101
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Kulkarni AC, Kuppusamy P, Parinandi N. Oxygen, the lead actor in the pathophysiologic drama: enactment of the trinity of normoxia, hypoxia, and hyperoxia in disease and therapy. Antioxid Redox Signal 2007; 9:1717-30. [PMID: 17822371 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2007.1724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Aerobic life has evolved a dependence on molecular oxygen for its mere survival. Mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation absolutely requires oxygen to generate the currency of energy in aerobes. The physiologic homeostasis of these organisms is strictly maintained by optimal cellular and tissue-oxygenation status through complex oxygen-sensing mechanisms, signaling cascades, and transport processes. In the event of fluctuating oxygen levels leading to either an increase (hyperoxia) or decrease (hypoxia) in cellular oxygen, the organism faces a crisis involving depletion of energy reserves, altered cell-signaling cascades, oxidative reactions/events, and cell death or tissue damage. Molecular oxygen is activated by both nonenzymatic and enzymatic mechanisms into highly reactive oxygen species (ROS). Aerobes have evolved effective antioxidant defenses to counteract the reactivity of ROS. Although the ROS are also required for many normal physiologic functions of the aerobes, overwhelming production of ROS coupled with their insufficient scavenging by endogenous antioxidants will lead to detrimental oxidative stress. Needless to say, molecular oxygen is at the center of oxygenation, oxidative phosphorylation, and oxidative stress. This review focuses on the biology and pathophysiology of oxygen, with an emphasis on transport, sensing, and activation of oxygen, oxidative phosphorylation, oxygenation, oxidative stress, and oxygen therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi C Kulkarni
- Center for Biomedical EPR Spectroscopy and Imaging, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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102
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Khong TL, Larsen H, Raatz Y, Paleolog E. Angiogenesis as a therapeutic target in arthritis: learning the lessons of the colorectal cancer experience. Angiogenesis 2007; 10:243-58. [PMID: 17805984 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-007-9081-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2007] [Accepted: 08/13/2007] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The idea of a therapeutic modality aimed at 'starving' a tissue of blood vessels, and consequentially of oxygen and nutrients, was born from the concept that blood vessel formation (angiogenesis) is central to the progression and maintenance of diseases which involve tissue expansion/invasion. In the first instance, solid malignancies were the target for anti-angiogenic treatments, with colorectal cancer being the first disease for which an angiogenesis inhibitor--anti-vascular endothelial growth factor antibody bevacizumab--was approved in 2004. Our understanding of the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has lead to many parallels being drawn between this chronic inflammatory disease and solid tumours, in that both involve tissue expansion, invasion, expression of cytokines and growth factors and areas of hypoxia/hypoperfusion. As a result, angiogenesis blockade has been touted as a possible treatment for RA. The lessons learnt during the progression of eventually successful therapies such as bevacizumab should undoubtedly guide us in the future development of comparable treatments for RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tak Loon Khong
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Arthritis Research Campaign Building, 1 Aspenlea Road, London W6 8LH, UK
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103
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Lasker JM, Fong CJ, Ginat DT, Dwyer E, Hielscher AH. Dynamic optical imaging of vascular and metabolic reactivity in rheumatoid joints. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2007; 12:052001. [PMID: 17994887 DOI: 10.1117/1.2798757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic optical imaging is increasingly applied to clinically relevant areas such as brain and cancer imaging. In this approach, some external stimulus is applied and changes in relevant physiological parameters (e.g., oxy- or deoxyhemoglobin concentrations) are determined. The advantage of this approach is that the prestimulus state can be used as a reference or baseline against which the changes can be calibrated. Here we present the first application of this method to the problem of characterizing joint diseases, especially effects of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in the proximal interphalangeal finger joints. Using a dual-wavelength tomographic imaging system together with previously implemented model-based iterative image reconstruction schemes, we have performed initial dynamic imaging case studies on a limited number of healthy volunteers and patients diagnosed with RA. Focusing on three cases studies, we illustrated our major finds. These studies support our hypothesis that differences in the vascular reactivity exist between affected and unaffected joints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Lasker
- Columbia University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 500 West 120th Street, ET351 Mudd Building, MC8904, New York, New York 10027, USA
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104
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Shimada S, Nakamura M, Tanaka Y, Tsutsumi K, Katano M, Masuko K, Yudoh K, Koizuka I, Kato T. Crosslinking of the CD69 molecule enhances S100A9 production in activated neutrophils. Microbiol Immunol 2007; 51:87-98. [PMID: 17237603 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2007.tb03878.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Expression of CD69 on neutrophils and generation of anti-CD69 autoantibodies in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have been reported. Thus natural ligands for CD69 not yet identified and/or the anti-CD69 autoantibodies possibly affect neutrophils by evoking CD69 signaling, which may further affect joint-composing cells in RA. However, the effect of the CD69 signaling in neutrophils remains largely unclear. To elucidate the issue, we tried to identify proteins affected by the crosslinking of CD69 on neutrophils using a proteomic approach. Specifically, CD69 on granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF)-activated neutrophils was crosslinked by anti-CD69 monoclonal antibodies, and then intracellular proteins were detected using 2-dimensional electrophoresis and further identified by mass spectrometry and subsequent protein database searching. As a result, we successfully identified multiple proteins that increased their production by the CD69 signaling. Among the proteins, we focused on one of the up-regulated proteins, S100A9 calcium binding protein (S100A9), and investigated proteome changes brought by a recombinant S100A9 in a human synovial sarcoma cell line (SW982), a human chondrosarcoma cell line (OUMS-27), and a human T leukemia cell line (Jurkat). This revealed that the recombinant S100A9 altered proteomes of SW982 and OUMS-27, and to a lesser extent, that of the Jurkat cells. Further, S100A9 induced IL-1beta production from neutrophils and the SW982 cells. These data suggest that unidentified natural ligands for CD69 and/or the anti-CD69 autoantibodies possibly affect joint-composing cell types through the increased production of S100A9 in neutrophils, providing a new insight into functions of CD69 on neutrophils in RA.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- Autoantibodies/immunology
- Calgranulin B/biosynthesis
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cells, Cultured
- Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/immunology
- Humans
- Jurkat Cells
- Lectins, C-Type
- Ligands
- Mass Spectrometry
- Neutrophils/immunology
- Neutrophils/metabolism
- Proteome/analysis
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonoko Shimada
- Department of Bioregulation and Proteomics, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
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105
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Weljie AM, Dowlatabadi R, Miller BJ, Vogel HJ, Jirik FR. An inflammatory arthritis-associated metabolite biomarker pattern revealed by 1H NMR spectroscopy. J Proteome Res 2007; 6:3456-64. [PMID: 17696462 DOI: 10.1021/pr070123j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis, a debilitating, systemic inflammatory joint disease, is likely accompanied by alterations in circulating metabolites. Here, an 1H NMR spectroscopy-based metabolomics approach was developed to establish a metabolic 'biomarker pattern' in a model of rheumatoid arthritis, the K/BxN transgenic mouse. Sera obtained from arthritic K/BxN mice (N = 15) and a control population (N = 19) having the same genetic background, but lacking the arthritogenic T-cell receptor KRN transgene, were compared by 1H NMR spectroscopy. A unique method was developed by combining technologies such as ultrafiltration to remove proteins from serum samples, quantitative 'targeted profiling' of known metabolites, pseudo-quantitative profiling of unknown resonances, a supervised O-PLS-DA pattern recognition analysis, and a metabolic-pathway based network analysis for interpretation of results. In total, 88 spectral features were profiled (59 metabolites and 28 unknown resonances). A highly significant subset of 18 spectral features (15 known compounds and 3 unknown resonances) was identified (p = 0.00075 using MANOVA) that we term a 'metabolic bioprofile'. We identified metabolites relating to nucleic acid, amino acid, and fatty acid metabolism, as well as lipolysis, reactive oxygen species generation, and methylation. Pathway analysis suggested a shift from metabolites involved in numerous reactions (hub-metabolites) toward intermediates and metabolic endpoints associated with arthritis. The results attest to the metabolic complexity of systemic inflammation and to the power of the experimental approach for identifying a wide variety of disease-associated marker candidates. The diagnostic and prognostic implications of monitoring a spectrum of metabolic events simultaneously using serum samples is discussed with respect to the potential for individualized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aalim M Weljie
- Metabolomics Research Centre, Department of Biological Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and the McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
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106
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Yue L, Shen YX, Feng LJ, Chen FH, Yao HW, Liu LH, Wu Q, Wang H. Blockage of the formation of new blood vessels by recombinant human endostatin contributes to the regression of rat adjuvant arthritis. Eur J Pharmacol 2007; 567:166-70. [PMID: 17490637 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.03.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2006] [Revised: 03/26/2007] [Accepted: 03/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The formation of new blood vessels permits a supply of nutrients and oxygen to the proliferating synovial cells and augmented inflammatory cell mass in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Angiogenesis inhibition is not dependent on a down-regulated immune system. Therefore, angiogenesis is an attractive target in treating rheumatoid arthritis. To confirm the effect of recombinant human endostatin, an angiogenesis inhibitor, on inflammatory angiogenesis and to elucidate the related mechanisms, rat adjuvant arthritis model induced by Freund's complete adjuvant was used. The secondary arthritis was evaluated by using clinical scores and determining the volume of hind paw swelling. The number of new blood vessels was counted under microscope based on HE (hematoxylin and eosin) staining and positive immunoreactivity of factor VIII related antigen. factor VIII related antigen and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expressions in synovial tissue were determined by using immunohistochemistry. It was found that endostatin attenuated rat secondary paw swelling induced by Freund's complete adjuvant in a dose-dependent manner. Meanwhile, the number of new blood vessels in synovial tissue stained with HE was reduced after treatment with endostatin, which was proved by the positive immunostaining of factor VIII related antigen. Further, endostatin decreased the expression of VEGF in both cartilage and synovial tissue. These suggest that endostatin inhibiting VEGF expression contributes to the regression of rat adjuvant arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yue
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, PR China
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107
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Inflammatory bowel disease pathogenesis involves the interplay of multiple biological factors, among which nonimmune cells, including the endothelium, represent a crucial component of disease pathogenesis. RECENT FINDINGS Endothelial cells play a key role in chronic inflammation through multiple and disparate activities. The mucosal microvasculature in inflammatory bowel disease is dysfunctional, overexpresses inflammatory molecules and undergoes intense angiogenesis, failing to exert its physiological antiinflammatory and anticoagulant activities. SUMMARY The mucosal microcirculation is abnormal in inflammatory bowel disease and represents a novel component of disease pathogenesis; targeting the various abnormalities of the inflammatory bowel disease microcirculation may lead to new forms of therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvio Danese
- Division of Gastroenterology, Laboratory of Inflammation and Immunology, IRCCS Istituto Clinico Humanitas, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.
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108
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Clavel G, Bessis N, Lemeiter D, Fardellone P, Mejjad O, Ménard JF, Pouplin S, Boumier P, Vittecoq O, Le Loët X, Boissier MC. Angiogenesis markers (VEGF, soluble receptor of VEGF and angiopoietin-1) in very early arthritis and their association with inflammation and joint destruction. Clin Immunol 2007; 124:158-64. [PMID: 17560831 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2007.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2006] [Revised: 04/19/2007] [Accepted: 04/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the involvement of angiogenesis markers in very early arthritis patients and their relevance to predict further joint destruction. METHODS Levels of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF), angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1), and soluble Fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFlt-1) were measured by ELISA in serum samples from 310 patients having polyarthritis, evolving for less than 6 months (VErA cohort). Each angiogenesis marker was measured at baseline and one year later. X-rays of hands and feet were carried out at inclusion and after 1 year and read using the van der Heidje-modified Sharp method. RESULTS At baseline and after 1 year, VEGF levels were correlated with clinical and biological parameters of inflammation. We also observed a positive correlation between sFlt-1 levels and biological inflammation (Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR): r=0.17, p=0.006; C Reactive Protein: r=0.14, p=0.02). Angiopoietin-1 levels were correlated with ESR (r=0.12, p=0.04). Interestingly, only VEGF levels measured at baseline were correlated with Disease Activity Score measured 1 year later. Relationship between angiogenesis markers and radiographic progression was also evaluated. VEGF and Ang-1 levels measured at inclusion were related with Sharp score after one year (VEGF: r=0.21, p<0.001; Ang-1: r=0.24, p<0.001; Spearman's test). Moreover, VEGF levels were higher in patients with radiographic progression (p=0.002). CONCLUSION Serum concentrations of VEGF, sFlt-1 and angiopoietin-1 were correlated to parameters of inflammation and to bone destruction in early arthritis. These results contribute to demonstrate that angiogenesis reflects disease severity and angiogenesis markers might become a new useful tool to evaluate disease activity and to estimate outcome for patients with inflammatory arthritis.
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109
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Rico MC, Castaneda JL, Manns JM, Uknis AB, Sainz IM, Safadi FF, Popoff SN, Dela Cadena RA. Amelioration of inflammation, angiogenesis and CTGF expression in an arthritis model by a TSP1-derived peptide treatment. J Cell Physiol 2007; 211:504-12. [PMID: 17219411 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.20958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of a thrombospondin 1 (TSP1)-derived peptide on inflammation and angiogenesis in an animal model of erosive arthritis and to assess the relationship between TSP1 and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) in the pathophysiology of rheumatoid arthritis. METHODS Erosive arthritis in Lewis rats was induced by peptidoglycan-polysaccharide (PG-PS). Animals were divided into four groups: (1) negative control and groups receiving, (2) no treatment, (3) treatment with a TSP1-derived peptide, and (4) treatment with a scrambled peptide. Samples obtained from ankle joint, spleen and liver were studied using histology, histomorphometry, immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR. RESULTS Histological data indicated that the TSP1-derived peptide treatment decreased neovascularization, leukocyte infiltration and thickening of the synovial lining of the joint, and reduced granuloma formation in the spleen and liver when compared to control groups. Higher concentrations of CTGF and TSP1 proteins were observed in the affected areas of animals which did not receive TSP1-derived peptide treatment. Also, immunofluorescence and RT-PCR analyses showed an increase in CTGF protein expression and regulation, respectively, in the tissues of untreated animals when compared to the TSP1-derived peptide treated animals. By immunofluorescence, TSP1 expression was decreased in the TSP1-derived peptide treated animals. Moreover, macrophage/monocyte-specific staining revealed a decrease in cell infiltration in the articular tissue of the TSP1-derived peptide treated animals. CONCLUSION Both inflammation and angiogenesis were decreased after TSP1-derived peptide treatment indicating a potential pathway by which TSP1 interaction with neutrophils induces CTGF in RA affected tissues.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Ankle Joint/drug effects
- Ankle Joint/pathology
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents/therapeutic use
- Antirheumatic Agents/pharmacology
- Antirheumatic Agents/therapeutic use
- Arthritis, Experimental/chemically induced
- Arthritis, Experimental/drug therapy
- Arthritis, Experimental/metabolism
- Arthritis, Experimental/pathology
- Cartilage, Articular/drug effects
- Cartilage, Articular/pathology
- Connective Tissue Growth Factor
- Female
- Gene Expression/drug effects
- Granuloma/drug therapy
- Granuloma/metabolism
- Hepatomegaly/drug therapy
- Hepatomegaly/metabolism
- Immediate-Early Proteins/genetics
- Immediate-Early Proteins/metabolism
- Immunohistochemistry
- Inflammation/drug therapy
- Inflammation/metabolism
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/genetics
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/metabolism
- Leukocytes/drug effects
- Leukocytes/pathology
- Macrophages/drug effects
- Macrophages/pathology
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/chemically induced
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/drug therapy
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/metabolism
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/pathology
- Peptides/pharmacology
- Peptides/therapeutic use
- Peptidoglycan
- Polysaccharides
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred Lew
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Splenomegaly/drug therapy
- Splenomegaly/metabolism
- Thrombospondin 1/metabolism
- Thrombospondin 1/pharmacology
- Thrombospondin 1/therapeutic use
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario C Rico
- Department of Physiology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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110
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111
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Diaz-Torne C, Schumacher HR, Yu X, Gomez-Vaquero C, Dai L, Chen LX, Clayburne G, Einhorn E, Sachdeva RM, Singh JA, Pessler F. Absence of histologic evidence of synovitis in patients with Gulf War veterans' illness with joint pain. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 57:1316-23. [PMID: 17907214 DOI: 10.1002/art.23006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE An unexplained multisymptom illness, Gulf War veterans' illness (GWVI), has been described among allied force veterans of the first Gulf War (1990-1991). It has been proposed that some of its symptoms reflect an immune dysfunction, and rheumatologic symptoms including joint pain and stiffness are reported frequently. However, it is unknown whether synovial inflammation causes the articular symptoms. We examined synovial tissue from individuals with GWVI and joint pain for evidence of inflammation. METHODS We compared synovial biopsy samples from 6 individuals with GWVI and joint pain with samples from 9 clinically asymptomatic controls (hematoxylin and eosin [H&E] stains only) and biopsy samples or surgically obtained specimens from 10 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and 12 with osteoarthritis (OA). Inflammatory changes were quantified in H&E stained sections with a modified synovitis score by immunostaining for CD3, CD20, CD38, CD68, Ki-67, and von Willebrand factor, and with a composite inflammation score based on these markers. RESULTS Normal histology was seen in the GWVI specimens, except for mild focal lining hyperplasia and rare low-grade perivascular infiltrates in 1 specimen each. Mean +/- SEM synovitis scores were lowest and nearly identical in control (1.38 +/- 0.30) and GWVI specimens (1.41 +/- 0.29), intermediate in OA specimens (2.64 +/- 0.39), and highest in RA specimens (6.0 +/- 0.19). Likewise, inflammatory cells, cell division, vascular density, and composite inflammation score were lowest in the GWVI specimens. CONCLUSION Despite significant joint pain, the GWVI synovia did not differ from normal controls. These results agree with other studies that have failed to document inflammatory or immunologic etiologies in GWVI.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Diaz-Torne
- Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain
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112
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Yang LV, Radu CG, Roy M, Lee S, McLaughlin J, Teitell MA, Iruela-Arispe ML, Witte ON. Vascular abnormalities in mice deficient for the G protein-coupled receptor GPR4 that functions as a pH sensor. Mol Cell Biol 2006; 27:1334-47. [PMID: 17145776 PMCID: PMC1800706 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01909-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
GPR4 is a G protein-coupled receptor expressed in the vasculature, lung, kidney, and other tissues. In vitro ectopic overexpression studies implicated GPR4 in sensing extracellular pH changes leading to cyclic AMP (cAMP) production. To investigate its biological roles in vivo, we generated GPR4-deficient mice by homologous recombination. Whereas GPR4-null adult mice appeared phenotypically normal, neonates showed a higher frequency of perinatal mortality. The average litter size from GPR4(-/-) intercrosses was approximately 30% smaller than that from GPR4(+/+) intercrosses on N3 and N5 C57BL/6 genetic backgrounds. A fraction of knockout embryos and neonates had spontaneous hemorrhages, dilated and tortuous subcutaneous blood vessels, and defective vascular smooth muscle cell coverage. Mesangial cells in kidney glomeruli were also significantly reduced in GPR4-null neonates. Some neonates exhibited respiratory distress with airway lining cell metaplasia. To examine whether GPR4 is functionally involved in vascular pH sensing, an ex vivo aortic ring assay was used under defined pH conditions. Compared to wild-type aortas, microvessel outgrowth from GPR4-null aortas was less inhibited by acidic extracellular pH. Treatment with an analog of cAMP, a downstream effector of GPR4, abolished microvessel outgrowth bypassing the GPR4-knockout phenotype. These results suggest that GPR4 deficiency leads to partially penetrant vascular abnormalities during development and that this receptor functions in blood vessel pH sensing.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Aorta/abnormalities
- Blood Vessels/abnormalities
- Blood Vessels/embryology
- Cells, Cultured
- Crosses, Genetic
- Embryo, Mammalian/abnormalities
- Embryo, Mammalian/blood supply
- Embryo, Mammalian/pathology
- Female
- Gene Targeting
- Genotype
- Hemorrhage/congenital
- Humans
- Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
- Litter Size
- Lung/abnormalities
- Lung/embryology
- Lung/pathology
- Male
- Mesangial Cells/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Penetrance
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/deficiency
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism
- Respiratory Tract Diseases/congenital
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Affiliation(s)
- Li V Yang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California-Los Angeles, 675 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1662, USA
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113
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Weyand CM, Goronzy JJ. T-cell-targeted therapies in rheumatoid arthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 2:201-10. [PMID: 16932686 DOI: 10.1038/ncprheum0142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2005] [Accepted: 11/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
T cells regulate the disease process in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) on multiple levels and represent a logical choice for anti-inflammatory therapy. In the inflamed joint they promote neoangiogenesis and lymphoid organogenesis, and stimulate synoviocyte proliferation and development of bone-eroding osteoclasts. The design of T-cell-targeted therapies for RA needs to take into account the uniqueness of T-cell generation, turnover and differentiation in affected patients. Patients accumulate 'old' T cells that respond to alternate regulatory signals because of an accelerated immune aging process; any therapeutic interventions that increase the replicative stress of T cells should, therefore, be avoided. Instead, therapeutic approaches that raise the threshold for T-cell activation are more promising. As a rule, antigen-derived signals synergize with co-stimulatory signals to stimulate T cells; such co-stimulatory signals are now targeted in novel immunosuppressive therapies. An example is abatacept (soluble cytotoxic-T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4-immunoglobulin), which binds with high affinity to CD80/CD86 and effectively suppresses inflammatory activity in RA. The therapeutic benefits gained by disrupting T-cell co-stimulation indicate that the pathogenesis of RA is driven by a more generalized abnormality in T-cell activation thresholds rather than a highly selective action of arthritogenic antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia M Weyand
- Kathleen B and Mason I Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Department of Medicine, Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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114
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Fischer C, Schneider M, Carmeliet P. Principles and therapeutic implications of angiogenesis, vasculogenesis and arteriogenesis. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2006:157-212. [PMID: 16999228 DOI: 10.1007/3-540-36028-x_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The vasculature is the first organ to arise during development. Blood vessels run through virtually every organ in the body (except the avascular cornea and the cartilage), assuring metabolic homeostasis by supplying oxygen and nutrients and removing waste products. Not surprisingly therefore, vessels are critical for organ growth in the embryo and for repair of wounded tissue in the adult. Notably, however, an imbalance in angiogenesis (the growth of blood vessels) contributes to the pathogenesis of numerous malignant, inflammatory, ischaemic, infectious and immune disorders. During the last two decades, an explosive interest in angiogenesis research has generated the necessary insights to develop the first clinically approved anti-angiogenic agents for cancer and blindness. This novel treatment is likely to change the face of medicine in the next decade, as over 500 million people worldwide are estimated to benefit from pro- or anti-angiogenesis treatment. In this following chapter, we discuss general key angiogenic mechanisms in health and disease, and highlight recent developments and perspectives of anti-angiogenic therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Fischer
- Centre for Transgene Technology and Gene Therapy, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, KULeuven, Campus Gasthuisberg, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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115
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bikfalvi
- INSERM E113 'Molecular Angiogenesis Laboratory', Université Bordeaux I, Talence, France
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116
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Romanovsky AA, Ivanov AI, Petersen SR. Microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1, ephrins, and ephrin kinases as suspected therapeutic targets in arthritis: exposed by "criminal profiling". Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006; 1069:183-94. [PMID: 16855145 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1351.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Feeding information obtained in one criminal case into the profile of another crime often helps to solve the latter. The literature on two different "crimes," namely, acute systemic inflammation and arthritis (including osteoarthritis [OA] and rheumatoid arthritis [RA] deals largely with the same "gang" of inflammatory mediators, such as prostaglandin (PG) E2. Early investigations suggested that microsomal PGE synthase-1 (mPGES-1; a terminal PGE2-synthesizing enzyme) plays a pivotal role in bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced systemic inflammation, but overlooked the possibility that the same enzyme could be involved in OA or RA. Later studies showed that mPGES-1 is indeed a key perpetrator in arthritic diseases, a fact that could have been predicted earlier by pooling the new knowledge about mPGES-1 into the profile of arthritic diseases. In this review, we analyze our recent study on the expression of erythropoietin-producing hepatocellular (Eph) receptor kinases and their ligands, ephrins, in LPS-induced systemic inflammation. By pooling these results together with literature data into the profile of RA, we conclude that Eph kinases and ephrins are prime suspects for being involved in the pathogenesis of RA. We further conjecture that the involvement of Eph kinases and ephrins may be realized via the induction of angiogenesis in the inflamed joint, promotion of leukocyte infiltration, and activation of the infiltrated cells. Studies to test this new hypothesis seem warranted, and our prediction is that the "smoking gun" will be found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrej A Romanovsky
- Systemic Inflammation Laboratory, Trauma Research, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, 350 West Thomas Road, Phoenix, Arizona 85013 USA.
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117
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Abstract
Several studies have shown alterations in vascular anatomy and physiology in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). These findings, together with the observed upregulation of the mediators of angiogenesis in IBD patients, suggest that angiogenesis possibly contributes to the initiation and perpetuation of IBD. There is considerable evidence of an interrelationship between the mechanisms of angiogenesis and chronic inflammation in IBD. The increased expression of endothelial junction adhesion molecules found in IBD patients indicates the presence of active angiogenesis. Evidence that angiogenesis is involved in IBD was also obtained from animal models of colitis, most notably from studies of angiogenesis inhibition. Serum levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) correlate with disease activity in human IBD and fall with the use of steroids, thalidomide, or infliximab. Pharmacological inhibition of angiogenesis, therefore, has the potential to be a therapeutic strategy in IBD. This review outlines the evidence that the rate of angiogenesis is increased in the inflamed intestine in IBD and proposes lines for future research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis E Koutroubakis
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Heraklion, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
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118
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Roy H, Bhardwaj S, Ylä-Herttuala S. Biology of vascular endothelial growth factors. FEBS Lett 2006; 580:2879-87. [PMID: 16631753 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2006.03.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 347] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2006] [Revised: 03/27/2006] [Accepted: 03/31/2006] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is the process by which new blood vessels are formed from existing vessels. The vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) are considered as key molecules in the process of angiogenesis. The VEGF family currently includes VEGF-A, -B, -C, -D, -E, -F and placenta growth factor (PlGF), that bind in a distinct pattern to three structurally related receptor tyrosine kinases, denoted VEGF receptor-1, -2, and -3. VEGF-C and VEGF-D also play a crucial role in the process of lymphangiogenesis. Here, we review the biology of VEGFs and evaluate their role in pathological angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himadri Roy
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211, Kuopio, Finland
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119
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Salvador G, Sanmartí R, Gil-Torregrosa B, García-Peiró A, Rodríguez-Cros JR, Cañete JD. Synovial vascular patterns and angiogenic factors expression in synovial tissue and serum of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2006; 45:966-71. [PMID: 16490752 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kel043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether subgroups of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients classified according to their synovial vascular pattern have a different expression of angiogenic mediators or exhibit distinct clinical or biological characteristics. METHODS Arthroscopies were performed in 27 patients with RA and synovial samples were obtained. Vascular morphology was classified in three patterns: straight (S), tortuous (T) and mixed (M). Immunostaining was performed with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF), anti-vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR)-1, anti-VEGFR-2, anti-IL-8 and anti-TGF-beta, and measured by digital image analysis. Serum levels of VEGF, TGF-beta and IL-8, and clinical, radiographic and serological data were also analysed. RESULTS Eleven (41%) patients had the S pattern, nine (33%) the M pattern and seven (26%) the T pattern. The S and M groups had a higher prevalence of rheumatoid factor positivity and erosive disease, and higher levels of markers of systemic inflammation compared with the T group. Synovial expression of VEGF was higher in the S and T groups compared with the M group, whereas TGF-beta was higher in the T compared with the S and M groups. Distinct synovial distribution of VEGF and TGF-beta between groups was also observed. CONCLUSIONS This preliminary study suggests that RA patients with the S and M patterns share different clinical, biological and serological characteristics compared with those with the T pattern, which may constitute a group with less severe disease. Differences in the intensity and distribution of synovial expression of VEGF and TGF-beta observed between groups could have pathophysiological relevance. However, larger, prospective multicentre studies would be need to determine the clinical relevance of vascular patterns in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Salvador
- Arthritis Unit, Rheumatology Department, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona and IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
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120
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Kinderlerer AR, Steinberg R, Johns M, Harten SK, Lidington EA, Haskard DO, Maxwell PH, Mason JC. Statin-induced expression of CD59 on vascular endothelium in hypoxia: a potential mechanism for the anti-inflammatory actions of statins in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2006; 8:R130. [PMID: 16859540 PMCID: PMC1779384 DOI: 10.1186/ar2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2006] [Revised: 07/03/2006] [Accepted: 07/21/2006] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia, which leads to dysfunctional cell metabolism, and complement activation both play central roles in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Recent studies have reported that mice deficient for the complement-inhibitory protein CD59 show enhanced susceptibility to antigen-induced arthritis and reported that statins have anti-inflammatory effects in RA. We hypothesized that the anti-inflammatory effect of statins in RA relates in part to their ability to increase CD59 expression in hypoxic conditions and therefore to reduce complement activation. Flow-cytometric analysis showed that CD59 expression on endothelial cells (EC) was unaffected by atorvastatin in normoxia (21% O2), whereas in hypoxic conditions (1% O2) an up to threefold dose-dependent increase in CD59 expression was seen. This effect of hypoxia was confirmed by treatment of EC with chemical mimetics of hypoxia. The upregulation of CD59 protein expression in hypoxia was associated with an increase in steady-state mRNA. L-Mevalonate and geranylgeraniol reversed the response, confirming a role for inhibition of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase and geranylgeranylation. Likewise, inhibition by NG-monomethyl-L-arginine and NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester confirmed that CD59 upregulation in hypoxia was nitric oxide dependent. The expression of another complement-inhibitory protein, decay-accelerating factor (DAF), is known to be increased by atorvastatin in normoxia; this response was also significantly enhanced under hypoxic conditions. The upregulation of CD59 and DAF by atorvastatin in hypoxia prevented the deposition of C3, C9 and cell lysis that follows exposure of reoxygenated EC to serum. This cytoprotective effect was abrogated by inhibitory anti-CD59 and anti-DAF mAbs. The modulation of EC CD59 and DAF by statins under hypoxic conditions therefore inhibits both early and late complement activation and may contribute to the anti-inflammatory effects of statins in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne R Kinderlerer
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Eric Bywaters Center for Vascular Inflammation, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Rivka Steinberg
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Eric Bywaters Center for Vascular Inflammation, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Michael Johns
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Eric Bywaters Center for Vascular Inflammation, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Sarah K Harten
- The Renal Unit, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Elaine A Lidington
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Eric Bywaters Center for Vascular Inflammation, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Dorian O Haskard
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Eric Bywaters Center for Vascular Inflammation, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Patrick H Maxwell
- The Renal Unit, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Justin C Mason
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Eric Bywaters Center for Vascular Inflammation, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
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121
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Kanaan A, Farahani R, Douglas RM, Lamanna JC, Haddad GG. Effect of chronic continuous or intermittent hypoxia and reoxygenation on cerebral capillary density and myelination. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2005; 290:R1105-14. [PMID: 16322350 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00535.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Chronic hypoxia, whether continuous (CCH) or intermittent (CIH), occurs in many neonatal pathological conditions, such as bronchopulmonary dysplasia and obstructive sleep apnea. In this study, we explored the effect of CCH and CIH on cerebral capillary density and myelination. We subjected CD-1 mice starting at postnatal day 2 to either CCH 11% oxygen (O(2)), or CIH 11% O(2) (4-min cycles), for periods of 2 and 4 wk followed by reoxygenation for 4 wk. Mice were deeply anesthetized and perfused. Brains were removed to fixative for 24 h, then paraffin-embedded. Coronal brain sections were taken for analysis. Immunocytochemistry for glucose transporter 1 was used to assess angiogenesis, and Luxol fast blue and fluoromyelin stains were used to assess myelination. Capillary density increased after 2-wk exposure to CIH and CCH. By 4 wk, capillary density increased in both CIH and CCH by 25% and 47%, respectively, in cortex and by 29% and 44%, respectively, in hippocampus (P < 0.05). There was a decrease in myelination in the corpus callosum of mice exposed to CIH (75% of control) and CCH (50% of control) (P < 0.05). Reoxygenation reversed the increased capillary density seen in CCH to normoxic values. However, dysmyelination that occurred in CCH-exposed mice did not show any improvement upon reoxygenation. We conclude that neonatal chronic hypoxia 1) induces brain angiogenesis, which is reversible with reoxygenation, and 2) irreversibly reduces the extent of myelination in the corpus callosum. This potential irreversible effect on myelination in early life can, therefore, have long-term and devastating effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amjad Kanaan
- Department of Pediatrics (Division of Respiratory Medicine), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
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122
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Murdoch C, Muthana M, Lewis CE. Hypoxia Regulates Macrophage Functions in Inflammation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:6257-63. [PMID: 16272275 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.10.6257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 344] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The presence of areas of hypoxia is a prominent feature of various inflamed, diseased tissues, including malignant tumors, atherosclerotic plaques, myocardial infarcts, the synovia of joints with rheumatoid arthritis, healing wounds, and sites of bacterial infection. These areas form when the blood supply is occluded and/or unable to keep pace with the growth and/or infiltration of inflammatory cells in a given area. Macrophages are present in all tissues of the body where they normally assist in guarding against invading pathogens and regulate normal cell turnover and tissue remodeling. However, they are also known to accumulate in large numbers in such ischemic/hypoxic sites. Recent studies show that macrophages then respond rapidly to the hypoxia present by altering their expression of a wide array of genes. In the present study, we outline and compare the phenotypic responses of macrophages to hypoxia in different diseased states and the implications of these for their progression and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Murdoch
- Tumor Targeting Group, Academic Unit of Pathology, Division of Genomic Medicine, The Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Medical Research, University of Sheffield Medical School, Sheffield S10 2RX
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123
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Rheumatoid arthritis: of therapies and strategies. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2005. [DOI: 10.1097/01.bor.0000161747.47277.8d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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