101
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Chandrachud U, Walker MW, Simas AM, Heetveld S, Petcherski A, Klein M, Oh H, Wolf P, Zhao WN, Norton S, Haggarty SJ, Lloyd-Evans E, Cotman SL. Unbiased Cell-based Screening in a Neuronal Cell Model of Batten Disease Highlights an Interaction between Ca2+ Homeostasis, Autophagy, and CLN3 Protein Function. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:14361-80. [PMID: 25878248 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.621706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal accumulation of undigested macromolecules, often disease-specific, is a major feature of lysosomal and neurodegenerative disease and is frequently attributed to defective autophagy. The mechanistic underpinnings of the autophagy defects are the subject of intense research, which is aided by genetic disease models. To gain an improved understanding of the pathways regulating defective autophagy specifically in juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (JNCL or Batten disease), a neurodegenerative disease of childhood, we developed and piloted a GFP-microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (GFP-LC3) screening assay to identify, in an unbiased fashion, genotype-sensitive small molecule autophagy modifiers, employing a JNCL neuronal cell model bearing the most common disease mutation in CLN3. Thapsigargin, a sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase (SERCA) Ca(2+) pump inhibitor, reproducibly displayed significantly more activity in the mouse JNCL cells, an effect that was also observed in human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived JNCL neural progenitor cells. The mechanism of thapsigargin sensitivity was Ca(2+)-mediated, and autophagosome accumulation in JNCL cells could be reversed by Ca(2+) chelation. Interrogation of intracellular Ca(2+) handling highlighted alterations in endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondrial, and lysosomal Ca(2+) pools and in store-operated Ca(2+) uptake in JNCL cells. These results further support an important role for the CLN3 protein in intracellular Ca(2+) handling and in autophagic pathway flux and establish a powerful new platform for therapeutic screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uma Chandrachud
- From the Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114 and
| | - Mathew W Walker
- the Sir Martin Evans Building, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra M Simas
- From the Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114 and
| | - Sasja Heetveld
- From the Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114 and
| | - Anton Petcherski
- From the Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114 and
| | - Madeleine Klein
- From the Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114 and
| | - Hyejin Oh
- From the Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114 and
| | - Pavlina Wolf
- From the Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114 and
| | - Wen-Ning Zhao
- From the Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114 and
| | - Stephanie Norton
- From the Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114 and
| | - Stephen J Haggarty
- From the Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114 and
| | - Emyr Lloyd-Evans
- the Sir Martin Evans Building, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, United Kingdom
| | - Susan L Cotman
- From the Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114 and
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102
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Abstract
Kufor-Rakeb syndrome (KRS) is caused by loss-of-function mutations in ATP13A2 (PARK9) and characterized by juvenile-onset parkinsonism, pyramidal signs, and cognitive decline. Previous studies suggested that PARK9 deficiency causes lysosomal dysfunction and α-synuclein (α-syn) accumulation, whereas PARK9 overexpression suppresses toxicity of α-syn. However, the precise mechanism of PARK9 effect on lysosomes and α-syn has been unknown. Here, we found that overexpressed PARK9 localized to multivesicular bodies (MVBs) in the human H4 cell line. The results from patient fibroblasts showed that loss of PARK9 function leads to decreased number of the intraluminal vesicles in MVBs and diminished release of exosomes into culture media. By contrast, overexpression of PARK9 results in increased release of exosomes in H4 cells and mouse primary cortical neurons. Moreover, loss of PARK9 function resulted in decreased secretion of α-syn into extracellular space, whereas overexpressed PARK9 promotes secretion of α-syn, at least in part via exosomes. Finally, we found that PARK9 regulates exosome biogenesis through functional interaction with the endosomal sorting complex required for transport machinery. Together, these data suggest the involvement of PARK9 in the biogenesis of exosomes and α-syn secretion and raise a possibility that disruption of these pathways in patients with KRS contributes to the disease pathogenesis.
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103
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Aboud AA, Tidball AM, Kumar KK, Neely MD, Han B, Ess KC, Hong CC, Erikson KM, Hedera P, Bowman AB. PARK2 patient neuroprogenitors show increased mitochondrial sensitivity to copper. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 73:204-12. [PMID: 25315681 PMCID: PMC4394022 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Poorly-defined interactions between environmental and genetic risk factors underlie Parkinson's disease (PD) etiology. Here we tested the hypothesis that human stem cell derived forebrain neuroprogenitors from patients with known familial risk for early onset PD will exhibit enhanced sensitivity to PD environmental risk factors compared to healthy control subjects without a family history of PD. Two male siblings (SM and PM) with biallelic loss-of-function mutations in PARK2 were identified. Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) from SM, PM, and four control subjects with no known family histories of PD or related neurodegenerative diseases were utilized. We tested the hypothesis that hiPSC-derived neuroprogenitors from patients with PARK2 mutations would show heightened cell death, mitochondrial dysfunction, and reactive oxygen species generation compared to control cells as a result of exposure to heavy metals (PD environmental risk factors). We report that PARK2 mutant neuroprogenitors showed increased cytotoxicity with copper (Cu) and cadmium (Cd) exposure but not manganese (Mn) or methyl mercury (MeHg) relative to control neuroprogenitors. PARK2 mutant neuroprogenitors also showed a substantial increase in mitochondrial fragmentation, initial ROS generation, and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential following Cu exposure. Our data substantiate Cu exposure as an environmental risk factor for PD. Furthermore, we report a shift in the lowest observable effect level (LOEL) for greater sensitivity to Cu-dependent mitochondrial dysfunction in patients SM and PM relative to controls, correlating with their increased genetic risk for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asad A Aboud
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Dept. of Neurology, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Andrew M Tidball
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Dept. of Neurology, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Kevin K Kumar
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Dept. of Neurology, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - M Diana Neely
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Dept. of Neurology, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt Center in Molecular Toxicology, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Bingying Han
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Dept. of Neurology, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Kevin C Ess
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Dept. of Neurology, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt Center for Stem Cell Biology, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Charles C Hong
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt Center for Stem Cell Biology, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Research Medicine, Veterans Affairs TVHS, Cardiovascular Medicine Division, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Keith M Erikson
- University of North Carolina-Greensboro, Dept. of Nutrition, Greensboro, NC 27402-6107, USA
| | - Peter Hedera
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Dept. of Neurology, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Aaron B Bowman
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Dept. of Neurology, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt Center in Molecular Toxicology, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt Center for Stem Cell Biology, Nashville, TN, USA.
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104
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Bae EJ, Lee C, Lee HJ, Kim S, Lee SJ. ATP13A2/PARK9 Deficiency Neither Cause Lysosomal Impairment Nor Alter α-Synuclein Metabolism in SH-SY5Y Cells. Exp Neurobiol 2014; 23:365-71. [PMID: 25548536 PMCID: PMC4276807 DOI: 10.5607/en.2014.23.4.365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a multifactorial disorder with several genes linked to the familial types of the disease. ATP13A2 is one of those genes and encode for a transmembrane protein localized in lysosomes and late endosomes. Previous studies suggested the roles of this protein in lysosomal functions and cellular ion homeostasis. Here, we set out to investigate the role of ATP13A2 in lysosomal function and in metabolism of α-synuclein, another PD-linked protein whose accumulation is implicated in the pathogenesis. We generated non-sense mutations in both copies of ATP13A2 gene in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells. We examined lysosomal function of ATP13A2-/- cells by measuring the accumulation of lysosomal substrate proteins, such as p62 and polyubiquitinated proteins, induction of acidic compartments, and degradation of ectopically introduced dextran. None of these measures were altered by ATP13A2 deficiency. The steady-state levels of α-synuclein in cells or secretion of this protein were unaltered either in ATP13A2-/- compared to the normal cells. Therefore, the proposed roles of ATP13A2 in lysosomal functions may not be generalized and may depend on the cellular context. The ATP13A2-/- cells generated in the current study may provide a useful control for studies on the roles of PD genes in lysosomal functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Jin Bae
- Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea. ; Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea
| | - Cheolsoon Lee
- Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea. ; Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea
| | - He-Jin Lee
- Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea. ; Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea
| | - Seokjoong Kim
- ToolGen, Inc., Biotechnology Incubating Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 305-390, Korea
| | - Seung-Jae Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea. ; Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea. ; College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea
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105
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Lopes da Fonseca T, Outeiro TF. ATP13A2 and Alpha-synuclein: a Metal Taste in Autophagy. Exp Neurobiol 2014; 23:314-23. [PMID: 25548531 PMCID: PMC4276802 DOI: 10.5607/en.2014.23.4.314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's Disease (PD) is a complex and multifactorial disorder of both idiopathic and genetic origin. Thus far, more than 20 genes have been linked to familial forms of PD. Two of these genes encode for ATP13A2 and alpha-synuclein (asyn), proteins that seem to be members of a common network in both physiological and disease conditions. Thus, two different hypotheses have emerged supporting a role of ATP13A2 and asyn in metal homeostasis or in autophagy. Interestingly, an appealing theory might combine these two cellular pathways. Here we review the novel findings in the interaction between these two proteins and debate the exciting roads still ahead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás Lopes da Fonseca
- Department of Neurodegeneration and Restorative Research, Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany. ; Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Tiago Fleming Outeiro
- Department of Neurodegeneration and Restorative Research, Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany. ; Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
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106
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Hasmann SE, Berg D, Hobert MA, Weiss D, Lindemann U, Streffer J, Liepelt-Scarfone I, Maetzler W. Instrumented functional reach test differentiates individuals at high risk for Parkinson's disease from controls. Front Aging Neurosci 2014; 6:286. [PMID: 25386137 PMCID: PMC4208400 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2014.00286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The functional reach (FR) test as a complex measure of balance including limits of stability has been proven to differentiate between patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) and controls (CO). Recently, it has been shown that the instrumentation of the FR (iFR) with a wearable sensor may increase this diagnostic accuracy. This cross-sectional study aimed at investigating whether the iFR has the potential to differentiate individuals with high risk for PD (HRPD) from CO, as the delineation of such individuals would allow for, e.g., early neuromodulation. Thirteen PD patients, 13 CO, and 31 HRPD were investigated. HRPD was defined by presence of an enlarged area of hyperechogenicity in the mesencephalon on transcranial sonography and either one motor sign or two risk and prodromal markers of PD. All participants were asked to reach with their right arm forward as far as possible and hold this position for 10 s. During this period, sway parameters were assessed with an accelerometer (Dynaport, McRoberts) worn at the lower back. Extracted parameters that differed significantly between PD patients and CO in our cohort [FR distance (shorter in PD), anterior–posterior and mediolateral acceleration (both lower in PD)] as well as JERK, which has been shown to differentiate HRPD from CO and PD in a previous study, were included in a model, which was then used to differentiate HRPD from CO. The model yielded an area under the curve of 0.77, with a specificity of 85%, and a sensitivity of 74%. These results suggest that the iFR can contribute to an assessment panel focusing on the definition of HRPD individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra E Hasmann
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Center for Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen , Tübingen , Germany ; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) , Tübingen , Germany
| | - Daniela Berg
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Center for Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen , Tübingen , Germany ; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) , Tübingen , Germany
| | - Markus A Hobert
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Center for Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen , Tübingen , Germany ; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) , Tübingen , Germany
| | - David Weiss
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Center for Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen , Tübingen , Germany ; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) , Tübingen , Germany
| | - Ulrich Lindemann
- Department of Clinical Gerontology and Rehabilitation, Robert-Bosch-Hospital , Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Johannes Streffer
- Janssen Research and Development, Janssen-Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson and Johnson , Beerse , Belgium
| | - Inga Liepelt-Scarfone
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Center for Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen , Tübingen , Germany ; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) , Tübingen , Germany
| | - Walter Maetzler
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Center for Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen , Tübingen , Germany ; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) , Tübingen , Germany
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107
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Yang X, Xu Y. Mutations in the ATP13A2 gene and Parkinsonism: a preliminary review. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:371256. [PMID: 25197640 PMCID: PMC4147200 DOI: 10.1155/2014/371256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a major neurodegenerative disorder for which the etiology and pathogenesis remain as elusive as for Alzheimer's disease. PD appears to be caused by genetic and environmental factors, and pedigree and cohort studies have identified numerous susceptibility genes and loci related to PD. Autosomal recessive mutations in the genes Parkin, Pink1, DJ-1, ATP13A2, PLA2G6, and FBXO7 have been linked to PD susceptibility. Such mutations in ATP13A2, also named PARK9, were first identified in 2006 in a Chilean family and are associated with a juvenile-onset, levodopa-responsive type of Parkinsonism called Kufor-Rakeb syndrome (KRS). KRS involves pyramidal degeneration, supranuclear palsy, and cognitive impairment. Here we review current knowledge about the ATP13A2 gene, clinical characteristics of patients with PD-associated ATP13A2 mutations, and models of how the ATP13A2 protein may help prevent neurodegeneration by inhibiting α-synuclein aggregation and supporting normal lysosomal and mitochondrial function. We also discuss another ATP13A2 mutation that is associated with the family of neurodegenerative disorders called neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs), and we propose a single pathway whereby ATP13A2 mutations may contribute to NCLs and Parkinsonism. Finally, we highlight how studies of mutations in this gene may provide new insights into PD pathogenesis and identify potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinglong Yang
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Yanming Xu
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
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108
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Tardiff DF, Khurana V, Chung CY, Lindquist S. From yeast to patient neurons and back again: powerful new discovery platform. Mov Disord 2014; 29:1231-40. [PMID: 25131316 DOI: 10.1002/mds.25989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Revised: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
No disease-modifying therapies are available for synucleinopathies, including Parkinson's disease (PD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), and multiple systems atrophy (MSA). The lack of therapies has been impeded by a paucity of validated drug targets and problematic cell-based model systems. New approaches are therefore needed to identify genes and compounds that directly target the underlying cellular pathologies elicited by the pathological protein, α-synuclein (α-syn). This small, lipid-binding protein impinges on evolutionarily conserved processes such as vesicle trafficking and mitochondrial function. For decades, the genetically tractable, single-cell eukaryote, budding yeast, has been used to study nearly all aspects of cell biology. More recently, yeast has revealed key insights into the underlying cellular pathologies caused by α-syn. The robust cellular toxicity caused by α-syn expression facilitates unbiased high-throughput small-molecule screening. Critically, one must validate the discoveries made in yeast in disease-relevant neuronal models. Here, we describe two recent reports that together establish yeast-to-human discovery platforms for synucleinopathies. In this exemplar, genes and small molecules identified in yeast were validated in patient-derived neurons that present the same cellular phenotypes initially discovered in yeast. On validation, we returned to yeast, where unparalleled genetic approaches facilitated the elucidation of a small molecule's mode of action. This approach enabled the identification and neuronal validation of a previously unknown "druggable" node that interfaces with the underlying, precipitating pathologies caused by α-syn. Such platforms can provide sorely needed leads and fresh ideas for disease-modifying therapy for these devastating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel F Tardiff
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research (WIBR), Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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109
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Zhang H, Duan C, Yang H. Defective autophagy in Parkinson's disease: lessons from genetics. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 51:89-104. [PMID: 24990317 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8787-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most prevalent neurodegenerative movement disorder. Genetic studies over the past two decades have greatly advanced our understanding of the etiological basis of PD and elucidated pathways leading to neuronal degeneration. Recent studies have suggested that abnormal autophagy, a well conserved homeostatic process for protein and organelle turnover, may contribute to neurodegeneration in PD. Moreover, many of the proteins related to both autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive PD, such as α-synuclein, PINK1, Parkin, LRRK2, DJ-1, GBA, and ATPA13A2, are also involved in the regulation of autophagy. We propose that reduced autophagy enhances the accumulation of α-synuclein, other pathogenic proteins, and dysfunctional mitochondria in PD, leading to oxidative stress and neuronal death.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Zhang
- Center of Parkinson's Disease Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disease of the Ministry of Education, Department of Neurobiology Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
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110
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Malakouti-Nejad M, Shahidi GA, Rohani M, Shojaee SM, Hashemi M, Klotzle B, Fan JB, Elahi E. Identification of p.Gln858* in ATP13A2 in two EOPD patients and presentation of their clinical features. Neurosci Lett 2014; 577:106-11. [PMID: 24949580 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Revised: 05/31/2014] [Accepted: 06/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We present results of homozygosity mapping in two siblings affected with early onset Parkinson's disease (EOPD) and mutation screening of ATP13A2 in these and other Iranian EOPD patients. Genome-wide SNP homozygosity analysis revealed linkage to a locus that included ATP13A2, and sequencing of the gene revealed a novel p.Gln858*-causing mutation in the homozygous state in the siblings. Sequencing of the gene in seven other unrelated EOPD patients previously shown not to have mutations in PRKN, DJ-1, PINK1, and LRRK2 identified the same homozygous p. Gln858*-causing mutation in another patient. Haplotype analysis revealed that two alleles harboring the mutation were not identical by decent. The variation identified represents the 13th known disease causing mutation in ATP13A2. The clinical features of the patients who harbored the mutation are compared to those of previously reported patients with mutations in ATP13A2. Bradykinesia and rigidity, but not tremor, were reported in nearly all the patients. l-dopa administration, though initially effective, usually caused dyskinesia upon prolonged usage. Eye movement abnormalities including saccades and supranuclear gaze palsy, were almost always observed. Dystonia and bulbar anomalies were common but more variable manifestations. Although a degree of cognitive decline was found in most of the patients, the decline was often mild and absent in one patient. Age at onset of symptoms was usually in the second decade of life, and sometimes in the third decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Malakouti-Nejad
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran; Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gholam-Ali Shahidi
- Department of Neurology, HazratRasool Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Rohani
- Department of Neurology, HazratRasool Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mehdi Shojaee
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Hashemi
- Department of Genetics, Islamic Azad University, Tehran Medical Sciences Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Elahe Elahi
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran; School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
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111
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van Veen S, Sørensen DM, Holemans T, Holen HW, Palmgren MG, Vangheluwe P. Cellular function and pathological role of ATP13A2 and related P-type transport ATPases in Parkinson's disease and other neurological disorders. Front Mol Neurosci 2014; 7:48. [PMID: 24904274 PMCID: PMC4033846 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2014.00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in ATP13A2 lead to Kufor-Rakeb syndrome, a parkinsonism with dementia. ATP13A2 belongs to the P-type transport ATPases, a large family of primary active transporters that exert vital cellular functions. However, the cellular function and transported substrate of ATP13A2 remain unknown. To discuss the role of ATP13A2 in neurodegeneration, we first provide a short description of the architecture and transport mechanism of P-type transport ATPases. Then, we briefly highlight key P-type ATPases involved in neuronal disorders such as the copper transporters ATP7A (Menkes disease), ATP7B (Wilson disease), the Na(+)/K(+)-ATPases ATP1A2 (familial hemiplegic migraine) and ATP1A3 (rapid-onset dystonia parkinsonism). Finally, we review the recent literature of ATP13A2 and discuss ATP13A2's putative cellular function in the light of what is known concerning the functions of other, better-studied P-type ATPases. We critically review the available data concerning the role of ATP13A2 in heavy metal transport and propose a possible alternative hypothesis that ATP13A2 might be a flippase. As a flippase, ATP13A2 may transport an organic molecule, such as a lipid or a peptide, from one membrane leaflet to the other. A flippase might control local lipid dynamics during vesicle formation and membrane fusion events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah van Veen
- Laboratory of Cellular Transport Systems, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven Leuven, Belgium
| | - Danny M Sørensen
- Laboratory of Cellular Transport Systems, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tine Holemans
- Laboratory of Cellular Transport Systems, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven Leuven, Belgium
| | - Henrik W Holen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Membrane Pumps in Cells and Disease - PUMPkin, University of Copenhagen Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Michael G Palmgren
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Membrane Pumps in Cells and Disease - PUMPkin, University of Copenhagen Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Peter Vangheluwe
- Laboratory of Cellular Transport Systems, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven Leuven, Belgium
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112
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Levi S, Finazzi D. Neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation: update on pathogenic mechanisms. Front Pharmacol 2014; 5:99. [PMID: 24847269 PMCID: PMC4019866 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2014.00099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Perturbation of iron distribution is observed in many neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease, but the comprehension of the metal role in the development and progression of such disorders is still very limited. The combination of more powerful brain imaging techniques and faster genomic DNA sequencing procedures has allowed the description of a set of genetic disorders characterized by a constant and often early accumulation of iron in specific brain regions and the identification of the associated genes; these disorders are now collectively included in the category of neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA). So far 10 different genetic forms have been described but this number is likely to increase in short time. Two forms are linked to mutations in genes directly involved in iron metabolism: neuroferritinopathy, associated to mutations in the FTL gene and aceruloplasminemia, where the ceruloplasmin gene product is defective. In the other forms the connection with iron metabolism is not evident at all and the genetic data let infer the involvement of other pathways: Pank2, Pla2G6, C19orf12, COASY, and FA2H genes seem to be related to lipid metabolism and to mitochondria functioning, WDR45 and ATP13A2 genes are implicated in lysosomal and autophagosome activity, while the C2orf37 gene encodes a nucleolar protein of unknown function. There is much hope in the scientific community that the study of the NBIA forms may provide important insight as to the link between brain iron metabolism and neurodegenerative mechanisms and eventually pave the way for new therapeutic avenues also for the more common neurodegenerative disorders. In this work, we will review the most recent findings in the molecular mechanisms underlining the most common forms of NBIA and analyze their possible link with brain iron metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Levi
- Proteomic of Iron Metabolism, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University Milano, Italy ; San Raffaele Scientific Institute Milano, Italy
| | - Dario Finazzi
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia Brescia, Italy ; Spedali Civili di Brescia Brescia, Italy
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Barnham KJ, Bush AI. Biological metals and metal-targeting compounds in major neurodegenerative diseases. Chem Soc Rev 2014; 43:6727-49. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cs00138a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 347] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Metals are functionally essential, but redistribute in neurodegenerative disease where they induce protein aggregates, catalyze radical formation, and lose bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J. Barnham
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health
- The University of Melbourne
- Parkville, Australia
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute
- The University of Melbourne
| | - Ashley I. Bush
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health
- The University of Melbourne
- Parkville, Australia
- Department of Pathology
- The University of Melbourne
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