101
|
Thakur A, Qiu G, Xu C, Han X, Yang T, NG SP, Chan KWY, Wu CML, Lee Y. Label-free sensing of exosomal MCT1 and CD147 for tracking metabolic reprogramming and malignant progression in glioma. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaaz6119. [PMID: 32637597 PMCID: PMC7319757 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz6119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Malignant glioma is a fatal brain tumor whose pathological progression is closely associated with glycolytic reprogramming, leading to the high expression of monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1) and its ancillary protein, cluster of differentiation 147 (CD147) for enhancing lactate efflux. In particular, malignant glioma cells (GMs) release tremendous number of exosomes, nanovesicles of 30 to 200 nm in size, promoting tumor progression by the transport of pro-oncogenic molecules to neighboring cells. In the present study, we found that hypoxia-induced malignant GMs strongly enhanced MCT1 and CD147 expression, playing a crucial role in promoting calcium-dependent exosome release. Furthermore, it was first identified that hypoxic GMs-derived exosomes contained significantly high levels of MCT1 and CD147, which could be quantitatively detected by noninvasive localized surface plasmon resonance and atomic force microscopy biosensors, demonstrating that they could be precise surrogate biomarkers for tracking parent GMs' metabolic reprogramming and malignant progression as liquid biopsies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A. Thakur
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, 83, Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong SAR
| | - G. Qiu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83, Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong SAR
| | - C. Xu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83, Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong SAR
| | - X. Han
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83, Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong SAR
| | - T. Yang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, 83, Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong SAR
| | - S. P. NG
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83, Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong SAR
| | - K. W. Y. Chan
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83, Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong SAR
- Russell H Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - C. M. L. Wu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83, Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Y. Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, 83, Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong SAR
| |
Collapse
|
102
|
Wang L, Yekula A, Muralidharan K, Small JL, Rosh ZS, Kang KM, Carter BS, Balaj L. Novel Gene Fusions in Glioblastoma Tumor Tissue and Matched Patient Plasma. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12051219. [PMID: 32414213 PMCID: PMC7281415 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12051219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Sequencing studies have provided novel insights into the heterogeneous molecular landscape of glioblastoma (GBM), unveiling a subset of patients with gene fusions. Tissue biopsy is highly invasive, limited by sampling frequency and incompletely representative of intra-tumor heterogeneity. Extracellular vesicle-based liquid biopsy provides a minimally invasive alternative to diagnose and monitor tumor-specific molecular aberrations in patient biofluids. Here, we used targeted RNA sequencing to screen GBM tissue and the matched plasma of patients (n = 9) for RNA fusion transcripts. We identified two novel fusion transcripts in GBM tissue and five novel fusions in the matched plasma of GBM patients. The fusion transcripts FGFR3-TACC3 and VTI1A-TCF7L2 were detected in both tissue and matched plasma. A longitudinal follow-up of a GBM patient with a FGFR3-TACC3 positive glioma revealed the potential of monitoring RNA fusions in plasma. In summary, we report a sensitive RNA-seq-based liquid biopsy strategy to detect RNA level fusion status in the plasma of GBM patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lan Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (L.W.); (A.Y.); (K.M.); (J.L.S.); (Z.S.R.); (K.M.K.)
| | - Anudeep Yekula
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (L.W.); (A.Y.); (K.M.); (J.L.S.); (Z.S.R.); (K.M.K.)
| | - Koushik Muralidharan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (L.W.); (A.Y.); (K.M.); (J.L.S.); (Z.S.R.); (K.M.K.)
| | - Julia L. Small
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (L.W.); (A.Y.); (K.M.); (J.L.S.); (Z.S.R.); (K.M.K.)
| | - Zachary S. Rosh
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (L.W.); (A.Y.); (K.M.); (J.L.S.); (Z.S.R.); (K.M.K.)
| | - Keiko M. Kang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (L.W.); (A.Y.); (K.M.); (J.L.S.); (Z.S.R.); (K.M.K.)
- School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92092, USA
| | - Bob S. Carter
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (L.W.); (A.Y.); (K.M.); (J.L.S.); (Z.S.R.); (K.M.K.)
- Correspondence: (B.S.C.); (L.B.)
| | - Leonora Balaj
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (L.W.); (A.Y.); (K.M.); (J.L.S.); (Z.S.R.); (K.M.K.)
- Correspondence: (B.S.C.); (L.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
103
|
Xiao F, Lv S, Zong Z, Wu L, Tang X, Kuang W, Zhang P, Li X, Fu J, Xiao M, Wu M, Wu L, Zhu X, Huang K, Guo H. Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers for brain tumor detection: clinical roles and current progress. Am J Transl Res 2020; 12:1379-1396. [PMID: 32355549 PMCID: PMC7191171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Brain tumors include those that originate within the brain (primary tumors) as well as those that arise from other cancers (metastatic tumors). The fragile nature of the brain poses a major challenge to access focal malignancies, which certainly limits both diagnostics and therapeutic approaches. This limitation has been alleviated with the advent of liquid biopsy technologies. Liquid biopsy represents a highly convenient, fast and non-invasive method, which allows multiple sampling and dynamic pathological detection. Biomarkers derived from liquid biopsies can promptly reflect changes on the gene expression profiling of tumors. Biomarkers derived from tumor cells contain abundant genetic information, which may provide a strong basis for the diagnosis and the individualized treatment of brain tumor patients. A series of body fluids can be assessed for liquid biopsy, including peripheral blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), urine or saliva. Interestingly, the sensitivity and specificity of biomarkers from the CSF of patients with brain tumors is typically higher than those detected in the peripheral blood and other sources. Hence, here we describe and properly discuss the clinical roles of distinct classes of CSF biomarkers, isolated from patients with brain tumors, such as circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), microRNA (miRNA), proteins, and extracellular vesicles (EVs).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Xiao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Shigang Lv
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Zhitao Zong
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jiujiang Hospital of Traditional Chinese MedicineJiujiang 332005, Jiangxi, China
| | - Lei Wu
- Department of Emergency, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xueping Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Wei Kuang
- Department of Emergency, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Pei Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Hospital of NanchangNangchang 330009, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jun Fu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Menghua Xiao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Miaojing Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Lei Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xingen Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Kai Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Hua Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
| |
Collapse
|
104
|
Liquid biopsies for diagnosing and monitoring primary tumors of the central nervous system. Cancer Lett 2020; 480:24-28. [PMID: 32229189 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Obtaining diagnostic specimens, notably to monitor disease course in cancer patients undergoing therapy, is an emerging area of research, however, with few clinical implications so far in the field of Neuro-oncology. Specifically for patients with primary brain tumors where repeat biosampling from the tumor and clinical decision making based on neuroimaging alone remain challenging, this area may assume a central role. In principle, sampling could focus on blood, cerebrospinal fluid or urine with differential sensitivities and specificities of findings that differ between specific parameters and target molecules. These include protein, mRNA, miRNA, cell-free DNA, either freely circulating or as cargo of extracellular vesicles, as well circulating tumor cells. The most solid biomarkers are those directly reflecting neoplastic disease, e.g., in the case of primary brain tumors isocitrate dehydrogenase mutation or epidermal growth factor receptor variant III. Importantly, the main goals of liquid biopsy marker development are to better understand response to therapy, natural evolution and emergence of resistant clones, rather than obviating the need for surgical interventions which remain to be a mainstay of therapy for the vast majority of primary brain tumors.
Collapse
|
105
|
FASN Is a Biomarker Enriched in Malignant Glioma-Derived Extracellular Vesicles. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21061931. [PMID: 32178271 PMCID: PMC7139767 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21061931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are known for their important role in cancer progression and hold considerable potential as a source for tumor biomarkers. However, purification of tumor-specific EVs from patient plasma is still an urgent unmet need due to contamination by normal host cell-derived EVs, that results in compromised analytical sensitivity. Here we identified fatty acid synthase (FASN), a key lipogenic enzyme which is highly expressed in malignant glioma cells, to be elevated in CD63- and CD81-positive EVs in glioma patient plasma samples, opening vital opportunities to sort brain tumor-specific EVs.
Collapse
|
106
|
Sun Z, Wang L, Wu S, Pan Y, Dong Y, Zhu S, Yang J, Yin Y, Li G. An Electrochemical Biosensor Designed by Using Zr-Based Metal-Organic Frameworks for the Detection of Glioblastoma-Derived Exosomes with Practical Application. Anal Chem 2020; 92:3819-3826. [PMID: 32024367 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b05241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is one of the most fatal tumors in the brain, and its early diagnosis remains technically challenging due to the complex repertoires of oncogenic alterations and blood-brain barrier (BBB). GBM-derived specific exosomes can cross the BBB and circulate in body fluids, so they can be noninvasive biomarkers for the early diagnosis of GBM. Herein, we propose a sensitive and label-free electrochemical biosensor designed by using Zr-based metal-organic frameworks (Zr-MOFs) for the detection of GBM-derived exosomes with practical application. In the design, a peptide ligand can specifically bind with human epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and EGFR variant (v) III mutation (EGFRvIII), which are overexpressed on the GBM-derived exosomes. Meanwhile, Zr-MOFs encapsulated with methylene blue can absorb on the surface of the exosomes due to the interaction between Zr4+ and the intrinsic phosphate groups outside of exosomes. Consequently, the concentration of exosomes can be directly quantified by monitoring the electroactive molecules inside MOFs, ranging from 9.5 × 103 to 1.9 × 107 particles/μL with the detection of limit of 7.83 × 103 particles/μL. Furthermore, this proposed biosensor can distinguish GBM patients from healthy groups, demonstrating the great prospect for early clinical diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaowei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Lei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Shuai Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Yanhong Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Yu Dong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital, Affiliated with Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210014, P. R. China
| | - Sha Zhu
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Wuxi No.2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi 214000, P. R. China
| | - Jie Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Yongmei Yin
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, P. R. China
| | - Genxi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China.,Center for Molecular Recognition and Biosensing, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
107
|
Yekula A, Muralidharan K, Kang KM, Wang L, Balaj L, Carter BS. From laboratory to clinic: Translation of extracellular vesicle based cancer biomarkers. Methods 2020; 177:58-66. [PMID: 32061674 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2020.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The past decade has witnessed a rapid growth in the field of extracellular vesicle (EV) based biomarkers for the diagnosis and monitoring of cancer. Several studies have reported novel EV based biomarkers, but the technical and clinical validation phase has been hampered by general challenges common to biomedical research field as well as specific challenges inherent to the nanoparticle field. This has led to more common failures than success stories in the biomarker discovery pipeline. As a result, more attention must be focused on the process of biomarker discovery, verification, and validation to allow for translation and application of novel EV based research to patient care. Herein, we briefly discuss the hurdles and potential solutions in EV biomarker discovery and verification and validation, and clinical translation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anudeep Yekula
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
| | - Koushik Muralidharan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
| | - Keiko M Kang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.
| | - Lan Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
| | - Leonora Balaj
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
| | - Bob S Carter
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
108
|
Dissecting the role of crosstalk between glioblastoma subpopulations in tumor cell spreading. Oncogenesis 2020; 9:11. [PMID: 32024816 PMCID: PMC7002777 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-020-0199-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a highly infiltrative brain cancer, which is thus difficult to operate. GBM cells frequently harbor Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor amplification (EGFRwt) and/or activating mutation (EGFRvIII), generating at least two different cellular subpopulations within the tumor. We examined the relationship between the diffusive architectures of GBM tumors and the paracrine interactions between those subpopulations. Our aim was to shed light on what drives GBM cells to reach large cell–cell distances, and whether this characteristic can be manipulated. We established a methodology that quantifies the infiltration abilities of cancer cells through computation of cell–cell separation distance distributions in 3D. We found that aggressive EGFRvIII cells modulate the migration and infiltrative properties of EGFRwt cells. EGFRvIII cells secrete HGF and IL6, leading to enhanced activity of Src protein in EGFRwt cells, and rendering EGFRwt cells higher velocity and augmented ability to spread. Src inhibitor, dasatinib, at low non-toxic concentrations, reduced the infiltrative properties of EGFRvIII/EGFRwt neurospheres. Furthermore, dasatinib treatment induced compact multicellular microstructure packing of EGFRvIII/EGFRwt cells, impairing their ability to spread. Prevention of cellular infiltration or induction of compact microstructures may assist the detection of GBM tumors and tumor remnants in the brains and improve their surgical removal.
Collapse
|
109
|
Puigdelloses M, González-Huárriz M, García-Moure M, Martínez-Vélez N, Esparragosa Vázquez I, Bruna J, Zandio B, Agirre A, Marigil M, Petrirena G, Nuñez-Córdoba JM, Tejada-Solís S, Díez-Valle R, Gállego-Culleré J, Martínez-Vila E, Patiño-García A, Alonso MM, Gállego Pérez-Larraya J. RNU6-1 in circulating exosomes differentiates GBM from non-neoplastic brain lesions and PCNSL but not from brain metastases. Neurooncol Adv 2020; 2:vdaa010. [PMID: 32642678 PMCID: PMC7212908 DOI: 10.1093/noajnl/vdaa010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common malignant primary brain tumor in adults. Circulating biomarkers may assist in the processes of differential diagnosis and response assessment. GBM cells release extracellular vesicles containing a subset of proteins and nucleic acids. We previously demonstrated that exosomes isolated from the serum of GBM patients had an increased expression of RNU6-1 compared to healthy subjects. In this exploratory study, we investigated the role of this small noncoding RNA as a diagnostic biomarker for GBM versus other brain lesions with some potential radiological similarities. Methods We analyzed the expression of RNU6-1 in circulating exosomes of GBM patients (n = 18), healthy controls (n = 30), and patients with subacute stroke (n = 30), acute/subacute hemorrhage (n = 30), acute demyelinating lesions (n = 18), brain metastases (n = 21), and primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL; n = 12) using digital droplet PCR. Results Expression of RNU6-1 was significantly higher in GBM patients than in healthy controls (P = .002). RNU6-1 levels were also significantly higher in exosomes from GBM patients than from patients with non-neoplastic lesions (stroke [P = .05], hemorrhage [P = .01], demyelinating lesions [P = .019]) and PCNSL (P = .004). In contrast, no significant differences were found between patients with GBM and brain metastases (P = .573). Receiver operator characteristic curve analyses supported the role of this biomarker in differentiating GBM from subacute stroke, acute/subacute hemorrhage, acute demyelinating lesions, and PCNSL (P < .05), but again not from brain metastases (P = .575). Conclusions Our data suggest that the expression of RNU6-1 in circulating exosomes could be useful for the differentiation of GBM from non-neoplastic brain lesions and PCNSL, but not from brain metastases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Montserrat Puigdelloses
- Health Research Institute of Navarra (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain.,Program in Solid Tumors, Center for the Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Department of Neurology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Marisol González-Huárriz
- Health Research Institute of Navarra (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain.,Program in Solid Tumors, Center for the Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Department of Pediatrics, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Marc García-Moure
- Health Research Institute of Navarra (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain.,Program in Solid Tumors, Center for the Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Department of Pediatrics, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Naiara Martínez-Vélez
- Health Research Institute of Navarra (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain.,Program in Solid Tumors, Center for the Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Department of Pediatrics, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Inés Esparragosa Vázquez
- Health Research Institute of Navarra (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain.,Program in Solid Tumors, Center for the Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Department of Neurology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Jordi Bruna
- Department of Neurology, Hospital de Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Beatriz Zandio
- Department of Neurology, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Amaia Agirre
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Miguel Marigil
- Division of Neurosurgery, Lariboisière University Hospital, Paris, France
| | | | - Jorge M Nuñez-Córdoba
- Research Support Service, Central Clinical Trials Unit, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Medical School, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Sonia Tejada-Solís
- Health Research Institute of Navarra (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain.,Department of Neurosurgery, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ricardo Díez-Valle
- Health Research Institute of Navarra (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain.,Department of Neurosurgery, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - Eduardo Martínez-Vila
- Health Research Institute of Navarra (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain.,Program in Solid Tumors, Center for the Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Department of Neurology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ana Patiño-García
- Health Research Institute of Navarra (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain.,Program in Solid Tumors, Center for the Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Department of Pediatrics, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Marta M Alonso
- Health Research Institute of Navarra (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain.,Program in Solid Tumors, Center for the Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Department of Pediatrics, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Jaime Gállego Pérez-Larraya
- Health Research Institute of Navarra (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain.,Program in Solid Tumors, Center for the Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Department of Neurology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
110
|
Chennakrishnaiah S, Tsering T, Aprikian S, Rak J. Leukobiopsy - A Possible New Liquid Biopsy Platform for Detecting Oncogenic Mutations. Front Pharmacol 2020; 10:1608. [PMID: 32038264 PMCID: PMC6993065 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Detection of unique oncogenic alterations encoded by the sequence or biochemical modification in cancer-associated transforming macromolecules has revolutionized diagnosis, classification and management of human cancers. While these signatures were traditionally regarded as largely intracellular and confined to the tumor mass, oncogenic mutations and actionable cancer-related molecular alterations can also be accessed remotely through their recovery from biofluids of either rare circulating tumor cells (CTCs), or of more abundant non-cellular carriers, such as extracellular vesicles (EVs), protein complexes, or cell-free tumor DNA (ctDNA). Tumor-related macromolecules may also accumulate in circulating platelets. Collectively, these approaches are known as liquid biopsy and hold promise as non-invasive, real-time opportunities to access to the evolving molecular landscape of human malignancies. More recently, a possibility of recovering cancer-specific DNA sequences from circulating leukocytes has also been postulated using experimental models. While it is often assumed that these and other liquid biopsy approaches rely on material passively shed from the tumor mass or its debris, recent evidence suggests that several regulated processes contribute to the abundance, nature, half-life, and turnover of different circulating cancer-related molecular signals. Moreover, many of these signals possess biological activity and may elicit local and systemic regulatory responses. Thus, a better understanding of the biology of liquid biopsy platforms and analytes may enable achieving improved performance of this promising and emerging diagnostic strategy in cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Thupten Tsering
- Montreal Children's Hospital, RI MUHC, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Saro Aprikian
- Montreal Children's Hospital, RI MUHC, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Janusz Rak
- Montreal Children's Hospital, RI MUHC, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
111
|
Šamec N, Zottel A, Videtič Paska A, Jovčevska I. Nanomedicine and Immunotherapy: A Step Further towards Precision Medicine for Glioblastoma. Molecules 2020; 25:E490. [PMID: 31979318 PMCID: PMC7038132 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25030490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Owing to the advancement of technology combined with our deeper knowledge of human nature and diseases, we are able to move towards precision medicine, where patients are treated at the individual level in concordance with their genetic profiles. Lately, the integration of nanoparticles in biotechnology and their applications in medicine has allowed us to diagnose and treat disease better and more precisely. As a model disease, we used a grade IV malignant brain tumor (glioblastoma). Significant improvements in diagnosis were achieved with the application of fluorescent nanoparticles for intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), allowing for improved tumor cell visibility and increasing the extent of the surgical resection, leading to better patient response. Fluorescent probes can be engineered to be activated through different molecular pathways, which will open the path to individualized glioblastoma diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment. Nanoparticles are also extensively studied as nanovehicles for targeted delivery and more controlled medication release, and some nanomedicines are already in early phases of clinical trials. Moreover, sampling biological fluids will give new insights into glioblastoma pathogenesis due to the presence of extracellular vesicles, circulating tumor cells, and circulating tumor DNA. As current glioblastoma therapy does not provide good quality of life for patients, other approaches such as immunotherapy are explored. To conclude, we reason that development of personalized therapies based on a patient's genetic signature combined with pharmacogenomics and immunogenomic information will significantly change the outcome of glioblastoma patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alja Videtič Paska
- Medical Centre for Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (N.Š.); (A.Z.)
| | - Ivana Jovčevska
- Medical Centre for Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (N.Š.); (A.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
112
|
Whitehead CA, Kaye AH, Drummond KJ, Widodo SS, Mantamadiotis T, Vella LJ, Stylli SS. Extracellular vesicles and their role in glioblastoma. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2019:1-26. [PMID: 31865806 DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2019.1700208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Research on the role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in disease pathogenesis has been rapidly growing over the last two decades. As EVs can mediate intercellular communication, they can ultimately facilitate both normal and pathological processes through the delivery of their bioactive cargo, which may include nucleic acids, proteins and lipids. EVs have emerged as important regulators of brain tumors, capable of transferring oncogenic proteins, receptors, and small RNAs that may support brain tumor progression, including in the most common type of brain cancer, glioma. Investigating the role of EVs in glioma is crucial, as the most malignant glioma, glioblastoma (GBM), is incurable with a dismal median survival of 12-15 months. EV research in GBM has primarily focused on circulating brain tumor-derived vesicles in biofluids, such as blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), investigating their potential as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. Gaining a greater understanding of the role of EVs and their cargo in brain tumor progression may contribute to the discovery of novel diagnostics and therapeutics. In this review, we summarize the known and emerging functions of EVs in glioma biology and pathogenesis, as well as their emerging biomarker potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa A Whitehead
- Department of Surgery, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Andrew H Kaye
- Department of Surgery, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.,Department of Neurosurgery, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Centre, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Katharine J Drummond
- Department of Surgery, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.,Department of Neurosurgery, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia
| | - Samuel S Widodo
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Theo Mantamadiotis
- Department of Surgery, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Laura J Vella
- Department of Surgery, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.,The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Stanley S Stylli
- Department of Surgery, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.,Department of Neurosurgery, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Centre, Jerusalem, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
113
|
Pasini L, Ulivi P. Extracellular Vesicles in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer: Functional Role and Involvement in Resistance to Targeted Treatment and Immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 12:cancers12010040. [PMID: 31877735 PMCID: PMC7016858 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12010040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeted and immunological therapies have become the gold standard for a large portion of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients by improving significantly clinical prognosis. However, resistance mechanisms inevitably develop after a first response, and almost all patients undergo progression. The knowledge of such a resistance mechanism is crucial to improving the efficacy of therapies. So far, monitoring therapy responses through liquid biopsy has been carried out mainly in terms of circulating tumor (ctDNA) analysis. However, other particles of tumor origin, such as extracellular vehicles (EVs) represent an emerging tool for the studying and monitoring of resistance mechanisms. EVs are now considered to be ubiquitous mediators of cell-to-cell communication, allowing cells to exchange biologically active cargoes that vary in response to the microenvironment and include proteins, metabolites, RNA species, and nucleic acids. Novel findings on the biogenesis and fate of these vesicles reveal their fundamental role in cancer progression, with foreseeable and not-far-to-come clinical applications in NSCLC.
Collapse
|
114
|
Rutkowska A, Stoczyńska-Fidelus E, Janik K, Włodarczyk A, Rieske P. EGFR vIII: An Oncogene with Ambiguous Role. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2019; 2019:1092587. [PMID: 32089685 PMCID: PMC7024087 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1092587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor variant III (EGFRvIII) seems to constitute the perfect therapeutic target for glioblastoma (GB), as it is specifically present on up to 28-30% of GB cells. In case of other tumor types, expression and possible role of this oncogene still remain controversial. In spite of EGFRvIII mechanism of action being crucial for the design of small active anticancer molecules and immunotherapies, i.e., CAR-T technology, it is yet to be precisely defined. EGFRvIII is known to be resistant to degradation, but it is still unclear whether it heterodimerizes with EGF-activated wild-type EGFR (EGFRWT) or homodimerizes (including covalent homodimerization). Constitutive kinase activity of this mutated receptor is relatively low, and some researchers even claim that a nuclear, but not a membrane function, is crucial for its activity. Based on the analyses of recurrent tumors that are often lacking EGFRvIII expression despite its initial presence in corresponding primary foci, this oncogene is suggested to play a marginal role during later stages of carcinogenesis, while even in primary tumors EGFRvIII expression is detected only in a small percentage of tumor cells, undermining the rationality of EGFRvIII-targeting therapies. On the other hand, EGFRvIII-positive cells are resistant to apoptosis, more invasive, and characterized with enhanced proliferation rate. Moreover, expression of this oncogenic receptor was also postulated to be a marker of cancer stem cells. Opinions regarding the role that EGFRvIII plays in tumorigenesis and for tumor aggressiveness are clearly contradictory and, therefore, it is crucial not only to determine its mechanism of action, but also to unambiguously define its role at early and advanced cancer stages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrianna Rutkowska
- Department of Tumor Biology, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9, 90-752 Lodz, Poland
| | - Ewelina Stoczyńska-Fidelus
- Department of Tumor Biology, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9, 90-752 Lodz, Poland
- Department of Research and Development, Celther Polska Ltd., Milionowa 23, 93-193 Lodz, Poland
- Department of Research and Development, Personather Ltd., Milionowa 23, 93-193 Lodz, Poland
| | - Karolina Janik
- Department of Tumor Biology, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9, 90-752 Lodz, Poland
| | - Aneta Włodarczyk
- Department of Tumor Biology, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9, 90-752 Lodz, Poland
| | - Piotr Rieske
- Department of Tumor Biology, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9, 90-752 Lodz, Poland
- Department of Research and Development, Celther Polska Ltd., Milionowa 23, 93-193 Lodz, Poland
- Department of Research and Development, Personather Ltd., Milionowa 23, 93-193 Lodz, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
115
|
Pan Y, Long W, Liu Q. Current Advances and Future Perspectives of Cerebrospinal Fluid Biopsy in Midline Brain Malignancies. Curr Treat Options Oncol 2019; 20:88. [PMID: 31784837 DOI: 10.1007/s11864-019-0689-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OPINION STATEMENT Malignancies arising in midline brain structures, including lymphomas, teratomas, germinomas, diffuse midline gliomas, and medulloblastomas typically respond to systemic therapies, and excessive surgical excision can result in serious complications, so that total surgical removal is not routinely performed. Identifying tumor specific biomarkers that can facilitate diagnosis at early stage and allow for dynamic surveillance of the tumor is of great clinical importance. However, existing standard methods for biopsy of these brain neoplasms are high risk, time consuming, and costly. Thus, less invasive and more rapid diagnosis tests are urgently needed to detect midline brain malignancies. Currently, tools for cerebrospinal biopsy of midline brain malignancies mainly include circulating tumor DNA, circulating tumor cells, and extracellular vesicles. Circulating tumor DNA achieved minimally invasive biopsy in several brain malignancies and has advantages in detecting tumor-specific mutations. In the field of tumor heterogeneity, circulating tumor cells better reflect the genome of tumors than surgical biopsy specimens. They can be applied for the diagnosis of leptomeningeal metastasis. Extracellular vesicles contain lots of genetic information about cancer cells, so they have potential in finding therapeutic targets and studying tumor invasion and metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yimin Pan
- Department of Neurosurgery in Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Wenyong Long
- Department of Neurosurgery in Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Qing Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery in Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
116
|
Yekula A, Minciacchi VR, Morello M, Shao H, Park Y, Zhang X, Muralidharan K, Freeman MR, Weissleder R, Lee H, Carter B, Breakefield XO, Di Vizio D, Balaj L. Large and small extracellular vesicles released by glioma cells in vitro and in vivo. J Extracell Vesicles 2019; 9:1689784. [PMID: 31839905 PMCID: PMC6896449 DOI: 10.1080/20013078.2019.1689784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumour cells release diverse populations of extracellular vesicles (EVs) ranging in size, molecular cargo, and function. We sought to characterize mRNA and protein content of EV subpopulations released by human glioblastoma (GBM) cells expressing a mutant form of epidermal growth factor receptor (U87EGFRvIII) in vitro and in vivo with respect to size, morphology and the presence of tumour cargo. The two EV subpopulations purified from GBM U87EGFRvIII cancer cells, non-cancer human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC; control) and serum of U87EGFRvIII glioma-bearing mice using differential centrifugation (EVs that sediment at 10,000 × g or 100,000 × g are termed large EVs and small EVs, respectively) were characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), confocal microscopy, nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), flow cytometry, immunofluorescence (IF), quantitative-polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR) and micro-nuclear magnetic resonance (μNMR). We report that both U87EGFRvIII and HUVEC release a similar number of small EVs, but U87EGFRvIII glioma cells alone release a higher number of large EVs compared to non-cancer HUVEC. The EGFRvIII mRNA from the two EV subpopulations from U87EGFRvIII glioma cells was comparable, while the EGFR protein (wild type + vIII) levels are significantly higher in large EVs. Similarly, EGFRvIII mRNA in large and small EVs isolated from the serum of U87EGFRvIII glioma-bearing mice is comparable, while the EGFR protein (wild type + vIII) levels are significantly higher in large EVs. Here we report for the first time a direct comparison of large and small EVs released by glioma U87EGFRvIII cells and from serum of U87EGFRvIII glioma-bearing mice. Both large and small EVs contain tumour-specific EGFRvIII mRNA and proteins and combining these platforms may be beneficial in detecting rare mutant events in circulating biofluids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anudeep Yekula
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Valentina R. Minciacchi
- Department of Surgery, Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Matteo Morello
- Department of Surgery, Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Huilin Shao
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yongil Park
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Department of Neurology and Program in Neuroscience, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Michael R. Freeman
- Department of Surgery, Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- The Urological Diseases Research Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ralph Weissleder
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hakho Lee
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Center for NanoMedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bob Carter
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xandra O. Breakefield
- Department of Neurology and Program in Neuroscience, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dolores Di Vizio
- Department of Surgery, Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- The Urological Diseases Research Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Leonora Balaj
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
117
|
Zachariah MA, Oliveira-Costa JP, Carter BS, Stott SL, Nahed BV. Blood-based biomarkers for the diagnosis and monitoring of gliomas. Neuro Oncol 2019; 20:1155-1161. [PMID: 29746665 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noy074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Monitoring patient response to treatment is challenging for most cancers, but it is particularly difficult in glioblastoma multiform, the most common and aggressive form of malignant brain tumor. These tumors exhibit a high degree of heterogeneity which may not be reflected in a biopsy. To determine if the current standard of care is effective, glioma patients are monitored using MRI or CT scans, an effective but sometimes misleading approach due to the phenomenon of pseudoprogression. As such, there is incredible need for a minimally invasive "liquid biopsy" to assist in molecularly characterizing the tumors while also aiding in the identification of true progression in glioblastoma. This review details the status and potential impact for circulating tumor cells, extracellular vesicles, ctDNA, and ctRNA, putative circulating biomarkers found in the blood in glioblastoma patients. As mutation-based therapy becomes more prevalent in gliomas, blood-based analyses may offer a non-invasive method of identifying mutations. The ability to obtain serial "liquid biopsies" will provide unique opportunities to study the evolution of tumors and mechanisms of treatment resistance and monitor for mutational changes in response to therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcus A Zachariah
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Joao Paulo Oliveira-Costa
- Department of Medicine, Center for Cancer Research for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Bob S Carter
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Shannon L Stott
- Department of Medicine, Center for Cancer Research for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Brian V Nahed
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| |
Collapse
|
118
|
Crudden C, Song D, Cismas S, Trocmé E, Pasca S, Calin GA, Girnita A, Girnita L. Below the Surface: IGF-1R Therapeutic Targeting and Its Endocytic Journey. Cells 2019; 8:cells8101223. [PMID: 31600876 PMCID: PMC6829878 DOI: 10.3390/cells8101223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ligand-activated plasma membrane receptors follow pathways of endocytosis through the endosomal sorting apparatus. Receptors cluster in clathrin-coated pits that bud inwards and enter the cell as clathrin-coated vesicles. These vesicles travel through the acidic endosome whereby receptors and ligands are sorted to be either recycled or degraded. The traditional paradigm postulated that the endocytosis role lay in signal termination through the removal of the receptor from the cell surface. It is now becoming clear that the internalization process governs more than receptor signal cessation and instead reigns over the entire spatial and temporal wiring of receptor signaling. Governing the localization, the post-translational modifications, and the scaffolding of receptors and downstream signal components established the endosomal platform as the master regulator of receptor function. Confinement of components within or between distinct organelles means that the endosome instructs the cell on how to interpret and translate the signal emanating from any given receptor complex into biological effects. This review explores this emerging paradigm with respect to the cancer-relevant insulin-like growth factor type 1 receptor (IGF-1R) and discusses how this perspective could inform future targeting strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caitrin Crudden
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cellular and Molecular Tumor Pathology, Karolinska Institute, and Karolinska University Hospital, 17164 Stockholm, Sweden.
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Centre Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, VU University Medical Centre, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Dawei Song
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cellular and Molecular Tumor Pathology, Karolinska Institute, and Karolinska University Hospital, 17164 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Sonia Cismas
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cellular and Molecular Tumor Pathology, Karolinska Institute, and Karolinska University Hospital, 17164 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Eric Trocmé
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cellular and Molecular Tumor Pathology, Karolinska Institute, and Karolinska University Hospital, 17164 Stockholm, Sweden.
- St. Erik Eye Hospital, 11282 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Sylvya Pasca
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cellular and Molecular Tumor Pathology, Karolinska Institute, and Karolinska University Hospital, 17164 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - George A Calin
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
- Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Ada Girnita
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cellular and Molecular Tumor Pathology, Karolinska Institute, and Karolinska University Hospital, 17164 Stockholm, Sweden.
- Dermatology Department, Karolinska University Hospital, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Leonard Girnita
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cellular and Molecular Tumor Pathology, Karolinska Institute, and Karolinska University Hospital, 17164 Stockholm, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
119
|
Koga T, Li B, Figueroa JM, Ren B, Chen CC, Carter BS, Furnari FB. Mapping of genomic EGFRvIII deletions in glioblastoma: insight into rearrangement mechanisms and biomarker development. Neuro Oncol 2019; 20:1310-1320. [PMID: 29660021 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noy058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) variant III (vIII) is the most common oncogenic rearrangement in glioblastoma (GBM), generated by deletion of exons 2 to 7 of EGFR. The proximal breakpoints occur in variable positions within the 123-kb intron 1, presenting significant challenges in terms of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based mapping. Molecular mechanisms underlying these deletions remain unclear. Methods We determined the presence of EGFRvIII and its breakpoints for 29 GBM samples using quantitative PCR, arrayed PCR mapping, Sanger sequencing, and whole genome sequencing (WGS). Patient-specific breakpoint PCR was performed on tumors, plasma, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples. The breakpoint sequences and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were analyzed to elucidate the underlying biogenic mechanism. Results PCR mapping and WGS independently unveiled 8 EGFRvIII breakpoints in 6 tumors. Patient-specific primers yielded EGFRvIII PCR amplicons in matched tumors and in cell-free DNA (cfDNA) from a CSF sample, but not in cfDNA or extracellular-vesicle DNA from plasma. The breakpoint analysis revealed nucleotide insertions in 4 samples, an insertion of a region outside of the EGFR locus in 1, microhomologies in 3, as well as a duplication or an inversion accompanied by microhomologies in 2, suggestive of distinct DNA repair mechanisms. In the GBM samples that harbored distinct breakpoints, the SNP compositions of EGFRvIII and amplified non-vIII EGFR were identical, suggesting that these rearrangements arose from amplified non-vIII EGFR. Conclusion Our approach efficiently "fingerprints" each sample's EGFRvIII breakpoints. Breakpoint sequence analyses suggest that independent breakpoints arose from precursor amplified non-vIII EGFR through different DNA repair mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Koga
- Ludwig Cancer Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Bin Li
- Ludwig Cancer Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Javier M Figueroa
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Bing Ren
- Ludwig Cancer Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Clark C Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Bob S Carter
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California.,Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Frank B Furnari
- Ludwig Cancer Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| |
Collapse
|
120
|
He J, Ren M, Li H, Yang L, Wang X, Yang Q. Exosomal Circular RNA as a Biomarker Platform for the Early Diagnosis of Immune-Mediated Demyelinating Disease. Front Genet 2019; 10:860. [PMID: 31611906 PMCID: PMC6777646 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes can pass through the blood-brain barrier and are present in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The components in exosomes, such as DNA, RNA, protein, and lipids, change greatly and are closely related to disease progression. Circular RNA (circRNA) is stable in structure and has a long half-life in exosomes without degradation. Therefore, circRNA is considered an ideal biomarker and can be used to monitor a variety of central nervous system diseases. This study aimed to investigate the expression profiles of exosomal circRNA (exo-circRNA) in CSF from patients with immune-mediated demyelinating diseases to identify suitable biomarkers for the early diagnosis of immune-mediated demyelinating diseases. circRNA expression levels in exosomes obtained from five CSF samples from immune-mediated demyelinating disease patients and five paired CSF control samples were analyzed using a hybridization array. Hierarchical clustering analysis showed that 5,095 exo-circRNAs were differentially expressed between patients with immune-mediated demyelinating diseases and paired control samples. Of these exo-circRNAs, 26 were identified as significantly differentially expressed in CSF exosomes from patients with immune-mediated demyelinating diseases (FC ≥1.5 and p ≤ 0.05). Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analysis indicated that the upregulation or activation of protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type F (PTPRF) and RAD23 homolog B, nucleotide excision repair protein (RAD23B) may be associated with the occurrence and development of immune-mediated demyelinating diseases. Then, a competing endogenous RNA network was constructed and centered on the most upregulated/downregulated exo-circRNAs to predict their function in immune-mediated demyelinating diseases. In addition, reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction results stating that hsa_circ_0087862 and hsa_circ_0012077 were validated in an independent cohort of subjects. Canonical correlation analysis results indicated a potential connection between exosomal hsa_circ_0012077 expression level and immunoglobulin G levels in CSF. Finally, the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve showed that when hsa_circ_0087862 or hsa_circ_0012077 was employed alone for diagnosing immune-mediated demyelinating diseases, the diagnostic accuracy was 100%. In conclusion, based on this study, exosomal hsa_circ_0087862 and hsa_circ_0012077 in CSF could be used as suitable biomarkers for the diagnosis of immune-mediated demyelinating disease based on their expression levels. Moreover, the upregulation or activation of PTPRF and RAD23B was potentially associated with the occurrence and development of immune-mediated demyelinating diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinting He
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ming Ren
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetics, Medical Research Center, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Department of Orthopedics, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Haiqi Li
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Le Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, The People's Hospital of Jilin Province, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaofeng Wang
- Department of Stomatology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Qiwei Yang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetics, Medical Research Center, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| |
Collapse
|
121
|
Lu VM, Power EA, Zhang L, Daniels DJ. Liquid biopsy for diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma: an update. J Neurosurg Pediatr 2019; 24:593-600. [PMID: 31491754 DOI: 10.3171/2019.6.peds19259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG), otherwise known as diffuse midline glioma with H3K27M mutation, is a devastating brainstem glioma without a cure. Efforts are currently underway to better optimize molecular diagnoses through biological sampling, which today remains largely limited to surgical biopsy sampling. Surgical intervention is not without its risks, and therefore a preference remains for a less invasive modality that can provide biological information about the tumor. There is emerging evidence to suggest that a liquid biopsy, targeting biofluids such as CSF and blood plasma, presents an attractive alternative for brain tumors in general. In this update, the authors provide a summary of the progress made to date regarding the use of liquid biopsy to diagnose and monitor DIPG, and they also propose future development and applications of this technique moving forward, given its unique histone biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victor M Lu
- 1Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester; and
| | - Erica A Power
- 1Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester; and
- 2Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Liang Zhang
- 1Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester; and
| | - David J Daniels
- 1Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester; and
| |
Collapse
|
122
|
Deng F, Miller J. A review on protein markers of exosome from different bio-resources and the antibodies used for characterization. J Histotechnol 2019; 42:226-239. [PMID: 31432761 DOI: 10.1080/01478885.2019.1646984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are small membrane vesicles (ranging from 30 nm to 150 nm), secreted by different cell types upon fusion of multivesicular bodies (MVB) to the cell plasma membrane under a variety of normal and pathological conditions. Through transferring their cargos such as proteins, lipids and nucleic acids from donor cells to recipient cells, exosomes play a crucial role in cell-to-cell communication. Due to their presence in most body fluids (such as blood, breast milk, saliva, urine, bile, pancreatic juice, cerebrospinal and peritoneal fluids), and their role in carrying bioactive molecules from the cells of origin, exosomes have attracted great interest in their diagnostic and prognostic value for various diseases and therapeutic approaches. Although a large body of literature has documented the importance of exosomes over the past decade, there is no article systematically summarizing protein markers of exosome from different resources and the antibodies that are suited to characterize exosomes. In this review, we briefly summarize the exosome marker proteins, exosomal biomarkers for different diseases, and the antibodies suitable for different bio-resources exosomes characterization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fengyan Deng
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Josh Miller
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, MO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
123
|
Indira Chandran V, Welinder C, Gonçalves de Oliveira K, Cerezo-Magaña M, Månsson AS, Johansson MC, Marko-Varga G, Belting M. Global extracellular vesicle proteomic signature defines U87-MG glioma cell hypoxic status with potential implications for non-invasive diagnostics. J Neurooncol 2019; 144:477-488. [PMID: 31414377 PMCID: PMC6764937 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-019-03262-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and lethal of primary malignant brain tumors. Hypoxia constitutes a major determining factor for the poor prognosis of high-grade glioma patients, and is known to contribute to the development of treatment resistance. Therefore, new strategies to comprehensively profile and monitor the hypoxic status of gliomas are of high clinical relevance. Here, we have explored how the proteome of secreted extracellular vesicles (EVs) at the global level may reflect hypoxic glioma cells. Methods We have employed shotgun proteomics and label free quantification to profile EVs isolated from human high-grade glioma U87-MG cells cultured at normoxia or hypoxia. Parallel reaction monitoring was used to quantify the identified, hypoxia-associated EV proteins. To determine the potential biological significance of hypoxia-associated proteins, the cumulative Z score of identified EV proteins was compared with GBM subtypes from HGCC and TCGA databases. Results In total, 2928 proteins were identified in EVs, out of which 1654 proteins overlapped with the ExoCarta EV-specific database. We found 1034 proteins in EVs that were unique to the hypoxic status of U87-MG cells. We subsequently identified an EV protein signature, “HYPSIGNATURE”, encompassing nine proteins that strongly represented the hypoxic situation and exhibited close proximity to the mesenchymal GBM subtype. Conclusions We propose, for the first time, an EV protein signature that could comprehensively reflect the hypoxic status of high-grade glioma cells. The presented data provide proof-of-concept for targeted proteomic profiling of glioma derived EVs, which should motivate future studies exploring its utility in non-invasive diagnosis and monitoring of brain tumor patients. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s11060-019-03262-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vineesh Indira Chandran
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund, Division of Oncology and Pathology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Charlotte Welinder
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund, Division of Oncology and Pathology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Myriam Cerezo-Magaña
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund, Division of Oncology and Pathology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ann-Sofie Månsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund, Division of Oncology and Pathology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Maria C Johansson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund, Division of Oncology and Pathology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Gyorgy Marko-Varga
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Clinical Protein Science & Imaging, Biomedical Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Mattias Belting
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund, Division of Oncology and Pathology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Hematology, Oncology and Radiophysics, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
124
|
Dusoswa SA, Horrevorts SK, Ambrosini M, Kalay H, Paauw NJ, Nieuwland R, Pegtel MD, Würdinger T, Van Kooyk Y, Garcia-Vallejo JJ. Glycan modification of glioblastoma-derived extracellular vesicles enhances receptor-mediated targeting of dendritic cells. J Extracell Vesicles 2019; 8:1648995. [PMID: 31489145 PMCID: PMC6713149 DOI: 10.1080/20013078.2019.1648995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most prevalent and aggressive primary brain tumour for which total tumour lysate-pulsed dendritic cell vaccination is currently under clinical evaluation. Glioblastoma extracellular vesicles (EVs) may represent an enriched cell-free source of tumour-associated (neo-) antigens to pulse dendritic cells (DCs) for the initiation of an anti-tumour immune response. Capture and uptake of EVs by DCs could occur in a receptor-mediated and presumably glycan-dependent way, yet the glycan composition of glioblastoma EVs is unknown. Here, we set out to characterize the glycocalyx composition of glioblastoma EVs by lectin-binding ELISA and comprehensive immunogold transmission electron microscopy (immuno-TEM). The surface glycan profile of human glioblastoma cell line-derived EVs (50-200 nm) was dominated by α-2,3- and α-2,6 linked sialic acid-capped complex N-glycans and bi-antennary N-glycans. Since sialic acids can trigger immune inhibitory sialic acid-binding Ig-like lectin (Siglec) receptors, we screened for Siglec ligands on the EVs. Glioblastoma EVs showed significant binding to Siglec-9, which is highly expressed on DCs. Surprisingly, however, glioblastoma EVs lack glycans that could bind Dendritic Cell-Specific Intercellular adhesion molecule-3-Grabbing Non-integrin (DC-SIGN, CD209), a receptor that mediates uptake and induction of CD4+ and CD8+ T cell activation. Therefore, we explored whether modification of the EV glycan surface could reduce immune inhibitory Siglec binding, while enhancing EV internalization by DCs in a DC-SIGN dependent manner. Desialylation with a pan-sialic acid hydrolase led to reduction of sialic acid expression on EVs. Moreover, insertion of a high-affinity ligand (LewisY) for DC-SIGN resulted in a four-fold increase of uptake by monocyte-derived DCs. In conclusion, we show that the glycocalyx composition of EVs is a key factor of efficient DC targeting and that modification of the EV glycocalyx potentiates EVs as anti-cancer vaccine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie A. Dusoswa
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology & Immunology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute and Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sophie K. Horrevorts
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology & Immunology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute and Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martino Ambrosini
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology & Immunology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute and Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hakan Kalay
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology & Immunology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute and Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nanne J. Paauw
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology & Immunology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute and Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rienk Nieuwland
- Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry, and Vesicle Observation Centre, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel D. Pegtel
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tom Würdinger
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yvette Van Kooyk
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology & Immunology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute and Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Juan J. Garcia-Vallejo
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology & Immunology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute and Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
125
|
Cumba Garcia LM, Peterson TE, Cepeda MA, Johnson AJ, Parney IF. Isolation and Analysis of Plasma-Derived Exosomes in Patients With Glioma. Front Oncol 2019; 9:651. [PMID: 31380286 PMCID: PMC6646733 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Gliomas including glioblastoma (GBM) are the most common primary malignant brain tumors. Glioma extracellular vesicles (EVs) including exosomes have biological effects (e.g., immunosuppression) and contain tumor-specific cargo that could facilitate liquid biopsies. We aimed to develop a simple, reproducible technique to isolate plasma exosomes in glioma patients. Glioma patients' and normal donors' plasma exosomes underwent brief centrifugation to remove cells/debris followed by serial density gradient ultracentrifugation (DGU). EV size/concentration was determined by nanoparticle tracking. Protein cargo was screened by array, western blot, and ELISA. Nanoscale flow cytometry analysis quantified exosome and microvesicle populations pre- and post-DGU. One-step DGU efficiently isolates exosomes for nanoparticle tracking. Wild type isocitrate dehydrogenase glioma patients' (i.e., more aggressive tumors) plasma exosomes are smaller but higher concentration than normal donors. A second DGU efficiently concentrates exosomes for subsequent cargo analysis but results in vesicle aggregation that skews nanoparticle tracking. Cytokines and co-stimulatory molecules are readily detected but appeared globally reduced in GBM patients' exosomes. Surprisingly, immunosuppressive programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) is present in both patients' and normal donors' exosomes. Nanoscale flow cytometry confirms efficient exosome (<100 nm) isolation post-DGU but also demonstrates increase in microvesicles (>100 nm) in GBM patients' plasma pre-DGU. Serial DGU efficiently isolates plasma exosomes with distinct differences between GBM patients and normal donors, suggesting utility for non-invasive biomarker assessment. Initial results suggest global immunosuppression rather than increased circulating tumor-derived immunosuppressive exosomes, though further assessment is needed. Increased glioma patients' plasma microvesicles suggest these may also be a key source for biomarkers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luz M Cumba Garcia
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.,Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Timothy E Peterson
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Mario A Cepeda
- Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Aaron J Johnson
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.,Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Ian F Parney
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.,Department of Neurological Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| |
Collapse
|
126
|
Pasini L, Ulivi P. Liquid Biopsy for the Detection of Resistance Mechanisms in NSCLC: Comparison of Different Blood Biomarkers. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8070998. [PMID: 31323990 PMCID: PMC6678791 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8070998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of targeted agents and immunotherapy for the treatment of advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has made it mandatory to characterize tumor tissue for patient selection. Moreover, the development of agents that are active against specific resistance mechanisms arising during treatment make it equally important to characterize the tumor tissue at progression by performing tissue re-biopsy. Given that tumor tissue is not always available for molecular characterization due to the paucity of diagnostic specimens or problems relating to the carrying out of invasive procedures, the use of liquid biopsy represents a valid approach to overcoming these difficulties. The most common material used for liquid biopsy in this setting is plasma-derived cell free DNA (cfDNA), which originates from cells undergoing apoptosis or necrosis. However, other sources of tumor material can be considered, such as extracellular vesicle (EV)-derived nucleic acids, which are actively secreted from living cells and closely correspond to tumor dynamics. In this review, we discuss the role of liquid biopsy in the therapeutic management of NSCLC with particular regard to targeted therapy and immunotherapy, and analyze the pros and cons of the different types of samples used in this context.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Pasini
- Biosciences Laboratory, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, 47014 Meldola, Italy
| | - Paola Ulivi
- Biosciences Laboratory, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, 47014 Meldola, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
127
|
Hafeez U, Cher LM. Biomarkers and smart intracranial devices for the diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring of high-grade gliomas: a review of the literature and future prospects. Neurooncol Adv 2019; 1:vdz013. [PMID: 32642651 PMCID: PMC7212884 DOI: 10.1093/noajnl/vdz013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common primary brain neoplasm with median overall survival (OS) around 15 months. There is a dearth of effective monitoring strategies for patients with high-grade gliomas. Relying on magnetic resonance images of brain has its challenges, and repeated brain biopsies add significant morbidity. Hence, it is imperative to establish a less invasive way to diagnose, monitor, and guide management of patients with high-grade gliomas. Currently, multiple biomarkers are in various phases of development and include tissue, serum, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and imaging biomarkers. Here we review and summarize the potential biomarkers found in blood and CSF, including extracellular macromolecules, extracellular vesicles, circulating tumor cells, immune cells, endothelial cells, and endothelial progenitor cells. The ability to detect tumor-specific biomarkers in blood and CSF will potentially not only reduce the need for repeated brain biopsies but also provide valuable information about the heterogeneity of tumor, response to current treatment, and identify disease resistance. This review also details the status and potential scope of brain tumor-related cranial devices and implants including Ommaya reservoir, microelectromechanical systems-based depot device, Alzet mini-osmotic pump, Metronomic Biofeedback Pump (MBP), ipsum G1 implant, ultra-thin needle implant, and putative devices. An ideal smart cranial implant will overcome the blood-brain barrier, deliver various drugs, provide access to brain tissue, and potentially measure and monitor levels of various biomarkers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Umbreen Hafeez
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Austin Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- Latrobe University School of Cancer Medicine, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Medical Oncology, Austin Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Lawrence M Cher
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Austin Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Medical Oncology, Austin Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- Corresponding Author: Lawrence M. Cher, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia ()
| |
Collapse
|
128
|
Bertero L, Siravegna G, Rudà R, Soffietti R, Bardelli A, Cassoni P. Review: Peering through a keyhole: liquid biopsy in primary and metastatic central nervous system tumours. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2019; 45:655-670. [PMID: 30977933 PMCID: PMC6899864 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Tumour molecular profiling by liquid biopsy is being investigated for a wide range of research and clinical purposes. The possibility of repeatedly interrogating the tumour profile using minimally invasive procedures is helping to understand spatial and temporal tumour heterogeneity, and to shed a light on mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies. Moreover, this approach has been already implemented in clinical practice to address specific decisions regarding patients’ follow‐up and therapeutic management. For central nervous system (CNS) tumours, molecular profiling is particularly relevant for the proper characterization of primary neoplasms, while CNS metastases can significantly diverge from primary disease or extra‐CNS metastases, thus compelling a dedicated assessment. Based on these considerations, effective liquid biopsy tools for CNS tumours are highly warranted and a significant amount of data have been accrued over the last few years. These results have shown that liquid biopsy can provide clinically meaningful information about both primary and metastatic CNS tumours, but specific considerations must be taken into account, for example, when choosing the source of liquid biopsy. Nevertheless, this approach is especially attractive for CNS tumours, as repeated tumour sampling is not feasible. The aim of our review was to thoroughly report the state‐of‐the‐art regarding the opportunities and challenges posed by liquid biopsy in both primary and secondary CNS tumours.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Bertero
- Pathology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Torino, Italy.,Pathology Unit, Città della Salute e della Scienza University Hospital, Turin, Torino, Italy
| | - G Siravegna
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Candiolo (Turin), Italy.,Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo (Turin), Italy
| | - R Rudà
- Neuro-oncology Unit, Department of Neurosciences, University of Turin, Italy.,Neuro-oncology Unit, Città della Salute e della Scienza University Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - R Soffietti
- Neuro-oncology Unit, Department of Neurosciences, University of Turin, Italy.,Neuro-oncology Unit, Città della Salute e della Scienza University Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - A Bardelli
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Candiolo (Turin), Italy.,Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo (Turin), Italy
| | - P Cassoni
- Pathology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Torino, Italy.,Pathology Unit, Città della Salute e della Scienza University Hospital, Turin, Torino, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
129
|
Miller ML, Tome-Garcia J, Waluszko A, Sidorenko T, Kumar C, Ye F, Tsankova NM. Practical Bioinformatic DNA-Sequencing Pipeline for Detecting Oncogene Amplification and EGFRvIII Mutational Status in Clinical Glioblastoma Samples. J Mol Diagn 2019; 21:514-524. [PMID: 31000415 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is a malignant brain tumor with dismal prognosis. Oncogenic mutations in glioblastoma frequently affect receptor tyrosine kinase pathway components that are challenging to quantify because of heterogeneous expression. EGFRvIII, a common oncogenic receptor tyrosine kinase mutant protein in glioblastoma, potentiates tumor malignancy and is an emerging tumor-specific immunotarget, underlining the need for its more accessible and quantitative detection. We used normalized next-generation sequencing data from 117 brain and 371 reference clinical tumor samples to detect focal gene amplifications across the commercial Ion AmpliSeq Cancer Hotspot Panel version 2 and infer EGFRvIII status based on relative coverage dropout of the gene's truncated region within EGFR. In glioblastomas (n = 45), amplification of EGFR [18 (40%)], PDGFRA [3 (7%)], KIT [2 (4%)], MET [1 (2%)], and AKT1 [1 (2%)] was detected. With respect to EGFR and PDGFRA amplification, there was near-complete agreement between next-generation sequencing and in situ hybridization. Consistent with previous reports, this method detected EGFRvIII exclusively in EGFR-amplified glioblastomas [8 (44%)], which was confirmed using long-range PCR. Our study offers a practical method for detecting oncogene amplifications and large intragenic mutations in a clinically implemented hotspot panel that can be quantified using z scores. The validated detection of EGFRvIII using DNA sequencing eliminates problems with transcript degradation, and the provided script facilitates efficient incorporation into a laboratory's bioinformatic pipeline.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Miller
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Jessica Tome-Garcia
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Aneta Waluszko
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Tatyana Sidorenko
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Chitra Kumar
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, New York
| | - Fei Ye
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, New York; Department of Pathology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York.
| | - Nadejda M Tsankova
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.
| |
Collapse
|
130
|
García-Silva S, Benito-Martín A, Sánchez-Redondo S, Hernández-Barranco A, Ximénez-Embún P, Nogués L, Mazariegos MS, Brinkmann K, Amor López A, Meyer L, Rodríguez C, García-Martín C, Boskovic J, Letón R, Montero C, Robledo M, Santambrogio L, Sue Brady M, Szumera-Ciećkiewicz A, Kalinowska I, Skog J, Noerholm M, Muñoz J, Ortiz-Romero PL, Ruano Y, Rodríguez-Peralto JL, Rutkowski P, Peinado H. Use of extracellular vesicles from lymphatic drainage as surrogate markers of melanoma progression and BRAF V600E mutation. J Exp Med 2019; 216:1061-1070. [PMID: 30975894 PMCID: PMC6504207 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20181522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
García-Silva et al. show for the first time that extracellular vesicles isolated from the exudative seroma obtained from the lymphatic drainage implanted in melanoma patients after lymphadenectomy can be interrogated for melanoma markers and BRAF mutations. Profiling the BRAFV600E mutation in this biofluid is a novel approach to predict disease relapse. Liquid biopsies from cancer patients have the potential to improve diagnosis and prognosis. The assessment of surrogate markers of tumor progression in circulating extracellular vesicles could be a powerful non-invasive approach in this setting. We have characterized extracellular vesicles purified from the lymphatic drainage also known as exudative seroma (ES) of stage III melanoma patients obtained after lymphadenectomy. Proteomic analysis showed that seroma-derived exosomes are enriched in proteins resembling melanoma progression. In addition, we found that the BRAFV600E mutation can be detected in ES-derived extracellular vesicles and its detection correlated with patients at risk of relapse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susana García-Silva
- Microenvironment and Metastasis Laboratory, Molecular Oncology Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Center, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Benito-Martín
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Sara Sánchez-Redondo
- Microenvironment and Metastasis Laboratory, Molecular Oncology Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Center, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Hernández-Barranco
- Microenvironment and Metastasis Laboratory, Molecular Oncology Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Center, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Ximénez-Embún
- Proteomics Unit-ProteoRed-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spanish National Cancer Research Center, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Nogués
- Microenvironment and Metastasis Laboratory, Molecular Oncology Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Center, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marina S Mazariegos
- Microenvironment and Metastasis Laboratory, Molecular Oncology Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Center, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Ana Amor López
- Microenvironment and Metastasis Laboratory, Molecular Oncology Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Center, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lisa Meyer
- Exosome Diagnostics, GmbH, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Carlos Rodríguez
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Center, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen García-Martín
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Center, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jasminka Boskovic
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Center, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rocío Letón
- Hereditary Endocrine Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Center, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Montero
- Hereditary Endocrine Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Center, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercedes Robledo
- Hereditary Endocrine Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Center, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Santambrogio
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY
| | | | - Anna Szumera-Ciećkiewicz
- Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute-Oncology Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Iwona Kalinowska
- Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute-Oncology Center, Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | | | - Javier Muñoz
- Proteomics Unit-ProteoRed-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spanish National Cancer Research Center, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo L Ortiz-Romero
- Department of Dermatology, Medical school, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto i+12, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Yolanda Ruano
- Department of Pathology, Medical school, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto i+12, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - José L Rodríguez-Peralto
- Department of Pathology, Medical school, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto i+12, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Piotr Rutkowski
- Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute-Oncology Center, Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Héctor Peinado
- Microenvironment and Metastasis Laboratory, Molecular Oncology Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Center, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
131
|
Zaborowski MP, Lee K, Na YJ, Sammarco A, Zhang X, Iwanicki M, Cheah PS, Lin HY, Zinter M, Chou CY, Fulci G, Tannous BA, Lai CPK, Birrer MJ, Weissleder R, Lee H, Breakefield XO. Methods for Systematic Identification of Membrane Proteins for Specific Capture of Cancer-Derived Extracellular Vesicles. Cell Rep 2019; 27:255-268.e6. [PMID: 30943406 PMCID: PMC6528836 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Analysis of cancer-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) in biofluids potentially provides a source of disease biomarkers. At present there is no procedure to systematically identify which antigens should be targeted to differentiate cancer-derived from normal host cell-derived EVs. Here, we propose a computational framework that integrates information about membrane proteins in tumors and normal tissues from databases: UniProt, The Cancer Genome Atlas, the Genotype-Tissue Expression Project, and the Human Protein Atlas. We developed two methods to assess capture of EVs from specific cell types. (1) We used palmitoylated fluorescent protein (palmtdTomato) to label tumor-derived EVs. Beads displaying antibodies of interest were incubated with conditioned medium from palmtdTomato-expressing cells. Bound EVs were quantified using flow cytometry. (2) We also showed that membrane-bound Gaussia luciferase allows the detection of cancer-derived EVs in blood of tumor-bearing animals. Our analytical and validation platform should be applicable to identify antigens on EVs from any tumor type.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mikołaj Piotr Zaborowski
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecologic Oncology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, 60-535 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Kyungheon Lee
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Young Jeong Na
- Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Alessandro Sammarco
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, 35020 Padua, Italy
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Marcin Iwanicki
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA
| | - Pike See Cheah
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Seri Kembangan, Malaysia
| | - Hsing-Ying Lin
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Max Zinter
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Chung-Yu Chou
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan City 320, Taiwan
| | - Giulia Fulci
- Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Bakhos A Tannous
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Charles Pin-Kuang Lai
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michael J Birrer
- Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Ralph Weissleder
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hakho Lee
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Xandra O Breakefield
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
132
|
Vagner T, Chin A, Mariscal J, Bannykh S, Engman DM, Di Vizio D. Protein Composition Reflects Extracellular Vesicle Heterogeneity. Proteomics 2019; 19:e1800167. [PMID: 30793499 PMCID: PMC7521840 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201800167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-enclosed particles that are released by virtually all cells from all living organisms. EVs shuttle biologically active cargo including protein, RNA, and DNA between cells. When shed by cancer cells, they function as potent intercellular messangers with important functional consequences. Cells produce a diverse spectrum of EVs, spanning from small vesicles of 40-150 nm in diameter, to large vesicles up to 10 μm in diameter. While this diversity was initially considered to be purely based on size, it is becoming evident that different classes of EVs, and different populations within one EV class may harbor distinct molecular cargo and play specific functions. Furthermore, there are considerable cell type-dependent differences in the cargo and function of shed EVs. This review focuses on the most recent proteomic studies that have attempted to capture the EV heterogeneity by directly comparing the protein composition of different EV classes and EV populations derived from the same cell source. Recent studies comparing protein composition of the same EV class(es) derived from different cell types are also summarized. Emerging approaches to study EV heterogeneity and their important implications for future studies are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana Vagner
- Department of Surgery, Division of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Andrew Chin
- Department of Surgery, Division of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Javier Mariscal
- Department of Surgery, Division of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Serguei Bannykh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - David M Engman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Dolores Di Vizio
- Department of Surgery, Division of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| |
Collapse
|
133
|
Choi BD, Lee DK, Yang JC, Ayinon CM, Lee CK, Maus D, Carter BS, Barker FG, Jones PS, Nahed BV, Cahill DP, See RB, Simon MV, Curry WT. Receptor tyrosine kinase gene amplification is predictive of intraoperative seizures during glioma resection with functional mapping. J Neurosurg 2019; 132:1017-1023. [PMID: 30925466 DOI: 10.3171/2018.12.jns182700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Intraoperative seizures during craniotomy with functional mapping is a common complication that impedes optimal tumor resection and results in significant morbidity. The relationship between genetic mutations in gliomas and the incidence of intraoperative seizures has not been well characterized. Here, the authors performed a retrospective study of patients treated at their institution over the last 12 years to determine whether molecular data can be used to predict the incidence of this complication. METHODS The authors queried their institutional database for patients with brain tumors who underwent resection with intraoperative functional mapping between 2005 and 2017. Basic clinicopathological characteristics, including the status of the following genes, were recorded: IDH1/2, PIK3CA, BRAF, KRAS, AKT1, EGFR, PDGFRA, MET, MGMT, and 1p/19q. Relationships between gene alterations and intraoperative seizures were evaluated using chi-square and two-sample t-test univariate analysis. When considering multiple predictive factors, a logistic multivariate approach was taken. RESULTS Overall, 416 patients met criteria for inclusion; of these patients, 98 (24%) experienced an intraoperative seizure. Patients with a history of preoperative seizure and those treated with antiepileptic drugs prior to surgery were less likely to have intraoperative seizures (history: OR 0.61 [95% CI 0.38-0.96], chi-square = 4.65, p = 0.03; AED load: OR 0.46 [95% CI 0.26-0.80], chi-square = 7.64, p = 0.01). In a univariate analysis of genetic markers, amplification of genes encoding receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) was specifically identified as a positive predictor of seizures (OR 5.47 [95% CI 1.22-24.47], chi-square = 5.98, p = 0.01). In multivariate analyses considering RTK status, AED use, and either 2007 WHO tumor grade or modern 2016 WHO tumor groups, the authors found that amplification of the RTK proto-oncogene, MET, was most predictive of intraoperative seizure (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS This study describes a previously unreported association between genetic alterations in RTKs and the occurrence of intraoperative seizures during glioma resection with functional mapping. Future models estimating intraoperative seizure risk may be enhanced by inclusion of genetic criteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Douglas Maus
- 2Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Reiner B See
- 2Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mirela V Simon
- 2Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | |
Collapse
|
134
|
Ricklefs FL, Maire CL, Reimer R, Dührsen L, Kolbe K, Holz M, Schneider E, Rissiek A, Babayan A, Hille C, Pantel K, Krasemann S, Glatzel M, Heiland DH, Flitsch J, Martens T, Schmidt NO, Peine S, Breakefield XO, Lawler S, Chiocca EA, Fehse B, Giebel B, Görgens A, Westphal M, Lamszus K. Imaging flow cytometry facilitates multiparametric characterization of extracellular vesicles in malignant brain tumours. J Extracell Vesicles 2019; 8:1588555. [PMID: 30949309 PMCID: PMC6442086 DOI: 10.1080/20013078.2019.1588555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells release heterogeneous nano-sized vesicles either as exosomes, being derived from endosomal compartments, or through budding from the plasma membrane as so-called microvesicles, commonly referred to as extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs are known for their important roles in mammalian physiology and disease pathogenesis and provide a potential biomarker source in cancer patients. EVs are generally often analysed in bulk using Western blotting or by bead-based flow-cytometry or, with limited parameters, through nanoparticle tracking analysis. Due to their small size, single EV analysis is technically highly challenging. Here we demonstrate imaging flow cytometry (IFCM) to be a robust, multiparametric technique that allows analysis of single EVs and the discrimination of distinct EV subpopulations. We used IFCM to analyse the tetraspanin (CD9, CD63, CD81) surface profiles on EVs from human and murine cell cultures as well as plasma samples. The presence of EV subpopulations with specific tetraspanin profiles suggests that EV-mediated cellular responses are tightly regulated and dependent on cell environment. We further demonstrate that EVs with double positive tetraspanin expression (CD63+/CD81+) are enriched in cancer cell lines and patient plasma samples. In addition, we used IFCM to detect tumour-specific GFP-labelled EVs in the blood of mice bearing syngeneic intracerebral gliomas, indicating that this technique allows unprecedented disease modelling. In summary, our study highlights the heterogeneous and adaptable nature of EVs according to their marker profile and demonstrates that IFCM facilitates multiparametric phenotyping of EVs not only in vitro but also in patient plasma at a single EV level, with the potential for future functional studies and clinically relevant applications. Abbreviation: EDTA = ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Franz L. Ricklefs
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Cecile L. Maire
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Rudolph Reimer
- Leibnitz Institute for Experimental Virology, Heinrich-Pette-Institut, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lasse Dührsen
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Kolbe
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mareike Holz
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Enja Schneider
- Institute for Diagnostics and Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anne Rissiek
- Institute for Diagnostics and Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anna Babayan
- Department for Tumour Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Hille
- Department for Tumour Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Pantel
- Department for Tumour Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Krasemann
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Markus Glatzel
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dieter Henrik Heiland
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jörg Flitsch
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Martens
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nils Ole Schmidt
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sven Peine
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Xandra O. Breakefield
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital-East, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Sean Lawler
- Harvey Cushing Neurooncology Laboratories, Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - E. Antonio. Chiocca
- Harvey Cushing Neurooncology Laboratories, Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Boris Fehse
- Research Department Cell and Gene Therapy, Department of Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Gemany
| | - Bernd Giebel
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - André Görgens
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Evox Therapeutics Limited, Oxford, UK
| | - Manfred Westphal
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Katrin Lamszus
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
135
|
Hallal S, Ebrahimkhani S, Shivalingam B, Graeber MB, Kaufman KL, Buckland ME. The emerging clinical potential of circulating extracellular vesicles for non-invasive glioma diagnosis and disease monitoring. Brain Tumor Pathol 2019; 36:29-39. [PMID: 30859343 DOI: 10.1007/s10014-019-00335-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Diffuse gliomas (grades II-IV) are amongst the most frequent and devastating primary brain tumours of adults. Currently, patients are monitored by clinical examination and radiographic imaging, which can be challenging to interpret and insensitive to early signs of treatment failure and tumour relapse. While brain biopsy and histologic analysis can evaluate disease progression, serial biopsies are invasive and impractical given the cumulative surgical risk, and may not capture the complete molecular landscape of an evolving tumour. The availability of a minimally invasive 'liquid biopsy' that could assess tumour activity and molecular phenotype in situ has the potential to greatly enhance patient care. Circulating extracellular vesicles (EVs) hold significant promise as robust disease-specific biomarkers accessible in the blood of patients with glioblastoma and other diffuse gliomas. EVs are membrane-bound nanoparticles shed from most if not all cells of the body, and carry DNA, RNA, protein, and lipids that reflect the identity and molecular state of their cell-of-origin. EVs can cross the blood-brain barrier and their release is upregulated in neoplasia. In this review, we describe the current knowledge of EV biology, the role of EVs in glioma biology and the current experience and challenges in profiling glioma-EVs from the circulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susannah Hallal
- Brainstorm Brain Cancer Research, Brain Tumour Research Laboratories, Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Discipline of Pathology, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Saeideh Ebrahimkhani
- Discipline of Pathology, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Department of Neuropathology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Brain and Mind Centre, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Brindha Shivalingam
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Manuel B Graeber
- Brain Tumour Research Laboratories, Brain and Mind Centre, Charles Perkins Centre, Bosch Institute and School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Kimberley L Kaufman
- Brainstorm Brain Cancer Research, Brain Tumour Research Laboratories, Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Discipline of Pathology, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Department of Neurosurgery, Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael E Buckland
- Brainstorm Brain Cancer Research, Brain Tumour Research Laboratories, Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia. .,Discipline of Pathology, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia. .,Department of Neuropathology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Brain and Mind Centre, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
136
|
Azam Z, Quillien V, Wang G, To SST. The potential diagnostic and prognostic role of extracellular vesicles in glioma: current status and future perspectives. Acta Oncol 2019; 58:353-362. [PMID: 30632857 DOI: 10.1080/0284186x.2018.1551621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Lack of appropriate diagnostic/prognostic tools for glioblastoma (GB) is considered one of the major setbacks in the early diagnosis and treatment of this deadly brain tumor. The current gold standard for its diagnosis and staging still relies on invasive biopsy followed by histological examination as well as molecular profiling. Nevertheless, noninvasive approaches are being explored and one example is through the investigation of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in the biofluids of GB patients. EVs are known to carry molecular cargoes such as DNA, mRNA, miRNA, proteins and lipids in almost every type of body fluids. Thus, molecular signature of GB may be present in the EVs derived from these patients. This review focuses on the diagnostic/prognostic potential of EVs in GB, through presenting recent studies on (i) molecular components of EVs, (ii) links between EVs and GB tumor microenvironment, and (iii) clinical potential of EV biomarkers, together with the technical shortcomings researchers need to consider for future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zulfikar Azam
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Véronique Quillien
- Department of Biology, Centre de lutte contre le cancer Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Eighth People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shing-Shun Tony To
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| |
Collapse
|
137
|
Aslan C, Maralbashi S, Salari F, Kahroba H, Sigaroodi F, Kazemi T, Kharaziha P. Tumor-derived exosomes: Implication in angiogenesis and antiangiogenesis cancer therapy. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:16885-16903. [PMID: 30793767 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 01/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Tumor cells utilize different strategies to communicate with neighboring tissues for facilitating tumor progression and invasion, one of these strategies has been shown to be the release of exosomes. Exosomes are small nanovesicles secreted by all kind of cells in the body, especially cancer cells, and mediate cell to cell communications. Exosomes play an important role in cancer invasiveness by harboring various cargoes that could accelerate angiogenesis. Here first, we will present an overview of exosomes, their biology, and their function in the body. Then, we will focus on exosomes derived from tumor cells as tumor angiogenesis mediators with a particular emphasis on the underlying mechanisms in various cancer origins. Also, exosomes derived from stem cells and tumor-associated macrophages will be discussed in this regard. Finally, we will discuss the novel therapeutic strategies of exosomes as drug delivery vehicles against angiogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Aslan
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sepideh Maralbashi
- Student Research Committee, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Farhad Salari
- Student Research Committee, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Houman Kahroba
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Faraz Sigaroodi
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Tohid Kazemi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Pedram Kharaziha
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Linköping University Hospital, Linköping, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
138
|
Seoane J, De Mattos-Arruda L, Le Rhun E, Bardelli A, Weller M. Cerebrospinal fluid cell-free tumour DNA as a liquid biopsy for primary brain tumours and central nervous system metastases. Ann Oncol 2019; 30:211-218. [PMID: 30576421 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdy544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Challenges in obtaining tissue specimens from patients with brain tumours limit the diagnosis and molecular characterisation and impair the development of better therapeutic approaches. The analysis of cell-free tumour DNA in plasma (considered a liquid biopsy) has facilitated the characterisation of extra-cranial tumours. However, cell-free tumour DNA in plasma is limited in quantity and may not reliably capture the landscape of genomic alterations of brain tumours. Here, we review recent work assessing the relevance of cell-free tumour DNA from cerebrospinal fluid in the characterisation of brain cancer. We focus on the advances in the use of the cerebrospinal fluid as a source of cell-free tumour DNA to facilitate diagnosis, reveal actionable genomic alterations, monitor responses to therapy, and capture tumour heterogeneity in patients with primary brain tumours and brain and leptomeningeal metastases. Profiling cerebrospinal fluid cell-free tumour DNA provides the opportunity to precisely acquire and monitor genomic information in real time and guide precision therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Seoane
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona; CIBERONC, Barcelona; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès.
| | - L De Mattos-Arruda
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona
| | - E Le Rhun
- Lille University, Inserm U1192 PRISM, Villeneuve d'Ascq; Neuro-oncology, Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital, Lille; Neuro-oncology, Breast Unit, Department of Medical Oncology, Oscar Lambret Center, Lille, France
| | - A Bardelli
- Candiolo Cancer Institute-FPO, IRCCS, Candiolo (TO); Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Candiolo (TO), Italy
| | - M Weller
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
139
|
Indira Chandran V, Welinder C, Månsson AS, Offer S, Freyhult E, Pernemalm M, Lund SM, Pedersen S, Lehtiö J, Marko-Varga G, Johansson MC, Englund E, Sundgren PC, Belting M. Ultrasensitive Immunoprofiling of Plasma Extracellular Vesicles Identifies Syndecan-1 as a Potential Tool for Minimally Invasive Diagnosis of Glioma. Clin Cancer Res 2019; 25:3115-3127. [PMID: 30679164 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-2946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Liquid biopsy has great potential to improve the management of brain tumor patients at high risk of surgery-associated complications. Here, the aim was to explore plasma extracellular vesicle (plEV) immunoprofiling as a tool for noninvasive diagnosis of glioma. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN PlEV isolation and analysis were optimized using advanced mass spectrometry, nanoparticle tracking analysis, and electron microscopy. We then established a new procedure that combines size exclusion chromatography isolation and proximity extension assay-based ultrasensitive immunoprofiling of plEV proteins that was applied on a well-defined glioma study cohort (n = 82). RESULTS Among potential candidates, we for the first time identify syndecan-1 (SDC1) as a plEV constituent that can discriminate between high-grade glioblastoma multiforme (GBM, WHO grade IV) and low-grade glioma [LGG, WHO grade II; area under the ROC curve (AUC): 0.81; sensitivity: 71%; specificity: 91%]. These findings were independently validated by ELISA. Tumor SDC1 mRNA expression similarly discriminated between GBM and LGG in an independent glioma patient population from The Cancer Genome Atlas cohort (AUC: 0.91; sensitivity: 79%; specificity: 91%). In experimental studies with GBM cells, we show that SDC1 is efficiently sorted to secreted EVs. Importantly, we found strong support of plEVSDC1 originating from GBM tumors, as plEVSDC1 correlated with SDC1 protein expression in matched patient tumors, and plEVSDC1 was decreased postoperatively depending on the extent of surgery. CONCLUSIONS Our studies support the concept of circulating plEVs as a tool for noninvasive diagnosis and monitoring of gliomas and should move this field closer to the goal of improving the management of cancer patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vineesh Indira Chandran
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund, Section of Oncology and Pathology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Charlotte Welinder
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund, Section of Oncology and Pathology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Center of Excellence in Biological and Medical Mass Spectrometry (CEBMMS), Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ann-Sofie Månsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund, Section of Oncology and Pathology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Svenja Offer
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund, Section of Oncology and Pathology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Eva Freyhult
- National Bioinformatics Infrastructure, SciLife Lab, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria Pernemalm
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden
| | - Sigrid M Lund
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Shona Pedersen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.,Faculty of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Janne Lehtiö
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden
| | - Gyorgy Marko-Varga
- Center of Excellence in Biological and Medical Mass Spectrometry (CEBMMS), Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Clinical Protein Science and Imaging, Biomedical Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Maria C Johansson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund, Section of Oncology and Pathology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Elisabet Englund
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund, Section of Oncology and Pathology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Pia C Sundgren
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund, Section of Diagnostic Radiology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Lund BioImaging Centre, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Medical Imaging and Function, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Lund, Sweden
| | - Mattias Belting
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund, Section of Oncology and Pathology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden. .,Department of Hematology, Oncology and Radiophysics, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
140
|
Spinelli C, Adnani L, Choi D, Rak J. Extracellular Vesicles as Conduits of Non-Coding RNA Emission and Intercellular Transfer in Brain Tumors. Noncoding RNA 2018; 5:ncrna5010001. [PMID: 30585246 PMCID: PMC6468529 DOI: 10.3390/ncrna5010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-coding RNA (ncRNA) species have emerged in as molecular fingerprints and regulators of brain tumor pathogenesis and progression. While changes in ncRNA levels have been traditionally regarded as cell intrinsic there is mounting evidence for their extracellular and paracrine function. One of the key mechanisms that enables ncRNA to exit from cells is their selective packaging into extracellular vesicles (EVs), and trafficking in the extracellular space and biofluids. Vesicular export processes reduce intracellular levels of specific ncRNA in EV donor cells while creating a pool of EV-associated ncRNA in the extracellular space and biofluids that enables their uptake by other recipient cells; both aspects have functional consequences. Cancer cells produce several EV subtypes (exosomes, ectosomes), which differ in their ncRNA composition, properties and function. Several RNA biotypes have been identified in the cargo of brain tumor EVs, of which microRNAs are the most studied, but other species (snRNA, YRNA, tRNA, and lncRNA) are often more abundant. Of particular interest is the link between transforming oncogenes and the biogenesis, cargo, uptake and function of tumor-derived EV, including EV content of oncogenic RNA. The ncRNA repertoire of EVs isolated from cerebrospinal fluid and serum is being developed as a liquid biopsy platform in brain tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Spinelli
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada.
| | - Lata Adnani
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada.
| | - Dongsic Choi
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada.
| | - Janusz Rak
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
141
|
Bonner ER, Bornhorst M, Packer RJ, Nazarian J. Liquid biopsy for pediatric central nervous system tumors. NPJ Precis Oncol 2018; 2:29. [PMID: 30588509 PMCID: PMC6297139 DOI: 10.1038/s41698-018-0072-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) tumors are the most common solid tumors in children, and the leading cause of cancer-related death. Over the past decade, molecular profiling has been incorporated into treatment for pediatric CNS tumors, allowing for a more personalized approach to therapy. Through the identification of tumor-specific changes, it is now possible to diagnose, assign a prognostic subgroup, and develop targeted chemotherapeutic treatment plans for many cancer types. The successful incorporation of informative liquid biopsies, where the liquid biome is interrogated for tumor-associated molecular clues, has the potential to greatly complement the precision-based approach to treatment, and ultimately, to improve clinical outcomes for children with CNS tumors. In this article, the current application of liquid biopsy in cancer therapy will be reviewed, as will its potential for the diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring of pediatric CNS tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erin R Bonner
- 1Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC 20010 USA.,2Institute for Biomedical Sciences, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20052 USA
| | - Miriam Bornhorst
- 1Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC 20010 USA.,3Brain Tumor Institute, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC 20010 USA
| | - Roger J Packer
- 3Brain Tumor Institute, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC 20010 USA
| | - Javad Nazarian
- 1Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC 20010 USA.,3Brain Tumor Institute, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC 20010 USA.,4Department of Genomics and Precision Medicine, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20052 USA
| |
Collapse
|
142
|
Guo P, Yu Y, Tian Z, Lin Y, Qiu Y, Yao W, Zhang L. Upregulation of miR-96 promotes radioresistance in glioblastoma cells via targeting PDCD4. Int J Oncol 2018; 53:1591-1600. [PMID: 30066909 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2018.4498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most deadly brain tumor, and it is characterized by extremely poor therapeutic response and overall survival. Adjuvant radiotherapy remains the standard of care following surgical resection. Thus, elucidating the mechanisms conferring radioresistance in GBM is extremely urgent. In the present study, miR-96 was demonstrated to be significantly upregulated in radioresistant GBM cells. Knockdown of miR-96 in the radioresistant GBM cells T98G elevated the % of apoptotic cells and reduced their clonogenic formation ability following radiotherapy. By contrast, overexpression of miR-96 in the radiosensitive GBM cells U87-MG reduced the % of apoptotic cells and increased their clonogenic formation ability following radiotherapy. Results from phosphorylated-H2A histone family member X (γH2AX) foci staining and comet assays revealed that miR-96 enhanced the DNA repair processes. Furthermore, miR-96 overexpression conferred radioresistance by downregulating programmed cell death protein 4 (PDCD4). Luciferase assay results revealed that miR-96 bound to the 3'UTR of PDCD4 mRNA. Finally, U87-MG cells regained radiosensitivity following PDCD4 overexpression. Taken together, the present is the first study to establish that upregulation of miR-96 in GBM cells confers radioresistance via targeting PDCD4, which might be a potential therapeutic target for GBM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pin Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China
| | - Yanan Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China
| | - Zibin Tian
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China
| | - Yingying Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, P.R. China
| | - Yongming Qiu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, P.R. China
| | - Weicheng Yao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
143
|
Abstract
The detection of glioblastoma (GBM) in biofluids offers potential advantages over existing paradigms for the diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring of glial tumors. Biofluid-based detection of GBM focuses on detecting tumor-specific biomarkers in the blood and CSF. Current clinical research concentrates on studying 3 distinct tumor-related elements: extracellular macromolecules, extracellular vesicles, and circulating tumor cells. Investigations into these 3 biological classifications span the range of locales for tumor-specific biomarker discovery, and combined, have the potential to significantly impact GBM diagnosis, monitoring for treatment response, and surveillance for recurrence. This review highlights the recent advancements in the development of biomarkers and their efficacy for the detection of GBM.
Collapse
|
144
|
|
145
|
Nogués L, Benito-Martin A, Hergueta-Redondo M, Peinado H. The influence of tumour-derived extracellular vesicles on local and distal metastatic dissemination. Mol Aspects Med 2018; 60:15-26. [PMID: 29196097 PMCID: PMC5856602 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2017.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are key mediators of intercellular communication that have been ignored for decades. Tumour cells benefit from the secretion of vesicles as they can influence the behaviour of neighbouring tumour cells within the tumour microenvironment. Several studies have shown that extracellular vesicles play an active role in pre-metastatic niche formation and importantly, they are involved in the metastatic organotropism of different tumour types. Tumour-derived EVs carry and transfer molecules to recipient cells, modifying their behaviour through a process defined as "EV-driven education". EVs favour metastasis to sentinel lymph nodes and distal organs by reinforcing angiogenesis, inflammation and lymphangiogenesis. Hence, in this review we will summarize the main mechanisms by which tumour-derived EVs regulate lymph node and distal organ metastasis. Moreover, since some cancers metastasize through the lymphatic system, we will discuss recent discoveries about the presence and function of tumour EVs in the lymph. Finally, we will address the potential value of tumour EVs as prognostic biomarkers in liquid biopsies, specially blood and lymphatic fluid, and the use of these tools as early detectors of metastases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Nogués
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Department of Pediatrics, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Alberto Benito-Martin
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Department of Pediatrics, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Marta Hergueta-Redondo
- Microenvironment and Metastasis Group, Department of Molecular Oncology, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Héctor Peinado
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Department of Pediatrics, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA; Microenvironment and Metastasis Group, Department of Molecular Oncology, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
146
|
Abstract
Oncologic diseases do not behave as isolated entities. Instead, they are based on complex systemic networks involving cell-cell communication between cancerous and healthy cells of the host, which may either facilitate or prevent cancer progression. In addition to cell-cell contacts, cells communicate through secreted factors in a process modulated by ligand concentration, receptor availability and synergy amongst several signaling circuits. Of these secreted factors, exosomes, 30-150 nm membrane vesicles of endocytic origin released by virtually all cells, have emerged as important cell-cell communication players both in physiological and pathological scenarios by being carriers of all the main biomolecules, including lipids, proteins, DNAs, messenger RNAs and microRNA, and performing intercellular transfer of components, locally and systemically. By acting both in tumor and non-tumor cells, such as fibroblasts, leukocytes, endothelial and progenitor cells, tumor- and non-tumor cells-derived exosomes can modulate tumor growth and invasion, tumor-associated angiogenesis, tissue inflammation and the immune system. In this Review, we summarize the main findings of the literature on the roles of exosomes in mediating interactions between tumor and tumor-associated cells. We also discuss how the molecular composition analysis of circulating exosomes in clinical settings has emerged as an attractive non-invasive source of liquid biopsies for early diagnosis, prognosis and follow-up of patients with oncologic diseases.
Collapse
|
147
|
Fontanilles M, Duran-Peña A, Idbaih A. Liquid Biopsy in Primary Brain Tumors: Looking for Stardust! Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2018. [PMID: 29520561 DOI: 10.1007/s11910-018-0820-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Personalized medicine is a challenge to improve survival and quality of life of patients suffering from primary malignant brain tumor. Molecular biology is integrated in initial diagnosis and relapse, and, in the nearest future, over treatment schedule and monitoring. Liquid biopsy is a minimally invasive way to obtain tumor material. RECENT FINDINGS Over the past years, three fluids have been explored to provide tumor information in primary malignant brain tumor: blood, cerebrospinal fluid, and vitreous liquid. Different tumor components were identified: (1) circulating tumor cells, (2) circulating tumor DNA, (3) RNA and non-coding miRNA, and (4) extracellular vesicles. The performance of the liquid biopsy depends on the tumor type and on the method of detection. Liquid biopsy could be a valuable tool to improve patient care in primary malignant brain tumor. Improvement of its sensitivity is the major challenge to generalize its use in daily practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Fontanilles
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245, IRON Group, Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen University Hospital, F-76031, Rouen, France.,AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires La Pitié Salpêtrière - Charles Foix, Service de Neurologie 2-Mazarin, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Alberto Duran-Peña
- AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires La Pitié Salpêtrière - Charles Foix, Service de Neurologie 2-Mazarin, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Ahmed Idbaih
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires La Pitié Salpêtrière - Charles Foix, Service de Neurologie 2-Mazarin, F-75013, Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
148
|
Robbins PD. Extracellular vesicles and aging. Stem Cell Investig 2017; 4:98. [PMID: 29359137 DOI: 10.21037/sci.2017.12.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Aging and the chronic diseases associated with aging place a tremendous burden on our healthcare system. As our world population ages dramatically over the next decades, this will only increase. Hence, there is a great need to discover fundamental mechanisms of aging to enable development of strategies for minimizing the impact of aging on our health and economy. There is general agreement that cell autonomous mechanisms contribute to aging. As cells accrue damage over time, they respond to it by triggering individual cell fate decisions that ultimately disrupt tissue homeostasis and thus increase risk of morbidity. However, there are numerous lines of evidence, including heterochronic parabiosis and plasma transfer, indicating that cell non-autonomous mechanisms are critically important for aging as well. In addition, senescent cells, which accumulate in tissues with age, can display a senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) that contributes to driving aging and loss of tissue homeostasis through a non-cell autonomous mechanism(s). Given the diverse roles of blood-borne extracellular vesicles (EVs) in modulating not only the immune response, but also angiogenesis and tissue regeneration, they likely play a key role in modulating the aging process through cell non-autonomous mechanisms. The fact that senescent cells release more EVs and with a different composition suggests they contribute to the adverse effects of senescence on aging. In addition, the ability of EVs from functional progenitor cells to promote tissue regeneration suggests that stem cell-derived EVs could be used therapeutically to extend healthspan. This review focuses on the potential roles of EVs in aging, the potential of EV-based therapeutic applications for extending healthspan and the potential for use of circulating EVs as biomarkers of unhealthy aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul D Robbins
- Department of Molecular Medicine and the Center on Aging, the Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, USA
| |
Collapse
|
149
|
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Minimally invasive methods will augment the clinical approach for establishing the diagnosis or monitoring treatment response of central nervous system tumors. Liquid biopsy by blood or cerebrospinal fluid sampling holds promise in this regard. Areas covered: In this literature review, the authors highlight recent studies describing the analysis of circulating tumor cells, cell free nucleic acids, and extracellular vesicles as strategies to accomplish liquid biopsy in glioblastoma and metastatic tumors. The authors then discuss the continued efforts to improve signal detection, standardize the liquid biopsy handling and preparation, develop platforms for clinical application, and establish a role for liquid biopsies in personalized medicine. Expert commentary: As the technologies used to analyze these biomarkers continue to evolve, we propose that there is a future potential to precisely diagnose and monitor treatment response with liquid biopsies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh M. Shankar
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Leonora Balaj
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shannon L. Stott
- Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brian Nahed
- Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bob S. Carter
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
150
|
Molecular mechanisms underlying gliomas and glioblastoma pathogenesis revealed by bioinformatics analysis of microarray data. Med Oncol 2017; 34:182. [PMID: 28952134 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-017-1043-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to identify key genes associated with gliomas and glioblastoma and to explore the related signaling pathways. Gene expression profiles of three glioma stem cell line samples, three normal astrocyte samples, three astrocyte overexpressing 4 iPSC-inducing and oncogenic factors (myc(T58A), OCT-4, p53DD, and H-Ras(G12V)) samples, three astrocyte overexpressing 7 iPSC-inducing and oncogenic factors (OCT4, H-Ras(G12V), myc(T58A), p53DD, cyclin D1, CDK4(RC24) and hTERT) samples and three glioblastoma cell line samples were downloaded from the ArrayExpress database (accession: E-MTAB-4771). The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in gliomas and glioblastoma were identified using FDR and t tests, and protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks for these DEGs were constructed using the protein interaction network analysis. The GeneTrail2 1.5 tool was used to identify potentially enriched biological processes among the DEGs using gene ontology (GO) terms and to identify the related pathways using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes, Reactome and WikiPathways pathway database. In addition, crucial modules of the constructed PPI networks were identified using the PEWCC1 plug-in, and their topological properties were analyzed using NetworkAnalyzer, both available from Cytoscape. We also constructed microRNA-target gene regulatory network and transcription factor-target gene regulatory network for these DEGs were constructed using the miRNet and binding and expression target analysis. We identified 200 genes that could potentially be involved in the gliomas and glioblastoma. Among them, bioinformatics analysis identified 137 up-regulated and 63 down-regulated DEGs in gliomas and glioblastoma. The significant enriched pathway (PI3K-Akt) for up-regulated genes such as COL4A1, COL4A2, EGFR, FGFR1, LAPR6, MYC, PDGFA, SPP1 were selected as well as significant GO term (ear development) for up-regulated genes such as CELSR1, CHRNA9, DDR1, FGFR1, GLI2, LGR5, SOX2, TSHR were selected, while the significant enriched pathway (amebiasis) for down-regulated gene such as COL3A1, COL5A2, LAMA2 were selected as well as significant GO term (RNA polymerase II core promoter proximal region sequence-specific binding (5) such as MEIS2, MEOX2, NR2E1, PITX2, TFAP2B, ZFPM2 were selected. Importantly, MYC and SOX2 were hub proteins in the up-regulated PPI network, while MET and CDKN2A were hub proteins in the down-regulated PPI network. After network module analysis, MYC, FGFR1 and HOXA10 were selected as the up-regulated coexpressed genes in the gliomas and glioblastoma, while SH3GL3 and SNRPN were selected as the down-regulated coexpressed genes in the gliomas and glioblastoma. MicroRNA hsa-mir-22-3p had a regulatory effect on the most up DEGs, including VSNL1, while hsa-mir-103a-3p had a regulatory effect on the most down DEGs, including DAPK1. Transcription factor EZH2 had a regulatory effect on the both up and down DEGs, including CD9, CHI3L1, MEIS2 and NR2E1. The DEGs, such as MYC, FGFR1, CDKN2A, HOXA10 and MET, may be used for targeted diagnosis and treatment of gliomas and glioblastoma.
Collapse
|