101
|
Kiyomi A, Makita M, Ozeki T, Li N, Satomura A, Tanaka S, Onda K, Sugiyama K, Iwase T, Hirano T. Characterization and Clinical Implication of Th1/Th2/Th17 Cytokines Produced from Three-Dimensionally Cultured Tumor Tissues Resected from Breast Cancer Patients. Transl Oncol 2015; 8:318-26. [PMID: 26310378 PMCID: PMC4562984 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: Several cytokines secreted from breast cancer tissues are suggested to be related to disease prognosis. We examined Th1/Th2/Th17 cytokines produced from three-dimensionally cultured breast cancer tissues and related them with patient clinical profiles. METHODS: 21 tumor tissues and 9 normal tissues surgically resected from breast cancer patients were cultured in thermoreversible gelatin polymer–containing medium. Tissue growth and Th1/Th2/Th17 cytokine concentrations in the culture medium were analyzed and were related with hormone receptor expressions and patient clinical profiles. RESULTS: IL-6 and IL-10 were expressed highly in culture medium of both cancer and normal tissues. However, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-2, and IL-17A were not detected in the supernatant of the three-dimensionally cultured normal mammary gland and are seemed to be specific to breast cancer tissues. The growth abilities of hormone receptor–negative cancer tissues were significantly higher than those of receptor-positive tissues (P = 0.0383). Cancer tissues of stage ≥ IIB patients expressed significantly higher TNF-α levels as compared with those of patients with stage < IIB (P = 0.0096). CONCLUSIONS: The tumor tissues resected from breast cancer patients can grow in the three-dimensional thermoreversible gelatin polymer culture system and produce Th1/Th2/Th17 cytokines. Hormone receptor–positive cancer tissues showed less growth ability. TNF-α is suggested to be a biomarker for the cancer stage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kiyomi
- Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan.
| | - Masujiro Makita
- The Cancer Institute Hospital of JFCR, Department of Breast Oncology, 3-8-31 Ariake, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-8550, Japan; Nippon Medical School Musashi Kosugi Hospital, Department of Breast Surgery, 1-396 Kosugimachi, Nakahara-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 211-8533, Japan.
| | - Tomoko Ozeki
- Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan.
| | - Na Li
- Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan.
| | - Aiko Satomura
- Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan.
| | - Sachiko Tanaka
- Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan.
| | - Kenji Onda
- Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan.
| | - Kentaro Sugiyama
- Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan.
| | - Takuji Iwase
- The Cancer Institute Hospital of JFCR, Department of Breast Oncology, 3-8-31 Ariake, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-8550, Japan.
| | - Toshihiko Hirano
- Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
102
|
So KA, Min KJ, Hong JH, Lee JK. Interleukin-6 expression by interactions between gynecologic cancer cells and human mesenchymal stem cells promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Int J Oncol 2015; 47:1451-9. [PMID: 26316317 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2015.3122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) facilitates the invasion and metastasis of cancer cells. EMT seems to be mediated by the interaction between cancer cells and human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) in the tumor microenvironment. The present study is intended to identify specific cytokines as potent inducers of EMT associated hMSCs-tumor interactions. We used ovarian cancer cell lines (SKOV-3 and IGROV-1), endometrial cancer cell line (Ishikawa) and hMSCs (bone marrow MSC, amniotic membrane MSC and decidua MSC). The expressions of EMT markers (E-cadherin, Snail, Twist and N-cadherin) were analyzed using quantitative RT-PCR, immunofluorescence and western blot analysis. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-2 and MMP-9), Matrigel invasion assay, and wound healing assay were used to analyze cell migration and invasion. Gynecologic cancer cells directly co-cultured with hMSCs had contact-dependent altered morphology and growth patterns. IL-6 was elevated in all co-cultures using a human cytokine array. After IL-6 treatment of cancer cell lines, RT-PCR and western blot analysis indicated a decrease in an epithelial marker and an increase in mesenchymal markers. Also, cancer cells with IL-6 significantly increase in MMP-2 and MMP-9 and significantly enhance the migration ability compared to untreated cells (P<0.05), as shown by wound healing assay. On Matrigel invasion assay, treated cells displayed significantly increased invasiveness compared to untreated cancer cells. Gyneocologic cancer cells exposed to IL-6 acquired mesenchymal properties that facilitated metastasis and invasion by promoting EMT. The present study suggests that IL-6 of the tumor microenvironment has a critical role in oncogenic EMT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyeong A So
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cheil General Hospital and Women's Healthcare Center, Dankook university College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Jin Min
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Guro Hospital, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hwa Hong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Guro Hospital, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Kwan Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Guro Hospital, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
103
|
RNAi-mediated silencing of Anxa2 inhibits breast cancer cell proliferation by downregulating cyclin D1 in STAT3-dependent pathway. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2015; 153:263-75. [PMID: 26253946 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-015-3529-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Although the upregulated expression of Anxa2 has been implicated in carcinogenesis, cancer progression, and poor prognosis of cancer patients, the detailed molecular mechanisms involved in these processes remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the effect of Anxa2 downregulation with small interference RNA on breast cancer proliferation. To explore molecular mechanisms underlying Anxa2-mediated cancer cell proliferation. We analyzed cell cycle distribution and signaling pathways using semi-quantitative real-time PCR and Western blotting. Anxa2 depletion in breast cancer cells significantly inhibited cell proliferation by decelerating cell cycle progression. The retarded G1-to-S phase transition in Anxa2-silenced cells was attributed to the decreased levels of cyclin D1, which is a crucial promoting factor for cell proliferation because it regulates G1-to-S phase transition during cell cycle progression. We provided evidence that Anxa2 regulates epidermal growth factor-induced phosphorylation of STAT3. The reduced expression of phosphorylated STAT3 is the main factor responsible for decreased cyclin D1 levels in Anxa2-silenced breast cancer cells. Our results revealed the direct relationship between Anxa2 and activation of STAT3, a key transcription factor that plays a pivotal role in regulating breast cancer proliferation and survival. This study provides novel insights into the functions of Anxa2 as a critical molecule in cellular signal transduction and significantly improves our understanding of the mechanism through which Anxa2 regulates cell cycle and cancer cell proliferation.
Collapse
|
104
|
Yoon N, Park MS, Peltier GC, Lee RH. Pre-activated human mesenchymal stromal cells in combination with doxorubicin synergistically enhance tumor-suppressive activity in mice. Cytotherapy 2015; 17:1332-41. [PMID: 26227206 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2015.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Previously, we showed that human mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSCs) were activated to express tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) upon TNF-α stimulation, induced cell death in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) MDA-MB-231 cells (MDA), and RNA released from apoptotic MDA further increased TRAIL expression in hMSCs. This feed-forward stimulation increased apoptosis in MDA cells. Here, we tested whether TRAIL-expressing hMSCs, in combination with a sub-toxic-dose of a chemotherapy drug doxorubicin, would overcome TRAIL resistance and create synergistic effects on targeting metastatic TNBC. METHODS To optimize conditions for the combination treatment, we (i) selected an optimal condition to activate hMSCs for TRAIL expression, (ii) selected an optimal dose of doxorubicin treatment, (iii) examined underlying mechanisms in vitro and (iv) tested the efficacy of the optimized conditions in a xenograft mouse model of human breast cancer lung metastasis. RESULTS The results showed that DNA fragments from apoptotic MDA triggered hMSCs to increase further TRAIL expression in an absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2)-dependent manner, and thus higher TRAIL-expressing hMSCs stimulated with synthetic DNA, poly(deoxyadenylic-deoxythymidylic) acid [poly(dA:dT)], more effectively suppressed tumor progression in vivo. Furthermore, activated hMSCs increased apoptosis in MDA cells when combined with a sub-toxic dose of doxorubicin, which was mediated by up-regulating TRAIL and Fas-related pathways. When we combined the optimized conditions, pre-activated hMSCs with poly (dA:dT) synergistically reduced tumor burden even with minimal doxorubicin treatment in a xenograft mouse model of human breast cancer lung metastasis. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the treatment of hMSCs with a sub-toxic dose of doxorubicin can overcome TRAIL resistance and be a potential novel therapy for TNBC metastasis treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nara Yoon
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, Texas, USA
| | - Min Sung Park
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, Texas, USA
| | - Grantham C Peltier
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, Texas, USA
| | - Ryang Hwa Lee
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, Texas, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
105
|
Abdul Rahim SN, Ho GY, Coward JIG. The role of interleukin-6 in malignant mesothelioma. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2015; 4:55-66. [PMID: 25806346 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2218-6751.2014.07.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Malignant mesothelioma (MM) still remains a dismal disease with a median overall survival between 9-12 months. During the past decade since the introduction of the multi-folate antagonist, pemetrexed, there have been no significant advances in its systemic treatment, particularly with novel therapeutics that have exhibited varying degrees of success in other solid tumours. In recent years, the pleiotropic proinflammatory cytokine, interleukin-6 (IL-6) has emerged as a mediator of pivotal processes such as cell proliferation and chemoresistance within the mesothelioma tumour microenvironment in addition to clinical symptoms commonly witnessed in this disease. This manuscript provides a brief summary on the pathophysiology and clinical management of MM, followed by the role of IL-6 in its tumourigenesis and the rationale for utilising anti-IL-6 therapeutics alongside standard chemotherapy and targeted agents in an attempt to prolong survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siti N Abdul Rahim
- 1 Inflammation & Cancer Therapeutics Group, Mater Research, University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, QLD, 4102, Australia ; 2 School of Chemistry & Molecular Bioscience, 3 School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia ; 4 Mater Health Services, Raymond Terrace, South Brisbane, QLD 4101, Australia
| | - Gwo Y Ho
- 1 Inflammation & Cancer Therapeutics Group, Mater Research, University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, QLD, 4102, Australia ; 2 School of Chemistry & Molecular Bioscience, 3 School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia ; 4 Mater Health Services, Raymond Terrace, South Brisbane, QLD 4101, Australia
| | - Jermaine I G Coward
- 1 Inflammation & Cancer Therapeutics Group, Mater Research, University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, QLD, 4102, Australia ; 2 School of Chemistry & Molecular Bioscience, 3 School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia ; 4 Mater Health Services, Raymond Terrace, South Brisbane, QLD 4101, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
106
|
Esquivel-Velázquez M, Ostoa-Saloma P, Palacios-Arreola MI, Nava-Castro KE, Castro JI, Morales-Montor J. The role of cytokines in breast cancer development and progression. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2015; 35:1-16. [PMID: 25068787 PMCID: PMC4291218 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2014.0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 318] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines are highly inducible, secretory proteins that mediate intercellular communication in the immune system. They are grouped into several protein families that are referred to as tumor necrosis factors, interleukins, interferons, and colony-stimulating factors. In recent years, it has become clear that some of these proteins as well as their receptors are produced in the organisms under physiological and pathological conditions. The exact initiation process of breast cancer is unknown, although several hypotheses have emerged. Inflammation has been proposed as an important player in tumor initiation, promotion, angiogenesis, and metastasis, all phenomena in which cytokines are prominent players. The data here suggest that cytokines play an important role in the regulation of both induction and protection in breast cancer. This knowledge could be fundamental for the proposal of new therapeutic approaches to particularly breast cancer and other cancer-related disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Esquivel-Velázquez
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, México
| | - Pedro Ostoa-Saloma
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, México
| | | | - Karen E. Nava-Castro
- Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, SSA, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Julieta Ivonne Castro
- Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, SSA, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Jorge Morales-Montor
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, México
| |
Collapse
|
107
|
Itou J, Tanaka S, Sato F, Akiyama R, Kawakami Y, Toi M. An optical labeling-based proliferation assay system reveals the paracrine effect of interleukin-6 in breast cancer. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2014; 1853:27-40. [PMID: 25305574 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Proliferation analysis is one of the basic approaches to characterize various cell types. In conventional cell proliferation assays, the same sample cannot be observed over time, nor can a specific group within a heterogeneous population of cells, for example, cancerous cells, be analyzed separately. To overcome these limitations, we established an optical labeling-based proliferation assay system with the Kaede protein, whose fluorescence can be irreversibly photo converted from green to red by irradiation. After a single non-toxic photoconversion event, the intensity of red fluorescence in each cell is reduced by cell division. From this, we developed a simple method to quantify cell proliferation by monitoring reduction of red fluorescence over time. This study shows that the optical labeling-based proliferation assay is a viable novel method to analyze cell proliferation, and could enhance our understanding of mechanisms regulating cell proliferation machinery. We used this newly established system to analyze the functions of secreted interleukin-6 (IL-6) in cancer cell proliferation, which had not been fully characterized. Reduction in proliferation was observed following IL-6 knockdown. However, after co-culturing with IL-6-expressing cells, the proliferation of Kaede-labeled IL-6-knockdown cells was restored. These data indicate that in basal-like breast cancer cells, IL-6 exhibits a paracrine effect to positively regulate cell proliferation. Our results thus demonstrate that cancer cells can secrete signaling molecules, such as IL-6, to support the proliferation of other cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junji Itou
- Department of Breast Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
| | - Sunao Tanaka
- Department of Breast Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Sato
- Department of Breast Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Ryutaro Akiyama
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of MN, 321 Church Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Stem Cell Institute, University of MN, 321 Church Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Yasuhiko Kawakami
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of MN, 321 Church Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Stem Cell Institute, University of MN, 321 Church Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Developmental Biology Center, University of MN, 321 Church Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Lillehei Heart Institute, University of MN, 321 Church Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Masakazu Toi
- Department of Breast Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
108
|
Hendrayani SF, Al-Khalaf HH, Aboussekhra A. The cytokine IL-6 reactivates breast stromal fibroblasts through transcription factor STAT3-dependent up-regulation of the RNA-binding protein AUF1. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:30962-76. [PMID: 25231991 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.594044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The development and spread of mammary carcinomas require synergetic interplay between tumor cells and their microenvironment through paracrine secretions, which are still not well defined. We have shown here that interleukin-6 (IL-6), either recombinant or secreted from highly invasive breast cancer cells, down-regulates the tumor suppressor proteins p16(INK4A), p21(WAF1), and p53 and activates breast stromal fibroblasts in a paracrine manner. The formation of myofibroblasts requires p16(INK4A) down-regulation and the activation of the JAK2/STAT3 pathway. Indeed, the transcription factor STAT3 positively controls the expression of the three major myofibroblast markers, SDF-1, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), and TGF-β1, and mediates IL-6-related down-regulation of p16(INK4A), p21(WAF1), and p53 as well as the activation of stromal fibroblasts. Importantly, these effects were mediated through STAT3-dependent up-regulation of the mRNA-binding protein AUF1, whose promoter contains three canonical STAT3 binding sites. AUF1 binds the SDF-1, α-SMA, TGF-β1, and IL-6 mRNAs and reduces their turnover. Consequently, specific AUF1 down-regulation inhibits IL-6-dependent activation of breast stromal fibroblasts, whereas AUF1 ectopic expression of p37(AUF1) activated these cells and enhanced their paracrine induction of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in breast cancer cells, which shows a non-cell-autonomous oncogenic function of AUF1. Together, these results demonstrate a major role of IL-6 in activating breast stromal fibroblasts through STAT3-dependent AUF1 induction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siti-Fauziah Hendrayani
- From the Department of Molecular Oncology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, MBC 03, P.O. Box 3354, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia and
| | - Huda H Al-Khalaf
- From the Department of Molecular Oncology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, MBC 03, P.O. Box 3354, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia and the Joint Center for Genomics Research, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdelilah Aboussekhra
- From the Department of Molecular Oncology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, MBC 03, P.O. Box 3354, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia and
| |
Collapse
|
109
|
Snyder M, Huang J, Huang XY, Zhang JJ. A signal transducer and activator of transcription 3·Nuclear Factor κB (Stat3·NFκB) complex is necessary for the expression of fascin in metastatic breast cancer cells in response to interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:30082-9. [PMID: 25213863 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.591719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
IL-6 mediated activation of Stat3 is a major signaling pathway in the process of breast cancer metastasis. One important mechanism by which the IL-6/Stat3 pathway promotes metastasis is through transcriptional regulation of the actin-bundling protein fascin. In this study, we further analyzed the transcriptional regulation of the fascin gene promoter. We show that in addition to IL-6, TNF-α increases Stat3 and NFκB binding to the fascin promoter to induce its expression. We also show that NFκB is required for Stat3 recruitment to the fascin promoter in response to IL-6. Furthermore, Stat3 and NFκB form a protein complex in response to cytokine stimulation. Finally, we demonstrate that an overlapping STAT/NFκB site in a highly conserved 160-bp region of the fascin promoter is sufficient and necessary to induce transcription in response to IL-6 and TNF-α.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marylynn Snyder
- From the Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Cornell University Weill Medical College, New York, New York 10065
| | - Jianyun Huang
- From the Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Cornell University Weill Medical College, New York, New York 10065
| | - Xin-Yun Huang
- From the Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Cornell University Weill Medical College, New York, New York 10065
| | - J Jillian Zhang
- From the Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Cornell University Weill Medical College, New York, New York 10065
| |
Collapse
|
110
|
Oh K, Lee OY, Shon SY, Nam O, Ryu PM, Seo MW, Lee DS. A mutual activation loop between breast cancer cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells facilitates spontaneous metastasis through IL-6 trans-signaling in a murine model. Breast Cancer Res 2014; 15:R79. [PMID: 24021059 PMCID: PMC3979084 DOI: 10.1186/bcr3473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2012] [Revised: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tumor cell interactions with the microenvironment, especially those of bone-marrow-derived myeloid cells, are important in various aspects of tumor metastasis. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) have been suggested to constitute tumor-favoring microenvironments. In this study, we elucidated a novel mechanism by which the MDSCs can mediate spontaneous distant metastasis of breast cancer cells. METHODS Murine breast cancer cells, 4T1 and EMT6, were orthotopically grafted into the mammary fat pads of syngeneic BALB/c mice. CD11b(+)Gr-1(+) MDSCs in the spleen, liver, lung and primary tumor mass were analyzed. To evaluate the role of MDSCs in the distant metastasis, MDSCs were depleted or reconstituted in tumor-bearing mice. To evaluate whether MDSCs in the metastasizing tumor microenvironment affect breast cancer cell behavior, MDSCs and cancer cells were co-cultivated. To investigate the role of MDSCs in in vivo metastasis, we blocked the interactions between MDSCs and cancer cells. RESULTS Using a murine breast cancer cell model, we showed that murine breast cancer cells with high IL-6 expression recruited more MDSCs and that the metastasizing capacity of cancer cells paralleled MDSC recruitment in tumor-bearing mice. Metastasizing, but not non-metastasizing, tumor-derived factors induced MDSCs to increase IL-6 production and full activation of recruited MDSCs occurred in the primary tumor site and metastatic organ in the vicinity of metastasizing cancer cells, but not in lymphoid organs. In addition, tumor-expanded MDSCs expressed Adam-family proteases, which facilitated shedding of IL-6 receptor, thereby contributing to breast cancer cell invasiveness and distant metastasis through IL-6 trans-signaling. The critical role of IL-6 trans-signaling was confirmed in both the afferent and efferent pathways of metastasis. CONCLUSION In this study, we showed that metastasizing cancer cells induced higher MDSCs infiltration and prompted them to secret exaggerated IL-6 as well as soluble IL-6Ra, which, in turn, triggered a persistent increase of pSTAT3 in tumor cells. This potential tumor-MDSC axis involving IL-6 trans-signaling directly affected breast cancer cell aggressiveness, leading to spontaneous metastasis.
Collapse
|
111
|
Alokail MS, Al-Daghri NM, Mohammed AK, Vanhoutte P, Alenad A. Increased TNF α, IL-6 and ErbB2 mRNA expression in peripheral blood leukocytes from breast cancer patients. Med Oncol 2014; 31:38. [PMID: 24961464 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-014-0038-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Obesity has been associated with increased incidence and mortality of breast cancer. The precise relation between obesity and breast cancer is yet to be determined, with few studies linking them with altered serum levels adipokines and inflammatory cytokines. The relevance of the expression of genes encoding for adipokines and inflammatory cytokines in the peripheral blood and their contribution to obesity and breast cancer has not been fully investigated. We aim to identify potential transcriptional biomarkers in blood samples that may assist to underpin the link between obesity and breast cancer. Therefore, have investigated whether or not the expression levels, of selected genes [tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), interleukin 6 (IL-6), adiponectin, leptin, C-reactive protein (CRP), parathyroid hormone (PTH), tumor protein 53 (TP53) and erythroblastic leukemia viral oncogene 2 (ErbB2)] were altered in blood samples of lean, overweight/obese and breast cancer subjects. Blood samples were obtained from 37 lean, 19 overweight/obese and 12 breast cancer patients. Real-time polymerase chain reaction assays were performed to detect TNFα, IL-6, adiponectin, leptin, CRP, PTH, TP53 and ErbB2 gene transcripts. Transcript levels of TNFα were significantly higher by 1.4-fold and 2.1-fold in blood cells of overweight/obese and breast cancer patients, respectively, compared with lean control subjects. Transcript levels of IL-6 were significantly higher by 2.3-fold in blood cells from breast cancer patients compared with lean control subjects with normal body mass index, and no significant difference was found in the expression level of IL-6 transcripts between overweight/obese and lean control subjects. The ErbB2 transcript levels were significantly higher by 4.72-fold compared to lean control subjects and were also significantly higher compared to overweight/obese subjects. Breast cancer and obesity are associated with altered mRNA levels of cytokines and tumor marker in peripheral blood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Majed S Alokail
- Biomarkers Research Program, Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, PO Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
112
|
Dittmer J, Leyh B. The impact of tumor stroma on drug response in breast cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2014; 31:3-15. [PMID: 24912116 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2014.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In the last two decades the breast cancer mortality rate has steadily declined, in part, due to the availability of better treatment options. However, drug resistance still remains a major challenge. Resistance can be an inherent feature of breast cancer cells, but can also arise from the tumor microenvironment. This review aims to focus on the modulatory effect of the tumor microenvironment on the differing response of breast cancer subtypes to targeted drugs and chemotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Dittmer
- Clinic for Gynecology, University of Halle, Halle/Saale, Germany.
| | - Benjamin Leyh
- Clinic for Gynecology, University of Halle, Halle/Saale, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
113
|
Yamada S, Okumura N, Wei L, Fuchs BC, Fujii T, Sugimoto H, Nomoto S, Takeda S, Tanabe KK, Kodera Y. Epithelial to mesenchymal transition is associated with shorter disease-free survival in hepatocellular carcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol 2014; 21:3882-90. [PMID: 24833103 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-014-3779-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is involved in cancer cell invasion and metastasis as well as chemoresistance. Elucidation of EMT in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) might contribute to deeper understanding of its biology. METHODS Overall, 100 patients with HCC, who underwent resection, were analyzed. The messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of the epithelial marker E-cadherin and the mesenchymal marker Vimentin were measured, and the EMT status of each patient was determined as follows: Vimentin/E-cadherin <2 = Epithelial (E), Vimentin/E-cadherin ≥2 = Mesenchymal (M). The correlation between these values and clinicopathological factors and prognosis were analyzed statistically. Moreover, the expression of transcription factors involved in EMT (Twist-1, Snail, Slug, Zeb-1, and Zeb-2) were measured and the role of interleukin (IL)-6 in inducing EMT and chemoresistance was examined. RESULTS Patients with a mesenchymal tumor were more prone to have an earlier recurrence than those with an epithelial tumor. EMT-inducing transcription factors were more highly expressed in mesenchymal tumors than in epithelial tumors, and Twist-1 and Zeb-2 were significantly overexpressed. α-Fetoprotein (AFP) values were significantly higher in patients with epithelial tumors, and AFP-expressing HCC cell lines were more responsive to sorafenib. IL-6 expression was significantly higher in mesenchymal tumors, and knockdown of IL-6 in mesenchymal HCC cell lines increased E-cadherin expression and sensitivity to sorafenib. CONCLUSIONS Analysis of surgically resected tumors suggests that EMT is involved in early disease recurrence in HCC. Twist-1 and Zeb-2 might be important for inducing EMT, and IL-6 might be a potential therapeutic target for alleviating the chemoresistance of mesenchymal HCC tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suguru Yamada
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery (Surgery II), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
114
|
Rybinski B, Franco-Barraza J, Cukierman E. The wound healing, chronic fibrosis, and cancer progression triad. Physiol Genomics 2014; 46:223-44. [PMID: 24520152 PMCID: PMC4035661 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00158.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
For decades tumors have been recognized as "wounds that do not heal." Besides the commonalities that tumors and wounded tissues share, the process of wound healing also portrays similar characteristics with chronic fibrosis. In this review, we suggest a tight interrelationship, which is governed as a concurrence of cellular and microenvironmental reactivity among wound healing, chronic fibrosis, and cancer development/progression (i.e., the WHFC triad). It is clear that the same cell types, as well as soluble and matrix elements that drive wound healing (including regeneration) via distinct signaling pathways, also fuel chronic fibrosis and tumor progression. Hence, here we review the relationship between fibrosis and cancer through the lens of wound healing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brad Rybinski
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center/Temple Health, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
115
|
Rowan BG, Gimble JM, Sheng M, Anbalagan M, Jones RK, Frazier TP, Asher M, Lacayo EA, Friedlander PL, Kutner R, Chiu ES. Human adipose tissue-derived stromal/stem cells promote migration and early metastasis of triple negative breast cancer xenografts. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89595. [PMID: 24586900 PMCID: PMC3938488 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Fat grafting is used to restore breast defects after surgical resection of breast tumors. Supplementing fat grafts with adipose tissue-derived stromal/stem cells (ASCs) is proposed to improve the regenerative/restorative ability of the graft and retention. However, long term safety for ASC grafting in proximity of residual breast cancer cells is unknown. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of human ASCs derived from abdominal lipoaspirates of three donors, on a human breast cancer model that exhibits early metastasis. Methodology/Principal Findings Human MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells represents “triple negative” breast cancer that exhibits early micrometastasis to multiple mouse organs [1]. Human ASCs were derived from abdominal adipose tissue from three healthy female donors. Indirect co-culture of MDA-MB-231 cells with ASCs, as well as direct co-culture demonstrated that ASCs had no effect on MDA-MB-231 growth. Indirect co-culture, and ASC conditioned medium (CM) stimulated migration of MDA-MB-231 cells. ASC/RFP cells from two donors co-injected with MDA-MB-231/GFP cells exhibited a donor effect for stimulation of primary tumor xenografts. Both ASC donors stimulated metastasis. ASC/RFP cells were viable, and integrated with MDA-MB-231/GFP cells in the tumor. Tumors from the co-injection group of one ASC donor exhibited elevated vimentin, matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), IL-8, VEGF and microvessel density. The co-injection group exhibited visible metastases to the lung/liver and enlarged spleen not evident in mice injected with MDA-MB-231/GFP alone. Quantitation of the total area of GFP fluorescence and human chromosome 17 DNA in mouse organs, H&E stained paraffin sections and fluorescent microscopy confirmed multi-focal metastases to lung/liver/spleen in the co-injection group without evidence of ASC/RFP cells. Conclusions Human ASCs derived from abdominal lipoaspirates of two donors stimulated metastasis of MDA-MB-231 breast tumor xenografts to multiple mouse organs. MDA-MB-231 tumors co-injected with ASCs from one donor exhibited partial EMT, expression of MMP-9, and increased angiogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian G. Rowan
- Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
- * E-mail: (BGR); (ESC)
| | - Jeffrey M. Gimble
- Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Mei Sheng
- Department of Otolaryngology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Muralidharan Anbalagan
- Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Ryan K. Jones
- Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Trivia P. Frazier
- Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Majdouline Asher
- Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Eduardo A. Lacayo
- Department of Otolaryngology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Paul L. Friedlander
- Department of Otolaryngology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Robert Kutner
- Gene Therapy Program, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Ernest S. Chiu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (BGR); (ESC)
| |
Collapse
|
116
|
Zhou H, Chen JH, Hu J, Luo YZ, Li F, Xiao L, Zhong MZ. High expression of Toll-like receptor 5 correlates with better prognosis in non-small-cell lung cancer: an anti-tumor effect of TLR5 signaling in non-small cell lung cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2014; 140:633-43. [DOI: 10.1007/s00432-014-1616-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
|
117
|
Jiang X, Shapiro DJ. The immune system and inflammation in breast cancer. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2014; 382:673-682. [PMID: 23791814 PMCID: PMC4919022 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Revised: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
During different stages of tumor development the immune system can either identify and destroy tumors, or promote their growth. Therapies targeting the immune system have emerged as a promising treatment modality for breast cancer, and immunotherapeutic strategies are being examined in preclinical and clinical models. However, our understanding of the complex interplay between cells of the immune system and breast cancer cells is incomplete. In this article, we review recent findings showing how the immune system plays dual host-protective and tumor-promoting roles in breast cancer initiation and progression. We then discuss estrogen receptor α (ERα)-dependent and ERα-independent mechanisms that shield breast cancers from immunosurveillance and enable breast cancer cells to evade immune cell induced apoptosis and produce an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Finally, we discuss protumorigenic inflammation that is induced during tumor progression and therapy, and how inflammation promotes more aggressive phenotypes in ERα positive breast cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinguo Jiang
- Department of Medicine, VA Palo Alto Health Care System/Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - David J Shapiro
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
118
|
The role of inflammation in inflammatory breast cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 816:53-73. [PMID: 24818719 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-0837-8_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) is the most aggressive form of breast cancer. Despite extensive study, whether inflammation contributes to the tumorigenicity or aggressiveness of IBC remains largely unknown. In this chapter, we will review the potential role played by inflammation in IBC based on the results of in vitro, in vivo, and patient studies. Current evidence suggests that several major inflammatory signaling pathways are constitutively active in IBC and breast cancer. Among them, the NF-κB, COX-2, and JAK/STAT signaling systems seem to play a major role in the tumorigenesis of IBC. Inflammatory molecules such as interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and gamma interferon have been shown to contribute to malignant transformation in preclinical studies of IBC, while transforming growth factor-β, interleukins 8 and 1β, as well as TNF-α appear to play a role in proliferation, survival, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, invasion, and metastasis. In this chapter, we also describe work thus far involving inhibitors of inflammation in the development of prevention and treatment strategies for IBC.
Collapse
|
119
|
Zimmerlin L, Park TS, Zambidis ET, Donnenberg VS, Donnenberg AD. Mesenchymal stem cell secretome and regenerative therapy after cancer. Biochimie 2013; 95:2235-45. [PMID: 23747841 PMCID: PMC3825748 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2013.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cancer treatment generally relies on tumor ablative techniques that can lead to major functional or disfiguring defects. These post-therapy impairments require the development of safe regenerative therapy strategies during cancer remission. Many current tissue repair approaches exploit paracrine (immunomodulatory, pro-angiogenic, anti-apoptotic and pro-survival effects) or restoring (functional or structural tissue repair) properties of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSC). Yet, a major concern in the application of regenerative therapies during cancer remission remains the possible triggering of cancer recurrence. Tumor relapse implies the persistence of rare subsets of tumor-initiating cancer cells which can escape anti-cancer therapies and lie dormant in specific niches awaiting reactivation via unknown stimuli. Many of the components required for successful regenerative therapy (revascularization, immunosuppression, cellular homing, tissue growth promotion) are also critical for tumor progression and metastasis. While bi-directional crosstalk between tumorigenic cells (especially aggressive cancer cell lines) and MSC (including tumor stroma-resident populations) has been demonstrated in a variety of cancers, the effects of local or systemic MSC delivery for regenerative purposes on persisting cancer cells during remission remain controversial. Both pro- and anti-tumorigenic effects of MSC have been reported in the literature. Our own data using breast cancer clinical isolates have suggested that dormant-like tumor-initiating cells do not respond to MSC signals, unlike actively dividing cancer cells which benefited from the presence of supportive MSC. The secretome of MSC isolated from various tissues may partially diverge, but it includes a core of cytokines (i.e. CCL2, CCL5, IL-6, TGFβ, VEGF), which have been implicated in tumor growth and/or metastasis. This article reviews published models for studying interactions between MSC and cancer cells with a focus on the impact of MSC secretome on cancer cell activity, and discusses the implications for regenerative therapy after cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ludovic Zimmerlin
- Institute for Cell Engineering, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Tea Soon Park
- Institute for Cell Engineering, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Elias T. Zambidis
- Institute for Cell Engineering, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Vera S. Donnenberg
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Albert D. Donnenberg
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
120
|
Interleukin-32β stimulates migration of MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7cells via the VEGF-STAT3 signaling pathway. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2013; 36:493-503. [DOI: 10.1007/s13402-013-0154-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
|
121
|
Abstract
Despite recent advances in treatment, lung cancer accounts for one third of all cancer-related deaths, underlining the need of development of new therapies. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) possess the ability to specifically home into tumours and their metastases. This property of MSCs could be exploited for the delivery of various anti-tumour agents directly into tumours. However, MSCs are not simple delivery vehicles but cells with active physiological process. This review outlines various agents which can be delivered by MSCs with substantial emphasis on TRAIL (tumour necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krishna K Kolluri
- Lungs for Living Research Centre, University College London, London, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
122
|
De Luca A, Lamura L, Gallo M, Maffia V, Normanno N. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived interleukin-6 and vascular endothelial growth factor promote breast cancer cell migration. J Cell Biochem 2013; 113:3363-70. [PMID: 22644871 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Several different cytokines and growth factors secreted by mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been hypothesized to play a role in breast cancer progression. By using a small panel of breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7, T47D, and SK-Br-3 cells), we analyzed the role of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF) in the cross-talk between MSCs and breast cancer cells. We performed migration assays in which breast cancer cells were allowed to migrate in response to conditioned medium from MSCs (MSCs-CM), in absence or in presence of the anti-VEGF antibody bevacizumab or an anti-IL-6 antibody, alone or in combination. We found that anti-VEGF and anti-IL-6 antibodies inhibited the migration of breast cancer cells and that the combination had an higher inhibitory effect. We next evaluated the effects of recombinant VEGF and IL-6 proteins on breast cancer cell growth and migration. IL-6 and VEGF had not significant effects on the proliferation of breast carcinoma cells. In contrast, both VEGF and IL-6 significantly increased the ability to migrate of MCF-7, T47D and SK-Br-3 cells, with the combination showing a greater effect as compared with treatment with a single protein. The combination of VEGF and IL-6 produced in breast cancer cells a more significant and more persistent activation of MAPK, AKT, and p38MAPK intracellular signaling pathways. These results suggest that MSC-secreted IL-6 and VEGF may act as paracrine factors to sustain breast cancer cell migration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonella De Luca
- Cell Biology and Biotherapy Unit, INT-Fondazione Pascale, Naples, Italy
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
123
|
Vegh I, Grau M, Gracia M, Grande J, de la Torre P, Flores AI. Decidua mesenchymal stem cells migrated toward mammary tumors in vitro and in vivo affecting tumor growth and tumor development. Cancer Gene Ther 2013; 20:8-16. [PMID: 23037810 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2012.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have affinity to tumor sites where they home, affecting their biology and growth. Previously, we have isolated mesenchymal cells from the decidua of the human placenta named as decidua-derived MSCs (DMSCs). The aims of the present study were to investigate the migration capacity of DMSCs in vitro, and in vivo in a preclinical model of mammary tumors induced by N-nitroso-N-methylurea (NMU). Additionally, we assessed the safety of DMSC administration in vivo and their effect on tumor growth. In vitro studies showed that DMSCs significantly migrate toward both, healthy human breast tissue and breast adenocarcinoma. Nevertheless, the effect on DMSC migration was significantly higher in the presence of tumor tissue. DMSCs also significantly migrated in vitro in the presence of NMU-mammary tumor homogenate when compared with control media alone. In vivo studies showed both migration and engraftment of DMSCs into NMU-induced tumors. Interestingly, DMSCs showed an inhibitory effect on the growth of primary tumors and in the development of new tumors. DMSCs did not affect the growth of secondary tumors, although secondary tumors appeared 2 weeks later, and the number of secondary tumors was lower in the DMSC-treated rats as compared with vehicle-treated rats. To our knowledge, this is the first report showing placental MSCs effect on tumor growth. In conclusion, DMSCs could serve as a therapeutic agent themselves and as a cellular vehicle of anticancer drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Vegh
- Cancer Biology, Research Center, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
124
|
Hadji P, Coleman R, Gnant M, Green J. The impact of menopause on bone, zoledronic acid, and implications for breast cancer growth and metastasis. Ann Oncol 2012; 23:2782-2790. [PMID: 22730099 PMCID: PMC3477882 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mds169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Revised: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent data from the AZURE, ABCSG-12, and ZO-FAST clinical trials have challenged our understanding of the potential anticancer activity of zoledronic acid (ZOL). Although the results of these studies may appear to be conflicting on the surface, a deeper look into commonalities among the patient populations suggest that some host factors (i.e. patient age and endocrine status) may contribute to the anticancer activity of ZOL. Indeed, data from these large clinical trials suggest that the potential anticancer activity of ZOL may be most robust in a low-estrogen environment. However, this may be only part of the story and many questions remain to be answered to fully explain the phenomenon. Does estrogen override the anticancer activity of ZOL seen in postmenopausal women? Are hormones other than estrogen involved that contribute to this effect? Does the role of bone turnover in breast cancer (BC) growth and progression differ in the presence of various estrogen levels? Here, we present a review of the multitude of factors affected by different endocrine environments in women with BC that may influence the potential anticancer activity of ZOL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Hadji
- Department of Gynecology, Endocrinology, and Oncology, Philipps-University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - R Coleman
- Academic Unit of Clinical Oncology, Weston Park Hospital, CR-UK/YCR Sheffield Cancer Research Centre, Sheffield, UK
| | - M Gnant
- Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - J Green
- Department of Oncology, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
125
|
DiNatale BC, Smith K, John K, Krishnegowda G, Amin SG, Perdew GH. Ah receptor antagonism represses head and neck tumor cell aggressive phenotype. Mol Cancer Res 2012; 10:1369-79. [PMID: 22912337 PMCID: PMC3477495 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-12-0216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) has been shown to play a role in an increasing number of cellular processes. Recent reports have linked the AhR to cell proliferation, cytoskeletal arrangement, and tumor invasiveness in various tumor cell types. The AhR plays a role in the de-repression of the interleukin (IL)6 promoter in certain tumor cell lines, allowing for increased transcriptional activation by cytokines. Here, we show that there is a significant level of constitutive activation of the AhR in cells isolated from patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Constitutive activation of the AhR in HNSCCs was blocked by antagonist treatment, leading to a reduction in IL6 expression. In addition, the AhR exhibits a high level of expression in HNSCCs than in normal keratinocytes. These findings led to the hypothesis that the basal AhR activity in HNSCCs plays a role in the aggressive phenotype of these tumors and that antagonist treatment could mitigate this phenotype. This study provides evidence that antagonism of the AhR in HNSCC tumor cells, in the absence of exogenous receptor ligands, has a significant effect on tumor cell phenotype. Treatment of these cell lines with the AhR antagonists 6, 2', 4'-trimethoxyflavone, or the more potent GNF351, decreased migration and invasion of HNSCC cells and prevented benzo[a]pyrene-mediated induction of the chemotherapy efflux protein ABCG2. Thus, an AhR antagonist treatment has been shown to have therapeutic potential in HNSCCs through a reduction in aggressive cell phenotype.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 2
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Cell Nucleus/drug effects
- Cell Nucleus/metabolism
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Head and Neck Neoplasms/genetics
- Head and Neck Neoplasms/metabolism
- Head and Neck Neoplasms/pathology
- Humans
- Indoles
- Interleukin-6/genetics
- Interleukin-6/metabolism
- Neoplasm Invasiveness
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Phenotype
- Purines
- Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon/genetics
- Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon/metabolism
- Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck
- Transcription, Genetic/drug effects
- Up-Regulation/drug effects
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brett C DiNatale
- Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
126
|
IFN-γ-primed human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells induce tumor cell apoptosis in vitro via tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2012; 44:1305-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2012.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2012] [Revised: 04/14/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
|
127
|
Costa-Rodrigues J, Moniz KA, Teixeira MR, Fernandes MH. Variability of the paracrine-induced osteoclastogenesis by human breast cancer cell lines. J Cell Biochem 2012; 113:1069-79. [PMID: 22274920 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.23439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer frequently metastasizes to the bone, often leading to the formation of osteolytic lesions. This work compares the paracrine-induced osteoclastogenesis mediated by four human breast cancer cell lines, the estrogen-receptor positive T47D and MCF-7 and the estrogen-negative SK-BR-3 and Hs-578T cell lines. Human osteoclast precursor cells were cultured in the presence of conditioned media from the breast cancer cell lines (10% and 20%), collected at different culture periods (48 h, 7 days, and 14 days). Cultures performed in the absence or the presence of M-CSF and RANKL served as negative and positive control, respectively. Results showed that the cell lines differentially expressed several osteoclastogenic genes. All cell lines exhibited a significant osteoclastogenic potential, evidenced by a high TRAP activity and number of osteoclastic cells, expression of several osteoclast-related genes, and, particularly, a high calcium phosphate resorption activity. Differences among the osteoclastogenic potential of the cell lines were noted. T47D and MCF-7 cell lines displayed the highest and the lowest osteoclastogenic response, respectively. Despite the variability observed, MEK and NF-κB signaling pathways, and, at a lesser extent, PGE2 production, seemed to have a central role on the observed osteoclastogenic response. In conclusion, the tested breast cancer cell lines exhibited a high osteoclastogenic potential, although with some variability on the cell response profile, a factor to be considered in the development of new therapeutic approaches for breast cancer-induced bone metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- João Costa-Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Biocompatibilidade Celular, Faculdade de Medicina Dentária, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
128
|
Palena C, Hamilton DH, Fernando RI. Influence of IL-8 on the epithelial-mesenchymal transition and the tumor microenvironment. Future Oncol 2012; 8:713-22. [PMID: 22764769 PMCID: PMC3462442 DOI: 10.2217/fon.12.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The phenomenon of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has gained attention in the field of cancer biology for its potential contribution to the progression of carcinomas. Tumor EMT is a phenotypic switch that promotes the acquisition of a fibroblastoid-like morphology by epithelial tumor cells, resulting in enhanced tumor cell motility and invasiveness, increased metastatic propensity and resistance to chemotherapy, radiation and certain small-molecule-targeted therapies. Tumor cells undergoing EMT are also known to increase the secretion of specific factors, including cytokines, chemokines and growth factors, which could play an important role in tumor progression. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the secretory properties of epithelial tumor cells that have undergone an EMT, with an emphasis on the potential role of the IL-8-IL-8 receptor axis on the induction and/or maintenance of tumor EMT and its ability to remodel the tumor microenvironment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Palena
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology & Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
129
|
Torsvik A, Bjerkvig R. Mesenchymal stem cell signaling in cancer progression. Cancer Treat Rev 2012; 39:180-8. [PMID: 22494966 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2012.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2011] [Revised: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal (multipotent) stem/stromal cells (MSCs) may affect cancer progression through a number of secreted factors triggering activation of various cell signaling pathways. Depending on receptor status, phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) status, or Wnt activation in the cancer cells, the signals may either result in increased growth and metastasis or lead to inhibition of growth with increased cell death. Thus, MSCs can play a dual role in cancer progression depending on the cellular context wherein they reside. The phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling pathway has a central role in regulating tumor growth, and several MSC secreted factors stimulate activation of this pathway. A comprehensive understanding of the signals regulating MSC-tumor cross-talk is highly important for the development of MSCs as potential therapeutic vehicles. Thus, the presented review focuses on factors released by MSCs and on the dual role they may have on various stages of tumorigenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anja Torsvik
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, N-5020 Bergen, Norway.
| | | |
Collapse
|
130
|
Florkowska M, Tymoszuk P, Balwierz A, Skucha A, Kochan J, Wawro M, Stalinska K, Kasza A. EGF activates TTP expression by activation of ELK-1 and EGR-1 transcription factors. BMC Mol Biol 2012; 13:8. [PMID: 22433566 PMCID: PMC3342124 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2199-13-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Tristetraprolin (TTP) is a key mediator of processes such as inflammation resolution, the inhibition of autoimmunity and in cancer. It carries out this role by the binding and degradation of mRNA transcripts, thereby decreasing their half-life. Transcripts modulated by TTP encode proteins such as cytokines, pro-inflammatory agents and immediate-early response proteins. TTP can also modulate neoplastic phenotypes in many cancers. TTP is induced and functionally regulated by a spectrum of both pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, mitogens and drugs in a MAPK-dependent manner. So far the contribution of p38 MAPK to the regulation of TTP expression and function has been best described. Results Our results demonstrate the induction of the gene coding TTP (ZFP36) by EGF through the ERK1/2-dependent pathway and implicates the transcription factor ELK-1 in this process. We show that ELK-1 regulates ZFP36 expression by two mechanisms: by binding the ZFP36 promoter directly through ETS-binding site (+ 883 to +905 bp) and by inducing expression of EGR-1, which in turn increases ZFP36 expression through sequences located between -111 and -103 bp. Conclusions EGF activates TTP expression via ELK-1 and EGR-1 transcription factors.
Collapse
|
131
|
Silverman AM, Nakata R, Shimada H, Sposto R, DeClerck YA. A galectin-3-dependent pathway upregulates interleukin-6 in the microenvironment of human neuroblastoma. Cancer Res 2012; 72:2228-38. [PMID: 22389450 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-11-2165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a pleiotropic cytokine with a broad range of physiologic and pathologic functions. Because in cancer, IL-6 contributes to a microenvironment that promotes tumor cell survival, angiogenesis, and inflammation, understanding the mechanism responsible for its production is important. In neuroblastoma, the second most common solid tumor in children, IL-6 is produced not by tumor cells but by stromal cells such as monocytes and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSC). Here we show that the production of IL-6 in BMMSCs is in part stimulated by galectin-3 binding protein (Gal-3BP) secreted by neuroblastoma cells. We identified a distal region of the IL-6 promoter that contains 3 CCATT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP) binding domains involved in the transcriptional upregulation of IL-6 by Gal-3BP. Gal-3BP interacted with Galectin-3 (Gal-3) present in BMMSCs, and a Gal-3BP/Gal-3/Ras/MEK/ERK signaling pathway was responsible for the transcriptional upregulation of IL-6 in BMMSCs in which Gal-3 has a necessary function. In support of the role of this pathway in human neuroblastoma tumors, Gal-3BP was found to be present in tumor cells and in the adjacent extracellular matrix of 96% of 78 primary neuroblastoma tumor samples examined by immunohistochemistry. Considering the protumorigenic function of IL-6 in cancer, this tumor cell-stromal cell interactive pathway could be a target for anticancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayaka M Silverman
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
132
|
Maeda M, Takami T, Terai S, Sakaida I. Autologous bone marrow cell infusions suppress tumor initiation in hepatocarcinogenic mice with liver cirrhosis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012; 27 Suppl 2:104-11. [PMID: 22320927 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2011.07016.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported the efficacy and safety of autologous bone marrow cell infusion (ABMi) therapy for liver cirrhosis patients without hepatocellular carcinoma in a multicenter clinical trial. However, since liver cirrhosis is highly oncogenic, evaluation of the effects of ABMi on the mechanisms of hepatocarcinogenesis is of great importance. Therefore, frequent ABMi was performed in hepatocarcinogenic mice, and its effects on hepatocarcinogenesis were analyzed. The N-nitrosodiethylamine (DEN)/green fluorescent protein (GFP)-carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4) ) model was developed by administering DEN once, followed by repeated administration of CCl(4) intraperitoneally as for the control group. In the administration (ABMi) group, GFP-positive bone marrow cells were infused through a tail vein. The kinetics of hepatocarcinogenesis were evaluated histologically 4.5 months after DEN treatment. At 4.5 months, there was significantly lower incidence of foci and tumors in the ABMi group, and they were smaller in number, while their size was almost equal. No GFP-positive tumors were found in ABMi livers. Moreover, ABMi livers showed significantly reduced liver fibrosis, consistent with significantly lower 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine levels, higher superoxide dismutase activity, and increased nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-erythroid 2 p45-related factor 2. These results demonstrate that frequent ABMi might contribute to suppressed tumor initiation during stages of hepatocarcinogenesis, consistent with improvements in liver fibrosis and stabilization of redox homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Maeda
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
133
|
Gallo M, De Luca A, Lamura L, Normanno N. Zoledronic acid blocks the interaction between mesenchymal stem cells and breast cancer cells: implications for adjuvant therapy of breast cancer. Ann Oncol 2012; 23:597-604. [PMID: 21551002 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdr159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zoledronic acid (ZA) reduces locoregional and distant metastases in estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer patients. Since ZA rapidly concentrates in the bone following i.v. administration, we hypothesized that this phenomenon involves the mechanism of action of ZA in bone tissue. MATERIALS AND METHODS Migration assays were carried out in fibronectin-coated Boyden chambers. Activation of signaling proteins was analyzed with a phosphoprotein array. Chemokines and growth factors were measured by immunoassays and real-time PCR. RESULTS ZA significantly reduced in bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) the activation of AKT and mitogen-activated protein kinase and their ability to migrate. Conditioned medium (CM) from ZA-treated MSCs showed a reduced capacity to promote the migration of ER-positive MCF-7 breast cancer cells as compared with CM from untreated MSCs. The levels of the chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5 (CCL5, also known as RANTES - Regulated upon Activation, Normal T-cell Expressed, and Secreted) and interleukin (IL)-6 were significantly reduced in MSC-CM following treatment with ZA. Anti-RANTES and anti-IL-6 antibodies almost completely abolished the migration of MCF-7 cells induced by MSC-CM. Recombinant RANTES and IL-6 significantly induced MCF-7 cell migration and their combination showed a cooperative effect. Similar results were observed in different breast cancer cell lines. CONCLUSION ZA might exert its antitumor activity by inhibiting MSC migration and blocking MSCs' secretion of factors involved in breast cancer progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Gallo
- Cell Biology and Biotherapy Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori - "Fondazione Pascale", Naples, Italy
| | - A De Luca
- Cell Biology and Biotherapy Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori - "Fondazione Pascale", Naples, Italy
| | - L Lamura
- Cell Biology and Biotherapy Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori - "Fondazione Pascale", Naples, Italy
| | - N Normanno
- Cell Biology and Biotherapy Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori - "Fondazione Pascale", Naples, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
134
|
Baumgarten SC, Frasor J. Minireview: Inflammation: an instigator of more aggressive estrogen receptor (ER) positive breast cancers. Mol Endocrinol 2012; 26:360-71. [PMID: 22301780 DOI: 10.1210/me.2011-1302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 75% of breast tumors express the estrogen receptor (ER), and women with these tumors will receive endocrine therapy. Unfortunately, up to 50% of these patients will fail ER-targeted therapies due to either de novo or acquired resistance. ER-positive tumors can be classified based on gene expression profiles into Luminal A- and Luminal B-intrinsic subtypes, with distinctly different responses to endocrine therapy and overall patient outcome. However, the underlying biology causing this tumor heterogeneity has yet to become clear. This review will explore the role of inflammation as a risk factor in breast cancer as well as a player in the development of more aggressive, therapy-resistant ER-positive breast cancers. First, breast cancer risk factors, such as obesity and mammary gland involution after pregnancy, which can foster an inflammatory microenvironment within the breast, will be described. Second, inflammatory components of the tumor microenvironment, including tumor-associated macrophages and proinflammatory cytokines, which can act on nearby breast cancer cells and modulate tumor phenotype, will be explored. Finally, activation of the nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) pathway and its cross talk with ER in the regulation of key genes in the promotion of more aggressive breast cancers will be reviewed. From these multiple lines of evidence, we propose that inflammation may promote more aggressive ER-positive tumors and that combination therapy targeting both inflammation and estrogen production or actions could benefit a significant portion of women whose ER-positive breast tumors fail to respond to endocrine therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C Baumgarten
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, 835 South Wolcott Avenue, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
135
|
Notch signaling: mediator and therapeutic target of bone metastasis. BONEKEY REPORTS 2012; 1:3. [PMID: 23951415 DOI: 10.1038/bonekey.2012.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The Notch signaling pathway regulates several distinct cellular programs that are indispensible for proper embryonic development and maintenance of adult tissue homeostasis. Among the various organs of the human body, the pathway has an important role in the bone microenvironment, managing cell-fate decisions in two bone-specific cells. Significantly, pathological activation of the Notch pathway in these cells by metastatic tumor cells promotes osteolytic colonization of the bone. Armed with this knowledge, disruption of the Notch pathway, and other bone microenvironment signaling components that facilitate Notch-mediated bone metastasis, may serve as a viable therapeutic intervention in this aggressive, incurable disease.
Collapse
|
136
|
Okuda H, Kobayashi A, Xia B, Watabe M, Pai SK, Hirota S, Xing F, Liu W, Pandey PR, Fukuda K, Modur V, Ghosh A, Wilber A, Watabe K. Hyaluronan synthase HAS2 promotes tumor progression in bone by stimulating the interaction of breast cancer stem-like cells with macrophages and stromal cells. Cancer Res 2011; 72:537-47. [PMID: 22113945 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-11-1678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms that operate within the organ microenvironment to support metastatic progression remain unclear. Here, we report that upregulation of hyaluronan synthase 2 (HAS2) occurs in highly metastatic breast cancer stem-like cells (CSC) defined by CD44(+)/CD24(-)/ESA(+) phenotype, where it plays a critical role in the generation of a prometastatic microenvironment in breast cancer. HAS2 was critical for the interaction of CSCs with tumor-associated macrophages (TAM), leading to enhanced secretion of platelet-derived growth factor-BB from TAMs, which then activated stromal cells and enhanced CSC self-renewal. Loss of HAS2 in CSCs or treatment with 4-methylumbelliferone, an inhibitor of HAS, which blocks hyaluronan production, drastically reduced the incidence and growth of metastatic lesions in vitro or in vivo, respectively. Taken together, our findings show a critical role of HAS2 in the development of a prometastatic microenvironment and suggest that HAS2 inhibitors can act as antimetastatic agents that disrupt a paracrine growth factor loop within this microenvironment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Okuda
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois 62794, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
137
|
Abstract
Classically known for its indispensible role in embryonic development, the Notch signalling pathway is gaining recognition for its regulation of adult tissue homoeostasis and aberrant activation in disease pathogenesis. The pathway has been implicated in cancer initiation and development, as well as early stages of cancer progression by regulating conserved cellular programs such as the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. We recently extended the role of Notch signalling to late stages of tumour progression by elucidating a stroma-dependent mechanism for the pathway in osteolytic bone metastasis. Of clinical significance, disrupting the Notch pathway and associated molecular mediators of Notch-dependent bone metastasis may provide novel therapeutic strategies to combat aggressive bone metastatic disease.
Collapse
|
138
|
Lunardi A, Gaboli M, Giorgio M, Rivi R, Bygrave A, Antoniou M, Drabek D, Dzierzak E, Fagioli M, Salmena L, Botto M, Cordon-Cardo C, Luzzatto L, Pelicci PG, Grosveld F, Pandolfi PP. A Role for PML in Innate Immunity. Genes Cancer 2011; 2:10-9. [PMID: 21779477 DOI: 10.1177/1947601911402682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2011] [Accepted: 02/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The promyelocytic leukemia gene (PML) of acute promyelocytic leukemia is an established tumor suppressor gene with critical functions in growth suppression, induction of apoptosis, and cellular senescence. Interestingly, although less studied, PML seems to play a key role also in immune response to viral infection. Herein, we report that Pml(-/-) mice spontaneously develop an atypical invasive and lethal granulomatous lesion known as botryomycosis (BTM). In Pml(-/-) mice, BTM is the result of impaired function of macrophages, whereby they fail to become activated and are thus unable to clear pathogenic microorganisms. Accordingly, Pml(-/-) mice are resistant to lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced septic shock as a result of an ineffective production of cytokines and chemokines, suggesting a role for PML in the innate immune Toll-like receptor (TLR)/NF-κB prosurvival pathway. These results not only shed light on a new fundamental function of PML in innate immunity, but they also point to a proto-oncogenic role for PML in certain cellular and pathological contexts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Lunardi
- Cancer Genetics Program, Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Center, Department of Medicine and Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
139
|
Snyder M, Huang XY, Zhang JJ. Signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (STAT3) directly regulates cytokine-induced fascin expression and is required for breast cancer cell migration. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:38886-93. [PMID: 21937440 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.286245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The cytokines oncostatin M (OSM) and IL-6 promote breast cancer cell migration and metastasis. Both cytokines activate STAT3, a member of the STAT (signal transducers and activators of transcription) family of transcription factors. Through transcriptional regulation of its target genes, STAT3 controls a wide range of cellular processes, including cellular proliferation, oncogenesis, and cancer metastasis. Fascin is an actin-bundling protein involved in cell migration. Elevated levels of fascin expression are found in many metastatic cancers, and inhibition of fascin function by small chemical compounds leads to a block of tumor metastasis. In this work, we demonstrate that fascin is a direct STAT3 target gene in response to OSM and IL-6 in both mouse and human breast cancer cells. We show that NFκB also binds to the fascin promoter in response to cytokine treatment and this binding is STAT3-dependent. Both STAT3 and NFκB are required for the cytokine-induced expression of fascin in cancer cells. Furthermore, we demonstrate that STAT3, in directly controlling fascin expression, is both necessary and sufficient for breast cancer cell migration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marylynn Snyder
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Cornell University Weill Medical College, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
140
|
Role of Src in breast cancer cell migration and invasion in a breast cell/bone-derived cell microenvironment. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2011; 133:201-14. [PMID: 21894461 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-011-1753-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Accepted: 08/18/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The preferential metastasis of breast cancer cells to bone comprises a complex set of events including homing and preferential growth, which may require unique factors produced by bone or other cells in the immediate microenvironment. In this study, an in vitro co-culture system composed of bone mesenchymal stem cells and breast cancer cell lines is used to examine the role of Src kinase on breast cancer cell migration and invasion in the presence of bone-derived cells. This research shows that Src kinase activity in breast cancer cell lines with either high or low levels of endogenous Src activity is increased by bone-derived cell-conditioned medium but not HS68 fibroblast-conditioned medium. Breast cancer cells exhibit enhanced migration in co-culture with bone-derived cells but not HS68 fibroblasts or no co-cultured cells. Inhibition of Src kinase activity using the inhibitors PP2 or saracatinib or using siRNA abrogates the preferential migration of the breast cancer cell lines in response to bone-derived cells. Inhibition of Src activity with saracatinib does not have any significant effect on breast cancer cell invasion in the presence of bone-derived cells. Factors are identified that are produced preferentially by bone-derived cells over HS68 cells that may impact breast cancer cell behavior. This research implicates Src kinase as an important effector of bone-derived cell signals on breast cancer cell migration.
Collapse
|
141
|
Gregory LA, Ricart RA, Patel SA, Lim PK, Rameshwar P. microRNAs, Gap Junctional Intercellular Communication and Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Breast Cancer Metastasis. CURRENT CANCER THERAPY REVIEWS 2011; 7:176-183. [PMID: 21886602 DOI: 10.2174/157339411796234915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The failed outcome of autologous bone marrow transplantation for breast cancer opens the field for investigations. This is particularly important because the bone marrow could be a major source of cancer cells during tertiary metastasis. This review discusses subsets of breast cancer cells, including those that enter the bone marrow at an early period of disease development, perhaps prior to clinical detection. This population of cells evades chemotherapeutic damage even at high doses. An understanding of this population might be crucial for the success of bone marrow transplants for metastatic breast cancer and for the eradication of cancer cells in bone marrow. In vivo and in vitro studies have demonstrated gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) between bone marrow stroma and breast cancer cells. This review discusses GJIC in cancer metastasis, facilitating roles of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). In addition, the review addresses potential roles for miRNAs, including those already linked to cancer biology. The literature on MSCs is growing and their links to metastasis are beginning to be significant leads for the development of new drug targets for breast cancer. In summary, this review discusses interactions among GJIC, miRNAs and MSCs as future consideration for the development of cancer therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Larissa A Gregory
- Department of Medicine - Division of Hematology/Oncology, New Jersey Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
142
|
De Luca A, Gallo M, Aldinucci D, Ribatti D, Lamura L, D'Alessio A, De Filippi R, Pinto A, Normanno N. Role of the EGFR ligand/receptor system in the secretion of angiogenic factors in mesenchymal stem cells. J Cell Physiol 2011; 226:2131-8. [PMID: 21520065 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are recruited into the stroma of developing tumors where they contribute to cancer progression. MSCs produce different growth factors that sustain tumor-associated neo-angiogenesis. Since the majority of carcinomas secrete ligands of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), we assessed the role of EGFR signaling in regulating the release of angiogenic factors in MSCs. Treatment of human primary MSCs and of the human osteoblastic cell line hFOB with transforming growth factor α (TGF-α), one of the main ligands of the EGFR, significantly induced activation of this receptor and of different intracellular signaling proteins, including the PI3K/AKT and the MEK/MAPK pathways. TGF-α induced a significant increase in the levels of secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor in both MSCs and hFOB. Conditioned medium from TGF-α treated MSCs showed an higher in vivo angiogenic effect as compared with medium from untreated cells. Treatment of MSCs with TGF-α also produced a significant increase in the secretion of other angiogenic growth factors such as angiopoietin-2, granulocyte-colony stimulating factor, hepatocyte growth factor, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, and platelet-derived growth factor-BB. Using selective MEK and PI3K inhibitors, we found that both MEK/MAPK and the PI3K/AKT signaling pathways mediate the ability of TGF-α to induce secretion of angiogenic factors in MSCs. Finally, stimulation with TGF-α increased the ability of MSCs to induce migration of MCF-7 breast cancer cells. These data suggest that EGFR signaling regulates the ability of MSCs to sustain cancer progression through the release of growth factors that promote neo-angiogenesis and tumor cell migration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonella De Luca
- Cell Biology and Biotherapy Unit, INT-Fondazione Pascale, Naples, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
143
|
Ghosh S, Elankumaran S, Puri IK. Mathematical model of the role of intercellular signalling in intercellular cooperation during tumorigenesis. Cell Prolif 2011; 44:192-203. [PMID: 21401761 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2184.2011.00739.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Intercellular cooperation has been hypothesized to enhance cell proliferation during cancer metastasis through autocrine signalling cascades and mathematical models can provide valuable insights into underlying mechanisms of metastatic tumorigenesis. Here, we present a model that incorporates signal-stimulated cell proliferation, and investigate influences of diffusion-driven heterogeneity in signal concentration on proliferation dynamics. MATERIALS AND METHODS Our model incorporates signal production through both autocrine and paracrine pathways, and signal diffusion and loss for a metastasizing cell population at a host site. We use the signalling pathway of IL-6 for illustration where this signalling species forms an intermediate complex with its receptor IL-6R. This in turn forms a heterodimeric complex with transmembrane protein gp130, ultimately resulting in production of downstream signals. Cell population dynamics are taken to follow a modified logistic equation for which the rate term is dependent on local IL-6 concentration. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Our spatiotemporal model agrees closely with experimental results. The model is also able to predict two phenomena typical of metastatic tumorigenesis - host tissue preference and long periods of proliferation dormancy. It confirms that diffusivity of the signalling species in a host tissue plays a significant role during the process. Our results show that the proliferation-apoptosis balance is tipped in favour of the former for host sites that have relatively smaller signal diffusivities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Ghosh
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
144
|
Velasco-Velázquez MA, Popov VM, Lisanti MP, Pestell RG. The role of breast cancer stem cells in metastasis and therapeutic implications. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2011; 179:2-11. [PMID: 21640330 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2010] [Revised: 02/07/2011] [Accepted: 03/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) possess the capacity to self-renew and to generate heterogeneous lineages of cancer cells that comprise tumors. A substantial body of evidence supports a model in which CSCs play a major role in the initiation, maintenance, and clinical outcome of cancers. In contrast, analysis of the role of CSCs in metastasis has been mainly conceptual and speculative. This review summarizes recent data that support the theory of CSCs as the source of metastatic lesions in breast cancer, with a focus on the key role of the microenvironment in the stemness-metastasis link.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco A Velasco-Velázquez
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
145
|
Cai Z, Sanchez A, Shi Z, Zhang T, Liu M, Zhang D. Activation of Toll-like receptor 5 on breast cancer cells by flagellin suppresses cell proliferation and tumor growth. Cancer Res 2011; 71:2466-75. [PMID: 21427357 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence showed that Toll-like receptors (TLR), key receptors in innate immunity, play a role in cancer progression and development but activation of different TLRs might exhibit the exact opposite outcome, antitumor or protumor effects. TLR function has been extensively studied in innate immune cells, so we investigated the role of TLR signaling in breast cancer epithelial cells. We found that TLR5 was highly expressed in breast carcinomas and that TLR5 signaling pathway is overly responsive in breast cancer cells. Interestingly, flagellin/TLR5 signaling in breast cancer cells inhibits cell proliferation and an anchorage-independent growth, a hallmark of tumorigenic transformation. In addition, the secretion of soluble factors induced by flagellin contributed to the growth-inhibitory activity in an autocrine fashion. The inhibitory activity was further confirmed in mouse xenografts of human breast cancer cells. These findings indicate that TLR5 activation by flagellin mediates innate immune response to elicit potent antitumor activity in breast cancer cells themselves, which may serve as a novel therapeutic target for human breast cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Cai
- Center for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
146
|
|
147
|
Zhao X, Sun X, Gao F, Luo J, Sun Z. Effects of ulinastatin and docataxel on breast tumor growth and expression of IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2011; 30:22. [PMID: 21345194 PMCID: PMC3050767 DOI: 10.1186/1756-9966-30-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2011] [Accepted: 02/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Objective This study investigated the effects of Ulinastatin (UTI) and docataxel (Taxotere, TAX) on tumor growth and expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in breast cancer. Methods MDA-MB-231 human breast carcinoma cells were cultured in vitro and injected into nude mice to establish breast tumor xenografts in vivo. Cultured cells and mice with tumors were randomly divided into four groups for treatment with TAX, UTI, and TAX+UTI. The effects of these drug treatments on cell proliferation and apoptosis was measured using the MTT assay and the Annexin V/propidium iodide (PI) double-staining method, respectively. IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α expression levels were determined by measuring mRNA transcripts in cultured cells by RT-PCR and cytokine proteins in solid tumors using immunohistochemistry. Results UTI, TAX, and UTI+TAX inhibited the growth of MDA-MB-231 cells in vitro and tumors in vivo. These two drugs, particularly when used in combination, promote tumor cell apoptosis and down-regulate the expression IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α cytokines. Conclusion Both UTI and TAX inhibited the growth of MDA-MB-231 breast carcinoma cells. UTI enhanced the inhibitory effect of TAX by a mechanism consistent with the down-regulated expression of IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoliang Zhao
- Department of Breast, Pancreas, and Thyroid Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong District, PR China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
148
|
Sethi N, Dai X, Winter CG, Kang Y. Tumor-derived JAGGED1 promotes osteolytic bone metastasis of breast cancer by engaging notch signaling in bone cells. Cancer Cell 2011; 19:192-205. [PMID: 21295524 PMCID: PMC3040415 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2010.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 434] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2010] [Revised: 08/17/2010] [Accepted: 11/10/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite evidence supporting an oncogenic role in breast cancer, the Notch pathway's contribution to metastasis remains unknown. Here, we report that the Notch ligand Jagged1 is a clinically and functionally important mediator of bone metastasis by activating the Notch pathway in bone cells. Jagged1 promotes tumor growth by stimulating IL-6 release from osteoblasts and directly activates osteoclast differentiation. Furthermore, Jagged1 is a potent downstream mediator of the bone metastasis cytokine TGFβ that is released during bone destruction. Importantly, γ-secretase inhibitor treatment reduces Jagged1-mediated bone metastasis by disrupting the Notch pathway in stromal bone cells. These findings elucidate a stroma-dependent mechanism for Notch signaling in breast cancer and provide rationale for using γ-secretase inhibitors for the treatment of bone metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nilay Sethi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Xudong Dai
- Merck Research Laboratories, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Yibin Kang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
- Breast Cancer Program, Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| |
Collapse
|
149
|
Culig Z. Cytokine disbalance in common human cancers. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2010; 1813:308-14. [PMID: 21167870 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2010.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2010] [Revised: 12/04/2010] [Accepted: 12/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-6, -4, and -8 levels have been elevated in most patients suffering from prostate, breast, or colon cancer. There is a large body of evidence suggesting that chronic inflammation is one of the etiologic factors in these tumors. IL-6 is a multifunctional cytokine which is known to influence proliferation, apoptosis, and angiogenesis in cancer. Its transcription factor STAT3 is known as an oncogene that is constitutively phosphorylated in these malignancies. However, IL-6-induced STAT3 phosphorylation may result in growth arrest. IL-6 activation of androgen receptor in prostate cancer may yield either tumor cell proliferation or differentiation. Prolonged treatment with IL-6 results in generation of sublines which express a more malignant phenotype. Therapy options against IL-6 have been established and the antibody siltuximab has been applied in preclinical and clinical studies. Recently, investigations of the role of suppressors of cytokine signaling have been carried out. IL-4 and -8 are implicated in regulation of apoptosis, migration, and angiogenesis in cancers associated with chronic inflammation. All cytokines mentioned above regulate cellular events in stem cells. These cells could not be targeted by most conventional cancer therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zoran Culig
- Department of Urology, Innsbruck Medical University, Anichstrasse 35, A-6020 Innsbruck, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
150
|
DiNatale BC, Schroeder JC, Perdew GH. Ah receptor antagonism inhibits constitutive and cytokine inducible IL6 production in head and neck tumor cell lines. Mol Carcinog 2010; 50:173-83. [PMID: 21104991 DOI: 10.1002/mc.20702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2010] [Revised: 09/24/2010] [Accepted: 10/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) plays a role in tumor progression through numerous mechanisms. We have previously shown that, in certain cancer cell lines that are typically nonresponsive to cytokine-mediated IL6 induction, activation of the AHR with the agonist 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin derepresses the IL6 promoter and allows for synergistic induction following IL1β treatment. The mechanism by which this occurs involves liganded AHR binding upstream from the transcription start site and dismissing HDAC-containing corepressor complexes, giving rise to a promoter structure that is more amenable to NF-κB activation. This fact, combined with observations of multiple endogenously produced chemicals activating the AHR, led us to study its role in basal expression among high cytokine-producing cancer cell lines. The current study provides evidence that several head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cell lines have a level of constitutively bound AHR at the IL6 promoter, allowing for higher basal and readily inducible IL6 transcription. Treatment of these cell lines with an AHR antagonist led to dismissal of the AHR from the IL6 promoter and recruitment of corepressor complexes, thus diminishing cytokine expression. Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma is typically a high cytokine-producing tumor type, with IL6 expression levels correlating with disease aggressiveness. For this reason, AHR antagonist treatment could represent a novel adjuvant therapy for patients, lowering pro-growth and antiapoptotic signaling with minimal systemic side effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brett C DiNatale
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|