparse Ising model with covariates. Biometrics 2014; 70:943-53. [PMID: 25099186 DOI: 10.1111/biom.12202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Revised: 03/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
There has been a lot of work fitting Ising models to multivariate binary data in order to understand the conditional dependency relationships between the variables. However, additional covariates are frequently recorded together with the binary data, and may influence the dependence relationships. Motivated by such a dataset on genomic instability collected from tumor samples of several types, we propose a sparse covariate dependent Ising model to study both the conditional dependency within the binary data and its relationship with the additional covariates. This results in subject-specific Ising models, where the subject's covariates influence the strength of association between the genes. As in all exploratory data analysis, interpretability of results is important, and we use ℓ1 penalties to induce sparsity in the fitted graphs and in the number of selected covariates. Two algorithms to fit the model are proposed and compared on a set of simulated data, and asymptotic results are established. The results on the tumor dataset and their biological significance are discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Cheng
- Department of Statistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S.A
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143
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Genetic variation in microRNA-binding site and prognosis of patients with colorectal cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2014; 141:35-41. [PMID: 25079514 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-014-1780-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located in the 3'-UTR of miRNA target genes could affect miRNA-mediated gene regulation, thereby contributing to the susceptibility or prognosis of cancer. Accordingly, the present study analyzed SNPs located at putative miRNA-binding sites of the 3'-UTR of various genes and investigated their impact on the prognosis for patients with colorectal cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS In total, 831 consecutive patients (discovery cohort, n = 309; validation cohort, n = 522) with curatively resected colorectal adenocarcinoma were enrolled. Plus, 157 SNPs were selected from an in silico analysis based on several miRNA and HapMap databases. The SNP genotyping was performed using a Sequenom MassARRAY. A luciferase assay was used to investigate whether miR-571 modulated PAUF gene expression when rs12373 was included in the PAUF 3'UTR region. RESULTS In the discovery cohort, 18 SNPs were identified as possible prognostic biomarkers in a survival analysis. In the validation cohort, two SNPs (TPST1 rs3757417T>G and PAUF rs12373A>C) were significantly associated with prognosis in the same direction as the discovery cohort when adjusted for age, preoperative carcinoembryonic antigen level, and pathologic stage (discovery + validation cohort; TPST1 rs3757417T>G, disease-free survival (DFS), p value = 0.0004, overall survival (OS), p value = 0.01 in recessive model; PAUF rs12373A>C, DFS, p value = <0.0001, OS, p value = 0.0008 in dominant model). A significantly lower Renilla activity was observed in the rs12373 CC construct when compared with the rs12373 AA construct (p = 0.002). CONCLUSION The current study provides evidence that the TPST1 rs3757417T>G and PAUF rs12373A>C polymorphisms are possible prognostic biomarkers for patients with colorectal cancer.
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Guiu S, Wolfer A, Jacot W, Fumoleau P, Romieu G, Bonnetain F, Fiche M. Invasive lobular breast cancer and its variants: how special are they for systemic therapy decisions? Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2014; 92:235-57. [PMID: 25129506 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Revised: 06/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The WHO classification of breast tumors distinguishes, besides invasive breast cancer 'of no special type' (former invasive ductal carcinoma, representing 60-70% of all breast cancers), 30 special types, of which invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) is the most common (5-15%). We review the literature on (i) the specificity and heterogeneity of ILC biology as documented by various analytical techniques, including the results of molecular testing for risk of recurrence; (ii) the impact of lobular histology on prediction of prognosis and effect of systemic therapies in patients. Though it is generally admitted that ILC has a better prognosis than IDC, is endocrine responsive, and responds poorly to chemotherapy, currently available data do not unanimously support these assumptions. This review demonstrates some lack of specific data and a need for improving clinical research design to allow oncologists to make informed systemic therapy decisions in patients with ILC. Importantly, future studies should compare various endpoints in ILC breast cancer patients among the group of hormonosensitive breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Séverine Guiu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Georges-François Leclerc Cancer Center, 1 rue du Professeur Marion, 21000 Dijon, France; Department of Medical Oncology, CHUV, rue du Bugnon 46, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Anita Wolfer
- Department of Medical Oncology, CHUV, rue du Bugnon 46, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - William Jacot
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institute of Cancerology of Montpellier, 208 Avenue des Apothicaires-Parc Euromédecine, 34298 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Pierre Fumoleau
- Department of Medical Oncology, Georges-François Leclerc Cancer Center, 1 rue du Professeur Marion, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Gilles Romieu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institute of Cancerology of Montpellier, 208 Avenue des Apothicaires-Parc Euromédecine, 34298 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Franck Bonnetain
- Oncology Unit of Methodology and Quality of Life (EA 3181), CHU Besançon, 2 place Saint-Jacques, 25000 Besançon, France
| | - Maryse Fiche
- University Institute of Pathology, CHUV, rue du Bugnon 25, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Ji X, Lu H, Zhou Q, Luo K. LARP7 suppresses P-TEFb activity to inhibit breast cancer progression and metastasis. eLife 2014; 3:e02907. [PMID: 25053741 PMCID: PMC4126343 DOI: 10.7554/elife.02907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcriptional elongation by RNA polymerase (Pol) II is essential for gene expression during cell growth and differentiation. The positive transcription elongation factor b (P-TEFb) stimulates transcriptional elongation by phosphorylating Pol II and antagonizing negative elongation factors. A reservoir of P-TEFb is sequestered in the inactive 7SK snRNP where 7SK snRNA and the La-related protein LARP7 are required for the integrity of this complex. Here, we show that P-TEFb activity is important for the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) and breast cancer progression. Decreased levels of LARP7 and 7SK snRNA redistribute P-TEFb to the transcriptionally active super elongation complex, resulting in P-TEFb activation and increased transcription of EMT transcription factors, including Slug, FOXC2, ZEB2, and Twist1, to promote breast cancer EMT, invasion, and metastasis. Our data provide the first demonstration that the transcription elongation machinery plays a key role in promoting breast cancer progression by directly controlling the expression of upstream EMT regulators. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.02907.001 To express a gene to make a protein, the gene's DNA must first be transcribed to produce molecules of messenger RNA. The start of the transcription process features two milestones. First, an enzyme called RNA Polymerase II starts the process. Shortly afterwards, however, the process pauses and only starts again when other proteins are recruited. This second step, called transcriptional elongation, is essential for gene expression in cells that are growing and specializing into specific cell types. However, it is unclear how important this second step is for the progression of human cancers, such as breast cancer. In humans, two proteins join together to form a complex called ‘positive transcription elongation factor b’ (or P-TEFb for short). This elongation factor encourages the transcriptional elongation step by adding phosphate groups onto RNA Polymerase II and by outcompeting other proteins that act to stop the process. However, some of the P-TEFb proteins in the cell's nucleus are unable to do this because they are held within a complex, which also contains an RNA molecule and some other proteins including one called LARP7. This protein–RNA complex is thought to help to prevent a number of cancers, for example breast cancer or stomach cancer; however the effect of P-TEFb proteins on cancers in humans is not known. Less LARP7 protein is made in breast cancer cells compared to healthy cells. And when Ji et al. reduced the levels of the LARP7 protein (or the RNA molecule involved in the complex), the P-TEFb proteins were released from the complex and were free to encourage transcriptional elongation. This led to the increased expression of other proteins that switch other genes on or off, including genes that allow breast cancer cells to spread around the body. On the other hand, Ji et al. revealed that freeing the P-TEFb proteins from the complex in the nucleus did not appear to cause new tumors to develop or existing tumors to grow. Ji et al. suggest that the LARP7 protein normally helps to prevent the spread of breast cancers by keeping the P-TEFb proteins inactive as a part of the protein–RNA complex. One of the next challenges will be to see if drugs that can inhibit the P-TEFb proteins might be useful as new treatments for late stage breast cancer. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.02907.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodan Ji
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Huasong Lu
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Qiang Zhou
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Kunxin Luo
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, United States
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Meneses-Morales I, Tecalco-Cruz AC, Barrios-García T, Gómez-Romero V, Trujillo-González I, Reyes-Carmona S, García-Zepeda E, Méndez-Enríquez E, Cervantes-Roldán R, Pérez-Sánchez V, Recillas-Targa F, Mohar-Betancourt A, León-Del-Río A. SIP1/NHERF2 enhances estrogen receptor alpha transactivation in breast cancer cells. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 42:6885-900. [PMID: 24771346 PMCID: PMC4066751 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) is a ligand-activated transcription factor that possesses two activating domains designated AF-1 and AF-2 that mediate its transcriptional activity. The role of AF-2 is to recruit coregulator protein complexes capable of modifying chromatin condensation status. In contrast, the mechanism responsible for the ligand-independent AF-1 activity and for its synergistic functional interaction with AF-2 is unclear. In this study, we have identified the protein Na+/H+ Exchanger RegulatoryFactor 2 (NHERF2) as an ERα-associated coactivator that interacts predominantly with the AF-1 domain of the nuclear receptor. Overexpression of NHERF2 in breast cancer MCF7 cells produced an increase in ERα transactivation. Interestingly, the presence of SRC-1 in NHERF2 stably overexpressing MCF7 cells produced a synergistic increase in ERα activity. We show further that NHERF2 interacts with ERα and SRC-1 in the promoter region of ERα target genes. The binding of NHERF2 to ERα in MCF7 cells increased cell proliferation and the ability of MCF7 cells to form tumors in a mouse model. We analyzed the expression of NHERF2 in breast cancer tumors finding a 2- to 17-fold increase in its mRNA levels in 50% of the tumor samples compared to normal breast tissue. These results indicate that NHERF2 is a coactivator of ERα that may participate in the development of estrogen-dependent breast cancer tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Meneses-Morales
- Programa de Investigación de Cáncer de Mama, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México D.F. 04510, Mexico Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México D.F. 04510, Mexico
| | - Angeles C Tecalco-Cruz
- Programa de Investigación de Cáncer de Mama, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México D.F. 04510, Mexico Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México D.F. 04510, Mexico
| | - Tonatiuh Barrios-García
- Programa de Investigación de Cáncer de Mama, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México D.F. 04510, Mexico Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México D.F. 04510, Mexico
| | - Vania Gómez-Romero
- Programa de Investigación de Cáncer de Mama, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México D.F. 04510, Mexico Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México D.F. 04510, Mexico
| | - Isis Trujillo-González
- Programa de Investigación de Cáncer de Mama, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México D.F. 04510, Mexico Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México D.F. 04510, Mexico
| | - Sandra Reyes-Carmona
- Programa de Investigación de Cáncer de Mama, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México D.F. 04510, Mexico Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México D.F. 04510, Mexico
| | - Eduardo García-Zepeda
- Programa de Investigación de Cáncer de Mama, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México D.F. 04510, Mexico Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México D.F. 04510, Mexico Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México D.F. 04510, Mexico
| | - Erika Méndez-Enríquez
- Programa de Investigación de Cáncer de Mama, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México D.F. 04510, Mexico Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México D.F. 04510, Mexico Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México D.F. 04510, Mexico
| | - Rafael Cervantes-Roldán
- Programa de Investigación de Cáncer de Mama, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México D.F. 04510, Mexico Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México D.F. 04510, Mexico
| | - Víctor Pérez-Sánchez
- Unidad de investigación biomédica en cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología and Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, San Fernando No. 22, Col. Sección XVI Delegación Tlalpan, C.P. 14080 México, D.F., Mexico
| | - Félix Recillas-Targa
- Programa de Investigación de Cáncer de Mama, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México D.F. 04510, Mexico Instituto de Fisiología Celular Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México D.F. 04510, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Mohar-Betancourt
- Programa de Investigación de Cáncer de Mama, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México D.F. 04510, Mexico Unidad de investigación biomédica en cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología and Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, San Fernando No. 22, Col. Sección XVI Delegación Tlalpan, C.P. 14080 México, D.F., Mexico
| | - Alfonso León-Del-Río
- Programa de Investigación de Cáncer de Mama, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México D.F. 04510, Mexico Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México D.F. 04510, Mexico
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Seven In Absentia Homolog 2 (SIAH2) downregulation is associated with tamoxifen resistance in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. J Surg Res 2014; 190:203-9. [PMID: 24656476 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2014.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Revised: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A significant percentage of estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancers are resistant to tamoxifen therapy. Seven in Absentia Homolog 2 (SIAH2), an E3 ubiquitin protein ligase, has been shown to be associated with resistance to antiestrogens. We sought to assess its role in the resistance of a breast cancer cell line, MCF-7, to the ER antagonist, tamoxifen. MATERIALS AND METHODS A bioinformatic approach was used for the analysis of SIAH2 expression in breast cancer. MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231, which are ER-positive and -negative breast cancer cell lines, respectively, were used for in vitro studies. SIAH2 and ER-α were selectively knocked down in these cell lines with small-interfering RNAs. Knockdowns were confirmed with Western blot analysis and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Cells with SIAH2 knockdown were treated with tamoxifen and compared with controls. RESULTS Knockdown of SIAH2 followed by treatment with tamoxifen resulted in a significant decrease in the sensitivity of treated ER-positive cells. Of note, knockdown of SIAH2 resulted in downregulation of ER-α, whereas knockdown of ER-α had minimal effect on SIAH2. Consistent with this result, the bioinformatic analysis of clinical data revealed that SIAH2 expression is significantly correlated with ER positivity in human breast cancers, and low SIAH2 expression is associated with a poorer response to tamoxifen. CONCLUSIONS SIAH2 appears to be an important modulator of tamoxifen sensitivity in ER-positive MCF-7 cells, mediated, at least in part, through regulation of ER-α expression. Low expression of SIAH2 may be one of the mechanisms that contribute to tamoxifen resistance in human breast cancer.
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Hatzfeld M, Wolf A, Keil R. Plakophilins in Desmosomal Adhesion and Signaling. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 21:25-42. [DOI: 10.3109/15419061.2013.876017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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149
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Fu M, Maresh EL, Helguera GF, Kiyohara M, Qin Y, Ashki N, Daniels-Wells TR, Aziz N, Gordon LK, Braun J, Elshimali Y, Soslow RA, Penichet ML, Goodglick L, Wadehra M. Rationale and preclinical efficacy of a novel anti-EMP2 antibody for the treatment of invasive breast cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2014; 13:902-15. [PMID: 24448822 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-13-0199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Despite significant advances in biology and medicine, the incidence and mortality due to breast cancer worldwide is still unacceptably high. Thus, there is an urgent need to discover new molecular targets. In this article, we show evidence for a novel target in human breast cancer, the tetraspan protein epithelial membrane protein-2 (EMP2). Using tissue tumor arrays, protein expression of EMP2 was measured and found to be minimal in normal mammary tissue, but it was upregulated in 63% of invasive breast cancer tumors and in 73% of triple-negative tumors tested. To test the hypothesis that EMP2 may be a suitable target for therapy, we constructed a fully human immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) antibody specific for a conserved domain of human and murine EMP2. Treatment of breast cancer cells with the anti-EMP2 IgG1 significantly inhibited EMP2-mediated signaling, blocked FAK/Src signaling, inhibited invasion, and promoted apoptosis in vitro. In both human xenograft and syngeneic metastatic tumor monotherapy models, anti-EMP2 IgG1 retarded tumor growth without detectable systemic toxicity. This antitumor effect was, in part, attributable to a potent antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity response as well as direct cytotoxicity induced by the monoclonal antibody. Together, these results identify EMP2 as a novel therapeutic target for invasive breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maoyong Fu
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Ophthalmology, and Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, and Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA; Department of Surgery, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System; Department of Pathology, Charles Drew University, Los Angeles, California; Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York; and Institute of Experimental Biology and Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Rho JH, Lampe PD. High-Throughput Analysis of Plasma Hybrid Markers for Early Detection of Cancers. Proteomes 2014; 2:1-17. [PMID: 28250367 PMCID: PMC5302729 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes2010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Revised: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomarkers for the early detection of cancer in the general population have to perform with high sensitivity and specificity in order to prevent the costs associated with over-diagnosis. There are only a few current tissue or blood markers that are recommended for generalized cancer screening. Despite the recognition that combinations of multiple biomarkers will likely improve their utility, biomarker panels are usually limited to a single class of molecules. Tissues and body fluids including plasma and serum contain not only proteins, DNA and microRNAs that are differentially expressed in cancers but further cancer specific information might be gleaned by comparing different classes of biomolecules. For example, the level of a certain microRNA might be related to the level of a particular protein in a cancer specific manner. Proteins might have cancer-specific post-translational modifications (e.g., phosphorylation or glycosylation) or lead to the generation of autoantibodies. Most currently approved biomarkers are glycoproteins. Autoantibodies can be produced as a host's early surveillance response to cancer-specific proteins in pre-symptomatic and pre-diagnostic stages of cancer. Thus, measurement of the level of a protein, the level of its glycosylation or phosphorylation and whether autoantibodies are produced to it can yield multi-dimensional information on each protein. We consider specific proteins that show consistent cancer-specific changes in two or three of these measurements to be "hybrid markers". We hypothesize these markers will suffer less variation between different individuals since one component can act to "standardize" the other measurement. As a proof of principle, a 180 plasma sample set consisting of 120 cases (60 colon cancers and 60 adenomas) and 60 controls were analyzed using our high-density antibody array for changes in their protein, IgG-complex and sialyl-Lewis A (SLeA) modified proteins. At p < 0.05, expression changes in 1,070 proteins, 49 IgG-complexes (11 present in the protein list) and 488 Lewis X-modified proteins (57 on the protein list) were observed. The biomarkers significant on both lists are potential hybrid markers. Thus, plasma hybrid markers have the potential to create a new class of early detection markers of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Hyun Rho
- Translational Research Program, Human Biology and Public Health Sciences Divisions, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue North, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
| | - Paul D Lampe
- Translational Research Program, Human Biology and Public Health Sciences Divisions, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue North, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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