101
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Garig DF, Ennen JR, Davenport JM. The Effects of Common Snapping Turtles on a Freshwater Food Web. COPEIA 2020. [DOI: 10.1643/ce-19-258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dustin F. Garig
- Department of Biology, Southeast Missouri State University, Cape Girardeau, Missouri 63701
| | - Joshua R. Ennen
- Tennessee Aquarium Conservation Institute, Chattanooga, Tennessee 37405
| | - Jon M. Davenport
- Department of Biology, Southeast Missouri State University, Cape Girardeau, Missouri 63701
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102
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Cunha FLR, Bernhard R, Vogt RC. Diet of an Assemblage of Four Species of Turtles (Podocnemis) in the Rio Uatumã, Amazonas, Brazil. COPEIA 2020. [DOI: 10.1643/ce-18-117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando L. R. Cunha
- CEQUA, CBIO, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Av. André Araújo 2936, Petrópolis, CEP 69.067-375 Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil; (RCV) . Send reprint requests to RCV
| | - Rafael Bernhard
- Centro de Estudos Superiores de Tefé, Estrada do Bexiga, 1085, Bairro Jerusalem, CEP10 69470-000, Tefé, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Richard C. Vogt
- CEQUA, CBIO, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Av. André Araújo 2936, Petrópolis, CEP 69.067-375 Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil; (RCV) . Send reprint requests to RCV
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103
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Rachmansah A, Norris D, Gibbs JP. Population dynamics and biological feasibility of sustainable harvesting as a conservation strategy for tropical and temperate freshwater turtles. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229689. [PMID: 32106260 PMCID: PMC7046234 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Conservation strategies are urgently needed for tropical turtles that are increasingly threatened by unsustainable exploitation. Studies conducted exclusively in temperate zones have revealed that typical turtle life history traits (including delayed sexual maturity and high adult survivorship) make sustainable harvest programs an unviable strategy for turtle conservation. However, most turtles are tropical in distribution and the tropics have higher, more constant and more extended ambient temperature regimes that, in general, are more favorable for population growth. Methods To estimate the capacity of temperate and tropical turtles to sustain harvest, we synthesized life-history traits from 165 predominantly freshwater turtle species in 12 families (Carettochelydae, Chelidae, Chelydridae, Dermatemydidae, Emydidae, Geoemydidae, Kinosternidae, Pelomedusidae, Platysternidae, Podocnemididae, Staurotypidae and Trionychidae). The influence of climate variables and latitude on turtle life-history traits (clutch size, clutch frequency, age at sexual maturity, and annual adult survival) were examined using Generalized Additive Models. The biological feasibility of sustainable harvest in temperate and tropical species was evaluated using a sensitivity analysis of population growth rates obtained from stage-structured matrix population models. Results Turtles at low latitudes (tropical zones) exhibit smaller clutch sizes, higher clutch frequency, and earlier age at sexual maturity than those at high latitudes (temperate zones). Adult survival increased weakly with latitude and declined significantly with increasing bioclimatic temperature (mean temperature of warmest quarter). A modeling synthesis of these data indicates that the interplay of life-history traits does not create higher harvest opportunity in adults of tropical species. Yet, we found potential for sustainable exploitation of eggs in tropical species. Conclusions Sustainable harvest as a conservation strategy for tropical turtles appears to be as biologically problematic as in temperature zones and likely only possible if the focus is on limited harvest of eggs. Further studies are urgently needed to understand how the predicted population surplus in early life stages can be most effectively incorporated into conservation programs for tropical turtles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angga Rachmansah
- Department of Environmental and Forest Biology, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, New York, United States of America
| | - Darren Norris
- Ecology and Conservation of Amazonian Vertebrates Research Group, Federal University of Amapá, Macapá, Amapá, Brazil
- Postgraduate Programme in Tropical Biodiversity, Federal University of Amapá, Macapá, Amapá, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - James P. Gibbs
- Department of Environmental and Forest Biology, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, New York, United States of America
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104
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Chevallier D, Girondot M, Berzins R, Chevalier J, de Thoisy B, Fretey J, Kelle L, Lebreton JD. Survival and breeding interval of an endangered marine vertebrate, the leatherback turtle Dermochelys coriacea, in French Guiana. ENDANGER SPECIES RES 2020. [DOI: 10.3354/esr01013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In the context of global change, endangered species such as sea turtles undergo strong population dynamics changes. Understanding demographic processes inducing such changes is critical for developing appropriate measures for conservation and management. Nesting females of the French Guiana population of leatherback sea turtles Dermochelys coriacea represented 40% of the world’s total in 2001; today, they represent only 10%. Here, we analyze data from the long-term monitoring program of leatherbacks in French Guiana, based on 28 yr of capture-mark-recapture data from 46051 individuals in northwestern French Guiana. We used multievent models (multistate capture-recapture models with state uncertainty) to represent the main peculiarity of the life cycle, intermittent reproduction, and to take advantage of the use of several different types of marks to account for mark loss and incomplete detection. The average annual adult survival probability (mean ± SE) 0.789 ± 0.009 is low compared to published estimates for this species. By combining the estimates of departure and return probabilities, we provide an estimate of the interval among laying seasons equal to 2.777 ± 0.118 yr, which matches previous findings. Taking survival into account, this interval translates into an average of 1.704 ± 0.034 further reproductive seasons for an adult female having just bred, which is remarkably low compared to other long-lived vertebrates. The representation of the life cycle and mark loss in our models provides a sound structure for broader and richer analyses to extract biological information from marked individuals and offers an invaluable source of demographic information on leatherbacks, a species for which only a small segment of the population is accessible to intermittent sampling.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Chevallier
- Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, UMR 7178 CNRS-Unistra, 67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - M Girondot
- Laboratoire Écologie, Systématique, Évolution, Université Paris-Sud, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - R Berzins
- ONCFS, Campus Agronomique, 97319 Kourou CEDEX, French Guiana
| | | | - B de Thoisy
- Association Kwata, 97335 Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - J Fretey
- UICN France, Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, 36 rue Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 75005 Paris, France
| | - L Kelle
- WWF Guianas, French Guiana Office, 97300 Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - JD Lebreton
- Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, UMR 5175, CNRS Université de Montpellier, 34293 Montpellier CEDEX 5, France
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105
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Tetzlaff SJ, Estrada A, DeGregorio BA, Sperry JH. Identification of Factors Affecting Predation Risk for Juvenile Turtles using 3D Printed Models. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10020275. [PMID: 32054027 PMCID: PMC7070983 DOI: 10.3390/ani10020275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although it is widely accepted that juvenile turtles experience high levels of predation, such events are rarely observed, providing limited evidence regarding predator identities and how juvenile habitat selection and availability of sensory cues to predators affects predation risk. We placed three-dimensional printed models resembling juvenile box turtles (Terrapene carolina) across habitats commonly utilized by the species at three sites within their geographical range and monitored models with motion-triggered cameras. To explore how the presence or absence of visual and olfactory cues affected predator interactions with models, we employed a factorial design where models were either exposed or concealed and either did or did not have juvenile box turtle scent applied on them. Predators interacted with 18% of models during field trials. Nearly all interactions were by mesopredators (57%) and rodents (37%). Mesopredators were more likely to attack models than rodents; most (76%) attacks occurred by raccoons (Procyon lotor). Interactions by mesopredators were more likely to occur in wetlands than edges, and greater in edges than grasslands. Mesopredators were less likely to interact with models as surrounding vegetation height increased. Rodents were more likely to interact with models that were closer to woody structure and interacted with exposed models more than concealed ones, but model exposure had no effect on interactions by mesopredators. Scent treatment appeared to have no influence on interactions by either predator group. Our results suggest raccoons can pose high predation risk for juvenile turtles (although rodents could also be important predators) and habitat features at multiple spatial scales affect predator-specific predation risk. Factors affecting predation risk for juveniles are important to consider in management actions such as habitat alteration, translocation, or predator control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasha J. Tetzlaff
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- U.S. Army Construction Engineering Research Laboratory, Champaign, IL 61822, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Alondra Estrada
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Brett A. DeGregorio
- U.S. Geological Survey, University of Arkansas Fish and Wildlife Cooperative Research Unit, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Jinelle H. Sperry
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- U.S. Army Construction Engineering Research Laboratory, Champaign, IL 61822, USA
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106
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Segura A, Delibes-Mateos M, Acevedo P. Implications for Conservation of Collection of Mediterranean Spur-Thighed Tortoise as Pets in Morocco: Residents' Perceptions, Habits, and Knowledge. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E265. [PMID: 32046121 PMCID: PMC7070921 DOI: 10.3390/ani10020265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The trading and collection of wild animals as pets may be cause for concern regarding animal welfare and species conservation. These concerns can be exemplified by Mediterranean spur-thighed tortoise (Testudo graeca), a long-living species whose use as pets is long established. The human dimension plays a major role in the wildlife for the pet collection, and is particularly important in countries like Morocco, where this might pose a threat to the conservation of the species involved. This study, which is based on a questionnaire survey (n = 480 participants), documents the fact that many people in Morocco keep tortoises as pets: 55% of the participants in the survey and over two tortoises/person. Importantly, most captive tortoises, particularly juveniles, had been collected directly from wild populations by their owners (42%, n = 264). In general, the tortoise owners had limited knowledge of their tortoises' habits and requirements, although rural people were more likely to acknowledge that the tortoise is a wild and threatened species. Our study reveals that non-commercial collection is a common activity in Morocco that may threaten wild tortoise populations and hence species conservation, and it could have consequences regarding the welfare of the animals. We were also able to identify the profile of people towards whom education campaigns should be directed in order to reduce the number of tortoises collected from wild populations. Additional field research should also be conducted to quantify the impact of pet collection on wild tortoise populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amalia Segura
- Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Cinegéticos, IREC (UCLM-CSIC-JCCM), Ronda de Toledo, 12, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain;
| | - Miguel Delibes-Mateos
- Instituto de Estudios Sociales Avanzados (IESA-CSIC), Campo Santo de los Mártires 7, 14004 Córdoba, Spain;
| | - Pelayo Acevedo
- Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Cinegéticos, IREC (UCLM-CSIC-JCCM), Ronda de Toledo, 12, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain;
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107
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Wirth W, Elliott E, Rudd D, Hayes L, Maclaine A, Mashkour N, Ahasan S, Gorm Dahl J, Drane K, Ariel E. Cutaneous Lesions in Freshwater Turtles ( Emydura macquarii krefftii and Myuchelys latisternum) in a Rainforest Creek in North Queensland, Australia. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:33. [PMID: 32083109 PMCID: PMC7006032 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Freshwater turtles inhabit most rivers and creeks on the east coast of Australia, but some species are only found in specific catchments, which makes them vulnerable to extinction. During annual fieldtrips to Alligator Creek, North Queensland, the resident population of Myuchelys latisternum and Emydura macquarii krefftii in a natural pond, just outside Bowling Green National Park, have been surveyed for a number of years and demographic data recorded against tagged turtles. Rounded, cutaneous lesions on individual animals were first noted in August 2016, three years after the first survey of the population. Turtles living in the upstream sections of the creek were not affected. An initial investigation into the cause of the lesions ruled out pollutants and although the bacterial communities appeared to be different on turtles with lesions, a causative agent was not identified. Attempts to isolate virus in culture was not successful and specific PCRs for ranavirus, papillomavirus, adenovirus and herpesvirus did not identify their presence. Blood biochemical parameters, body condition and activity levels were not significantly different between affected turtles and those without lesions. The turtles in this pond were monitored regularly over the following three years with 249 M. latisternum and 192 E. m. krefftii captured, tagged and released. The prevalence of the lesions fluctuated with season from 0 to 77 and 68% respectively, but did not vary significantly between species or sex in adults. There was a tendency for larger animals to be more likely to have lesions. The position of the lesions on the turtles was mostly on dorsal surfaces, distally on the legs and proximal on the tales of males, indicating that the initial lesion may have been associated with a behaviourally induced trauma. Recaptured animals (n = 43) during this period, provided records of lesion progression over time and while some healed up between capture events, others persisted for up to 24 months. Some turtles were repeatedly captured without lesions. Intra-species aggression associated with seasonal behaviours could potentially be the primary cause of skin trauma, followed by a secondary invasion of an unusual pathogen present in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wytamma Wirth
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Douglas, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Donna Rudd
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Douglas, QLD, Australia
| | - Linda Hayes
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Douglas, QLD, Australia
| | - Alicia Maclaine
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Douglas, QLD, Australia
| | - Narges Mashkour
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Douglas, QLD, Australia
| | - Shamim Ahasan
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Douglas, QLD, Australia.,Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Rangpur, Bangladesh
| | - Jakob Gorm Dahl
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Douglas, QLD, Australia
| | - Kezia Drane
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Douglas, QLD, Australia
| | - Ellen Ariel
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Douglas, QLD, Australia
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108
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Chandler HC, Stegenga BS, Stevenson DJ. Movement and Space Use in Southern Populations of Spotted Turtles (Clemmys guttata). SOUTHEAST NAT 2019. [DOI: 10.1656/058.018.0411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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109
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Howell HJ, Rothermel BB, White KN, Searcy CA. Gopher Tortoise Demographic Responses to a Novel Disturbance Regime. J Wildl Manage 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/jwmg.21774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hunter J. Howell
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Miami 1301 Memorial Drive Coral Gables FL 33146 USA
| | | | - K. Nicole White
- Daniel B. Warnell School of Forestry and Natural ResourcesUniversity of Georgia 180 E Green Street Athens GA 30602 USA
| | - Christopher A. Searcy
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Miami 1301 Memorial Drive Coral Gables FL 33146 USA
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110
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Endangered species protection and evidence-based decision-making: Case study of a quarry proposal in endangered turtle habitat. Glob Ecol Conserv 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2019.e00751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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111
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Tetzlaff SJ, Sperry JH, Kingsbury BA, DeGregorio BA. Captive-rearing duration may be more important than environmental enrichment for enhancing turtle head-starting success. Glob Ecol Conserv 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2019.e00797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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112
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Radzio TA, Blase NJ, Cox JA, Delaney DK, O’Connor MP. Behavior, growth, and survivorship of laboratory-reared juvenile gopher tortoises following hard release. ENDANGER SPECIES RES 2019. [DOI: 10.3354/esr00978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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113
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Howell HJ, Legere RH, Holland DS, Seigel RA. Long-Term Turtle Declines: Protected Is a Verb, Not an Outcome. COPEIA 2019. [DOI: 10.1643/ch-19-177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hunter J. Howell
- Department of Biology, University of Miami, 1301 Memorial Dr., #215 Cox Science Center, Coral Gables, Florida 33146; hjh59@miami. edu. Send reprint requests to this address
| | - Richard H. Legere
- Susquehannock Wildlife Society, 1725 Trappe Church Road, Darlington, Maryland 21034; (RHL) ; and (DSH)
| | - David S. Holland
- Susquehannock Wildlife Society, 1725 Trappe Church Road, Darlington, Maryland 21034; (RHL) ; and (DSH)
| | - Richard A. Seigel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Towson University, 8000 York Road, Towson, Maryland 21252-0001; (RAS)
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114
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Wirth W, Schwarzkopf L, Skerratt LF, Tzamouzaki A, Ariel E. Dose-dependent morbidity of freshwater turtle hatchlings, Emydura macquarii krefftii, inoculated with Ranavirus isolate (Bohle iridovirus, Iridoviridae). J Gen Virol 2019; 100:1431-1441. [PMID: 31483246 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Ranaviral infections cause mass die-offs in wild and captive turtle populations. Two experimental studies were performed to first determine the susceptibility of an Australian turtle species (Emydura macquarii krefftii) to different routes of infection and second examine the effect of viral titre on the morbidity in hatchlings. All inoculation routes (intracoelomic, intramuscular and oral) produced disease, but the clinical signs, histopathology and time to onset of disease varied with the route. The median infectious and lethal doses for intramuscularly inoculated hatchlings were 102 . 52 (1.98-2.93) and 104.43 (3.81-5.19) TCID50 ml-1, respectively. Clinical signs began 14 to 29 days post-inoculation and the median survival time was 22 days (16-25) across all dose groups. For every 10-fold increase in dose, the odds of developing any clinical signs or severe clinical signs increased by 3.39 [P<0.01, 95 % confidence interval (CI): 1.81-6.36] and 3.71 (P<0.01, 95 % CI: 1.76-7.80), respectively. Skin lesions, previously only reported in ranaviral infection in lizards, were observed in the majority of intramuscularly inoculated hatchlings that developed ranaviral disease. The histological changes were consistent with those in previous reports for reptiles and consisted of necrosis at or near the site of injection, in the spleen, liver and oral cavity. Systemic inflammation was also observed, predominantly affecting necrotic organs. The estimates reported here can be used to model ranaviral disease and quantify and manage at-risk populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wytamma Wirth
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Lin Schwarzkopf
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Lee F Skerratt
- One Health Research Group, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Werribee, Vic, Australia
| | - Anna Tzamouzaki
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Ellen Ariel
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
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115
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Abstract
AbstractThere is a long history of exploitation of the South American river turtle Podocnemis expansa. Conservation efforts for this species started in the 1960s but best practices were not established, and population trends and the number of nesting females protected remained unknown. In 2014 we formed a working group to discuss conservation strategies and to compile population data across the species’ range. We analysed the spatial pattern of its abundance in relation to human and natural factors using multiple regression analyses. We found that > 85 conservation programmes are protecting 147,000 nesting females, primarily in Brazil. The top six sites harbour > 100,000 females and should be prioritized for conservation action. Abundance declines with latitude and we found no evidence of human pressure on current turtle abundance patterns. It is presently not possible to estimate the global population trend because the species is not monitored continuously across the Amazon basin. The number of females is increasing at some localities and decreasing at others. However, the current size of the protected population is well below the historical population size estimated from past levels of human consumption, which demonstrates the need for concerted global conservation action. The data and management recommendations compiled here provide the basis for a regional monitoring programme among South American countries.
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116
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Quintana I, Norris D, Valerio A, Becker FG, Gibbs JP, Michalski F. Nest removal by humans creates an evolutionary trap for Amazonian freshwater turtles. J Zool (1987) 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I. Quintana
- Ecology Department Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) Porto Alegre Brazil
| | - D. Norris
- School of Environmental Sciences Federal University of Amapá Macapá Brazil
- Postgraduate Programme in Tropical BiodiversityFederal University of Amapá Macapá Brazil
- Ecology and Conservation of Amazonian Vertebrates Research Group Federal University of Amapá Macapá Brazil
| | - A. Valerio
- Postgraduate Programme in Tropical BiodiversityFederal University of Amapá Macapá Brazil
- Ecology and Conservation of Amazonian Vertebrates Research Group Federal University of Amapá Macapá Brazil
| | - F. G. Becker
- Ecology Department Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) Porto Alegre Brazil
| | - J. P. Gibbs
- Department of Forest and Environmental Biology State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry Syracuse NY USA
| | - F. Michalski
- Postgraduate Programme in Tropical BiodiversityFederal University of Amapá Macapá Brazil
- Ecology and Conservation of Amazonian Vertebrates Research Group Federal University of Amapá Macapá Brazil
- Instituto Pró‐Carnívoros Atibaia, São Paulo Brazil
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117
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Baker S, Kessler E, Darville-Bowleg L, Merchant M. Different mechanisms of serum complement activation in the plasma of common (Chelydra serpentina) and alligator (Macrochelys temminckii) snapping turtles. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217626. [PMID: 31170203 PMCID: PMC6553747 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Reptiles are declining worldwide yet our understanding of their immune function lags far behind other taxa. The innate immune system is the primary mode of defense in reptiles, and the serum complement cascade is its major component. We assessed serum complement activity of plasma in two closely related aquatic turtle species, the common snapping turtle (CST; Chelydra serpentina) and alligator snapping turtle (AST; Macrochelys temminckii). We used a sheep red blood cell (SRBC) hemolysis assay to assess serum complement activity. Although the antibacterial activities of the plasma of these turtle species are similar, the hemolytic activity was much stronger in CST than AST. Treatment with inhibitors of the serum complement cascade indicated differences in the mechanisms of complement activation between the turtle species. We subjected plasma from both turtle species to mannan affinity chromatography and analyzed the eluate with SDS-PAGE, which revealed that plasma from the CSTs contained only small amounts of one C-type lectin protein while the AST plasma contained high concentrations of two C-type lectins (31.0 and 35.9 kDa). Edman degradation analyses confirmed that the two AST proteins contained identical N-terminal sequences. Thus, the CST appears to rely more heavily on the alternative mechanism of serum complement activation, while the AST appears to rely more on the lectin-mediated pathway, which is a pattern recognition response to prokaryotes not activated by the SRBCs. These results are unique in that the use of serum complement pathways are generally assumed to be conserved within clades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Baker
- Illinois Natural History Survey, Champaign, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Ethan Kessler
- Illinois Natural History Survey, Champaign, Illinois, United States of America
| | | | - Mark Merchant
- Department of Chemistry, McNeese State University, Lake Charles, Louisiana, United States of America
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118
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Sullivan BK, Cahill TM. Seasonal Timing of Consumption of Calcium-Rich Caliche in the Sonoran Desert Tortoise (Gopherus morafkai) in Central Arizona. CHELONIAN CONSERVATION AND BIOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.2744/ccb-1339.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian K. Sullivan
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University, PO Box 37100, Phoenix, Arizona 85069 USA [; ]
| | - Thomas M. Cahill
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University, PO Box 37100, Phoenix, Arizona 85069 USA [; ]
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119
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Dupuis-Désormeaux M, D’Elia V, Burns R, White B, MacDonald SE. A turtle population study in an isolated urban wetland complex in Ontario reveals a few surprises. Facets (Ott) 2019. [DOI: 10.1139/facets-2019-0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We report on the results of the first mark–recapture survey of freshwater turtles in an isolated urban wetland complex in one of Canada’s fastest growing municipalities. Although we found turtles in every surveyed wetland, the density and assemblage of turtles in smaller wetlands were significantly different than in larger wetland bodies. We also documented two species of turtles that were thought to be absent from this wetland complex, the Northern Map turtle and Eastern Musk turtle. We noted that a wetland that was bisected by a high-traffic road showed a male-skewed sex ratio in the population of Midland Painted turtles but not in the population of Eastern Snapping turtles. As a whole, the sex ratios inside the wetland complex were not skewed. These results reinforce the conclusions of a previous study of a single wetland within this same complex that had found a correlation between road mortality and a male-skewed sex ratio in Midland painted turtles. We discuss population sources and sinks within the complex and the importance of protecting the overland corridors that support the safe turtle movements within this provincially significant wetland complex.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vince D’Elia
- Toronto and Region Conservation Authority, Toronto, ON L4K 5R6, Canada
| | - Ryan Burns
- Toronto and Region Conservation Authority, Toronto, ON L4K 5R6, Canada
| | - Brittany White
- Toronto and Region Conservation Authority, Toronto, ON L4K 5R6, Canada
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120
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Assessing the Impacts of Urbanization on Sex Ratios of Painted Turtles (Chrysemys picta). DIVERSITY 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/d11050072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Turtles are particularly susceptible to the negative impacts of urbanization due to low mobility and a life history strategy emphasizing long generation times and high adult survival. In addition to declines directly through habitat loss, urbanization has been hypothesized to limit populations of aquatic turtles through changes in population structure, as adult females are disproportionally killed on and near roads, leading to male-biased populations, which can lead to population declines or local extirpations. The purpose of this study was to better understand how urbanization impacts the sex ratios of painted turtles (Chrysemys picta) in an urban ecosystem, as empirical results linking male-biased turtle populations to roads and urbanization are mixed. Using eight years of trapping data from a long-term monitoring program in a suburb of Chicago, IL, USA, we report one of the most male-biased populations ( x ¯ = 75% male) of turtles in the USA, consistent with prevailing road mortality hypotheses. However, we found no evidence that male-biased populations were related to road density or the amount of protected area around a sampling location and found that impervious surface (a metric of urbanization) was weakly related to less male-biased populations. Our results highlight the importance of replicating ecological studies across space and time and the difficulty in assessing population structure in aquatic turtles. We suggest that active conservation measures may be warranted for the continued persistence of urban turtle populations.
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121
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Tradeoffs with Growth and Behavior for Captive Box Turtles Head-Started with Environmental Enrichment. DIVERSITY-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/d11030040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Head-starting is a conservation strategy that entails releasing captive-reared animals into nature at sizes large enough to better resist post-release predation. However, efforts to maximize growth in captivity may jeopardize development of beneficial behaviors. Environmental enrichment can encourage natural behaviors before release but potentially comes with a tradeoff of reduced growth in complex enclosures. We compared growth and behavior of enriched and unenriched captive-born juvenile box turtles (Terrapene carolina). Enriched turtles grew slower than unenriched turtles during the first eight months in captivity, although growth rates did not differ between treatments from 9–20 months old. After five months post-hatching, unenriched turtles became and remained larger overall than enriched turtles. During two foraging tasks, unenriched turtles consumed more novel prey than enriched turtles. In a predator recognition test, eight-month-old enriched turtles avoided raccoon (Procyon lotor) urine more than unenriched turtles of the same age, but this difference was not apparent one year later. The odds of turtles emerging from a shelter did not differ between treatments regardless of age. Although our results suggest turtles raised in unenriched environments initially grew faster and obtained larger overall sizes than those in enriched conditions, tradeoffs with ecologically-relevant behaviors were either absent or conditional.
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122
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Whitfield Gibbons
- University of Georgia, Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, Drawer E, Aiken, SC 29802, USA
| | - Jeffrey E. Lovich
- US Geological Survey, Southwest Biological Science Center, 2255 North Gemini Drive MS-9394, Flagstaff, AZ 86001-1600, USA
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123
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Bókony V, Milne G, Pipoly I, Székely T, Liker A. Sex ratios and bimaturism differ between temperature-dependent and genetic sex-determination systems in reptiles. BMC Evol Biol 2019; 19:57. [PMID: 30777013 PMCID: PMC6378719 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-019-1386-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sex-determining systems may profoundly influence the ecology, behaviour and demography of animals, yet these relationships are poorly understood. Here we investigate whether species with temperature-dependent (TSD) and genetic sex determination (GSD) differ in key demographic traits, using data from 181 species representing all major phylogenetic lineages of extant reptiles. RESULTS We show that species with TSD exhibit significantly higher within-species variance in sex ratios than GSD species in three major life stages: birth or hatching, juvenility and adulthood. In contrast, sex differences in adult mortality rates do not differ between GSD and TSD species. However, TSD species exhibit significantly greater sex differences in maturation ages than GSD species. CONCLUSION These results support the recent theoretical model that evolution of TSD is facilitated by sex-specific fitness benefits of developmental temperatures due to bimaturism. Our findings suggest that different sex-determination systems are associated with different demographic characteristics that may influence population viability and social evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Bókony
- Lendület Evolutionary Ecology Research Group, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Herman Ottó út 15, Budapest, 1022 Hungary
| | - Gregory Milne
- Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY UK
| | - Ivett Pipoly
- MTA-PE Evolutionary Ecology Research Group, University of Pannonia, Pf. 158, Veszprém, 8201 Hungary
| | - Tamás Székely
- Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY UK
- Department of Evolutionary Zoology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, Debrecen, 4032 Hungary
| | - András Liker
- MTA-PE Evolutionary Ecology Research Group, University of Pannonia, Pf. 158, Veszprém, 8201 Hungary
- Department of Limnology, University of Pannonia, Pf. 158, Veszprém, 8201 Hungary
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124
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Roe JH, Wild KH, Chavez MS. Responses of a forest-dwelling terrestrial turtle, Terrapene Carolina, to prescribed fire in a Longleaf Pine ecosystem. FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT 2019; 432:949-956. [PMID: 30662144 PMCID: PMC6334771 DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2018.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Prescribed fire is commonly used as a tool to meet a range of forest management goals. Owing to their limited movement abilities, terrestrial turtles are likely to be at high risk of injury and mortality, and to experience other fitness consequences with population-level implications from fire. Using radiotelemetry, we studied the responses of Eastern Box Turtles, Terrapene carolina carolina, to prescribed fire management in a sandhills Longleaf Pine forest system over a five-year period and compared our results to a nearby population in an unburned coastal plain location. Individual variation in turtle survival was strongly dependent on how frequently and extensively the areas were burned, with annual survival rates of 94.5% in unburned areas decreasing to 45.9 % in the most extensively burned areas. Turtles at the fire-maintained sandhills site had annual survival rates 4.9 % less than at the unburned coastal plain site, and females had annual survival rates 6.8 % less than males. Survival varied seasonally, with greatest mortality rates in winter and spring, especially among females. Growth rates and body condition did not differ between sites, nor did they vary according to fire extent and frequency at the fire-maintained site. Although mortality was greater and spatially variable at the fire-maintained site, annual survival rates across the site (86 - 90 % for females and males, respectively) were comparable to other stable populations of T. carolina. The lesser than expected mortality rate at the fire-maintained site was likely the result of turtles' strong selection of mesic hardwood forests near bottomlands and streams - habitats that may serve as refugia from fire. In areas where T. carolina conservation is a priority, land managers should integrate maintenance of fire refuge habitats into burn planning to minimize unintended negative impacts to this imperiled species.
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Affiliation(s)
- John H Roe
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina Pembroke, Pembroke, North Carolina 28372, USA,
| | - Kristoffer H Wild
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina Pembroke, Pembroke, North Carolina 28372, USA,
| | - Maria S Chavez
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina Pembroke, Pembroke, North Carolina 28372, USA
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125
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Goessling JM, Ward C, Mendonça MT. Rapid thermal immune acclimation in common musk turtles (Sternotherus odoratus). JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART 2019; 331:185-191. [PMID: 30635984 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
As infectious diseases in ectothermic vertebrates increasingly threaten wild populations, understanding how host immune systems are affected by the environment is key to understanding the process of infection. In this study, we investigated how temperature change and simulated bacterial infection (via lipopolysaccharide [LPS] injection) interacted to regulate innate immunity, as measured by bactericidal ability (BA), phagocytosis rate, and heterophil:lymphocyte ratio (HLR) in common musk turtles (Sternotherus odoratus). We found that LPS stimulated an acute immune response, as measured by an increase in BA, phagocytosis rate, and HLR. When exposed to a 5 or 10°C temperature change for 48 hr, turtles rapidly acclimated to the new temperature by adjusting their immune output. This acclimation was compensatory as seen by elevated rates of immune output in colder animals and decreased rates of immune output in warmer animals. These results indicate that while temperature change may be a constraint on some animals, S. odoratus have the ability to rapidly adjust immunity to match environmental thermal demand. This rapid ability to adjust immunity may be related to the broad geographic distribution of musk turtles. Future research should focus on how immune acclimation in ectotherms varies both intraspecifically and interspecifically across regional scales and geographic distributions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chelsea Ward
- Biology Department, Auburn University at Montgomery, Montgomery, Alabama
| | - Mary T Mendonça
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
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126
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Gordon IJ, Prins HHT, Mallon J, Puk LD, Miranda EBP, Starling-Manne C, van der Wal R, Moore B, Foley W, Lush L, Maestri R, Matsuda I, Clauss M. The Ecology of Browsing and Grazing in Other Vertebrate Taxa. THE ECOLOGY OF BROWSING AND GRAZING II 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-25865-8_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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127
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Buchanan SW, Buffum B, Puggioni G, Karraker NE. Occupancy of freshwater turtles across a gradient of altered landscapes. J Wildl Manage 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/jwmg.21596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Scott W. Buchanan
- Department of Natural Resources ScienceUniversity of Rhode Island1 Greenhouse RoadKingstonRI02881USA
| | - Bill Buffum
- Department of Natural Resources ScienceUniversity of Rhode Island1 Greenhouse RoadKingstonRI02881USA
| | - Gavino Puggioni
- Department of Computer Science and StatisticsUniversity of Rhode Island9 Greenhouse RoadKingstonRI02881USA
| | - Nancy E. Karraker
- Department of Natural Resources ScienceUniversity of Rhode Island1 Greenhouse RoadKingstonRI02881USA
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128
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Bower DS, Brannelly LA, McDonald CA, Webb RJ, Greenspan SE, Vickers M, Gardner MG, Greenlees MJ. A review of the role of parasites in the ecology of reptiles and amphibians. AUSTRAL ECOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/aec.12695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Deborah S. Bower
- College of Science and Engineering; James Cook University; Townsville Queensland 4811 Australia
- School of Environmental and Rural Science; University of New England; Armidale New South Wales Australia
| | - Laura A. Brannelly
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of Pittsburgh; Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA
| | - Cait A. McDonald
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | - Rebecca J. Webb
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences; James Cook University; Townsville Queensland Australia
| | - Sasha E. Greenspan
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of Alabama; Tuscaloosa Alabama USA
| | - Mathew Vickers
- College of Science and Engineering; James Cook University; Townsville Queensland 4811 Australia
| | - Michael G. Gardner
- College of Science and Engineering; Flinders University; Adelaide South Australia Australia
- Evolutionary Biology Unit; South Australian Museum; Adelaide South Australia Australia
| | - Matthew J. Greenlees
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences; University of Sydney; Sydney New South Wales Australia
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129
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Rhodin AG, Stanford CB, Dijk PPV, Eisemberg C, Luiselli L, Mittermeier RA, Hudson R, Horne BD, Goode EV, Kuchling G, Walde A, Baard EH, Berry KH, Bertolero A, Blanck TE, Bour R, Buhlmann KA, Cayot LJ, Collett S, Currylow A, Das I, Diagne T, Ennen JR, Forero-Medina G, Frankel MG, Fritz U, García G, Gibbons JW, Gibbons PM, Shiping G, Guntoro J, Hofmeyr MD, Iverson JB, Kiester AR, Lau M, Lawson DP, Lovich JE, Moll EO, Páez VP, Palomo-Ramos R, Platt K, Platt SG, Pritchard PC, Quinn HR, Rahman SC, Randrianjafizanaka ST, Schaffer J, Selman W, Shaffer HB, Sharma DS, Haitao S, Singh S, Spencer R, Stannard K, Sutcliffe S, Thomson S, Vogt RC. Global Conservation Status of Turtles and Tortoises (Order Testudines). CHELONIAN CONSERVATION AND BIOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.2744/ccb-1348.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Carla Eisemberg
- Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia [; sydney
| | - Luca Luiselli
- Institute for Development Ecology Conservation and Cooperation, Rome, Italy [
| | | | - Rick Hudson
- Turtle Survival Alliance, Charleston, South Carolina USA [; awalde@turtles
| | - Brian D. Horne
- Wildlife Conservation Society, New York, New York USA [; ]
| | - Eric V. Goode
- Turtle Conservancy, New York, New York USA [; ross@ turtleconservancy.org]
| | - Gerald Kuchling
- University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia []
| | - Andrew Walde
- Turtle Survival Alliance, Charleston, South Carolina USA [; awalde@turtles
| | | | - Kristin H. Berry
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, Riverside, California USA [kristin_berry
| | | | | | - Roger Bour
- Laboratoire des Reptiles et Amphibiens, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France [bour.ro
| | - Kurt A. Buhlmann
- Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, University of Georgia, Aiken, South Carolina USA [kbuhlmann@earth
| | | | - Sydney Collett
- Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia [; sydney
| | - Andrea Currylow
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California USA [;
| | - Indraneil Das
- Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia []
| | - Tomas Diagne
- African Chelonian Institute, Ngaparou, Senegal [fondsdev@ yahoo.fr]
| | - Joshua R. Ennen
- Tennessee Aquarium Conservation Institute, Chattanooga, Tennessee USA []
| | | | | | - Uwe Fritz
- Museum für Tierkunde, Senckenberg Dresden, Germany []
| | - Gerardo García
- Chester Zoo, Upton by Chester, Chester, United Kingdom []
| | - J. Whitfield Gibbons
- Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, University of Georgia, Aiken, South Carolina USA [kbuhlmann@earth
| | | | - Gong Shiping
- Guangdong Institute of Applied Biological Resources, Guangzhou, China []
| | - Joko Guntoro
- Satucita Foundation, Aceh, Indonesia [jokoguntoro@ gmail.com]
| | | | | | - A. Ross Kiester
- Turtle Conservancy, New York, New York USA [; ross@ turtleconservancy.org]
| | - Michael Lau
- Hong Kong Wetlands Conservation Association, Hong Kong, China []
| | - Dwight P. Lawson
- Oklahoma City Zoo and Botanical Garden, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma USA []
| | - Jeffrey E. Lovich
- U.S. Geological Survey, Southwest Biological Science Center, Flagstaff, Arizona USA [jeffrey_lovich@
| | | | | | | | | | - Steven G. Platt
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Yangon, Myanmar [sgplatt@gmail. com]
| | | | - Hugh R. Quinn
- Turtle Conservation Fund, Kirksville, Missouri USA []
| | | | | | - Jason Schaffer
- James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia []
| | - Will Selman
- Millsaps College, Jackson, Mississippi USA []
| | - H. Bradley Shaffer
- La Kretz Center for California Conservation Science, University of California, Los Angeles, Californ
| | | | - Shi Haitao
- Hainan Normal University, Haikou, China [haitao-shi@263. net]
| | | | - Ricky Spencer
- Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia []
| | - Kahleana Stannard
- Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia [; sydney
| | - Sarah Sutcliffe
- Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia [; sydney
| | - Scott Thomson
- Chelonian Research Institute, Oviedo, Florida USA []
| | - Richard C. Vogt
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil []
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