101
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Schiller GJ, Slack J, Hainsworth JD, Mason J, Saleh M, Rizzieri D, Douer D, List AF. Phase II multicenter study of arsenic trioxide in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes. J Clin Oncol 2006; 24:2456-64. [PMID: 16651647 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2005.03.7903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the efficacy and safety of arsenic trioxide monotherapy in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients received arsenic trioxide (0.25 mg/kg/d) on 5 consecutive days per week for 2 weeks, followed by 2 weeks' rest (one cycle). Two patient cohorts were established according to International Prognostic Scoring System risk category: lower-risk (low or intermediate-1) or higher-risk MDS (intermediate-2 or high). For lower-risk MDS, hematologic improvement (HI) was the primary response end point. For higher-risk MDS, additional end points included complete or partial remission. Based on the expected time to response, patients receiving two or more cycles were prospectively evaluated. RESULTS Hematologic adverse events included neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, and febrile neutropenia. Two patients died during the study due to treatment-related toxicities. Most common grade 3/4 nonhematologic events were pneumonia, fatigue, hemorrhage, pain, and dyspnea. Among patients who received one or more doses (n = 70) or completed two or more cycles (n = 51), the HI rates were 34% and 39% in lower-risk patients, and 6% and 9% in higher-risk patients, respectively; the overall major HI rates were 20% and 22%. One higher-risk patient achieved a complete remission (3%). Major HIs were observed in all hematologic lineages; erythroid responses were the most common. Transfusion independence or reduction by > or = 50% occurred in 33% of patients dependent on RBC transfusions. The overall median duration of HI was 6.8 months (range, 2 to 40 months). CONCLUSION Arsenic trioxide monotherapy has moderate activity against MDS, with a manageable adverse effect profile. The further study of arsenic trioxide in MDS, particularly in combination with other agents, is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary J Schiller
- UCLA Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of California Los Angeles, San Diego, CA 90095, USA.
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102
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Luo L, Qiao H, Meng F, Dong X, Zhou B, Jiang H, Kanwar JR, Krissansen GW, Sun X. Arsenic trioxide synergizes with B7H3-mediated immunotherapy to eradicate hepatocellular carcinomas. Int J Cancer 2006; 118:1823-30. [PMID: 16217749 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.21557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic trioxide (As(2)O(3)), a valuable anticancer drug for the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia, may also have therapeutic potential for the treatment of solid tumors. However, its therapeutic efficacy against solid tumors is lacking even at high dosages. Other therapeutic strategies are required to enhance the efficacy of As(2)O(3) against solid tumors such as hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which is refractory to chemotherapy. B7H3, a new member of the B7 family, has been shown to induce antitumor immunity. Intratumoral injection of B7H3 plasmids eradicates small EL-4 lymphomas, but monotherapy is ineffective against large tumors. Here we investigated whether As(2)O(3) would synergize with B7H3 immunotherapy to combat HCC. Large subcutaneous H22 HCCs (0.7-0.8 cm in diameter) established in BALB/c mice were rapidly and completely eradicated when intratumoral administration of As(2)O(3) was preceded by in situ gene transfer of B7H3. In contrast, neither As(2)O(3) nor B7H3 monotherapy was effective. The antitumor activity of As(2)O(3) was attributed to increased tumor-cell apoptosis, perhaps as a result of direct cytotoxicity as well as decreased tumor angiogenesis. Combination therapy generated potent systemic antitumor immunity mediated by CD8(+) and NK cells that was effective in combating a systemic challenge of 1 x 10(7) parental H22 cells. It led to the simultaneous and complete regression of multiple distant tumor nodules, concomitant with increased levels of serum IFN-gamma and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity. In conclusion, combining B7H3-mediated immunotherapy with As(2)O(3) warrants investigation as a therapeutic strategy to combat HCC, and other malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqiong Luo
- The Hepatosplenic Surgery Center of Heilongjiang Province/Department of General Surgery, The First Clinical College of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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103
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Jan KY, Wang TC, Ramanathan B, Gurr JR. Dithiol Compounds at Low Concentrations Increase Arsenite Toxicity. Toxicol Sci 2006; 90:432-9. [PMID: 16421177 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfj108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Inorganic trivalent arsenicals are vicinal thiol-reacting agents, and dithiothreitol (DTT) is a well-known dithiol agent. Interestingly, both decreasing and increasing effects of DTT on arsenic trioxide-induced apoptosis have been reported. We now provide data to show that, at high concentrations, DTT, dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA), and dimercaptopropanesulfonic acid (DMPS) decreased arsenic trioxide-induced apoptosis in NB4 cells, a human promyelocytic leukemia cell line. In contrast, at low concentrations DTT, DMSA, and DMPS increased the arsenic trioxide-induced apoptosis. DTT at a high concentration (3 mM) decreased, whereas at a low concentration (0.1 mM), it increased the cell growth inhibition of arsenic trioxide, methylarsonous acid (MMA(III)), and dimethylarsinous acid (DMA(III)) in NB4 cells. DMSA and DMPS are currently used as antidotes for acute arsenic poisoning. These two dithiol compounds also show an inverse-hormetic effect on arsenic toxicity in terms of DNA damage, micronucleus induction, apoptosis, and colony formation in experiments using human epithelial cell lines derived from arsenic target tissues such as the kidney and bladder. With the oral administration of dithiols, the concentrations of these dithiol compounds in the human body are likely to be low. Therefore, the present results suggest the necessity of reevaluating the therapeutic effect of these dithiol compounds for arsenic poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Yan Jan
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan, ROC
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104
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Haga N, Fujita N, Tsuruo T. Involvement of mitochondrial aggregation in arsenic trioxide (As2O3)-induced apoptosis in human glioblastoma cells. Cancer Sci 2005; 96:825-33. [PMID: 16271077 PMCID: PMC11159684 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2005.00114.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Arsenic trioxide (As(2)O(3)) is effective against acute promyelocytic leukemia and has potential as a novel treatment against malignant solid tumors. As(2)O(3) induces differentiation and inhibits growth. It also causes mitochondrial damage mediated by the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the dissipation of mitochondrial transmembrane potential (DeltaPsi(m)), leading to apoptosis. Mitochondria might be the key target of antitumor activity by As(2)O(3); however, its mechanisms have not been completely elucidated. Using two human glioblastoma cell lines, A172 and T98G, we found that As(2)O(3) induced apoptosis in A172 cells but not in T98G cells. As(2)O(3)-induced ROS production was observed in both cell lines; however, the dissipation of DeltaPsi(m), Bax oligomerization and caspase activation occurred only in As(2)O(3)-sensitive A172 cells. To determine the mechanisms of As(2)O(3)-induced apoptosis after ROS generation, we examined the change of mitochondrial morphology. As we reported previously, mitochondrial aggregation occurs before cytochrome c release during apoptosis, thus playing a role in cell death progression. We observed mitochondrial aggregation in As(2)O(3)-sensitive A172 cells but not in T98G cells treated with As(2)O(3). Using laser scanning cytometry, we quantitatively confirmed the results, which indicate that mitochondrial aggregation plays an important role in regulating sensitivity to As(2)O(3)-induced apoptosis. We propose a sequential process involving ROS generation, mitochondrial aggregation, Bax oligomerization and DeltaPsi(m) dissipation, and caspase activation during As(2)O(3)-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Haga
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan
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105
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Wang XJ, Yang J, Cang H, Zou YQ, Yi J. Gene expression alteration during redox-dependent enhancement of arsenic cytotoxicity by emodin in HeLa cells. Cell Res 2005; 15:511-22. [PMID: 16045814 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cr.7290321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Emodin (1,3,8-trihydroxy-6-methylanthraquinone) could enhance the sensitivity of tumor cells to arsenic trioxide (As2O3)-induced apoptosis via generation of ROS, but the molecular mechanism has not been elucidated. Here, we carried out cDNA microarray-based global transcription profiling of HeLa cells in response to As2O3/emodin cotreatment, comparing with As2O3-only treatment. The results showed that the expression of a number of genes was substantially altered at two time points. These genes are involved in different aspects of cell function. In addition to redox regulation and apoptosis, ROS affect genes encoding proteins associated with cell signaling, organelle functions, cell cycle, cytoskeleton, etc. These data suggest that based on the cytotoxicity of As2O3, emodin mobilize every genomic resource through which the As2O3-induced apoptosis is facilitated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Jing Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, Shanghai Second Medical University, 280 Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
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106
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Sun HX, Zheng QF, Tu J. Induction of apoptosis in HeLa cells by 3beta-hydroxy-12-oleanen-27-oic acid from the rhizomes of Astilbe chinensis. Bioorg Med Chem 2005; 14:1189-98. [PMID: 16214353 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2005] [Revised: 09/16/2005] [Accepted: 09/16/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
3beta-Hydroxy-12-oleanen-27-oic acid (ATA) was an antitumor active oleanane-type triterpenoid from the rhizomes of Astilbe chinensis. ATA was structurally very similar to oleanolic acid, with the only difference being interchange of the carboxyl and methyl group at the C-14 and C-17 positions. Oleanane-type triterpene with a carboxyl group at C-14 is present in a limited number of natural resources. ATA was found to exhibit more distinctive cytotoxicity toward human cervical squamous carcinoma HeLa cells than oleanolic acid, which suggested that the position of the carboxyl group significantly affects the cytotoxicity of oleanane-type pentacyclic triterpenes with a carboxyl group. The biological mechanism responsible for the cytotoxicity of ATA is not yet well understood. In this study, we investigated the induction of apoptosis in HeLa cells by ATA and the putative pathways of its actions. ATA induced a marked concentration- and time-dependent inhibition of HeLa cell proliferation, and reduced the protein content in HeLa cells. ATA-treated HeLa displayed typical morphological apoptotic characteristics and formation of DNA ladders in agarose gel electrophoresis. Flow cytometric analysis showed that the HeLa cell cycle was arrested in the G(0)/G(1) phase by ATA, and the apoptotic rate of HeLa cells treated with ATA 20 microg/mL for 48 h was 22.63 +/- 1.65%. Meanwhile, ATA increased the expression of Bax, decreased the expression of Bcl-2, and lowered the DeltaPsi(m). DEVD-CHO 2 microM could increase the viability of ATA-treated HeLa cells. These results indicate that ATA could significantly induce cell apoptosis through down-regulating Bcl-2 expression, up-regulating Bax expression, lowering DeltaPsi(m), and activating the caspase-3 pathway, and should be useful in the search for new potential anti-tumor agents and for developing semisynthetic oleanane-type triterpene derivatives with anti-tumor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Xiang Sun
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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107
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Abstract
Arsenic, a natural substance that has been used as a drug for over 2000 years, has been revived because of its remarkable therapeutic efficacy in patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). Arsenic exerts a dose-dependent dual effect: it causes differentiation at low concentrations and apoptosis at relatively high concentrations. Specific degradation of the leukemogenic PML-RARalpha fusion protein induced by arsenic leads to the differentiation of leukemia cells. The arsenic-induced apoptosis occurs through direct effects on mitochondria, causing the release of apoptotic proteins into the cytosol and the activation of caspases. Preliminary in vitro studies have also extended the potential anti-cancer effect of arsenic to non-APL leukemias, lymphoid malignancies and other cancers. In vitro and in vivo studies demonstrate that arsenic exerts a broad spectrum of anti-cancer effects by induction of apoptosis, inhibition of cell proliferation, anti-angiogenesis and possible immunomodulation. Phase I and II clinical trials are underway to evaluate the feasibility, safety and potential effect of arsenic in various cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiong Hu
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Second Medical University, Shanghai, China
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108
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Palus J, Lewinska D, Dziubaltowska E, Stepnik M, Beck J, Rydzynski K, Nilsson R. DNA damage in leukocytes of workers occupationally exposed to arsenic in copper smelters. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2005; 46:81-7. [PMID: 15880732 DOI: 10.1002/em.20132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Inorganic arsenic (i-As) is a known human carcinogen; however, humans continue to be exposed to i-As in drinking water and in certain occupational settings. In this study, we used the Comet assay to evaluate DNA damage in the somatic cells of workers from three Polish copper smelters who were occupationally exposed to i-As. Blood samples were collected from 72 male workers and 83 unexposed male controls and used for the detection of DNA damage, oxidative DNA damage, and DNA damage after a 3-hr incubation in culture. Urine samples were collected to assess the level of exposure. The mean concentration of arsenic metabolites in urine [the sum of arsenite (AsIII), arsenate (AsV), monomethylarsenate (MMA) and dimethylarsenate (DMA)] and the concentrations of DMA (the main metabolite in urine) were higher in workers than in controls, but the differences were not statistically significant. By contrast, the level of DNA damage, expressed as the median tail moment, was significantly higher in the leukocytes of workers than in the controls. Comet assays conducted with formamidopyrimidine glycosylase (FPG) digestion to detect oxidative DNA damage indicated that oxidative lesions were present in leukocytes from both the exposed and control groups, but the levels of damage were significantly higher among the workers. Incubation of the cells in culture resulted in a significant reduction in the levels of DNA damage, especially among leukocytes from the workers, suggesting that the DNA damage was subject to repair. Our findings indicate that copper smelter workers have increased levels of DNA damage in somatic cells, suggesting a potential health risk for the workers. Although i-As was present in air samples from the smelters and in urine samples from workers, no clear association could be made between i-As exposure and the DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jadwiga Palus
- Department of Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland.
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109
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Han SS, Kim K, Hahm ER, Park CH, Kimler BF, Lee SJ, Lee SH, Kim WS, Jung CW, Park K, Kim J, Yoon SS, Lee JH, Park S. Arsenic trioxide represses constitutive activation of NF-kappaB and COX-2 expression in human acute myeloid leukemia, HL-60. J Cell Biochem 2005; 94:695-707. [PMID: 15547942 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.20337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
It has been proposed that eukaryotic nuclear factor nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-kappaB) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) are implicated in the pathogenesis of many human diseases including cancer. Arsenic has been widely used in medicine in Oriental countries. Recent studies have shown that arsenic trioxide (As(2)O(3)) could induce in vitro growth inhibition and apoptosis of malignant lymphocytes, and myeloma cells. However, the molecular mechanisms by which As(2)O(3) initiates cellular signaling toward cell death are still unclear. In the present study, the effects of As(2)O(3) on NF-kappaB and COX-2 expression in HL-60 cells were investigated. As(2)O(3) suppressed DNA-binding activity of NF-kappaB composed of p65/p50 heterodimer through preventing the degradation of IkappaB-alpha and the nuclear translocation of p65 subsequently as well as interrupting the binding of NF-kappaB with their consensus sequences. Inhibitory effect of As(2)O(3) on NF-kappaB DNA activity was dependent upon intracellular glutathione (GSH) and H(2)O(2) level, but not superoxide anion. Futhermore, we found that As(2)O(3) also downregulated the expression of COX-2, which has NF-kappaB binding site on its promoter through repressing the NF-kappaB DNA-binding activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Su Han
- Samsung Medical Center and Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 135-710, Korea
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110
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Karlsson J, Edsjö A, Påhlman S, Pettersson HM. Multidrug-resistant neuroblastoma cells are responsive to arsenic trioxide at both normoxia and hypoxia. Mol Cancer Ther 2005; 4:1128-35. [PMID: 16020671 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-05-0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite intensive treatment, the outcome of high-risk neuroblastoma patients is poor with acquired multidrug resistance as an important cause. Previously, our group has shown that arsenic trioxide (As(2)O(3)) kills multidrug-resistant neuroblastoma cells in vitro and in vivo at clinically tolerable doses. Regions of tissue hypoxia often arise in aggressive solid tumors, and hypoxic tumors exhibit augmented invasiveness and metastatic ability in several malignancies. Furthermore, hypoxia may impair the treatment efficiency; therefore, we have studied the cytotoxic effect of As(2)O(3) on neuroblastoma cells grown under normoxic as well as hypoxic (1% oxygen) conditions. At both normoxia and hypoxia, 2 and 4 mumol/L As(2)O(3) induced evident cell death in the drug-sensitive SH-SY5Y and IMR-32 cells as well as in the multidrug-resistant SK-N-BE(2)c (with a mutated p53) and SK-N-FI cells after 72 hours of exposure. In contrast, the conventional chemotherapeutic drug etoposide showed lowered efficiency in hypoxic IMR-32 cells. In accordance with our previously published results, although not to the same extent as in their normoxic counterparts, Bax is proteolytically cleaved also in neuroblastoma cells exposed to As(2)O(3) at hypoxia. This suggests that similar molecular mechanisms are involved in As(2)O(3)-induced neuroblastoma cell death during hypoxia compared with normoxia. Together, our results support As(2)O(3) as a potential candidate drug as a complement to conventional treatments for high-risk neuroblastoma patients and perhaps also for patients with other multidrug-resistant solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Karlsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Molecular Medicine, Lund University, University Hospital MAS, Malmö, Sweden
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111
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Scholz C, Richter A, Lehmann M, Schulze-Osthoff K, Dörken B, Daniel PT. Arsenic trioxide induces regulated, death receptor-independent cell death through a Bcl-2-controlled pathway. Oncogene 2005; 24:7031-42. [PMID: 16007134 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1208868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic trioxide (As2O3, arsenite) efficiently kills cells from various hematologic malignancies and has successfully been employed especially for the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia. There and in lymphoid cells, we demonstrated that As2O3 induces cell death in a caspase-2- and -9-independent fashion. Here, we address a potential role of death receptor signaling through the FADD/caspase-8 death-inducing signaling complex in As2O3-induced cell death. In detail, we demonstrate that As2O3 induces cell death independently of caspase-8 or FADD and cannot be blocked by disruption of CD95/Fas receptor ligand interaction. Unlike in death receptor ligation-induced apoptosis, As2O3-induced cell death was not blocked by the broad-spectrum caspase inhibitor z-VAD-fmk or the caspase-8-specific inhibitor z-IETD-fmk. Nevertheless, As2O3-induced cell death occurred in a regulated manner and was abrogated upon Bcl-2 overexpression. In contrast, As2O3-induced cell demise was neither blocked by the caspase-9 inhibitor z-LEHD-fmk nor substantially inhibited through the expression of a dominant negative caspase-9 mutant. Altogether our data demonstrate that As2O3-induced cell death occurs independently of the extrinsic death receptor pathway of apoptosis. Cell death proceeds entirely via an intrinsic, Bcl-2-controlled mitochondrial pathway that does, however, not rely on caspase-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Scholz
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, University Medical Center Charité, Campus Buch, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
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112
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Florea AM, Yamoah EN, Dopp E. Intracellular calcium disturbances induced by arsenic and its methylated derivatives in relation to genomic damage and apoptosis induction. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2005; 113:659-64. [PMID: 15929885 PMCID: PMC1257587 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.7634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic and its methylated derivatives are contaminants of air, water, and food and are known as toxicants and carcinogens. Arsenic compounds are also being used as cancer chemotherapeutic agents. In humans, inorganic arsenic is metabolically methylated to mono-, di-, and trimethylated forms. Recent findings suggest that the methylation reactions represent a toxification rather than a detoxification pathway. In recent years, the correlation between arsenic exposure, cytotoxicity and genotoxicity, mutagenicity, and tumor promotion has been established, as well as the association of arsenic exposure with perturbation of physiologic processes, generation of reactive oxygen species, DNA damage, and apoptosis induction. Trivalent forms of arsenic have been found to induce apoptosis in several cellular systems with involvement of membrane-bound cell death receptors, activation of caspases, release of calcium stores, and changes of the intracellular glutathione level. It is well known that calcium ion deregulation plays a critical role in apoptotic cell death. A calcium increase in the nuclei might lead to toxic effects in the cell. In this review, we highlight the relationship between induced disturbances of calcium homeostasis, genomic damage, and apoptotic cell death caused by arsenic and its organic derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana-Maria Florea
- Institute of Hygiene and Occupational Medicine, University Hospital, Essen, Germany
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113
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Song MG, Gao SM, Du KM, Xu M, Yu Y, Zhou YH, Wang Q, Chen Z, Zhu YS, Chen GQ. Nanomolar concentration of NSC606985, a camptothecin analog, induces leukemic-cell apoptosis through protein kinase Cδ–dependent mechanisms. Blood 2005; 105:3714-21. [PMID: 15671440 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2004-10-4011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractAs a promising new class of anticancer drugs, camptothecins have advanced to the forefront of several areas of therapeutic and developmental chemotherapy. In the present study, we report that NSC606985, a rarely studied camptothecin analog, induces apoptosis in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells NB4 and U937 and inhibits the proliferation without cell death in breakpoint cluster region–Abelson murine leukemia (bcr-abl) kinase-carrying leukemic K562 cells. For apoptosis induction or growth arrest, nanomolar concentrations of NSC606985 are sufficient. At such low concentrations, this agent also significantly inhibits the clonogenic activity of hematopoietic progenitors from patients with AML. For apoptosis induction, NSC606985 rapidly induces the proteolytic activation of protein kinase Cδ (PKCδ) with loss of mitochondrial transmembrane potential (ΔΨm) and caspase-3 activation. Cotreatment with rottlerin, a PKCδ-specific inhibitor, completely blocks NSC606985-induced mitochondrial ΔΨm loss and caspase-3 activation, while the inhibition of caspase-3 by z-DEVD-fluoromethyl ketone (Z-DEVD-fmk) only partially attenuates PKCδ activation and apoptosis. These data indicate that NSC606985-induced PKCδ activation is an early event upstream to mitochondrial ΔΨm loss and caspase-3 activation, while activated caspase-3 has an amplifying effect on PKCδ proteolysis. In addition, NSC606985-induced apoptosis by PKCδ also involves caspase-3–independent mechanisms. Taken together, our results suggest that NSC606985 is a potential agent for the treatment of AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man-Gen Song
- Department of Pathophysiology, Shanghai Institute of , Chong-Qing South Rd, Shanghai 200025, China
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114
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Rey NA, Howarth OW, Pereira-Maia EC. Equilibrium characterization of the As(III)-cysteine and the As(III)-glutathione systems in aqueous solution. J Inorg Biochem 2005; 98:1151-9. [PMID: 15149827 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2004.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2003] [Revised: 03/19/2004] [Accepted: 03/24/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Some arsenic compounds were the first antimicrobial agents specifically synthesized for the treatment of infectious diseases such as syphilis and trypanosomiasis. More recently, arsenic trioxide has been shown to be efficient in the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia. The exact mechanism of action has not been elucidated yet, but it seems to be related to arsenic binding to vicinal thiol groups of regulatory proteins. Glutathione is the major intracellular thiol and plays important roles in the cellular defense and metabolism. This paper reports on a study of the interactions between arsenic(III) and either cysteine or glutathione in aqueous solution. The behavior observed for the As(III)-glutathione system is very similar to that of As(III)-cysteine. In both cases, the formation of two complexes in aqueous solution was evidenced by NMR and electronic spectroscopies and by potentiometry. The formation constants of the cysteine complexes [As(H(-1)Cys)(3)], log K = 29.84(6), and [As(H(-2)Cys)(OH)(2)](-), log K = 12.01(9), and of the glutathione complexes [As(H(-2)GS)(3)](3-), log K = 32.0(6), and [As(H(-3)GS)(OH)(2)](2-), log K = 10(3) were calculated from potentiometric and spectroscopic data. In both cases, the [As(HL)(3)] species, in which the amine groups are protonated, predominate from acidic to neutral media, and the [As(L)(OH)(2)] species appear in basic medium (the charges were omitted for the sake of simplicity). Spectroscopic data clearly show that the arsenite-binding site in both complexes is the sulfur atom of cysteine. In the [As(L)(OH)(2)] species, the coordination sphere is completed by two hydroxyl groups. In both cases, arsenic probably adopts a trigonal pyramidal geometry. Above pH 10, the formation of [As(OH)(2)O](-) excludes the thiolates from arsenic coordination sites. At physiological pH, almost 80% of the ligand is present as [As(HL)(3)].
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás A Rey
- Departamento de Química - ICEx, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais 31.270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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115
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Kimura A, Ishida Y, Wada T, Yokoyama H, Mukaida N, Kondo T. MRP-1 expression levels determine strain-specific susceptibility to sodium arsenic-induced renal injury between C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2005; 203:53-61. [PMID: 15694464 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2004.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2004] [Accepted: 07/27/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
To clarify the pathophysiological mechanism underlying acute renal injury caused by acute exposure to arsenic, we subcutaneously injected both BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice with sodium arsenite (NaAs; 13.5 mg/kg). BALB/c mice exhibited exaggerated elevation of serum blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (CRE) levels, compared with C57BL/6 mice. Moreover, half of BALB/c mice died by 24 h, whereas all C57BL/6 mice survived. Histopathological examination on kidney revealed severe hemorrhages, acute tubular necrosis, neutrophil infiltration, cast formation, and disappearance of PAS-positive brush borders in BALB/c mice, later than 10 h. These pathological changes were remarkably attenuated in C57BL/6 mice, accompanied with lower intrarenal arsenic concentrations, compared with BALB/c mice. Among heavy metal inducible proteins including multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP)-1, multidrug resistance gene (MDR)-1, metallothionein (MT)-1, and arsenite inducible, cysteine- and histidine-rich RNA-associated protein (AIRAP), intrarenal MDR-1, MT-1, and AIRAP gene expression was enhanced to a similar extent in both strains, whereas NaAs challenge augmented intrarenal MRP-1 mRNA and protein expression levels in C57BL/6 but not BALB/c mice. Moreover, the administration of a specific inhibitor of MRP-1, MK-571, significantly exaggerated acute renal injury in C57BL/6 mice. Thus, MRP-1 is crucially involved in arsenic efflux and eventually prevention of acute renal injury upon acute exposure to NaAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Kimura
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Kimiidera, 641-8509 Wakayama, Japan
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116
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McCollum G, Keng PC, States JC, McCabe MJ. Arsenite Delays Progression through Each Cell Cycle Phase and Induces Apoptosis following G2/M Arrest in U937 Myeloid Leukemia Cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2005; 313:877-87. [PMID: 15722406 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.104.080713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Arsenic is a well known toxicant and carcinogen that is also effective as a chemotherapeutic in the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia. Although its effects on humans are well documented, arsenic's mechanism of action is not well understood. Its ability to act as a carcinogen and as a chemotherapeutic seems paradoxical. However, cancer cell transformation and cancer cell destruction can both occur through perturbations of the cell cycle machinery, making cell cycle function a likely target of arsenic action. Arsenic has previously been shown to inhibit cancer cell cycle progression, but the targeted cell cycle phase has been debated. This study was designed to identify the cell cycle phase at which U937 cells are most sensitive to arsenite-induced growth inhibition. Centrifugal elutriation was used to divide asynchronous cell cultures into specific cell cycle phase-enriched fractions. These fractions were monitored for cell cycle phase progression in the presence and absence of sodium arsenite. We found an overall reduction in cell cycle progression rather than induction of arrest at one specific checkpoint. G(2)/M is the phase most sensitive to arsenite-induced apoptosis. However, arsenite profoundly affects U937 cell growth by increasing the length of time it takes cells to transit each phase of the cell cycle. Future study of cell cycle inhibition by arsenic should consider that the effect may not be mediated by the major cell cycle checkpoints. Arsenic's ability to inhibit growth in any cell cycle phase may increase its value as a chemotherapeutic used together with other, more phase-selective agents, such as camptothecin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geniece McCollum
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, NY 14642, USA
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117
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Zhou L, Jing Y, Styblo M, Chen Z, Waxman S. Glutathione-S-transferase π inhibits As2O3-induced apoptosis in lymphoma cells: involvement of hydrogen peroxide catabolism. Blood 2005; 105:1198-203. [PMID: 15231573 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2003-12-4299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractArsenic trioxide (As2O3) is an effective agent for the treatment of relapsed and refractory acute promyelocytic leukemia by induction of partial differentiation and apoptosis. As2O3, at therapeutic concentrations (1-2 μM), induced apoptosis in Raji lymphoma cells but not in Jurkat lymphoma cells, which inversely correlated with the levels of glutathione-S-transferase π (GSTP1), but not GSTπ1 and GSTM1, expression and activity. GSTP1 mRNA, protein level, and activity were high in Jurkat cells but undetectable in Raji cells. Stable transfection of GSTP1 into Raji cells decreased the amount of As2O3-induced apoptosis. Apoptosis induced by therapeutic concentrations of As2O3 in Raji cells is related to increasing H2O2 intracellular accumulation but not to JNK activation. Forced expression of GSTP1 by transfection of Raji cells significantly decreased the basal amount of H2O2 and its levels after therapeutic concentration of As2O3 treatment. Added exogenous H2O2 was removed more rapidly, which correlated with a greater decrease in reduced glutathione level in Raji clones expressing GSTP1 than in those clones without GSTP1 expression. Overexpression of GSTP1 in transfected Raji clones was also found to decrease the retention of As2O3. These data suggest that GSTP1 blocks As2O3-induced apoptosis in lymphoma cells by decreasing intracellular amounts of H2O2 by catabolism and H2O2 production by decreasing the intracellular retention of As2O3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Box 1178, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Pl, New York, NY 10029-6547, USA
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118
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Scholz C, Wieder T, Stärck L, Essmann F, Schulze-Osthoff K, Dörken B, Daniel PT. Arsenic trioxide triggers a regulated form of caspase-independent necrotic cell death via the mitochondrial death pathway. Oncogene 2005; 24:1904-13. [PMID: 15674346 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1208233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cell death is generally believed to occur either by accidental, lytic necrosis or by programmed cell death, that is, apoptosis. The initiation and execution of cell death, however, is far more complex and includes pathways like caspase-independent apoptosis or actively triggered necrosis. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms of cell death induced by arsenic trioxide (arsenite, As2O3), a clinically efficient agent in anticancer therapy. As2O3-induced cell death coincides with cytochrome c release, facilitates mitochondrial permeability transition and is sensitive to inhibition by Bcl-x(L), indicating that cell demise is regulated through the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway. Nevertheless, only little caspase-3 activation was observed and As2O3-induced cell death was only weakly obstructed by the broad spectrum caspase inhibitor z-VAD-fmk. Moreover, disruption of caspase-9 or -2 failed to decrease the amount of As2O3-mediated cell death. Interestingly, As2O3-induced cell death had a predominantly necrosis-like phenotype as assessed by Annexin-V/propidium iodide staining and LDH release. Finally, blocking glutathione synthetase by buthionine sulfoximine enhanced the As2O3-mediated necrosis-like cell death without increasing caspase-3 cleavage. As2O3 does, however, not directly inhibit caspases, but appears to interfere with caspase activation. Altogether, our data clearly delineate a mode of As2O3-triggered cell death that differs considerably from that induced by conventional anticancer drugs. These findings may explain the capability of As2O3 to efficiently kill even chemoresistant tumor cells with disturbed apoptosis signaling and caspase activation, a frequent finding in malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Scholz
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, Charité, Campus Berlin-Buch, Robert-Rössle-Klinik, Humboldt Universität, Berlin, Germany
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119
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Hour TC, Huang CY, Lin CC, Chen J, Guan JY, Lee JM, Pu YS. Characterization of molecular events in a series of bladder urothelial carcinoma cell lines with progressive resistance to arsenic trioxide. Anticancer Drugs 2004; 15:779-85. [PMID: 15494640 DOI: 10.1097/00001813-200409000-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Our previous studies have shown that arsenic trioxide (As2O3), a novel anti-cancer agent, may be active against urothelial carcinomas. A series of bladder urothelial carcinoma cells with progressive As2O3 resistance were established and studied to reveal molecular events in relation to the mechanisms of resistance to As2O3. A sensitive parental line (NTUB1) and three As2O3-resistant sublines (NTUB1/As) were used with their IC50s being 0.9, 1.2, 2.5 and 4.9 microM, respectively. Cellular resistance to As2O3 was associated with a lowered proliferation profile (increased p53 and p21Waf1/Cip1 and decreased c-Myc levels) and a greater resistance to apoptosis (elevated Bcl-2 levels). Cells with a stronger resistance had higher expressions of superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn) and hMSH2 (but not hMLH1). GSH contents were up-regulated in resistant cells in a dose-dependent manner. The DNA-binding activities of NF-kappaB and AP-1 were down-regulated in resistant cells in a dose-dependent manner. Profound molecular alterations occur during the acquisition of secondary As2O3 resistance. Our in vitro cellular model may help to reveal resistance mechanisms to As2O3 in bladder urothelial carcinoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzyh-Chyuan Hour
- Institute of Biochemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
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120
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Leonard SS, Harris GK, Shi X. Metal-induced oxidative stress and signal transduction. Free Radic Biol Med 2004; 37:1921-42. [PMID: 15544913 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2004.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 396] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2004] [Revised: 08/24/2004] [Accepted: 09/10/2004] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Occupational and environmental exposures to metals are associated with the development of various cancers. Although carcinogenesis caused by metals has been intensively investigated, the mechanisms of action, especially at the molecular level, are still unclear. Accumulating evidence indicates that reactive oxygen species generated by metals may play an important role in the etiology of disease. This review covers recent advances in (1) metal-induced generation of reactive oxygen species; (2) the receptors, kinases, and nuclear transcription factors affected by metals and metal-induced oxidative stress, including growth factor receptors, src kinase, ras signaling, mitogen-activated protein kinases, the phosphoinositide 3-phosphate/Akt pathway, nuclear transcription factor kappaB, activator protein 1, p53, nuclear factor of activated T cells, and hypoxia-inducible factor 1; and (3) global cellular phenomena (signal transduction, cell cycle regulation, and apoptosis) associated with metal-induced ROS production and gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen S Leonard
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, 1095 Willowdale Road, MS/2015, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA.
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121
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Kanzawa T, Zhang L, Xiao L, Germano IM, Kondo Y, Kondo S. Arsenic trioxide induces autophagic cell death in malignant glioma cells by upregulation of mitochondrial cell death protein BNIP3. Oncogene 2004; 24:980-91. [PMID: 15592527 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1208095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic trioxide (As(2)O(3)) has shown considerable efficacy in treating hematological malignancies with induction of programmed cell death (PCD) type I, apoptosis. However, the mechanisms underlying the antitumor effect of As(2)O(3) on solid tumors are poorly defined. Previously, we reported that As(2)O(3) induced autophagic cell death (PCD type II) but not apoptosis in human malignant glioma cell lines. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the molecular pathway leading to autophagic cell death. In this study, we demonstrated that the cell death was accompanied by involvement of autophagy-specific marker, microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3), and damage of mitochondrial membrane integrity, but not by caspase activation. Analysis by cDNA microarray, RT-PCR, and Western blot showed that cell death members of Bcl-2 family, Bcl-2/adenovirus E1B 19-kDa-interacting protein 3 (BNIP3) and its homologue BNIP3-like (BNIP3L), were upregulated in As(2)O(3)-induced autophagic cell death. Exogenous expression of BNIP3, but not BNIP3L, induced autophagic cell death in malignant glioma cells without As(2)O(3) treatment. When upregulation of BNIP3 induced by As(2)O(3) was suppressed by a dominant-negative effect of the transmembrane-deleted BNIP3 (BNIP3 Delta TM), autophagic cell death was inhibited. In contrast, BNIP3 transfection augmented As(2)O(3)-induced autophagic cell death. These results suggest that BNIP3 plays a central role in As(2)O(3)-induced autophagic cell death in malignant glioma cells. This study adds a new concept to characterize the pathways by which As(2)O(3) acts to induce autophagic cell death in malignant glioma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takao Kanzawa
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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122
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Parmar S, Rundhaugen LM, Boehlke L, Riley M, Nabhan C, Raji A, Frater JL, Tallman MS. Phase II trial of arsenic trioxide in relapsed and refractory acute myeloid leukemia, secondary leukemia and/or newly diagnosed patients at least 65 years old. Leuk Res 2004; 28:909-19. [PMID: 15234567 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2003.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2003] [Accepted: 12/17/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The prognosis for patients with relapsed/refractory AML, secondary leukemia and AML in older adults is extremely poor. An appealing alternative approach to intensive cytotoxic chemotherapy is to induce apoptosis with a novel agent. There is in vitro evidence that arsenic trioxide (ATO) has anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects on myeloid leukemia cell lines. To evaluate efficacy and toxicities of ATO, we conducted a phase II trial including subjects with relapsed/refractory or secondary AML or age > or = 65 years with de novo disease. Eleven subjects were entered with a median age of 77 years (56-90) and a median total dose of ATO of 415.55 mg (91.5-793) with a daily dose of 0.25 mg/kg. Median survival following the first dose of ATO was 2.25 months (0.4-19). Myelosuppression was the major adverse effect, most likely due to disease progression rather than drug-related. All subjects had progressive disease. There was no direct treatment-related mortality. Based on this study, we do not recommend single agent ATO as a treatment option for AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simrit Parmar
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Robert H Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, 676 N St. Clair Street, Suite 850, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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123
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Evens AM, Tallman MS, Gartenhaus RB. The potential of arsenic trioxide in the treatment of malignant disease: past, present, and future. Leuk Res 2004; 28:891-900. [PMID: 15234563 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2004.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2004] [Revised: 01/22/2004] [Accepted: 01/26/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic trioxide (As2O3) is an effective therapy for acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), and there has been promising activity noted in other hematologic and solid tumors. The mechanism of action of As2O3 such as differentiation and apoptosis has prompted study into combination therapy. Furthermore, the connection of the sensitivity of diseases such as APL and multiple myeloma to oxidative damage has allowed the investigation of pharmacologic modulation of the cellular redox state for potentiation of As2O3. Continued study of As2O3 as a single-agent and in combination therapy will allow identification of the safest and most effective treatment regimens for malignant disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Evens
- Department of Medicine, Divison of Hematology/Oncology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, 676 N. St. Clair, Suite 850, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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124
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Berenson JR, Swift RA, Ferretti D, Purner MB. A Prospective, Open-Label Safety and Efficacy Study of Combination Treatment with Melphalan, Arsenic Trioxide, and Ascorbic Acid in Patients with Relapsed or Refractory Multiple Myeloma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 5:130-4. [PMID: 15453931 DOI: 10.3816/clm.2004.n.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James R Berenson
- Institute for Myeloma and Bone Cancer Research and Oncotherapeutics, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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125
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Lau A, He QY, Chiu JF. A proteome analysis of the arsenite response in cultured lung cells: evidence for in vitro oxidative stress-induced apoptosis. Biochem J 2004; 382:641-50. [PMID: 15175009 PMCID: PMC1133821 DOI: 10.1042/bj20040224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2004] [Revised: 05/10/2004] [Accepted: 06/03/2004] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Arsenite is well documented as a chemotherapeutic agent capable of inducing cell death. However, the cellular response at the molecular level has not been studied extensively. In the present study, we provide for the first time a proteomic analysis of rat LECs (lung epithelial cells) treated with arsenite, with the aim of identifying defence proteins, probably expressed to protect the cells during the course of arsenic-induced apoptosis. Comparative proteome analysis was conducted on LECs and LECs treated with 40 microM arsenite to identify global changes in their protein expression profiles. Over 1000 protein spots were separated by two-dimensional electrophoresis and visualized by silver staining. Seven proteins changed expression levels significantly and were identified by matrix-assisted laser-desorption ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry and database searching. The proteins up-regulated were mostly HSPs (heat-shock proteins) and antioxidative stress proteins, including HSP70, aldose reductase, haem oxygenase-1, HSP27, ferritin light chain and alphaB-crystallin. The glycolytic enzyme glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase was down-regulated. Pretreatment with the thiol antioxidants glutathione or N-acetylcysteine before arsenite insult effectively abrogated the induction of these defence proteins and sustained cell viability, whereas antioxidants were protective only at earlier time points if they were added to cells after arsenite. Taken together, our results demonstrate that high levels of arsenite cause oxidative stress-induced apoptosis.
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Key Words
- apoptosis
- arsenite
- heat shock protein (hsp)
- matrixassisted laser-desorption ionization–time-of-flight mass spectrometry (maldi–tof-ms)
- oxidative stress
- reactive oxygen species (ros)
- αb-c, αb-crystallin
- ar, aldose reductase
- dapi, 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole
- 2-de, two-dimensional electrophoresis
- flc, ferritin light chain
- gapdh, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
- ho-1, haem oxygenase-1
- hsp, heat-shock protein
- shsp, small heat shock or stress protein
- ief, isoelectric focusing
- jnk, c-jun n-terminal kinase
- lec, lung epithelial cell
- maldi–tof-ms, matrix-assisted laser-desorption ionization–time-of-flight mass spectrometry
- nac, n-acetylcysteine
- ros, reactive oxygen species
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy T. Y. Lau
- *Institute of Molecular Biology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
- †Open Laboratory of Chemical Biology of the Institute of Molecular Technology for Drug Discovery and Synthesis, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing-Yu He
- †Open Laboratory of Chemical Biology of the Institute of Molecular Technology for Drug Discovery and Synthesis, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
- ‡Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Jen-Fu Chiu
- *Institute of Molecular Biology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
- †Open Laboratory of Chemical Biology of the Institute of Molecular Technology for Drug Discovery and Synthesis, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
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126
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Griffin RJ, Monzen H, Williams BW, Park H, Lee SH, Song CW. Arsenic trioxide induces selective tumour vascular damage via oxidative stress and increases thermosensitivity of tumours. Int J Hyperthermia 2004; 19:575-89. [PMID: 14756449 DOI: 10.1080/0265673031000124316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
It has previously been found that the anti-leukaemia agent Arsenic Trioxide (ATO) causes vascular shutdown in solid tumours and markedly sensitizes tumours to hyperthermia. The present study was designed to evaluate the mechanism of action and dose-dependence of ATO-induced thermosensitization in FSaII and SCK murine tumours. The role of oxidative stress was studied by observing ATO-induced vascular shutdown in vivo and ATO-induced endothelial cell adhesion molecule expression in vitro in the presence or absence of an anti-oxidant. It was found that a dose as low as 2 mg/kg ATO impaired vascular function, as estimated by 86Rb uptake, in the tumour. The degree of tumour growth delay induced by 1 h of hyperthermia at 42.5 degrees C, applied 2 h after ATO injection, was proportional to the dose of ATO administered. In addition, it was found that ATO can directly thermosensitize tumour cells in vitro. The development of massive tissue necrosis in the tumour was observed in the days after treatment, especially with the combination of ATO and heating. ATO-induced adhesion molecule expression in vitro was abolished when the anti-oxidant n-acetyl-cysteine (NAC) was introduced prior to exposure, while the addition of NAC in vivo partially blocked ATO-induced vascular shutdown. These results suggest that the expression of adhesion molecules by the vasculature due to oxidative stress contribute to the ATO-induced selective tumour vascular effects observed and that the clinical use of ATO to increase tumour thermosensitivity via direct cellular and vascular effects appears feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Griffin
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology-Radiation Oncology, University of Minnesota Medical School, 420 Delaware St. S.E., MMC 494, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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127
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Chou WC, Jie C, Kenedy AA, Jones RJ, Trush MA, Dang CV. Role of NADPH oxidase in arsenic-induced reactive oxygen species formation and cytotoxicity in myeloid leukemia cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:4578-83. [PMID: 15070760 PMCID: PMC384789 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0306687101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Arsenic has played a key medicinal role against a variety of ailments for several millennia, but during the past century its prominence has been displaced by modern therapeutics. Recently, attention has been drawn to arsenic by its dramatic clinical efficacy against acute promyelocytic leukemia. Although toxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced in cancer cells exposed to arsenic could mediate cancer cell death, how arsenic induces ROS remains undefined. Through the use of gene expression profiling, interference RNA, and genetically engineered cells, we report here that NADPH oxidase, an enzyme complex required for the normal antibacterial function of white blood cells, is the main target of arsenic-induced ROS production. Because NADPH oxidase enzyme activity can also be stimulated by phorbol myristate acetate, a synergism between arsenic and the clinically used phorbol myristate acetate analog, bryostatin 1, through enhanced ROS production can be expected. We show that this synergism exists, and that the use of very low doses of both arsenic and bryostatin 1 can effectively kill leukemic cells. Our findings pinpoint the arsenic target of ROS production and provide a conceptual basis for an anticancer regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Chien Chou
- Program of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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128
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Han SS, Kim K, Hahm ER, Lee SJ, Surh YJ, Park HK, Kim WS, Jung CW, Lee MH, Park K, Yang JH, Yoon SS, Riordan NH, Riordan HD, Kimler BF, Park CH, Lee JH, Park S. L-ascorbic acid represses constitutive activation of NF-?B and COX-2 expression in human acute myeloid leukemia, HL-60. J Cell Biochem 2004; 93:257-70. [PMID: 15368354 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.20116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that L-ascorbic acid (LAA) is selectively toxic to some types of cancer cells at pharmacological concentrations, functioning as a pro-oxidant rather than as an anti-oxidant. However, the molecular mechanisms by which LAA initiates cellular signaling leading to cell death are still unclear. In an effort to gain insight into these mechanisms, the effects of LAA on eukaryotic transcription nuclear factor NF-kappaB and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression were investigated. In the present study, LAA suppressed DNA binding activity of NF-kappaB, composed of a p65/p50 heterodimer, through inhibition of degradation of inhibitory kappaB-alpha (IkappaB-alpha) and prevention of nuclear translocation of p65. The inhibitory effect of LAA on NF-kappaB activity was dependent upon glutathione levels in HL-60 cells, as well as generation of H2O2 but not superoxide anion. LAA also downregulated the expression of COX-2, which has a NF-kappaB binding site on its promoter, through repressing NF-kappaB DNA binding activity. Moreover, cotreatment of 1 microM arsenic trioxide (As2O3) with various concentrations of LAA enhanced an LAA-induced repression of NF-kappaB activity and COX-2 expression. In conclusion, our data suggest that LAA exerts its anti-tumor activity through downregulation of NF-kappaB activity and COX-2 expression, and these inhibitory effects can be enhanced by co-treatment with As2O3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Su Han
- Samsung Medical Center, and Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 135-710, Korea
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129
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Chow SKY, Chan JYW, Fung KP. Inhibition of cell proliferation and the action mechanisms of arsenic trioxide (As2O3) on human breast cancer cells. J Cell Biochem 2004; 93:173-87. [PMID: 15352174 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.20102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic trioxide (As(2)O(3)) is one of the arsenic compounds found in nature. As(2)O(3) has recently been used to treat patients suffering from retinoic acid receptor (AML). It is of clinical interest to investigate whether As(2)O(3) is also effective in treating solid tumors. Here, we report that As(2)O(3) exhibited inhibitory effects on the proliferation of human breast cancer MCF-7 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The 50% inhibitory concentration (IC(50)) of As(2)O(3) in inhibiting proliferation of MCF-7 cells were 8, 1.8, and 1.2 microM upon 1-, 2-, and 3-day treatment, respectively. In elucidating the underlying action mechanisms, the results of experiments concerning DNA fragmentation and externalization indicated that As(2)O(3) exerted its action on MCF-7 cells via apoptosis, whereas the result of flow cytometry also indicated that As(2)O(3) could induce mitochondrial mediated cell-cycle arrest at G(1) phase. Further studies by Western blot analysis indicated that As(2)O(3) regulated apoptosis and the expression of cell-cycle-related proteins as it upregulated p53 protein level and downregulated bcl-2 protein level. Results in present study indicated that As(2)O(3) might also be a good candidate for treating breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie K Y Chow
- Department of Biochemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
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130
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Michel L, Dupuy A, Jean-Louis F, Sors A, Poupon J, Viguier M, Musette P, Dubertret L, Degos L, Dombret H, Bachelez H. Arsenic trioxide induces apoptosis of cutaneous T cell lymphoma cells: evidence for a partially caspase-independent pathway and potentiation by ascorbic acid (vitamin C). J Invest Dermatol 2003; 121:881-93. [PMID: 14632209 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2003.12479.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic trioxide (As2O3) displays apoptogenic properties against various types of hematopoietic malignancies. We investigated the effects of As2O3 on the viability of the cutaneous T cell lymphoma cell lines HuT-78, SeAx, and Myla, and of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with Sézary syndrome, by using propidium iodide and annexin-V staining, terminal deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end labeling (TUNEL), cell cycle analysis, mitochondrial transmembrane potential (delta psi(m)) alterations, cytochrome c release, and detection of processed caspase-3. We also report in vivo effects of As2O3 in two patients with cutaneous T cell lymphoma. The results show that As2O3 induces apoptosis of cutaneous T cell lymphoma lines and of Sézary cells from patients in a time- and concentration-dependent manner in vitro, as demonstrated by annexin-V staining, mitochondrial depolarization, and DNA fragmentation. Ascorbic acid 100 microM potentiated As2O3-induced Sézary cell death, whereas interferon-alpha had no synergistic effect. As2O3-induced Sézary cell death involves activation of caspase-3, cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase, and cytochrome c release, but was only partially inhibited by the pancaspase inhibitor Z-VAD.fluoromethylketone. Finally, As2O3 was administered to two patients with cutaneous T cell lymphoma, allowing us to obtain a partial response in one case, whereas stability was observed in the second patient. These results demonstrate that As2O3 synergizes with ascorbic acid to induce Sézary cell death at clinically achievable concentrations, through a caspase-partially independent pathway, and provide a rationale for further in vivo studies addressing the therapeutic efficacy of As2O3 in cutaneous T cell lymphoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Michel
- Skin Research Institute, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U532, Department of Dermatology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France.
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131
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Kito M, Matsumoto K, Wada N, Sera K, Futatsugawa S, Naoe T, Nozawa Y, Akao Y. Antitumor effect of arsenic trioxide in murine xenograft model. Cancer Sci 2003; 94:1010-4. [PMID: 14611680 PMCID: PMC11160292 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2003.tb01393.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2003] [Revised: 09/10/2003] [Accepted: 09/11/2003] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Arsenic trioxide, As(2)O(3) (ATO), has been established to be an effective agent for treating acute promyelocytic leukemia, but its effect on solid tumors has not been fully explored. In the present study in a murine xenograft system, we found that ATO significantly inhibited tumor growth of the inoculated human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line HuH7 when administered either intravenously or intratumorally. Pathological examination revealed that ATO induced extensive cell death in the tumor. Some of the dead cells in intratumorally ATO-treated mice showed characteristic features of apoptosis, such as nuclear condensation and fragmentation, and were TUNEL-positive. The measurement of arsenic by using particle induced X-ray emission revealed that arsenic was accumulated more in the tumor than in brain, kidney or liver after the intravenous injection of ATO, which is consistent with the hemorrhagic cell death observed in ATO-treated tumor tissues. Thus, ATO appears to have potential for the treatment of solid tumors, as well as hematopoietic malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Kito
- Institute of Applied Biochemistry, Yagi Memorial Park, Mitake, Kani-gun, Gifu 505-0116
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132
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Kajiguchi T, Yamamoto K, Hossain K, Akhand AA, Nakashima I, Naoe T, Saito H, Emi N. Sustained activation of c-jun-terminal kinase (JNK) is closely related to arsenic trioxide-induced apoptosis in an acute myeloid leukemia (M2)-derived cell line, NKM-1. Leukemia 2003; 17:2189-95. [PMID: 12931215 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2403120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
High concentrations (greater than 5 microM) of arsenic trioxide (As(2)O(3)) have been reported to be able to induce apoptosis in several malignant cells. We explored cell lines in which apoptosis was induced with a therapeutic concentration (1-2 microM) of As(2)O(3), and found that 1 microM of As(2)O(3) induced apoptosis in the NKM-1 cell line, which was established from a patient with acute myeloid leukemia (M2). Apoptosis induced by 1 microM of As(2)O(3) in NKM-1 cells was accompanied by an increased cellular content of H(2)O(2), a decreased mitochondrial membrane potential (Deltapsim), and activation of caspase-3. C-Jun-terminal kinase (JNK) was activated only in NKM-1 cells and arsenic-sensitive NB4 cells, but not in arsenic-insensitive HL-60 cells. Activation of JNK in NKM-1 was sustained from 6 to 24 h after As(2)O(3) treatment, and preceded changes in cellular H(2)O(2), Deltapsim, and caspase-3 activation. Moreover, addition of a JNK inhibitor reduced the percentage of apoptotic cells after the As(2)O(3) treatment. Taken together, in the M2 cell line NKM-1, 1 microM of As(2)O(3) induced sustained activation of JNK and apoptosis. This finding may provide a basis to select a subgroup other than acute promyelocytic leukemia, which can benefit from As(2)O(3) treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kajiguchi
- The First Department of Internal Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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133
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Abstract
For the last decade, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (CHOP) has been the best available standard of care for aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), based on equivalent therapeutic results with other multiagent chemotherapy accompanied by lower costs and lesser toxicity. However, only 40-45% of these patients are cured with CHOP. New treatment strategies have been employed, including the addition of Rituximab to CHOP in elderly patients; dose escalation using granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor; overcoming the multidrug resistance phenotype with infusional chemotherapeutic regimens and use of some newer agents. Furthermore, the International Prognostic Factor index (IPI) has permitted identification of subsets of patients with large variations in prognosis, allowing prognosis specific therapy to be tested. There is now accumulating evidence that the clinical behavior of certain NHL can be profiled by the expression of certain molecular markers, which will undoubtedly play a role in the development of new prognostic models that may refine our ability to identify poor-risk patients. Regardless, there is still significant opportunity for improving survival in large cell lymphomas.
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MESH Headings
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use
- Humans
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/classification
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/drug therapy
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/mortality
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/pathology
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/physiopathology
- Neoplasm Staging
- Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
- Survival Analysis
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Affiliation(s)
- R I Fisher
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, James P Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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134
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Liu L, Trimarchi JR, Navarro P, Blasco MA, Keefe DL. Oxidative stress contributes to arsenic-induced telomere attrition, chromosome instability, and apoptosis. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:31998-2004. [PMID: 12767976 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m303553200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The environmental contaminant arsenic causes cancer, developmental retardation, and other degenerative diseases and, thus, is a serious health concern worldwide. Paradoxically, arsenic also may serve as an anti-tumor therapy, although the mechanisms of its antineoplastic effects remain unclear. Arsenic exerts its toxicity in part by generating reactive oxygen species. We show that arsenic-induced oxidative stress promotes telomere attrition, chromosome end-to-end fusions, and apoptotic cell death. An antioxidant, N-acetylcysteine, effectively prevents arsenic-induced oxidative stress, telomere erosion, chromosome instability, and apoptosis, suggesting that increasing the intracellular antioxidant level may have preventive or therapeutic effects in arsenic-induced chromosome instability and genotoxicity. Embryos with shortened telomeres from late generation telomerase-deficient mice exhibit increased sensitivity to arsenic-induced oxidative damage, suggesting that telomere attrition mediates arsenic-induced apoptosis. Unexpectedly, arsenite did not cause chromosome end-to-end fusions in telomerase RNA knockout mouse embryos despite progressively damaged telomeres and disrupting embryo viability. Together, these findings may explain why arsenic can initiate oxidative stress and telomere erosion, leading to apoptosis and anti-tumor therapy on the one hand and chromosome instability and carcinogenesis on the other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women and Infants Hospital, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02905, USA
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135
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List A, Beran M, DiPersio J, Slack J, Vey N, Rosenfeld CS, Greenberg P. Opportunities for Trisenox (arsenic trioxide) in the treatment of myelodysplastic syndromes. Leukemia 2003; 17:1499-507. [PMID: 12886236 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2403021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic trioxide (ATO) has a long history of efficacy as an antileukemic agent. However, with the advent of modern therapy, it had been relegated to a historical footnote. In the 1990s, investigators in China reported that ATO was safe and had dramatic efficacy in patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). Preclinical investigations indicate that the biological targets of this novel drug extend to a variety of malignancies other than APL and include induction of apoptosis, nonterminal differentiation, and suppression of proliferation and angiogenesis. The myelodysplastic syndromes (MDSs) present a particular therapeutic challenge. Ineffective hematopoiesis predominates in patients with low-grade prognostic scores. The survival of those patients with high-grade disease is compromised by a high risk of leukemia transformation. Although a number of therapeutic options have been investigated, none has emerged as being broadly efficacious and having an acceptable toxicity profile. No drug has yet received approval by the Food and Drug Administration for this indication. Biologic features of MDS, which include accelerated apoptotic potential, limited maturation capacity, and medullary neovascularity, create a strong scientific rationale for the investigation of ATO in MDS. This report describes the history and scientific basis for ATO treatment of hematologic malignancies, enumerates the potential benefits of ATO in MDS, and discusses the direction of ongoing trials of this novel antineoplastic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- A List
- Arizona Cancer Centre 3945, University of Arizona, Tucson 85724, USA
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136
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Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is characterized by infiltration of bone marrow with a clone of neoplastic plasma cells. Impaired hematopoiesis and reduced production of functional immunoglobulins, as well as the induction of pathognomonic osteolytic lesions primarily contribute to the morbidity of patients with MM. Conventional chemotherapy is the treatment of choice for older patients, whereas those under 60 years benefit significantly from high-dose therapy followed by stem-cell rescue. The use of tandem transplantation, developed to further escalate the conditioning dose, has achieved additional improvement in survival. Interferon-alpha and glucocorticoids are effective as maintenance measures in MM but remain controversial because of their associated high costs and considerable toxicity. The resurrection of an old drug, thalidomide, for the therapy of MM and the development of potent immunomodulatory derivatives are highly promising new treatments that target MM cell-host interactions and the bone-marrow microenvironment, as well as the myeloma cell itself. The importance of the use of bisphosphonates for the prevention or amelioration of skeletal complications and hypercalcemia is well established. New generations of bisphosphonates show potent antitumor activity, again emphasising the importance of targeting the microenvironment of the plasma-cell clone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinz Gisslinger
- Division of Haematology and Blood Coagulation, Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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137
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Cai X, Yu Y, Huang Y, Zhang L, Jia PM, Zhao Q, Chen Z, Tong JH, Dai W, Chen GQ. Arsenic trioxide-induced mitotic arrest and apoptosis in acute promyelocytic leukemia cells. Leukemia 2003; 17:1333-7. [PMID: 12835721 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2402983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic trioxide (As(2)O(3)), an effective drug for the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), can induce apoptosis and partial differentiation in APL cells in vitro and in vivo. However, As(2)O(3) also induces apoptosis in cancer cells other than APL with complex mechanisms, which seem to be cell type dependent. In this study, we report that APL cells (NB4 cell line) are arrested at early mitotic phase before the collapse of mitochondrial transmembrane potential (Deltavarphi(m)) and apoptosis after treatment with pharmacological concentrations (1.0-2.0 micro M) of As(2)O(3). We have also made the following new discoveries: (1) 0.5 micro M As(2)O(3) that fails to induce apoptosis has no effects on cell cycle distribution. (2) With inhibition of As(2)O(3)-induced Deltavarphi(m) collapse and apoptosis, dithiothreitol also effectively inhibits As(2)O(3)-induced mitotic arrest, suggesting that both As(2)O(3)-induced apoptosis and mitotic arrest involve proteins with thiol groups. (3) 1.5 mM caffeine that relieves cells from G(2)/M arrest also inhibits As(2)O(3)-induced Deltavarphi(m) collapse and apoptosis, (4) 1.0 micro M As(2)O(3) increases the expression of both cyclin B(1) and hCDC20 whereas it inhibits Tyr15 phosphorylation of p34(cdc2). In conclusion, our results strongly support that there is a tight link between As(2)O(3)-induced apoptosis and mitotic arrest, the latter being one of common mechanisms for As(2)O(3)-induced apoptosis in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Cai
- National Key Laboratory for Medicinal Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Rui-Jin Hospital, People's Republic of China
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138
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Sturlan S, Baumgartner M, Roth E, Bachleitner-Hofmann T. Docosahexaenoic acid enhances arsenic trioxide-mediated apoptosis in arsenic trioxide-resistant HL-60 cells. Blood 2003; 101:4990-7. [PMID: 12609832 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2002-08-2391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent reports indicate a broad spectrum of antileukemic activity for arsenic trioxide (As(2)O(3)) due to its ability to induce apoptosis via intracellular production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Despite its potent apoptotic mechanism, As(2)O(3) is not equally effective in all leukemic cells, which has prompted a search for agents enhancing As(2)O(3) efficacy. Recently, evidence has been gathered that the polyunsaturated fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) may sensitize tumor cells to ROS-inducing anticancer agents. The aim of our investigation was to evaluate whether DHA enhances As(2)O(3)-mediated apoptosis in As(2)O(3)-resistant HL-60 cells. While 1 microM As(2)O(3) or 25 microM DHA reduced cell viability to 85.8% +/- 2.9% and 69.2% +/- 3.6%, combined treatment with As(2)O(3) and DHA reduced viability to 13.0% +/- 9.9% with a concomitant increase of apoptosis. Apoptotic cell death was preceded by collapse of the mitochondrial membrane potential, increased expression of proapoptotic B-cell lymphoma protein-2-associated X protein (Bax), and caspase-3 activation. Importantly, the combined effect of As(2)O(3) and DHA was associated with increased production of intracellular ROS and toxic lipid peroxidation products and was abolished by the antioxidant vitamin E or when oleic acid (a nonperoxidizable fatty acid) was used in place of DHA. Intracellular ROS and toxic lipid peroxidation products most likely constitute the key mediators contributing to the combined effect of As(2)O(3) and DHA. Our data provide the first evidence that DHA may help to extend the therapeutic spectrum of As(2)O(3) and suggest that the combination of As(2)O(3) and DHA could be more broadly applied in leukemia therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanda Sturlan
- Surgical Research Laboratories, Department of Surgery, University Hospital Vienna, Austria
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139
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Mistry AR, Pedersen EW, Solomon E, Grimwade D. The molecular pathogenesis of acute promyelocytic leukaemia: implications for the clinical management of the disease. Blood Rev 2003; 17:71-97. [PMID: 12642121 DOI: 10.1016/s0268-960x(02)00075-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Acute promyelocytic leukaemia (APL) is characterised by chromosomal rearrangements of 17q21, leading to fusion of the gene encoding retinoic acid receptor alpha (RARalpha) to a number of alternative partner genes (X), the most frequent of which are PML (>95%), PLZF (0.8%) and NPM (0.5%). Over the last few years, it has been established that the X-RARalpha fusion proteins play a key role in the pathogenesis of APL through recruitment of co-repressors and the histone deacetylase (HDAC)-complex to repress genes implicated in myeloid differentiation. Paradoxically, the X-RARalpha fusion protein has the potential to mediate myeloid differentiation at pharmacological doses of its ligand (all trans-retinoic acid (ATRA)), which is dependent on the dissociation of the HDAC/co-repressor complex. Arsenic compounds have also been shown to be promising therapeutic agents, leading to differentiation and apoptosis of APL blasts. It is now apparent that the nature of the RARalpha-fusion partner is a critical determinant of response to ATRA and arsenic, underlining the importance of cytogenetic and molecular characterisation of patients with suspected APL to determine the most appropriate treatment approach. Standard protocols involving ATRA combined with anthracycline-based chemotherapy, lead to cure of approximately 70% patients with PML-RARalpha-associated APL. Patients at high risk of relapse can be identified by minimal residual disease monitoring. The challenge for future studies is to improve complete remission rates through reduction of induction deaths, particularly due to haemorrhage, identification of patients at high risk of relapse who would benefit from additional therapy, and identification of a favourable-risk group, for which treatment intensity could be reduced, thereby reducing risks of treatment toxicity and development of secondary leukaemia/myelodysplasia. With the advent of ATRA and arsenic, APL has already provided the first example of successful molecularly targeted therapy; it is hoped that with further understanding of the pathogenesis of the disease, the next decade will yield further improvements in the outlook for these patients.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Gene Rearrangement
- Humans
- Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute/pathology
- Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute/therapy
- Models, Biological
- Mutation
- Neoplasm, Residual/genetics
- Neoplasm, Residual/pathology
- Receptors, Retinoic Acid/genetics
- Receptors, Retinoic Acid/metabolism
- Retinoic Acid Receptor alpha
- Translocation, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita R Mistry
- Division of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Guy's, King's and St Thomas' School of Medicine, London, UK
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140
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Su Y, Chen Z, Lin KY, Zou CY, Lin HM. Effect of arsenic trioxide on expression of telomerase and induction of apoptosis of human hepatoma cell. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2003; 11:264-267. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v11.i3.264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the effect of arsenic trioxide on expression of telomerase and induction of apoptosis of hepatoma cells in vitro.
METHODS: The human hepatoma cells were incubated with variety concentration of arsenic trioxide. The cell growth and proliferation were detected by MTT assay. DNA distribution in cell was analyzed with flow cytometry. The expression of telomerase was studied by in situ hybridization, and induction of apoptosis was observed with terminal deoxynucleotidy transferase nick and labeling (TUNEL).
RESULTS: Inhibitory rate of proliferation of hepatoma cell with arsenic trioxide at 24, 48, 72 hours was 22.0%, 25.7%, 32.0%, respectively (P < 0.05). Flow cytometry study indicated that ratio of G0/G1 phase cell was decreased and the portion of S phase cell increased following treatment with arsenic trioxide. The expression of telomerase was decreased and the number of apoptotic cells increased with the increment of arsenic trioxide dosage.
CONCLUSION: Arsenic trioxide may inhibit the proliferation of hepatoma cells in a time-and concentration-dependent manner, and suppress the expression of telomerase and induce apoptosis of human hepatoma cells.
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141
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Hossain K, Akhand AA, Kawamoto Y, Du J, Takeda K, Wu J, Yoshihara M, Tsuboi H, Kato M, Suzuki H, Nakashima I. Caspase activation is accelerated by the inhibition of arsenite-induced, membrane rafts-dependent Akt activation. Free Radic Biol Med 2003; 34:598-606. [PMID: 12614848 DOI: 10.1016/s0891-5849(02)01359-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Renewed interest in arsenic has been shown recently due to its dual nature of being a potent toxin and a drug for treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) because of its ability to trigger caspase activation. Here, we found that sodium arsenite (NaAsO(2)) also triggers the signal for activation of Akt and downstream glycogen synthase 3beta (GSK3beta). Such Akt/GSK3beta activation was abrogated completely by wortmannin, an inhibitor of PI-3 kinase, and greatly by pertussis toxin, a G-protein inhibitor. Arsenite-induced Akt phosphorylation also was inhibited by sequestrating membrane cholesterol with beta cyclodextrin. Reducing reagents/reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavengers reduced arsenite-induced Akt phosphorylation and beta cyclodextrin reduced arsenite-mediated ROS production, suggesting that arsenite-induced G-protein/Akt/GSK3beta pathway is membrane raft dependent and redox linked. We also found that a combination of a low concentration (1 microM) of arsenite and wortmannin triggers the signal for caspase activation, whereas neither of these elements alone did so. These results suggested that selective blockade of the arsenite-provoked PI-3 kinase/Akt pathway can promote the arsenite-triggered pathway for caspase activation, and this may open a new study area for wider applications of arsenic as a drug for treating various kinds of leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Hossain
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
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142
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Peller S, Rotter V. TP53 in hematological cancer: low incidence of mutations with significant clinical relevance. Hum Mutat 2003; 21:277-84. [PMID: 12619113 DOI: 10.1002/humu.10190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Inactivation of the wild-type p53 gene (TP53) by various genetic alterations is a major event in human tumorigenesis. More than 60% of human primary tumors exhibit a mutation in the p53 gene. Hematological malignancies present a rather low incidence of genetic alterations in this gene (10-20%). Nevertheless, epidemiological studies of the hematological malignancies indicate that the prognosis of patients with a mutation in the p53 gene is worse than those expressing the wild-type p53 protein. Correlations between drug resistance, altered apoptosis, and mutations in the p53 gene are found in hematological malignancies and leukemias. These issues, as well as the possibility of exploiting p53 and its various functions for new therapeutic strategies, are discussed in the present review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoshana Peller
- Laboratory of Hematology, Assaf-Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin Israel.
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143
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Liu XP, Narla RK, Uckun FM. Organic phenyl arsonic acid compounds with potent antileukemic activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2003; 13:581-3. [PMID: 12565976 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(02)00928-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A series of 12 organic arsonic acid compounds has been synthesized and evaluated against human B-lineage (NALM-6) and T-lineage (MOLT-3) acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cell lines. The lead compounds 2-trichloromethyl-4-[4'-(4"-phenylazo)phenylarsonic acid]aminoquinazoline (compound 19, PHI-P518; IC(50)=1.1+/-0.5 microM against NALM-6 and 2.0+/-0.8 microM against MOLT-3) and 2-methylthio-4-(2'-phenylarsonic acid)aminopyrimidine (compound 15, PHI-P381; IC(50)=1.5+/-0.3 microM against NALM-6 and 2.3+/-0.5 microM against MOLT-3) exhibited potent antileukemic activity at low micromolar concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Ping Liu
- Parker Hughes Cancer Center, Parker Hughes Institute, 2699 Patton Road, St. Paul, MN 55113, USA
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144
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Ravandi F, van Besien K. Clinical activity of arsenic trioxide in Burkitt-like lymphoma. Leukemia 2003; 17:271-2. [PMID: 12529694 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2402735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2002] [Accepted: 07/03/2002] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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145
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Nimmanapalli R, Bhalla K. Novel targeted therapies for Bcr-Abl positive acute leukemias: beyond STI571. Oncogene 2002; 21:8584-90. [PMID: 12476305 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1206086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In the pathophysiology of CML, the constitutive activity of the Bcr-Abl tyrosine kinase (TK) is, most likely, the sole molecular abnormality of the chronic phase. It also remains a critical molecular determinant of malignant behavior of the leukemic progenitors in the accelerated and blastic phase of CML. Therefore, downregulation of the levels and activity of Bcr-Abl is clearly the lynchpin of a rational therapeutic strategy against all phases of CML. Support for this has only been strengthened by the observations that resistance to imatinib mesylate (imatinib) commonly involves a breakthrough and the persistent activity of Bcr-Abl TK. This is due to either mutations that inhibit imatinib action on Bcr-Abl TK or amplification of the bcr-abl gene. Recent studies have demonstrated that other small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors that also inhibit Bcr-Abl TK may be highly active in inducing differentiation and apoptosis of CML progenitors, regardless of their sensitivity to imatinib. Small molecule inhibitors that downregulate the levels of Bcr-Abl by inhibiting its translation, e.g., arsenic trioxide, or promoting its proteasomal degradation, e.g., geldanamycin analogues, have also been identified. Finally the identification of other potent survival and antiapoptotic signaling pathways in imatinib-resistant CML progenitors indicates that inhibitors of these pathways will eventually be treatment strategies for advanced phases of CML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramadevi Nimmanapalli
- Department of Interdisciplinary Oncology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida , USA
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146
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Lecureur V, Le Thiec A, Le Meur A, Amiot L, Drenou B, Bernard M, Lamy T, Fauchet R, Fardel O. Potassium antimonyl tartrate induces caspase- and reactive oxygen species-dependent apoptosis in lymphoid tumoral cells. Br J Haematol 2002; 119:608-15. [PMID: 12437633 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2141.2002.03863.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The metalloid salt potassium antimonyl tartrate (PAT), previously used as an antiparasitic agent, has recently been shown to exert cytotoxicity towards acute promyelocytic leukaemia cells like arsenical compounds. In this study, we have investigated its effects towards human lymphoid malignant cells and compared them with those of arsenic trioxide (As2O3). Like As2O3, PAT was found to inhibit cell growth of various lymphoid cell lines, deriving from either acute lymphoid leukaemias (Jurkat, Molt-4 and Nalm-6) or lymphomas (Daudi, Raji and Rec1). PAT toxicity was linked, at least in part, to induction of apoptosis in both Daudi and Jurkat cells, which was dependent on caspase activity. This apoptotic process was also associated, similarly to that triggered by As2O3, with loss of mitochondrial potential and enhanced cellular production of reactive oxygen-related species. It was enhanced by co-treatment with the pro-oxidant buthionine sulphoximine and abolished in response to the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine, thus underlining that PAT toxicity, similarly to that of As2O3, is probably modulated by the redox status of the cells. PAT, used at concentrations in the micromolar range that are thought to be clinically achievable, was also demonstrated to markedly decrease the viability of primary cultured tumoral B cells that originated from 18 patients suffering from chronic lymphoid leukaemia whereas normal lymphocytes were less sensitive. These data therefore suggest that PAT may deserve to be evaluated in the treatment of some lymphoid malignancies.
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147
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Huang MJ, Hsieh RK, Lin CP, Chang IY, Liu HJ. The cytotoxicity of arsenic trioxide to normal hematopoietic progenitors and leukemic cells is dependent on their cell-cycle status. Leuk Lymphoma 2002; 43:2191-9. [PMID: 12533046 DOI: 10.1080/1042819021000032980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic trioxide (ATO) is a novel agent to treat acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). ATO can degrade chimeric PML-RAR proteins and induce apoptosis in various cancer cells. However, its effects on primary hematopoietic CD34+ have not been examined. In this study, we compared the effects of ATO on HL60 leukemic cells and primary umbilical cord blood (UCB) CD34+ cells. HL60 cells and UCB CD34+ cells were cultured with different concentrations of ATO for up to three weeks and examined for changes of cell cycle. We found that ATO (< or = 5 microM) caused prolongation of G1/S and G2/M phase in a dose-dependent manner. The percentage of cells in G2/M increased significantly (from 8.6 to 53.8%). High-dose ATO (> or = 25 microM) caused non-specific cell death in HL60 cells without any changes in cell cycle. In contrast to HL60 cells, UCB CD34+ cells were more resistant to high-dose ATO and most ATO-resistant CD34+ cells remained in G0/G1 phase. Primary cells that were resistant to ATO were rich in CD34+ cells. We further show that the ATO resistance was not related to the expression of P-glycoprotein (MDR-1). Our results suggest that the resistance to ATO in primitive UCB CD34+ cells is most likely related to its cell-cycle status. These results could be useful to design treatments for non-APL malignancies and to enrich hematopoietic stem cells in clinically applicable settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Jer Huang
- Department of Hemato-oncology, Taipei Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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148
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Mayorga J, Richardson-Hardin C, Dicke KA. Arsenic trioxide as effective therapy for relapsed acute promyelocytic leukemia. Clin J Oncol Nurs 2002; 6:341-6. [PMID: 12434466 DOI: 10.1188/02.cjon.341-346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The standard of treatment for newly diagnosed patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) is all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) plus anthracycline-based cytotoxic chemotherapy, a combination that is highly effective for remission induction. However, 20%-30% of patients relapse and require salvage therapy. Reports from China on the striking efficacy and safety of arsenic trioxide in patients with APL led to clinical trials in the United States, which culminated in U.S. Food and Drug Administration approval in September 2000. Trisenox (Cell Therapeutics, Inc., Seattle, WA) is an injectable formulation of arsenic trioxide indicated in the treatment of refractory or relapsed APL. The common side effects of Trisenox therapy are mostly mild and self-limiting and do not require interruption of therapy. Serious adverse effects that can occur include hyperleukocytosis, electrocardiographic abnormalities, and APL differentiation syndrome. These effects can be prevented or managed successfully with careful patient monitoring during treatment. Trisenox has no known cross-resistance with ATRA or other anticancer agents. It does not cause hair loss and is not myelosuppressive in patients with APL. Oncology nurses can play a major role in educating patients about this new drug, explaining its clinical benefits and side effects and the precautions that are necessary for its use.
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149
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Seubert JM, Webb CD, Bend JR. Acute sodium arsenite treatment induces Cyp2a5 but not Cyp1a1 in the C57Bl/6 mouse in a tissue (kidney) selective manner. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2002; 16:96-106. [PMID: 11979426 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.10023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Modulation of hepatic and extrahepatic detoxication enzymes Cyp1a1, Cyp2a5, glutathione S-transferse Ya (GSTYa) and NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase (QOR) dependent catalytic activity and mRNA levels were investigated at 1, 2, or 4 days in liver, lung, or kidney of male, adult CD57 Bl/6 mice treated sc with a single dose (85 micromol/kg) of sodium arsenite (As3+). Maximum decreases of total hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP) monooxygenase content and catalytic activities, occurring at 24 h, corresponded with maximum increases of heme oxygenase (HO-1) in all tissues, as well as maximum plasma total bilirubin. Extrahepatic increases in CYP were observed only in non-AHR dependent isozymes in the kidney, where both Cyp2a5 mRNA and catalytic activity increased maximally 24 h after treatment. In contrast, no significant changes in Cyp2b1/2-dependent PROD or mRNA activity and decreases in Cyp1a1-dependent-EROD activity were noted 1, 2, or 4 days after treatment. Increases in QOR catalytic activities were observed in all tissues examined with increased mRNA in kidney. On the other hand, GSTYa catalytic activity and mRNA increases were only detected in kidney. This study demonstrates the differential modulation of CYP, QOR, and GST-Ya, important drug metabolizing enzymes after acute As3+ administration. The induction of Cyp2a5, QOR, and GSTYa catalytic activity and gene expression occurred primarily in kidney during or shortly after conditions of oxidant stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Seubert
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5C1
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150
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Oketani M, Kohara K, Tuvdendorj D, Ishitsuka K, Komorizono Y, Ishibashi K, Arima T. Inhibition by arsenic trioxide of human hepatoma cell growth. Cancer Lett 2002; 183:147-53. [PMID: 12065089 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3835(01)00800-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic trioxide (As(2)O(3)) has been shown to be effective for treatment of patients with refractory or relapsed acute promyelocytic leukemia and a variety of other malignant hematopoetic disorders. We studied the effect of this agent on proliferation of human hepatoma-derived cell lines (SK-Hep-1, HepG2, and HuH7). In HuH7 cells, As(2)O(3) reduced proliferation time- and dose-dependently at 1 and 2 microM, while in SK-Hep-1 and HepG2 cells, As(2)O(3) inhibited proliferation at 2 and 4 microM respectively. Cell cycle analysis by flow cytometry showed that As(2)O(3) induced apoptosis in these hepatoma-derived cells as confirmed by appearance of sub-G(1) cells. Sensitivity of hepatoma-derived cells to As(2)O(3) was inversely related to their intracellular glutathione (GSH) and intensity of GSH synthesis. Arsenic sensitivity was restored to relatively resistant cell lines when GSH was depleted by L-buthionine sulfoximine (BSO). These results indicate that As(2)O(3) may have therapeutic potential for treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Oketani
- The Second Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan.
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