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Yang T, O'Malley TT, Kanmert D, Jerecic J, Zieske LR, Zetterberg H, Hyman BT, Walsh DM, Selkoe DJ. A highly sensitive novel immunoassay specifically detects low levels of soluble Aβ oligomers in human cerebrospinal fluid. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2015; 7:14. [PMID: 25802556 PMCID: PMC4369838 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-015-0100-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Amyloid β-protein oligomers play a key role in Alzheimer's disease (AD), but well-validated assays that routinely detect them in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are just emerging. We sought to confirm and extend a recent study using the Singulex Erenna platform that reported increased mean CSF oligomer levels in AD. METHODS We tested four antibody pairs and chose one pair that was particularly sensitive, using 1C22, our new oligomer-selective monoclonal antibody, for capture. We applied this new assay to extracts of human brain and CSF. RESULTS A combination of 1C22 for capture and 3D6 for detection yielded an Erenna immunoassay with a lower limit of quantification of approximately 0.15 pg/ml that was highly selective for oligomers over monomers and detected a wide size-range of oligomers. Most CSFs we tested had detectable oligomer levels but with a large overlap between AD and controls and a trend for higher mean levels in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) than controls. CONCLUSION Aβ oligomers are detectable in most human CSFs, but AD and controls overlap. MCI CSFs may have a modest elevation in mean value by this assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Yang
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Harvard Institute Medical, Room 730, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Tiernan T O'Malley
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Harvard Institute Medical, Room 730, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Daniel Kanmert
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Harvard Institute Medical, Room 730, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Jasna Jerecic
- Acumen Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 9816 Easton Drive, Beverly Hills, CA 90210 USA
| | - Lynn R Zieske
- Singulex, Inc., 1701 Harbor Bay Parkway, Suite 200, Alameda, CA USA
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, S-431 80 Mölndal, Sweden ; UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG UK
| | | | - Dominic M Walsh
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Harvard Institute Medical, Room 730, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Dennis J Selkoe
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Harvard Institute Medical, Room 730, Boston, MA 02115 USA
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102
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Acute amnestic encephalopathy in amyloid-β oligomer-injected mice is due to their widespread diffusion in vivo. Neurobiol Aging 2015; 36:2043-52. [PMID: 25862419 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid-β (Aβ) oligomers are the suspected culprit as initiators of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, their diffusion in the brain remains unknown. Here, we studied Aβ oligomers' dissemination and evaluated their in vivo toxicity. Wild-type mice were injected with 50 pmol of synthetic Aβ oligomers (of different size) in the hippocampus. Oligomers diffused largely in the brain as soon as 1 hour and up to 7 days after injection. A transient encephalopathy with memory impairment was induced by this unique injection. The immunoreactivity of the postsynaptic marker PSD95 was diffusely decreased. Similar results (both on memory and PSD95 immunoreactivity) were obtained with delipidated and high molecular weight oligomers (>50 kDa) but not with smaller assemblies. Tau hyperphosphorylation was observed in the oligomer-injected brains. Finally, fos immunostaining was increased in Aβ-derived diffusible ligands-injected mice, suggesting neuronal hyperactivity. Rapid and widespread diffusion of Aβ oligomers was demonstrated in vivo and associated with decreased synaptic markers and memory deficits which gives new insight to the pathogenicity of Aβ.
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103
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Dallas DC, Guerrero A, Parker EA, Robinson RC, Gan J, German JB, Barile D, Lebrilla CB. Current peptidomics: applications, purification, identification, quantification, and functional analysis. Proteomics 2015; 15:1026-38. [PMID: 25429922 PMCID: PMC4371869 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201400310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2014] [Revised: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Peptidomics is an emerging field branching from proteomics that targets endogenously produced protein fragments. Endogenous peptides are often functional within the body-and can be both beneficial and detrimental. This review covers the use of peptidomics in understanding digestion, and identifying functional peptides and biomarkers. Various techniques for peptide and glycopeptide extraction, both at analytical and preparative scales, and available options for peptide detection with MS are discussed. Current algorithms for peptide sequence determination, and both analytical and computational techniques for quantification are compared. Techniques for statistical analysis, sequence mapping, enzyme prediction, and peptide function, and structure prediction are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C. Dallas
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, USA
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Andres Guerrero
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Evan A. Parker
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Randall C. Robinson
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Junai Gan
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, USA
| | - J. Bruce German
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, USA
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Daniela Barile
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, USA
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Carlito B. Lebrilla
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, USA
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104
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Signal loss due to oligomerization in ELISA analysis of amyloid-beta can be recovered by a novel sample pre-treatment method. MethodsX 2015; 2:112-23. [PMID: 26150979 PMCID: PMC4487349 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2015.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
According to the predominant theories, soluble amyloid-beta (Aβ) aggregates are the principal neurotoxic agents in Alzheimer’s disease pathology, making them a popular target for the development of therapeutics and diagnostic markers. One of the most commonly used methods for determining the concentration of Aβ is ELISA. However, ELISA was developed for monomeric proteins and may be ill-suited for detecting aggregates. Therefore, we investigated the effect of aggregation on the ELISA measurement and developed a novel chemical pre-treatment method, designed to disaggregate Aβ peptides, to improve the ELISA measurement of the total Aβ concentration. Synthetic Aβ40 monomers, Aβ42 oligomers and biological samples from mice and humans were subjected to a chemical pre-treatment protocol with: trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), formic acid (FA) or hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) prior to ELISA analysis. In our study we have shown that: Aβ oligomerization leads to epitope masking and steric hindrance and results in an underestimation of the total Aβ content with ELISA. Chemically pre-treating samples to disaggregate oligomers can (partially) recover the signal loss. This novel sample pre-treatment method could provide a more accurate ELISA measurement of the total Aβ concentration in samples with a high oligomer content.
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Key Words
- AD, Alzheimers disease
- Alzheimer’s disease
- Amyloid-beta
- Aβ, amyloid-beta
- DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide
- ELISA
- FA, formic acid
- HFIP, hexafluoroisopropanol
- Oligomers
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- PMSF, phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride
- SDS, sodium dodecyl sulphate
- SP, soluble proteins
- Sample pre-treatment
- Sample pre-treatment for amyloid-beta ELISA analysis
- Steric hindrance
- TFA, trifluoroacetic acid
- WT, wild-type
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105
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Planque SA, Nishiyama Y, Sonoda S, Lin Y, Taguchi H, Hara M, Kolodziej S, Mitsuda Y, Gonzalez V, Sait HBR, Fukuchi KI, Massey RJ, Friedland RP, O'Nuallain B, Sigurdsson EM, Paul S. Specific amyloid β clearance by a catalytic antibody construct. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:10229-41. [PMID: 25724648 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.641738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical immunization methods do not generate catalytic antibodies (catabodies), but recent findings suggest that the innate antibody repertoire is a rich catabody source. We describe the specificity and amyloid β (Aβ)-clearing effect of a catabody construct engineered from innate immunity principles. The catabody recognized the Aβ C terminus noncovalently and hydrolyzed Aβ rapidly, with no reactivity to the Aβ precursor protein, transthyretin amyloid aggregates, or irrelevant proteins containing the catabody-sensitive Aβ dipeptide unit. The catabody dissolved preformed Aβ aggregates and inhibited Aβ aggregation more potently than an Aβ-binding IgG. Intravenous catabody treatment reduced brain Aβ deposits in a mouse Alzheimer disease model without inducing microgliosis or microhemorrhages. Specific Aβ hydrolysis appears to be an innate immune function that could be applied for therapeutic Aβ removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A Planque
- From the Chemical Immunology Research Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Yasuhiro Nishiyama
- From the Chemical Immunology Research Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Sari Sonoda
- From the Chemical Immunology Research Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Yan Lin
- the Departments of Neuroscience, Physiology, and Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016
| | - Hiroaki Taguchi
- From the Chemical Immunology Research Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Mariko Hara
- From the Chemical Immunology Research Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Steven Kolodziej
- From the Chemical Immunology Research Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Yukie Mitsuda
- From the Chemical Immunology Research Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Veronica Gonzalez
- the Departments of Neuroscience, Physiology, and Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016
| | - Hameetha B R Sait
- the Departments of Neuroscience, Physiology, and Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016
| | - Ken-ichiro Fukuchi
- the Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Peoria, Illinois 61605
| | | | - Robert P Friedland
- the Department of Neurology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, and
| | - Brian O'Nuallain
- the Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Einar M Sigurdsson
- the Departments of Neuroscience, Physiology, and Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016,
| | - Sudhir Paul
- From the Chemical Immunology Research Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas 77030,
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106
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Kang JH, Ryoo NY, Shin DW, Trojanowski JQ, Shaw LM. Role of cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers in clinical trials for Alzheimer's disease modifying therapies. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2014; 18:447-56. [PMID: 25598657 PMCID: PMC4296032 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2014.18.6.447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Until now, a disease-modifying therapy (DMT) that has an ability to slow or arrest Alzheimer's disease (AD) progression has not been developed, and all clinical trials involving AD patients enrolled by clinical assessment alone also have not been successful. Given the growing consensus that the DMT is likely to require treatment initiation well before full-blown dementia emerges, the early detection of AD will provide opportunities to successfully identify new drugs that slow the course of AD pathology. Recent advances in early detection of AD and prediction of progression of the disease using various biomarkers, including cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Aβ1-42, total tau and p-tau181 levels, and imagining biomarkers, are now being actively integrated into the designs of AD clinical trials. In terms of therapeutic mechanisms, monitoring these markers may be helpful for go/no-go decision making as well as surrogate markers for disease severity or progression. Furthermore, CSF biomarkers can be used as a tool to enrich patients for clinical trials with prospect of increasing statistical power and reducing costs in drug development. However, the standardization of technical aspects of analysis of these biomarkers is an essential prerequisite to the clinical uses. To accomplish this, global efforts are underway to standardize CSF biomarker measurements and a quality control program supported by the Alzheimer's Association. The current review summarizes therapeutic targets of developing drugs in AD pathophysiology, and provides the most recent advances in the
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Hee Kang
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon 400-712, Korea. ; Hypoxia-related Disease Research Center, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon 400-712, Korea. ; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Na-Young Ryoo
- Hypoxia-related Disease Research Center, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon 400-712, Korea. ; Department of Anatomy, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon 400-712, Korea
| | - Dong Wun Shin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Inje University Ilsan Paik Hospital, Ilsan 411-706, Korea
| | - John Q Trojanowski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA. ; Institute on Aging and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Leslie M Shaw
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA. ; Institute on Aging and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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107
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Sebollela A, Mustata GM, Luo K, Velasco PT, Viola KL, Cline EN, Shekhawat GS, Wilcox KC, Dravid VP, Klein WL. Elucidating molecular mass and shape of a neurotoxic Aβ oligomer. ACS Chem Neurosci 2014; 5:1238-45. [PMID: 25343357 PMCID: PMC4306476 DOI: 10.1021/cn500156r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most prevalent type of dementia, has been associated with the accumulation of amyloid β oligomers (AβOs) in the central nervous system. AβOs vary widely in size, ranging from dimers to larger than 100 kDa. Evidence indicates that not all oligomers are toxic, and there is yet no consensus on the size of the actual toxic oligomer. Here we used NU4, a conformation-dependent anti-AβO monoclonal antibody, to investigate size and shape of a toxic AβO assembly. By using size-exclusion chromatography and immuno-based detection, we isolated an AβO-NU4 complex amenable for biochemical and morphological studies. The apparent molecular mass of the NU4-targeted oligomer was 80 kDa. Atomic force microscopy imaging of the AβO-NU4 complex showed a size distribution centered at 5.37 nm, an increment of 1.5 nm compared to the size of AβOs (3.85 nm). This increment was compatible with the size of NU4 (1.3 nm), suggesting a 1:1 oligomer to NU4 ratio. NU4-reactive oligomers extracted from AD human brain concentrated in a molecular mass range similar to that found for in vitro prepared oligomers, supporting the relevance of the species herein studied. These results represent an important step toward understanding the connection between AβO size and toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Sebollela
- Department
of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Gina-Mirela Mustata
- International
Institute for Nanotechnology and NUANCE Center, Department of Materials
Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60004, United States
| | - Kevin Luo
- Department
of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Pauline T. Velasco
- Department
of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Kirsten L. Viola
- Department
of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Erika N. Cline
- Department
of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Gajendra S. Shekhawat
- International
Institute for Nanotechnology and NUANCE Center, Department of Materials
Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60004, United States
| | - Kyle C. Wilcox
- Department
of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Vinayak P. Dravid
- International
Institute for Nanotechnology and NUANCE Center, Department of Materials
Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60004, United States
| | - William L. Klein
- Department
of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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108
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Pouplana R, Campanera JM. Energetic contributions of residues to the formation of early amyloid-β oligomers. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 17:2823-37. [PMID: 25503571 DOI: 10.1039/c4cp04544k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Low-weight amyloid-β (Aβ) oligomers formed at early stages of oligomerization rather than fibril assemblies seem to be the toxic components that drive neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease. Unfortunately, detailed knowledge of the structure of these early oligomers at the residue level is not yet available. In this study, we performed all-atom explicit solvent molecular dynamics simulations to examine the oligomerization process of Aβ10-35 monomers when forming dimers, trimers, tetramers and octamers, with four independent simulations of a total simulated time of 3 μs for each oligomer system. The decomposition of the stability free energy by MM-GBSA methodology allowed us to unravel the network of energetic interactions that stabilize such oligomers. The contribution of the intermonomeric van der Waals term is the most significant energy feature of the oligomerization process, consistent with the so-called hydrophobic effect. Furthermore, the decomposition of the stability free energy into residues and residue-pairwise terms revealed that it is mainly apolar interactions between the three specific hydrophobic fragments 31-35 (C-terminal region), 17-20 (central hydrophobic core) and 12-14 (N-terminal region) that are responsible for such a favourable effect. The conformation in which the hydrophobic cthr-chc interaction is oriented perpendicularly is particularly important. We propose three other model substructures that favour the oligomerization process and can thus be considered as molecular targets for future inhibitors. Understanding Aβ oligomerization at the residue level could lead to more efficient design of inhibitors of this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Pouplana
- Departament de Fisicoquímica, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII, s/n, Diagonal Sud, 08028, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
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109
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Lehotzky A, Oláh J, Szunyogh S, Szabó A, Berki T, Ovádi J. Zinc-induced structural changes of the disordered tppp/p25 inhibits its degradation by the proteasome. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2014; 1852:83-91. [PMID: 25445539 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2014.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tubulin Polymerization Promoting Protein/p25 (TPPP/p25), a neomorphic moonlighting protein displaying both physiological and pathological functions, plays a crucial role in the differentiation of the zinc-rich oligodendrocytes, the major constituent of myelin sheath; and it is enriched and co-localizes with α-synuclein in brain inclusions hallmarking Parkinson's disease and other synucleinopathies. In this work we showed that the binding of Zn(2+) to TPPP/p25 promotes its dimerization resulting in increased tubulin polymerization promoting activity. We also demonstrated that the Zn(2+) increases the intracellular TPPP/p25 level resulting in a more decorated microtubule network in CHO10 and CG-4 cells expressing TPPP/p25 ectopically and endogenously, respectively. This stabilization effect is crucial for the differentiation and aggresome formation under physiological and pathological conditions, respectively. The Zn(2+)-mediated effect was similar to that produced by treatment of the cells with MG132, a proteasome inhibitor or Zn(2+) plus MG132 as quantified by cellular ELISA. The enhancing effect of zinc ion on the level of TPPP/p25 was independent of the expression level of the protein produced by doxycycline induction at different levels or inhibition of the protein synthesis by cycloheximide. Thus, we suggest that the zinc as a specific divalent cation could be involved in the fine-tuning of the physiological TPPP/p25 level counteracting both the enrichment and the lack of this protein leading to distinct central nervous system diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila Lehotzky
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Judit Oláh
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Sándor Szunyogh
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Adél Szabó
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Tímea Berki
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Judit Ovádi
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
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110
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Zetterberg H, Lautner R, Skillbäck T, Rosén C, Shahim P, Mattsson N, Blennow K. CSF in Alzheimer's disease. Adv Clin Chem 2014; 65:143-72. [PMID: 25233613 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800141-7.00005-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive brain amyloidosis that injures brain regions involved in memory consolidation and other cognitive functions. Neuropathologically, the disease is characterized by accumulation of a 42-amino acid protein called amyloid beta, and N-terminally truncated fragments thereof, in extracellular senile plaques together with intraneuronal inclusions of hyperphosphorylated tau protein in neurofibrillary tangles, and neuronal and axonal degeneration and loss. Clinical chemistry tests for these pathologies have been developed for use on cerebrospinal fluid samples. Here, we review what these markers have taught us on the disease process in AD and how they can be implemented in routine clinical chemistry. We also provide an update on new marker development and ongoing analytical standardization effort.
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111
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Greiner ER, Kelly JW, Palhano FL. Immunoprecipitation of amyloid fibrils by the use of an antibody that recognizes a generic epitope common to amyloid fibrils. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105433. [PMID: 25144803 PMCID: PMC4140755 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid fibrils are associated with many maladies, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). The isolation of amyloids from natural materials is very challenging because the extreme structural stability of amyloid fibrils makes it difficult to apply conventional protein science protocols to their purification. A protocol to isolate and detect amyloids is desired for the diagnosis of amyloid diseases and for the identification of new functional amyloids. Our aim was to develop a protocol to purify amyloid from organisms, based on the particular characteristics of the amyloid fold, such as its resistance to proteolysis and its capacity to be recognized by specific conformational antibodies. We used a two-step strategy with proteolytic digestion as the first step followed by immunoprecipitation using the amyloid conformational antibody LOC. We tested the efficacy of this method using as models amyloid fibrils produced in vitro, tissue extracts from C. elegans that overexpress Aβ peptide, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from patients diagnosed with AD. We were able to immunoprecipitate Aβ(1-40) amyloid fibrils, produced in vitro and then added to complex biological extracts, but not α-synuclein and gelsolin fibrils. This method was useful for isolating amyloid fibrils from tissue homogenates from a C. elegans AD model, especially from aged worms. Although we were able to capture picogram quantities of Aβ(1-40) amyloid fibrils produced in vitro when added to complex biological solutions, we could not detect any Aβ amyloid aggregates in CSF from AD patients. Our results show that although immunoprecipitation using the LOC antibody is useful for isolating Aβ(1-40) amyloid fibrils, it fails to capture fibrils of other amyloidogenic proteins, such as α-synuclein and gelsolin. Additional research might be needed to improve the affinity of these amyloid conformational antibodies for an array of amyloid fibrils without compromising their selectivity before application of this protocol to the isolation of amyloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin R. Greiner
- Departments of Chemistry and Molecular and Experimental Medicine and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Jeffery W. Kelly
- Departments of Chemistry and Molecular and Experimental Medicine and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Fernando L. Palhano
- Departments of Chemistry and Molecular and Experimental Medicine and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Programa de Biologia Estrutural, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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112
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Soluble amyloid beta levels are elevated in the white matter of Alzheimer's patients, independent of cortical plaque severity. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2014; 2:83. [PMID: 25129614 PMCID: PMC4147157 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-014-0083-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease and the leading cause of dementia. In addition to grey matter pathology, white matter changes are now recognized as an important pathological feature in the emergence of the disease. Despite growing recognition of the importance of white matter abnormalities in the pathogenesis of AD, the causes of white matter degeneration are still unknown. While multiple studies propose Wallerian-like degeneration as the source of white matter change, others suggest that primary white matter pathology may be due, at least in part, to other mechanisms, including local effects of toxic Aβ peptides. In the current study, we investigated levels of soluble amyloid-beta (Aβ) in white matter of AD patients (n=12) compared with controls (n=10). Fresh frozen white matter samples were obtained from anterior (Brodmann area 9) and posterior (Brodmann area 1, 2 and 3) areas of post-mortem AD and control brains. ELISA was used to examine levels of soluble Aβ -42 and Aβ -40. Total cortical neuritic plaque severity rating was derived from individual ratings in the following areas of cortex: mid-frontal, superior temporal, pre-central, inferior parietal, hippocampus (CA1), subiculum, entorhinal cortex, transentorhinal cortex, inferior temporal, amygdala and basal forebrain. Compared with controls, AD samples had higher white matter levels of both soluble Aβ -42 and Aβ -40. While no regional white matter differences were found in Aβ -40, Aβ -42 levels were higher in anterior regions than in posterior regions across both groups. After statistically controlling for total cortical neuritic plaque severity, differences in both soluble Aβ -42 and Aβ -40 between the groups remained, suggesting that white matter Aβ peptides accumulate independent of overall grey matter fibrillar amyloid pathology and are not simply a reflection of overall amyloid burden. These results shed light on one potential mechanism through which white matter degeneration may occur in AD. Given that white matter degeneration may be an early marker of disease, preceding grey matter atrophy, understanding the mechanisms and risk factors that may lead to white matter loss could help to identify those at high risk and to intervene earlier in the pathogenic process.
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113
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Goure WF, Krafft GA, Jerecic J, Hefti F. Targeting the proper amyloid-beta neuronal toxins: a path forward for Alzheimer's disease immunotherapeutics. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2014; 6:42. [PMID: 25045405 PMCID: PMC4100318 DOI: 10.1186/alzrt272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Levels of amyloid-beta monomer and deposited amyloid-beta in the Alzheimer’s
disease brain are orders of magnitude greater than soluble amyloid-beta oligomer
levels. Monomeric amyloid-beta has no known direct toxicity. Insoluble fibrillar
amyloid-beta has been proposed to be an in vivo mechanism for removal of
soluble amyloid-beta and exhibits relatively low toxicity. In contrast, soluble
amyloid-beta oligomers are widely reported to be the most toxic amyloid-beta form,
both causing acute synaptotoxicity and inducing neurodegenerative processes. None of
the amyloid-beta immunotherapies currently in clinical development selectively target
soluble amyloid-beta oligomers, and their lack of efficacy is not unexpected
considering their selectivity for monomeric or fibrillar amyloid-beta (or both)
rather than soluble amyloid-beta oligomers. Because they exhibit acute,
memory-compromising synaptic toxicity and induce chronic neurodegenerative toxicity
and because they exist at very low in vivo levels in the Alzheimer’s
disease brain, soluble amyloid-beta oligomers constitute an optimal immunotherapeutic
target that should be pursued more aggressively.
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Affiliation(s)
- William F Goure
- Acumen Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 4453 North First Street, #360, Livermore, CA 94551, USA
| | - Grant A Krafft
- Acumen Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 4453 North First Street, #360, Livermore, CA 94551, USA
| | - Jasna Jerecic
- Acumen Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 4453 North First Street, #360, Livermore, CA 94551, USA
| | - Franz Hefti
- Acumen Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 4453 North First Street, #360, Livermore, CA 94551, USA
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114
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De Felice FG, Ferreira ST. Inflammation, defective insulin signaling, and mitochondrial dysfunction as common molecular denominators connecting type 2 diabetes to Alzheimer disease. Diabetes 2014; 63:2262-72. [PMID: 24931033 DOI: 10.2337/db13-1954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 415] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A growing body of evidence supports an intriguing clinical/epidemiological connection between Alzheimer disease (AD) and type 2 diabetes (T2D). T2D patients have significantly increased risk of developing AD and vice versa. Recent studies have begun to reveal common pathogenic mechanisms shared by AD and metabolic disorders, notably obesity and T2D. In T2D and obesity, low-grade chronic inflammation is a key mechanism leading to peripheral insulin resistance, which progressively causes tissue deterioration and overall health decline. In the brain, proinflammatory signaling was recently found to mediate impaired neuronal insulin signaling, synapse deterioration, and memory loss. Here, we review evidence indicating that inflammation, insulin resistance, and mitochondrial dysfunction are common features in AD and T2D. We further propose the hypothesis that dementia and its underlying neuronal dysfunction are exacerbated or driven by peripheral inflammation. Identification of central and peripheral inflammation as potential mediators of brain dysfunction in AD may lead to the development of effective treatments for this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda G De Felice
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sergio T Ferreira
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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115
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Beta-amyloid auto-antibodies are reduced in Alzheimer's disease. J Neuroimmunol 2014; 274:168-73. [PMID: 25022335 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2014.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Accumulation and cytotoxicity of amyloid beta (Aβ) are understood as the major cause of Alzheimer's disease (AD). There is evidence that naturally occurring antibodies against amyloid beta (Aβ) protein play a role in Aβ-clearance, and such a mechanism appears to be impaired in AD. In the present study, the anti-Aβ antibodies in the serum from individuals with and without late onset AD were measured using ELISA and dot-blot methods. Aβ auto-antibodies in serum were mainly targeted to Aβ1-15 epitope and its titer was significantly lower in AD patients than elderly non-AD controls (NC). The dot-blot analysis further demonstrated that auto-antibodies against fibrillar Aβ42, Aβ1-15 and Aβ16-30 epitopes were all in a lower level in AD than in NC. The isotypes of the auto-antibodies were mainly non-inflammatory IgG2 type. We also analyzed the relationship of auto-Aβ antibody levels with the genotypes of apolipoprotein E (ApoE) and ANKK1/DRD2 gene.
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116
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Ongali B, Nicolakakis N, Tong XK, Aboulkassim T, Papadopoulos P, Rosa-Neto P, Lecrux C, Imboden H, Hamel E. Angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker losartan prevents and rescues cerebrovascular, neuropathological and cognitive deficits in an Alzheimer's disease model. Neurobiol Dis 2014; 68:126-36. [PMID: 24807206 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2014.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin II (AngII) receptor blockers that bind selectively AngII type 1 (AT1) receptors may protect from Alzheimer's disease (AD). We studied the ability of the AT1 receptor antagonist losartan to cure or prevent AD hallmarks in aged (~18months at endpoint, 3months treatment) or adult (~12months at endpoint, 10months treatment) human amyloid precursor protein (APP) transgenic mice. We tested learning and memory with the Morris water maze, and evaluated neurometabolic and neurovascular coupling using [(18)F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose-PET and laser Doppler flowmetry responses to whisker stimulation. Cerebrovascular reactivity was assessed with on-line videomicroscopy. We measured protein levels of oxidative stress enzymes (superoxide dismutases SOD1, SOD2 and NADPH oxidase subunit p67phox), and quantified soluble and deposited amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), AngII receptors AT1 and AT2, angiotensin IV receptor AT4, and cortical cholinergic innervation. In aged APP mice, losartan did not improve learning but it consolidated memory acquisition and recall, and rescued neurovascular and neurometabolic coupling and cerebrovascular dilatory capacity. Losartan normalized cerebrovascular p67phox and SOD2 protein levels and up-regulated those of SOD1. Losartan attenuated astrogliosis, normalized AT1 and AT4 receptor levels, but failed to rescue the cholinergic deficit and the Aβ pathology. Given preventively, losartan protected cognitive function, cerebrovascular reactivity, and AT4 receptor levels. Like in aged APP mice, these benefits occurred without a decrease in soluble Aβ species or plaque load. We conclude that losartan exerts potent preventive and restorative effects on AD hallmarks, possibly by mitigating AT1-initiated oxidative stress and normalizing memory-related AT4 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brice Ongali
- Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Research, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Nektaria Nicolakakis
- Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Research, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Xin-Kang Tong
- Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Research, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Tahar Aboulkassim
- Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Research, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | | | - Pedro Rosa-Neto
- Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada; Douglas Hospital Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Clotilde Lecrux
- Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Research, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Hans Imboden
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Edith Hamel
- Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Research, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada.
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117
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Abstract
A hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain is the amyloid β (Aβ) plaque, which is comprised of Aβ peptides. Multiple lines of evidence suggest that Aβ oligomers are more toxic than other peptide forms. We sought to develop a robust assay to quantify oligomers from CSF. Antibody 19.3 was compared in one-site and competitive ELISAs for oligomer binding specificity. A two-site ELISA for oligomers was developed using 19.3 coupled to a sensitive, bead-based fluorescent platform able to detect single photons of emitted light. The two-site ELISA was >2500× selective for Aβ oligomers over Aβ monomers with a limit of detection ∼ 0.09 pg/ml in human CSF. The lower limit of reliable quantification of the assay was 0.18 pg/ml and the antibody pairs recognized Aβ multimers comprised of either synthetic standards, or endogenous oligomers isolated from confirmed human AD and healthy control brain. Using the assay, a significant 3- to 5-fold increase in Aβ oligomers in human AD CSF compared with comparably aged controls was demonstrated. The increase was seen in three separate human cohorts, totaling 63 AD and 54 controls. CSF oligomers ranged between 0.1 and 10 pg/ml. Aβ oligomer levels did not strongly associate with age or gender, but had an inverse correlation with MMSE score. The C statistic for the Aβ oligomer ROC curve was 0.86, with 80% sensitivity and 88% specificity to detect AD, suggesting reasonable discriminatory power for the AD state and the potential for utility as a diagnostic marker.
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118
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Mitchell AL, Gajjar KB, Theophilou G, Martin FL, Martin-Hirsch PL. Vibrational spectroscopy of biofluids for disease screening or diagnosis: translation from the laboratory to a clinical setting. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2014; 7:153-165. [PMID: 24648213 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201400018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Revised: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
There remains a need for objective and cost-effective approaches capable of diagnosing early-stage disease in point-of-care clinical settings. Given an increasingly ageing population resulting in a rising prevalence of chronic diseases, the need for screening to facilitate the personalising of therapies to prevent or slow down pathology development will increase. Such a tool needs to be robust but simple enough to be implemented into clinical practice. There is interest in extracting biomarkers from biofluids (e.g., plasma or serum); techniques based on vibrational spectroscopy provide an option. Sample preparation is minimal, techniques involved are relatively low-cost, and data frameworks are available. This review explores the evidence supporting the applicability of vibrational spectroscopy to generate spectral biomarkers of disease in biofluids. We extend the inter-disciplinary nature of this approach to hypothesise a microfluidic platform that could allow such measurements. With an appropriate lightsource, such engineering could revolutionize screening in the 21(st) century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alana L Mitchell
- Centre for Biophotonics, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
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119
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Soluble Aβ oligomers are rapidly sequestered from brain ISF in vivo and bind GM1 ganglioside on cellular membranes. Neuron 2014; 82:308-19. [PMID: 24685176 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Soluble Aβ oligomers contribute importantly to synaptotoxicity in Alzheimer's disease, but their dynamics in vivo remain unclear. Here, we found that soluble Aβ oligomers were sequestered from brain interstitial fluid onto brain membranes much more rapidly than nontoxic monomers and were recovered in part as bound to GM1 ganglioside on membranes. Aβ oligomers bound strongly to GM1 ganglioside, and blocking the sialic acid residue on GM1 decreased oligomer-mediated LTP impairment in mouse hippocampal slices. In a hAPP transgenic mouse model, substantial levels of GM1-bound Aβ₄₂ were recovered from brain membrane fractions. We also detected GM1-bound Aβ in human CSF, and its levels correlated with Aβ₄₂, suggesting its potential as a biomarker of Aβ-related membrane dysfunction. Together, these findings highlight a mechanism whereby hydrophobic Aβ oligomers become sequestered onto GM1 ganglioside and presumably other lipids on neuronal membranes, where they may induce progressive functional and structural changes.
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120
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Salvadores N, Shahnawaz M, Scarpini E, Tagliavini F, Soto C. Detection of misfolded Aβ oligomers for sensitive biochemical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Cell Rep 2014; 7:261-8. [PMID: 24656814 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 01/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) diagnosis is hampered by the lack of early, sensitive, and objective laboratory tests. We describe a sensitive method for biochemical diagnosis of AD based on specific detection of misfolded Aβ oligomers, which play a central role in AD pathogenesis. The protein misfolding cyclic amplification assay (Aβ-PMCA), exploits the functional property of Aβ oligomers to seed the polymerization of monomeric Aβ. Aβ-PMCA allowed detection of as little as 3 fmol of Aβ oligomers. Most importantly, using cerebrospinal fluid, we were able to distinguish AD patients from control individuals affected by a variety of other neurodegenerative disorders or nondegenerative neurological diseases with overall sensitivity of 90% and specificity of 92%. These findings provide the proof-of-principle basis for developing a highly sensitive and specific biochemical test for AD diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Salvadores
- Mitchell Center for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Brain Disorders, Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mohammad Shahnawaz
- Mitchell Center for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Brain Disorders, Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Elio Scarpini
- Neurology Unit, Università di Milano, Centro Dino Ferrari, Fondazione Ca' Granda, IRCC Ospedale Policlinico, via F. Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Tagliavini
- IRCCS Foundation "Carlo Besta" Neurological Institute, Via Celoria 11, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Claudio Soto
- Mitchell Center for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Brain Disorders, Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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121
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Foulds P, Mann DMA, Allsop D. Phosphorylated α-synuclein as a potential biomarker for Parkinson’s disease and related disorders. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2014; 12:115-7. [DOI: 10.1586/erm.12.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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122
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Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers in Alzheimer’s Disease and Frontotemporal Dementia. NEURODEGENER DIS 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4471-6380-0_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
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123
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Goñi F, Herline K, Peyser D, Wong K, Ji Y, Sun Y, Mehta P, Wisniewski T. Immunomodulation targeting of both Aβ and tau pathological conformers ameliorates Alzheimer's disease pathology in TgSwDI and 3xTg mouse models. J Neuroinflammation 2013; 10:150. [PMID: 24330773 PMCID: PMC3878790 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-10-150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Central to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and many other neurodegenerative diseases is the conformational change of a normal self-protein into toxic oligomeric species and amyloid deposits. None of these disorders have an effective therapy, but immunization approaches hold great promise. We have previously shown that active immunization with a novel peptide when polymerized into a stable oligomeric conformation, pBri, induced a humoral immune response to toxic Aβ species in an AD model, APP/PS1 transgenic (Tg) mice, reducing plaque deposits. pBri is a glutaraldehyde polymerized form of the carboxyl fragment of an amyloidogenic protein, which is deposited in the brains of patients with a rare autosomal dominant disease due to a missense mutation in a stop codon, resulting in the translation of an intronic sequence, with no known sequence homology to any mammalian protein. Methods In the current study we tested whether pBri-peptide-based immunomodulation is effective at reducing both vascular amyloid deposits and tau-related pathology using TgSwDI mice with extensive congophilic angiopathy and 3xTg mice with tau pathology. Results Our results indicate that this immunomodulation approach, which produces a humoral response to proteins in a pathological conformation, is effective at reducing both Aβ and tau-related pathologies. Conclusions This immunomodulatory approach has the advantage of using a non-self-immunogen that is less likely to be associated with autoimmune toxicity. Furthermore we found that it is able to target all the cardinal features of AD concurrently.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Thomas Wisniewski
- Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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124
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Hayden EY, Teplow DB. Amyloid β-protein oligomers and Alzheimer's disease. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2013; 5:60. [PMID: 24289820 PMCID: PMC3978746 DOI: 10.1186/alzrt226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The oligomer cascade hypothesis, which states that oligomers are the initiating pathologic agents in Alzheimer’s disease, has all but supplanted the amyloid cascade hypothesis, which suggested that fibers were the key etiologic agents in Alzheimer’s disease. We review here the results of in vivo, in vitro and in silico studies of amyloid β-protein oligomers, and discuss important caveats that should be considered in the evaluation of these results. This article is divided into four sections that mirror the main approaches used in the field to better understand oligomers: (1) attempts to locate and examine oligomers in vivo in situ; that is, without removing these species from their environment; (2) studies involving oligomers extracted from human or animal tissues and the subsequent characterization of their properties ex vivo; (3) studies of oligomers that have been produced synthetically and studied using a reductionist approach in relatively simple in vitro biophysical systems; and (4) computational studies of oligomers in silico. These multiple orthogonal approaches have revealed much about the molecular and cell biology of amyloid β-protein. However, as informative as these approaches have been, the amyloid β-protein oligomer system remains enigmatic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Y Hayden
- Department of Neurology, 635 Charles E. Young Drive South, Room 455, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - David B Teplow
- Department of Neurology, 635 Charles E. Young Drive South, Room 455, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA ; Brain Research and Molecular Biology Institutes, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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125
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Rosa-Neto P, Hsiung GYR, Masellis M. Fluid biomarkers for diagnosing dementia: rationale and the Canadian Consensus on Diagnosis and Treatment of Dementia recommendations for Canadian physicians. Alzheimers Res Ther 2013; 5:S8. [PMID: 24565514 PMCID: PMC3980280 DOI: 10.1186/alzrt223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Fluid biomarkers improve the diagnostic accuracy in dementia and provide an objective measure potentially useful as a therapeutic response in clinical trials. The role of fluid biomarkers in patient care is a rapidly evolving field. Here, we provide a review and recommendations regarding the use of fluid biomarkers in clinical practice as discussed at the Fourth Canadian Consensus Conference on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Dementia (CCCDTD4) convened in Montreal, 4 to 5 May 2012. At present, there is no consensus regarding the optimal methodology for conducting quantification of plasma amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptides. In addition, since there is insufficient evidence supporting clinical applications for plasma Aβ-peptide measures, the CCCDTD4 does not recommended plasma biomarkers either for primary care or for specialists. Evidence for CSF Aβ1-42, total tau and phosphorylated tau in the diagnosis of Alzheimer pathology is much stronger, and can be considered at the tertiary care level for selected cases to improve diagnostic certainty, particularly in those cases presenting atypical clinical features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Rosa-Neto
- McGill Centre for Studies in Aging, McGill University, 6825 LaSalle Boulevard, Verdun, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H4H 1R3
- Douglas Research Institute, McGill University, 6875 LaSalle Blvd, FBC room 1144, F-0105 Montréal (Verdun), QC, Canada H4H 1R3
| | - Ging-Yuek Robin Hsiung
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, S162 - 2211 Wesbrook Mall, UBC Hospital, Vancouver BC, Canada V6T 2B5
| | - Mario Masellis
- L.C. Campbell Cognitive Neurology Research Unit, Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, 2075 Bayview Avenue Toronto, Ontario, Canada M4N 3M5
- Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M4N 3M5, Canada
- Neurogenetics Section, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Queen and Ossington) 1001 Queen Street West; 30, 40, 50 and 60 White Squirrel Way; 100 and 101 Stokes Street; 80 Workman Way, Toronto, Ontario M6J 1H4, Canada
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126
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127
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Liu S, Breitbart A, Sun Y, Mehta PD, Boutajangout A, Scholtzova H, Wisniewski T. Blocking the apolipoprotein E/amyloid β interaction in triple transgenic mice ameliorates Alzheimer's disease related amyloid β and tau pathology. J Neurochem 2013; 128:577-91. [PMID: 24117759 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Revised: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Inheritance of the apolipoprotein E4 (apoE4) genotype has been identified as the major genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD). Studies have shown that the binding between apoE and amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides occurs at residues 244-272 of apoE and residues 12-28 of Aβ. ApoE4 has been implicated in promoting Aβ deposition and impairing clearance of Aβ. We hypothesized that blocking the apoE/Aβ interaction would serve as an effective new approach to AD therapy. We have previously shown that treatment with Aβ12-28P can reduce amyloid plaques in APP/PS1 transgenic (Tg) mice and vascular amyloid in TgSwDI mice with congophilic amyloid angiopathy. In the present study, we investigated whether the Aβ12-28P elicits a therapeutic effect on tau-related pathology in addition to amyloid pathology using old triple transgenic AD mice (3xTg, with PS1M146V , APPSwe and tauP30IL transgenes) with established pathology from the ages of 21 to 26 months. We show that treatment with Aβ12-28P substantially reduces tau pathology both immunohistochemically and biochemically, as well as reducing the amyloid burden and suppressing the activation of astrocytes and microglia. These affects correlate with a behavioral amelioration in the treated Tg mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Liu
- Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, ERSP, New York, NY, USA
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128
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Morales R, Moreno-Gonzalez I, Soto C. Cross-seeding of misfolded proteins: implications for etiology and pathogenesis of protein misfolding diseases. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003537. [PMID: 24068917 PMCID: PMC3777858 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Morales
- Mitchell Center for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Brain Disorders, Department of Neurology, University of Texas Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ines Moreno-Gonzalez
- Mitchell Center for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Brain Disorders, Department of Neurology, University of Texas Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Claudio Soto
- Mitchell Center for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Brain Disorders, Department of Neurology, University of Texas Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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129
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Takeda S, Hashimoto T, Roe AD, Hori Y, Spires-Jones TL, Hyman BT. Brain interstitial oligomeric amyloid β increases with age and is resistant to clearance from brain in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. FASEB J 2013; 27:3239-48. [PMID: 23640054 PMCID: PMC3714573 DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-229666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
There is a growing body of evidence that soluble oligomeric forms of amyloid β (Aβ) play a critical role in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Despite the importance of soluble Aβ oligomers as a therapeutic target for AD, the dynamic metabolism of these Aβ species in vivo has not been elucidated because of the difficulty in monitoring brain Aβ oligomers in living animals. Here, using a unique large pore-sized membrane microdialysis, we characterized soluble Aβ oligomers in brain interstitial fluid (ISF) of awake, freely moving APP/PS1 transgenic and control WT mice. We could detect high-molecular-weight (HMW) and low-molecular-weight (LMW) Aβ oligomers in the brain ISF of living animals, which increased dramatically in an age-dependent manner (5- to 8-fold increase, 4 vs. 17-18 mo). Notably, HMW Aβ decreased more slowly than other forms of Aβ after acute γ-secretase inhibition [% decrease from the baseline (HMW vs. LMW) was 36.9 vs. 74.1% (Aβ40, P<0.05) and 25.4 vs. 88.0% (Aβ42, P<0.01)], suggesting that HMW Aβ oligomers clear more slowly than other forms from the brain. These data reveal the dynamic metabolism of neurotoxic Aβ oligomers in AD brain and could provide new insights into Aβ-targeted therapies for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuko Takeda
- Alzheimer's Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tadafumi Hashimoto
- Alzheimer's Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Allyson D. Roe
- Alzheimer's Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yukiko Hori
- Alzheimer's Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tara L. Spires-Jones
- Alzheimer's Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bradley T. Hyman
- Alzheimer's Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
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130
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Kahler A, Sticht H, Horn AHC. Conformational stability of fibrillar amyloid-beta oligomers via protofilament pair formation - a systematic computational study. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70521. [PMID: 23936224 PMCID: PMC3729696 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid-[Formula: see text] (A[Formula: see text]) oligomers play a crucial role in Alzheimer's disease due to their neurotoxic aggregation properties. Fibrillar A[Formula: see text] oligomerization can lead to protofilaments and protofilament pairs via oligomer elongation and oligomer association, respectively. Small fibrillar oligomers adopt the protofilament topology, whereas fibrils contain at least protofilament pairs. To date, the underlying growth mechanism from oligomers to the mature fibril still remains to be elucidated. Here, we performed all-atom molecular dynamics simulations in explicit solvent on single layer-like protofilaments and fibril-like protofilament pairs of different size ranging from the tetramer to the 48-mer. We found that the initial U-shaped topology per monomer is maintained over time in all oligomers. The observed deviations of protofilaments from the starting structure increase significantly with size due to the twisting of the in-register parallel [Formula: see text]-sheets. This twist causes long protofilaments to be unstable and leads to a breakage. Protofilament pairs, which are stabilized by a hydrophobic interface, exhibit more fibril-like properties such as the overall structure and the twist angle. Thus, they can act as stable conformational templates for further fibril growth. Key properties like the twist angle, shape complementarity, and energetics show a size-dependent behavior so that small oligomers favor the protofilament topology, whereas large oligomers favor the protofilament pair topology. The region for this conformational transition is at the size of approximately twelve A[Formula: see text] monomers. From that, we propose the following growth mechanism from A[Formula: see text] oligomers to fibrils: (1) elongation of short protofilaments; (2) breakage of large protofilaments; (3) formation of short protofilament pairs; and (4) elongation of protofilament pairs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kahler
- Bioinformatik, Institut für Biochemie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Heinrich Sticht
- Bioinformatik, Institut für Biochemie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anselm H. C. Horn
- Bioinformatik, Institut für Biochemie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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131
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Herskovits AZ, Locascio JJ, Peskind ER, Li G, Hyman BT. A Luminex assay detects amyloid β oligomers in Alzheimer's disease cerebrospinal fluid. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67898. [PMID: 23844122 PMCID: PMC3699502 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid beta (aβ) protein assembles into larger protein aggregates during the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and there is increasing evidence that soluble aβ oligomers are a critical pathologic species. Diagnostic evaluations rely on the measurement of increased tau and decreased aβ42 in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from AD patients and evidence for oligomeric aβ in patient CSF is conflicting. In this study, we have adapted a monoclonal single antibody sandwich ELISA assay to a Luminex platform and found that this assay can detect oligomerized aβ42 and sAPPα fragments. We evaluated oligomeric aβ reactivity in 20 patients with AD relative to 19 age matched controls and compared these values with a commercially available Alzbio3 kit that detects tau, phosphorylated tau and aβ42 on the same diagnostic platform. We found that CSF samples of patients with AD had elevated aβ oligomers compared to control subjects (p < 0.05) and the ratio of aβ oligomers to aβ42 was also significantly elevated (p < 0.0001). Further research to develop high sensitivity analytical platforms and rigorous methods of developing stable assay standards will be needed before the analysis of oligomeric aβ becomes a routine diagnostic assay for the evaluation of late onset AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrianna Z Herskovits
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.
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132
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Kasai T, Tokuda T, Taylor M, Kondo M, Mann DMA, Foulds PG, Nakagawa M, Allsop D. Correlation of Aβ oligomer levels in matched cerebrospinal fluid and serum samples. Neurosci Lett 2013; 551:17-22. [PMID: 23811027 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2013] [Revised: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We recently reported a newly developed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for high molecular weight amyloid-β (Aβ) oligomers in which the same Aβ monoclonal antibody, BAN50, was used for both capture and detection in a single antibody sandwich enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) system. Although our previous data have suggested that this assay will be useful for the early diagnosis of Alzheimer disease (AD) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples, the invasive CSF sampling procedure, with associated potential complications, limits use of these samples in routine clinical practice. In this study, we have demonstrated that our ELISA can detect signals in 60% of serum samples and in 80% of CSF samples obtained from non-demented subjects. Heterophilic antibodies that are reported to be a primary confounding factor in this type of ELISA system did not affect the signals obtained. Although the levels of serum Aβ oligomers were unexpectedly high, suggesting the possible detection of non-pathological Aβ complexes associated with serum carrier proteins, they did show a significant positive correlation with the levels obtained from matched CSF samples. This correlation between CSF and serum Aβ oligomer levels implies that the levels of serum Aβ oligomers measured with our ELISA might be useful as a marker for AD that reflects an intact system of Aβ transport across the blood brain barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kasai
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-0841, Japan.
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133
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Rosén C, Hansson O, Blennow K, Zetterberg H. Fluid biomarkers in Alzheimer's disease - current concepts. Mol Neurodegener 2013; 8:20. [PMID: 23800368 PMCID: PMC3691925 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1326-8-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The diagnostic guidelines of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) have recently been updated to include brain imaging and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers, with the aim of increasing the certainty of whether a patient has an ongoing AD neuropathologic process or not. The CSF biomarkers total tau (T-tau), hyperphosphorylated tau (P-tau) and the 42 amino acid isoform of amyloid β (Aβ42) reflect the core pathologic features of AD, which are neuronal loss, intracellular neurofibrillary tangles and extracellular senile plaques. Since the pathologic processes of AD start decades before the first symptoms, these biomarkers may provide means of early disease detection. The updated guidelines identify three different stages of AD: preclinical AD, mild cognitive impairment (MCI) due to AD and AD with dementia. In this review, we aim to summarize the CSF biomarker data available for each of these stages. We also review results from blood biomarker studies. In summary, the core AD CSF biomarkers have high diagnostic accuracy both for AD with dementia and to predict incipient AD (MCI due to AD). Longitudinal studies on healthy elderly and recent cross-sectional studies on patients with dominantly inherited AD mutations have also found biomarker changes in cognitively normal at-risk individuals. This will be important if disease-modifying treatment becomes available, given that treatment will probably be most effective early in the disease. An important prerequisite for this is trustworthy analyses. Since measurements vary between studies and laboratories, standardization of analytical as well as pre-analytical procedures will be essential. This process is already initiated. Apart from filling diagnostic roles, biomarkers may also be utilized for prognosis, disease progression, development of new treatments, monitoring treatment effects and for increasing the knowledge about pathologic processes coupled to the disease. Hence, the search for new biomarkers continues. Several candidate biomarkers have been found in CSF, and although biomarkers in blood have been harder to find, some recent studies have presented encouraging results. But before drawing any major conclusions, these results need to be verified in independent studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoffer Rosén
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg Mölndal, S-431 80, Mölndal, Sweden.
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134
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Hölttä M, Hansson O, Andreasson U, Hertze J, Minthon L, Nägga K, Andreasen N, Zetterberg H, Blennow K. Evaluating amyloid-β oligomers in cerebrospinal fluid as a biomarker for Alzheimer's disease. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66381. [PMID: 23799095 PMCID: PMC3682966 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study evaluated amyloid-β oligomers (Aβo) in cerebrospinal fluid as a clinical biomarker for Alzheimer's disease (AD). We developed a highly sensitive Aβo ELISA using the same N-terminal monoclonal antibody (82E1) for capture and detection. CSF samples from patients with AD, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and healthy controls were examined. The assay was specific for oligomerized Aβ with a lower limit of quantification of 200 fg/ml, and the assay signal showed a tight correlation with synthetic Aβo levels. Three clinical materials of well characterized AD patients (n = 199) and cognitively healthy controls (n = 148) from different clinical centers were included, together with a clinical material of patients with MCI (n = 165). Aβo levels were elevated in the all three AD-control comparisons although with a large overlap and a separation from controls that was far from complete. Patients with MCI who later converted to AD had increased Aβo levels on a group level but several samples had undetectable levels. These results indicate that presence of high or measurable Aβo levels in CSF is clearly associated with AD, but the overlap is too large for the test to have any diagnostic potential on its own.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikko Hölttä
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.
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135
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Hefti F, Goure WF, Jerecic J, Iverson KS, Walicke PA, Krafft GA. The case for soluble Aβ oligomers as a drug target in Alzheimer's disease. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2013; 34:261-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2013.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Revised: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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136
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To review the rationale behind and the use of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Established as well as new candidate biomarkers will be covered. RECENT FINDINGS AD is a complex disorder and the AD brain is characterized by multiple pathological processes, in addition to well-described plaque and tangle diseases. Recent studies have tried to address this by evaluating biomarkers related to features such as neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, microglial activation and synaptic degeneration, with some positive results. SUMMARY The CSF biomarkers total tau, phosphorylated-tau and the 42 amino acid isoform of amyloid beta reflect core elements of AD, that is, axonal degeneration, tangle disease and senile plaques, have been thoroughly tested and provide high diagnostic accuracy in the discrimination of patients with AD as compared with cognitively normal controls. They are also highly predictive of AD with dementia in patients with mild cognitive impairment, and have been included in new diagnostic criteria. New biomarkers may add to their diagnostic performance. Other potential fields of use include the monitoring of disease progression or pharmacodynamic drug effects. A common denominator for the candidate biomarkers is the need for validation in further studies to clarify their potential.
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137
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Alzheimer's disease biomarkers: correspondence between human studies and animal models. Neurobiol Dis 2013; 56:116-30. [PMID: 23631871 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2013.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) represents an escalating global threat as life expectancy and disease prevalence continue to increase. There is a considerable need for earlier diagnoses to improve clinical outcomes. Fluid biomarkers measured from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood, or imaging biomarkers have considerable potential to assist in the diagnosis and management of AD. An additional important utility of biomarkers is in novel therapeutic development and clinical trials to assess efficacy and side effects of therapeutic interventions. Because many biomarkers are initially examined in animal models, the extent to which markers translate from animals to humans is an important issue. The current review highlights many existing and pipeline biomarker approaches, focusing on the degree of correspondence between AD patients and animal models. The review also highlights the need for greater translational correspondence between human and animal biomarkers.
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138
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Lithner CU, Lacor PN, Zhao WQ, Mustafiz T, Klein WL, Sweatt JD, Hernandez CM. Disruption of neocortical histone H3 homeostasis by soluble Aβ: implications for Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2013; 34:2081-90. [PMID: 23582659 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2012.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 12/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) fragment misfolding may play a crucial role in the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathophysiology as well as epigenetic mechanisms at the DNA and histone level. We hypothesized that histone H3 homeostasis is disrupted in association with the appearance of soluble Aβ at an early stage in AD progression. We identified, localized, and compared histone H3 modifications in multiple model systems (neural-like SH-SY5Y, primary neurons, Tg2576 mice, and AD neocortex), and narrowed our focus to investigate 3 key motifs associated with regulating transcriptional activation and inhibition: acetylated lysine 14, phosphorylated serine 10 and dimethylated lysine 9. Our results in vitro and in vivo indicate that multimeric soluble Aβ may be a potent signaling molecule indirectly modulating the transcriptional activity of DNA by modulating histone H3 homeostasis. These findings reveal potential loci of transcriptional disruption relevant to AD. Identifying genes that undergo significant epigenetic alterations in response to Aβ could aid in the understanding of the pathogenesis of AD, as well as suggesting possible new treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Unger Lithner
- Alzheimer Neurobiology Center, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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139
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Badiola N, Alcalde V, Pujol A, Münter LM, Multhaup G, Lleó A, Coma M, Soler-López M, Aloy P. The proton-pump inhibitor lansoprazole enhances amyloid beta production. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58837. [PMID: 23520537 PMCID: PMC3592824 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A key event in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) species in the brain, derived from the sequential cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) by β- and γ-secretases. Based on a systems biology study to repurpose drugs for AD, we explore the effect of lansoprazole, and other proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs), on Aβ production in AD cellular and animal models. We found that lansoprazole enhances Aβ37, Aβ40 and Aβ42 production and lowers Aβ38 levels on amyloid cell models. Interestingly, acute lansoprazole treatment in wild type and AD transgenic mice promoted higher Aβ40 levels in brain, indicating that lansoprazole may also exacerbate Aβ production in vivo. Overall, our data presents for the first time that PPIs can affect amyloid metabolism, both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahuai Badiola
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine. Joint IRB-BSC Program in Computational Biology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Victor Alcalde
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine. Joint IRB-BSC Program in Computational Biology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Pujol
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine. Joint IRB-BSC Program in Computational Biology, Barcelona, Spain
- Anaxomics Biotech, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lisa-Marie Münter
- Institut fuer Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universitaet, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gerd Multhaup
- Institut fuer Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universitaet, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alberto Lleó
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Department of Neurology, Hospital de Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Montserrat Soler-López
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine. Joint IRB-BSC Program in Computational Biology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Patrick Aloy
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine. Joint IRB-BSC Program in Computational Biology, Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail:
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140
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De Felice FG. Alzheimer's disease and insulin resistance: translating basic science into clinical applications. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:531-9. [PMID: 23485579 DOI: 10.1172/jci64595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) and diabetes are currently considered among the top threats to human health worldwide. Intriguingly, a connection between these diseases has been established during the past decade, since insulin resistance, a hallmark of type 2 diabetes, also develops in Alzheimer brains. In this article, the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying defective brain insulin signaling in AD are discussed, with emphasis on evidence that Alzheimer's and diabetes share common inflammatory signaling pathways. I put forward here a hypothesis on how a cross-talk between peripheral tissues and the brain might influence the development of AD, and highlight important unanswered questions in the field. Furthermore, I discuss a rational basis for the use of antidiabetic agents as novel and potentially effective therapeutics in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda G De Felice
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, CCS, Room H2-019, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21944-590, Brazil.
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141
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Yang T, Hong S, O'Malley T, Sperling RA, Walsh DM, Selkoe DJ. New ELISAs with high specificity for soluble oligomers of amyloid β-protein detect natural Aβ oligomers in human brain but not CSF. Alzheimers Dement 2013; 9:99-112. [PMID: 23375565 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2012.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Revised: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Soluble oligomers of amyloid ß-protein (Aß) have been increasingly linked to synaptic dysfunction, tau alteration, and neuritic dystrophy in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and mouse models. There is a great need for assays that quantify Aß oligomers with high specificity and sensitivity. METHODS We designed and validated two oligomer-specific (o-) enzyme-linked immunoassays (ELISAs) using either an Aß aggregate-selective monoclonal for capture and a monoclonal to the free N-terminus for detection, or the latter antibody for both capture and detection. RESULTS The o-ELISAs specifically quantified pure oligomers of synthetic Aß with sizes from dimers up to much larger assemblies and over a wide dynamic range of concentrations, whereas Aß monomers were undetectable. Natural Aß oligomers of similarly wide size and concentration ranges were measured in extracts of AD and control brains, revealing >1000-fold higher concentrations of Aß oligomers than monomers in the soluble fraction of AD cortex. The assays quantified the age-related rise in oligomers in hAPP transgenic mice. Unexpectedly, none of 90 human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples gave a specific signal in either o-ELISA. CONCLUSIONS These new o-ELISAs with rigorously confirmed specificity can quantify oligomer burden in human and mouse brains for diagnostic and mechanistic studies and for AD biomarker development. However, our data raise the likelihood that the hydrophobicity of Aß oligomers makes them very low in number or absent in aqueous CSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Yang
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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142
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Hampel H, Lista S. Use of biomarkers and imaging to assess pathophysiology, mechanisms of action and target engagement. J Nutr Health Aging 2013; 17:54-63. [PMID: 23299381 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-013-0003-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Multidisciplinary basic research led to an evolving knowledge of the molecular pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). These advances have been translated into defined therapeutic concepts and distinct classes of compounds with putative disease-modifying effects that are now being tested in clinical trials. There is a growing consensus that disease-modifying treatments may be most effective when commenced early in the course and progression of AD pathophysiology, before amyloid deposition and neurodegeneration become too widespread. Biological indicators of pathophysiological mechanisms are required to chart and identify AD in the prodromal phase or, preferably, in asymptomatic individuals. Biomarkers are becoming even more important, owing to the challenges in demonstrating efficacy of candidate-drugs that hit pathophysiological targets using clinical and cognitive outcomes in early AD trials with limited duration. Currently, there is emerging consensus that advances in therapeutic strategies for AD that delay predefined milestones or slow the cognitive and disease progression would considerably decrease the expanding global burden of the disease. To effectively test preventive compounds for AD and bring therapy to affected individuals as early as possible there is an urgent need for a concerted collaboration among worldwide academic institutions, industry, and regulatory bodies with the aim of establishing networks for the identification and qualification of multi-modal biological disease markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Hampel
- Department of Psychiatry, Goethe-University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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143
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Esparza TJ, Zhao H, Cirrito JR, Cairns NJ, Bateman RJ, Holtzman DM, Brody DL. Amyloid-β oligomerization in Alzheimer dementia versus high-pathology controls. Ann Neurol 2013; 73:104-19. [PMID: 23225543 PMCID: PMC3563737 DOI: 10.1002/ana.23748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2011] [Revised: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptide deposition into insoluble plaques is a pathological hallmark of Alzheimer disease; soluble oligomeric Aβ has been hypothesized to more directly underlie impaired learning and memory in dementia of the Alzheimer type. However, the lack of a sensitive, specific, and quantitative assay for Aβ oligomers has hampered rigorous tests of this hypothesis. METHODS We developed a plate-based single molecule counting fluorescence immunoassay for oligomeric Aβ sensitive to low pg/ml concentrations of synthetic Aβ dimers using the same Aβ-specific monoclonal antibody to both capture and detect Aβ. The Aβ oligomer assay does not recognize monomeric Aβ, amyloid precursor protein, or other non-Aβ peptide oligomers. RESULTS Aβ oligomers were detected in aqueous cortical lysates from patients with dementia of the Alzheimer type and nondemented patients with Aβ plaque pathology. However, Aβ oligomer concentrations in demented patients' lysates were tightly correlated with Aβ plaque coverage (r = 0.88), but this relationship was weaker in those from nondemented patients (r = 0.30) despite equivalent Aβ plaque pathology. The ratio of Aβ oligomer levels to plaque density fully distinguished demented from nondemented patients, with no overlap between groups in this derived variable. Other Aβ and plaque measures did not distinguish demented from nondemented patients. Aβ oligomers were not detected in cerebrospinal fluid with this assay. INTERPRETATION The results raise the intriguing hypothesis that the linkage between plaques and oligomers may be a key pathophysiological event underlying dementia of the Alzheimer type. This Aβ oligomer assay may be useful for many tests of the oligomer hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hanzhi Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine
| | - John R. Cirrito
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine
- Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine
| | - Nigel J. Cairns
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine
- Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine
| | - Randall J. Bateman
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine
- Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine
| | - David M. Holtzman
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine
- Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine
| | - David L. Brody
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine
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144
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Ringman JM, Tomic JL, Coppola G, Elashoff D, Gylys KH, Glabe CG. Conformation-dependent oligomers in cerebrospinal fluid of presymptomatic familial Alzheimer's disease mutation carriers. Dement Geriatr Cogn Dis Extra 2012; 2:652-7. [PMID: 23341831 PMCID: PMC3551434 DOI: 10.1159/000345771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims Oligomerization of amyloid beta (Aβ) is a hypothesized step in the formation of plaques in Alzheimer's disease (AD) but has been difficult to demonstrate in vivo in humans. As persons destined to develop familial AD (FAD) due to fully penetrant autosomal dominant mutations are essentially certain to develop the disease, they provide the opportunity to identify oligomers during the presymptomatic stage of the disease. Methods We measured levels of Aβ42 using a conventional immunoassay and prefibrillar, fibrillar, and annular protofibrillar oligomers using polyclonal conformation-dependent antibodies in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 7 persons at risk for inheriting FAD mutations. Levels of oligomers were compared between FAD mutation carriers and noncarriers. Results Compared to 2 noncarriers, annular protofibrillar oligomers were elevated, prefibrillar and fibrillar oligomers trended towards elevation and Aβ42 monomer trended towards being decreased in 5 FAD mutation carriers. Conclusion Our data provide evidence for an identifiable elevation of CSF oligomers during the presymptomatic phase of FAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Ringman
- Mary S. Easton Center for Alzheimer's Disease Research at UCLA, Calif., USA
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145
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Ikeda M, Hirayanagi K, Arai M, Kakuda S, Makioka K, Furuta N, Takai E, Kasahara H, Tsukagoshi S, Fujita Y, Amari M, Takatama M, Nakazato Y, Okamoto K. Encephalopathy with amyloid angiopathy and numerous amyloid plaques with low levels of CSF Aβ1-40/Aβ1-42. Amyloid 2012; 19:186-90. [PMID: 22994303 DOI: 10.3109/13506129.2012.725113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
A middle-aged male suffering from encephalopathy with cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) with amyloid beta (Aβ) presented with initial symptoms of transient consciousness disturbance and left visual field photophobia. Lesions with aberrantly high signal on T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain appeared in the right temporal lobe posterior to the occipital lobe and spread to other areas. Brain biopsy revealed Aβ deposits in vascular walls and numerous diffuse plaques in parenchymal areas. Based on MRI findings, Initial corticosteroid therapy with beta methasone effectively improved the neurological symptoms of consciousness disturbance and motor deficits. After corticosteroid therapy was stopped at 4 weeks, recurrence occurred. Additional corticosteroids did not improve clinical symptoms and the patient progressed to a bed-ridden state with a severe consciousness disturbance. Notably, CSF Aβ1-42 and CSF Aβ1-40 decreased while the recurrent encephalopathy worsened. After intense deterioration, the patient became stable. CSF Aβ1-42 increased but remained at a very low level. This case of CAA encephalopathy with apolipoprotein E ϵ4/ϵ4 homozygosity showed Aβ deposits in vascular walls and numerous diffuse plaques in parenchymal areas. The clinical course suggests that reduction of CSF Aβ1-42 and Aβ1-40 might be related to clinical deterioration in cases of encephalopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Ikeda
- Department of Neurology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan.
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146
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Matveeva EG, Rudolph A, Moll JR, Thompson RB. Structure-selective anisotropy assay for amyloid Beta oligomers. ACS Chem Neurosci 2012. [PMID: 23181170 DOI: 10.1021/cn3001262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid β (Abeta) peptides in their oligomeric form have been proposed as major toxic species in Alzheimer's disease (AD). There are a limited number of anti-Abeta antibodies specific to oligomeric forms of Abeta compared to the monomeric form, and accurate measurement of oligomeric forms in biological samples, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), or brain extracts remains challenging. We introduce an oligomer-specific (in preference to monomers or fibrils) fluorescence assay based on a conformationally sensitive bis-pyrene-labeled peptide that contains amino acid residues 16-35 of the human amyloid beta protein (pronucleon peptide, PP). This peptide exhibits a shift in fluorescence emission from pyrene excimer to pyrene monomer emission resulting from a conformational change. Specific binding of PP to oligomeric forms of Abeta can be monitored in solution by a change in fluorescence spectrum as well as a change in pyrene monomer fluorescence anisotropy (or polarization). The mechanism of binding and its relation to anisotropy and fluorescence lifetime changes are discussed. The development of a simple, rapid, anisotropy assay for measurement of Abeta oligomers is important for further study of the oligomers' role in AD, and specific detection of oligomers in biological samples, such as cerebrospinal fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgenia G. Matveeva
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular
Biology, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
- Adlyfe, Inc., Rockville,
Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Alan Rudolph
- Adlyfe, Inc., Rockville,
Maryland 20850, United States
| | | | - Richard B. Thompson
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular
Biology, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
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147
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Kasai T, Tokuda T. [The cutting-edge of medicine; development of diagnostic biomarkers for neurodegenerative diseases]. NIHON NAIKA GAKKAI ZASSHI. THE JOURNAL OF THE JAPANESE SOCIETY OF INTERNAL MEDICINE 2012; 101:3247-3255. [PMID: 23342600 DOI: 10.2169/naika.101.3247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kasai
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Japan
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148
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Bruggink KA, Jongbloed W, Biemans EALM, Veerhuis R, Claassen JAHR, Kuiperij HB, Verbeek MM. Amyloid-β oligomer detection by ELISA in cerebrospinal fluid and brain tissue. Anal Biochem 2012; 433:112-20. [PMID: 23022042 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2012.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Revised: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid-β (Aβ) deposits are important pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Aβ aggregates into fibrils; however, the intermediate oligomers are believed to be the most neurotoxic species and, therefore, are of great interest as potential biomarkers. Here, we have developed an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) specific for Aβ oligomers by using the same capture and (labeled) detection antibody. The ELISA predominantly recognizes relatively small oligomers (10-25 kDa) and not monomers. In brain tissue of APP/PS1 transgenic mice, we found that Aβ oligomer levels increase with age. However, for measurements in human samples, pretreatment to remove human anti-mouse antibodies (HAMAs) was required. In HAMA-depleted human hippocampal extracts, the Aβ oligomer concentration was significantly increased in AD compared with nondemented controls. Aβ oligomer levels could also be quantified in pretreated cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples; however, no difference was detected between AD and control groups. Our data suggest that levels of small oligomers might not be suitable as biomarkers for AD. In addition, we demonstrate the importance of avoiding HAMA interference in assays to quantify Aβ oligomers in human body fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim A Bruggink
- Department of Neurology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud Alzheimer Centre, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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149
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Abstract
Research progress has provided detailed understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease (AD). This knowledge has been translated into new drug candidates with putative disease-modifying effects, which are now being tested in clinical trials. The promise of effective therapy has created a great need for biomarkers able to detect AD in the predementia phase, because drugs will probably be effective only if neurodegeneration is not too advanced. In this chapter, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma biomarkers are reviewed. The core CSF biomarkers total tau (T-tau), phosphorylated tau (P-tau) and the 42 amino acid form of β-amyloid (Aβ42) reflect AD pathology, and have high diagnostic accuracy to diagnose AD with dementia and prodromal AD in mild cognitive impairment cases. The rationale for the use of CSF biomarkers to identify and monitor the mechanism of action of new drug candidates is also outlined in this chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaj Blennow
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, SE-431 80 Mölndal, Sweden.
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150
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Abstract
Dementia due to Alzheimer's disease (AD) is estimated to reach epidemic proportions by the year 2030. Given the limited accuracy of current AD clinical diagnosis, biomarkers of AD pathologies are currently being sought. Reductions in cerebrospinal fluid levels of β-amyloid 42 (a marker of amyloid plaques) and elevations in tau species (markers of neurofibrillary tangles and/or neurodegeneration) are well-established as biomarkers useful for AD diagnosis and prognosis. However, novel markers for other features of AD pathophysiology (e.g., β-amyloid processing, neuroinflammation and neuronal stress/dysfunction) and for other non-AD dementias are required to improve the accuracy of AD disease diagnosis, prognosis, staging and therapeutic monitoring (theragnosis). This article discusses the potential of several promising novel cerebrospinal fluid analytes, highlights the next steps critical for advancement in the field, and provides a prediction on how the field may evolve in 5-10 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Fagan
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Ave., St Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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