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de Castro MAG, Bunt G, Wouters FS. Cathepsin B launches an apoptotic exit effort upon cell death-associated disruption of lysosomes. Cell Death Discov 2016; 2:16012. [PMID: 27551506 PMCID: PMC4979493 DOI: 10.1038/cddiscovery.2016.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The release of cathepsin proteases from disrupted lysosomes results in lethal cellular autodigestion. Lysosomal disruption-related cell death is highly variable, showing both apoptotic and necrotic outcomes. As the substrate spectrum of lysosomal proteases encompasses the apoptosis-regulating proteins of the Bcl-2 family, their degradation could influence the cell death outcome upon lysosomal disruption. We used Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based biosensors to image the real-time degradation of the Bcl-2-family members, Bcl-xl, Bax and Bid, in living cells undergoing lysosomal lysis and identified an early chain of proteolytic events, initiated by the release of cathepsin B, which directs cells toward apoptosis. In this apoptotic exit strategy, cathepsin B’s proteolytic activity results in apoptosis-inducing Bid and removes apoptosis-preventing Bcl-xl. Cathepsin B furthermore appears to degrade a cystein protease that would otherwise have eliminated apoptosis-supporting Bax, indirectly keeping cellular levels of the Bax protein up. The concerted effort of these three early events shifts the balance of cell fate away from necrosis and toward apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A G de Castro
- Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Systems, Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen , Göttingen, Germany
| | - G Bunt
- Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Systems, Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; Clinical Optical Microscopy, Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - F S Wouters
- Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Systems, Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; Centre for Nanoscale Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany
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102
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Baig S, Seevasant I, Mohamad J, Mukheem A, Huri HZ, Kamarul T. Potential of apoptotic pathway-targeted cancer therapeutic research: Where do we stand? Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2058. [PMID: 26775709 PMCID: PMC4816162 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2015.275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Underneath the intricacy of every cancer lies mysterious events that impel the tumour cell and its posterity into abnormal growth and tissue invasion. Oncogenic mutations disturb the regulatory circuits responsible for the governance of versatile cellular functions, permitting tumour cells to endure deregulated proliferation, resist to proapoptotic insults, invade and erode normal tissues and above all escape apoptosis. This disruption of apoptosis has been highly implicated in various malignancies and has been exploited as an anticancer strategy. Owing to the fact that apoptosis causes minimal inflammation and damage to the tissue, apoptotic cell death-based therapy has been the centre of attraction for the development of anticancer drugs. Increased understanding of the molecular pathways underlying apoptosis has enabled scientists to establish unique approaches targeting apoptosis pathways in cancer therapeutics. In this review, we reconnoitre the two major pathways (intrinsic and extrinsic) targeted cancer therapeutics, steering toward chief modulators of these pathways, such as B-cell lymphoma 2 protein family members (pro- and antiapoptotic), inhibitor of apoptosis proteins, and the foremost thespian of extrinsic pathway regulator, tumour necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing agent. Together, we also will have a look from clinical perspective to address the agents (drugs) and therapeutic strategies adopted to target these specific proteins/pathways that have entered clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Baig
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tissue Engineering Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Malaya, Tissue Engineering Group, Faculty of Medicine, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia. Tel: +60 3 7967 7022; Fax: +60 3 7949 4642; E-mail: (SB) or Tel: +60 3 7949 2061; Fax: +60 3 7949 4642; E-mail: (TK)
| | - I Seevasant
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tissue Engineering Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - J Mohamad
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - A Mukheem
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tissue Engineering Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - H Z Huri
- Clinical Investigation Centre, University of Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - T Kamarul
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tissue Engineering Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
- Clinical Investigation Centre, University of Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Malaya, Tissue Engineering Group, Faculty of Medicine, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia. Tel: +60 3 7967 7022; Fax: +60 3 7949 4642; E-mail: (SB) or Tel: +60 3 7949 2061; Fax: +60 3 7949 4642; E-mail: (TK)
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Chiarelli R, Martino C, Agnello M, Bosco L, Roccheri MC. Autophagy as a defense strategy against stress: focus on Paracentrotus lividus sea urchin embryos exposed to cadmium. Cell Stress Chaperones 2016; 21:19-27. [PMID: 26362931 PMCID: PMC4679740 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-015-0639-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is used by organisms as a defense strategy to face environmental stress. This mechanism has been described as one of the most important intracellular pathways responsible for the degradation and recycling of proteins and organelles. It can act as a cell survival mechanism if the cellular damage is not too extensive or as a cell death mechanism if the damage/stress is irreversible; in the latter case, it can operate as an independent pathway or together with the apoptotic one. In this review, we discuss the autophagic process activated in several aquatic organisms exposed to different types of environmental stressors, focusing on the sea urchin embryo, a suitable system recently included into the guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays to monitor autophagy. After cadmium (Cd) exposure, a heavy metal recognized as an environmental toxicant, the sea urchin embryo is able to adopt different defense mechanisms, in a hierarchical way. Among these, autophagy is one of the main responses activated to preserve the developmental program. Finally, we discuss the interplay between autophagy and apoptosis in the sea urchin embryo, a temporal and functional choice that depends on the intensity of stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Chiarelli
- Dip.to di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze Ed. 16, Palermo, 90128, Italy
| | - Chiara Martino
- Dip.to di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze Ed. 16, Palermo, 90128, Italy
| | - Maria Agnello
- Dip.to di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze Ed. 16, Palermo, 90128, Italy
| | - Liana Bosco
- Dip.to di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze Ed. 16, Palermo, 90128, Italy
| | - Maria Carmela Roccheri
- Dip.to di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze Ed. 16, Palermo, 90128, Italy.
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Abstract
In multicellular organisms, cell death is a critical and active process that maintains tissue homeostasis and eliminates potentially harmful cells. There are three major types of morphologically distinct cell death: apoptosis (type I cell death), autophagic cell death (type II), and necrosis (type III). All three can be executed through distinct, and sometimes overlapping, signaling pathways that are engaged in response to specific stimuli. Apoptosis is triggered when cell-surface death receptors such as Fas are bound by their ligands (the extrinsic pathway) or when Bcl2-family proapoptotic proteins cause the permeabilization of the mitochondrial outer membrane (the intrinsic pathway). Both pathways converge on the activation of the caspase protease family, which is ultimately responsible for the dismantling of the cell. Autophagy defines a catabolic process in which parts of the cytosol and specific organelles are engulfed by a double-membrane structure, known as the autophagosome, and eventually degraded. Autophagy is mostly a survival mechanism; nevertheless, there are a few examples of autophagic cell death in which components of the autophagic signaling pathway actively promote cell death. Necrotic cell death is characterized by the rapid loss of plasma membrane integrity. This form of cell death can result from active signaling pathways, the best characterized of which is dependent on the activity of the protein kinase RIP3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas R Green
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105
| | - Fabien Llambi
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105
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105
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Delgado ME, Grabinger T, Brunner T. Cell death at the intestinal epithelial front line. FEBS J 2015; 283:2701-19. [PMID: 26499289 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium represents the largest epithelial surface in our body. This single-cell-layer epithelium mediates important functions in the absorption of nutrients and in the maintenance of barrier function, preventing luminal microorganisms from invading the body. Due to its constant regeneration the intestinal epithelium is a tissue not only with very high proliferation rates but also with very prominent physiological and pathophysiological cell death induction. The normal physiological differentiation and maturation of intestinal epithelial cells leads to their shedding and apoptotic cell death within a few days, without disturbing the epithelial barrier integrity. In contrast excessive intestinal epithelial cell death induced by irradiation, drugs and inflammation severely impairs the vital functions of this tissue. In this review we discuss cell death processes in the intestinal epithelium in health and disease, with special emphasis on cell death triggered by the tumour necrosis factor receptor family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Eugenia Delgado
- Chair of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Germany
| | - Thomas Grabinger
- Chair of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Germany
| | - Thomas Brunner
- Chair of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Germany
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106
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Rezk A, Al-Hashimi A, John W, Schepker H, Ullrich MS, Brix K. Assessment of cytotoxicity exerted by leaf extracts from plants of the genus Rhododendron towards epidermal keratinocytes and intestine epithelial cells. Altern Ther Health Med 2015; 15:364. [PMID: 26470706 PMCID: PMC4608053 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-015-0860-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Rhododendron leaf extracts were previously found to exert antimicrobial activities against a range of Gram-positive bacteria. In this study, we investigated which of the extracts with these antimicrobial properties would be best suited for further exploitation. Specifically, the project aims to identify biologically active compounds that affect bacterial but not mammalian cells when applied in medical treatments such as lotions for ectopic application onto skin, or as orally administered drugs. Methods Different concentrations of DMSO-dissolved remnants of crude methanol Rhododendron leaf extracts were incubated for 24 h with cultured epidermal keratinocytes (human HaCaT cell line) and epithelial cells of the intestinal mucosa (rat IEC6 cell line) and tested for their cytotoxic potential. In particular, the cytotoxic potencies of the compounds contained in antimicrobial Rhododendron leaf extracts were assessed by quantifying their effects on (i) plasma membrane integrity, (ii) cell viability and proliferation rates, (iii) cellular metabolism, (iv) cytoskeletal architecture, and (v) determining initiation of cell death pathways by morphological and biochemical means. Results Extracts of almost all Rhododendron species, when applied at 500 μg/mL, were potent in negatively affecting both keratinocytes and intestine epithelial cells, except material from R. hippophaeoides var. hippophaeoides. Extracts of R. minus and R. racemosum were non-toxic towards both mammalian cell types when used at 50 μg/mL, which was equivalent to their minimal inhibitory concentration against bacteria. At this concentration, leaf extracts from three other highly potent antimicrobial Rhododendron species proved non-cytotoxic against one or the other mammalian cell type: Extracts of R. ferrugineum were non-toxic towards IEC6 cells, and extracts of R. rubiginosum as well as R. concinnum did not affect HaCaT cells. In general, keratinocytes proved more resistant than intestine epithelial cells against the treatment with compounds contained in Rhododendron leaf extracts. Conclusions We conclude that leaf extracts from highly potent antimicrobial R. minus and R. racemosum are safe to use at 50 μg/mL in 24-h incubations with HaCaT keratinocytes and IEC6 intestine epithelial cells in monolayer cultures. Extracts from R. rubiginosum as well as R. concinnum or R. ferrugineum are applicable to either keratinocytes or intestinal epithelial cells, respectively. Beyond the scope of the current study, further experiments are required to identify the specific compounds contained in those Rhododendron leaf extracts that exert antimicrobial activity while being non-cytotoxic when applied onto human skin or gastrointestinal tract mucosa. Thus, this study supports the notion that detailed phytochemical profiling and compound identification is needed for characterization of the leaf extracts from specific Rhododendron species in order to exploit their components as supplementary agents in antimicrobial phyto-medical treatments. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12906-015-0860-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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107
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Sievers H, Hirschberg RM, Hiebl B, Hünigen H, Plendl J. Human microvascular endothelial cells displaying reduced angiogenesis and increased uptake of lipids during in vitro culture. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2015; 61:367-83. [PMID: 26444614 DOI: 10.3233/ch-152002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Human microvascular ECs from the neonatal foreskin of two donors purchased from one distributor were used in an angiogenesis assay under the same culture conditions. Different angiogenic potency was apparent in these two batches (ECang and ECnon-ang). During the cultivation period of three weeks, ECang ran through all stages of angiogenesis starting from proliferation to migration up to the formation of three-dimensional capillary-like structures. Despite of expression of endothelial markers, ECnon-ang showed excessive intracellular storage of lipids in form of multilamellar bodies and decreased angiogenic potency in contrast to its counterpart, ECang. Results indicate that lipid metabolism differs in ECang versus ECnon-ang. This study points up that these differences are based on the different donors and presents a novel and valuable model for the study of mechanisms of atherosclerosis in endothelial cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrieke Sievers
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
| | - Ruth M Hirschberg
- SFB 1112, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry - Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernhard Hiebl
- Center for Medical Basic Research, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Hana Hünigen
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
| | - Johanna Plendl
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
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108
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Apoptosis, Necrosis, and Necroptosis in the Gut and Intestinal Homeostasis. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:250762. [PMID: 26483605 PMCID: PMC4592906 DOI: 10.1155/2015/250762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) form a physiochemical barrier that separates the intestinal lumen from the host's internal milieu and is critical for electrolyte passage, nutrient absorption, and interaction with commensal microbiota. Moreover, IECs are strongly involved in the intestinal mucosal inflammatory response as well as in mucosal innate and adaptive immune responses. Cell death in the intestinal barrier is finely controlled, since alterations may lead to severe disorders, including inflammatory diseases. The emerging picture indicates that intestinal epithelial cell death is strictly related to the maintenance of tissue homeostasis. This review is focused on previous reports on different forms of cell death in intestinal epithelium.
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109
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Abstract
Apoptosis is a cellular suicide program, which is on the one hand used to remove superfluous cells thereby promoting tissue or organ morphogenesis. On the other hand, the programmed killing of cells is also critical when potentially harmful cells emerge in a developing or adult organism thereby endangering survival. Due to its critical role apoptosis is tightly controlled, however so far, its regulation on the transcriptional level is less studied and understood. Hox genes, a highly conserved gene family encoding homeodomain transcription factors, have crucial roles in development. One of their prominent functions is to shape animal body plans by eliciting different developmental programs along the anterior-posterior axis. To this end, Hox proteins transcriptionally regulate numerous processes in a coordinated manner, including cell-type specification, differentiation, motility, proliferation as well as apoptosis. In this review, we will focus on how Hox proteins control organismal morphology and function by regulating the apoptotic machinery. We will first focus on well-established paradigms of Hox-apoptosis interactions and summarize how Hox transcription factors control morphological outputs and differentially shape tissues along the anterior-posterior axis by fine-tuning apoptosis in a healthy organism. We will then discuss the consequences when this interaction is disturbed and will conclude with some ideas and concepts emerging from these studies.
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110
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Descloux C, Ginet V, Clarke PGH, Puyal J, Truttmann AC. Neuronal death after perinatal cerebral hypoxia-ischemia: Focus on autophagy-mediated cell death. Int J Dev Neurosci 2015. [PMID: 26225751 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2015.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy is a critical cerebral event occurring around birth with high mortality and neurological morbidity associated with long-term invalidating sequelae. In view of the great clinical importance of this condition and the lack of very efficacious neuroprotective strategies, it is urgent to better understand the different cell death mechanisms involved with the ultimate aim of developing new therapeutic approaches. The morphological features of three different cell death types can be observed in models of perinatal cerebral hypoxia-ischemia: necrotic, apoptotic and autophagic cell death. They may be combined in the same dying neuron. In the present review, we discuss the different cell death mechanisms involved in neonatal cerebral hypoxia-ischemia with a special focus on how autophagy may be involved in neuronal death, based: (1) on experimental models of perinatal hypoxia-ischemia and stroke, and (2) on the brains of human neonates who suffered from neonatal hypoxia-ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Descloux
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences (DNF), University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 9, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland; Clinic of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Vaud, Switzerland
| | - V Ginet
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences (DNF), University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 9, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - P G H Clarke
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences (DNF), University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 9, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - J Puyal
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences (DNF), University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 9, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland; Clinic of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Vaud, Switzerland
| | - A C Truttmann
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences (DNF), University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 9, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland; Clinic of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Vaud, Switzerland.
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111
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Patergnani S, Missiroli S, Marchi S, Giorgi C. Mitochondria-Associated Endoplasmic Reticulum Membranes Microenvironment: Targeting Autophagic and Apoptotic Pathways in Cancer Therapy. Front Oncol 2015; 5:173. [PMID: 26284195 PMCID: PMC4515599 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a tightly regulated catabolic pathway that terminates in the lysosomal compartment after the formation of a cytoplasmic vacuole that engulfs macromolecules and organelles. Notably, autophagy is associated with several human pathophysiological conditions, playing either a cytoprotective or cytopathic role. Many studies have investigated the role of autophagy in cancer. However, whether autophagy suppresses tumorigenesis or provides cancer cells with a rescue mechanism under unfavorable conditions remains unclear. Mitochondria-associated membranes (MAMs) are juxtaposed between the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria and have been identified as critical hubs in the regulation of apoptosis and tumor growth. One key function of MAMs is to provide asylum to a number of proteins with tumor suppressor and oncogenic properties. Accordingly, mechanistic studies during tumor progression suggest a strong involvement of these proteins at various steps of the autophagic process. This paper discusses the present state of our knowledge about the intimate molecular networks between MAMs and autophagy in cancer cells and addresses how these networks might be manipulated to improve anticancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Patergnani
- Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara , Ferrara , Italy
| | - Sonia Missiroli
- Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara , Ferrara , Italy
| | - Saverio Marchi
- Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara , Ferrara , Italy
| | - Carlotta Giorgi
- Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara , Ferrara , Italy
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Gao M, Monian P, Quadri N, Ramasamy R, Jiang X. Glutaminolysis and Transferrin Regulate Ferroptosis. Mol Cell 2015; 59:298-308. [PMID: 26166707 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2015.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1254] [Impact Index Per Article: 139.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ferroptosis has emerged as a new form of regulated necrosis that is implicated in various human diseases. However, the mechanisms of ferroptosis are not well defined. This study reports the discovery of multiple molecular components of ferroptosis and its intimate interplay with cellular metabolism and redox machinery. Nutrient starvation often leads to sporadic apoptosis. Strikingly, we found that upon deprivation of amino acids, a more rapid and potent necrosis process can be induced in a serum-dependent manner, which was subsequently determined to be ferroptosis. Two serum factors, the iron-carrier protein transferrin and amino acid glutamine, were identified as the inducers of ferroptosis. We further found that the cell surface transferrin receptor and the glutamine-fueled intracellular metabolic pathway, glutaminolysis, played crucial roles in the death process. Inhibition of glutaminolysis, the essential component of ferroptosis, can reduce heart injury triggered by ischemia/reperfusion, suggesting a potential therapeutic approach for treating related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Gao
- Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Prashant Monian
- Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Nosirudeen Quadri
- Department of Medicine, Langone Medical Center, New York University, 522 1(st) Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Ravichandran Ramasamy
- Department of Medicine, Langone Medical Center, New York University, 522 1(st) Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Xuejun Jiang
- Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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113
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Obata F, Tanaka S, Kashio S, Tsujimura H, Sato R, Miura M. Induction of rapid and selective cell necrosis in Drosophila using Bacillus thuringiensis Cry toxin and its silkworm receptor. BMC Biol 2015; 13:48. [PMID: 26152191 PMCID: PMC4495774 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-015-0160-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Genetic ablation of target cells is a powerful tool to study the origins and functions of cells, tissue regeneration, or pathophysiology in a human disease model in vivo. Several methods for selective cell ablation by inducing apoptosis have been established, using exogenous toxins or endogenous proapoptotic genes. However, their application is limited to cells with intact apoptotic machinery. Results Herein, we established a method for inducing rapid and selective cell necrosis by the pore-forming bacterial toxin Cry1Aa, which is specifically active in cells expressing the Cry1Aa receptor (CryR) derived from the silkworm Bombyx mori. We demonstrated that overexpressing CryR in Drosophila melanogaster tissues induced rapid cell death of CryR-expressing cells only, in the presence of Cry1Aa toxin. Cry/CryR system was effective against both proliferating cells in imaginal discs and polyploid postmitotic cells in the fat body. Live imaging analysis of cell ablation revealed swelling and subsequent osmotic lysis of CryR-positive cells after 30 min of incubation with Cry1Aa toxin. Osmotic cell lysis was still triggered when apoptosis, JNK activation, or autophagy was inhibited, suggesting that Cry1Aa-induced necrotic cell death occurred independently of these cellular signaling pathways. Injection of Cry1Aa into the body cavity resulted in specific ablation of CryR-expressing cells, indicating the usefulness of this method for in vivo cell ablation. Conclusions With Cry toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis, we developed a novel method for genetic induction of cell necrosis. Our system provides a “proteinous drill” for killing target cells through physical injury of the cell membrane, which can potentially be used to ablate any cell type in any organisms, even those that are resistant to apoptosis or JNK-dependent programmed cell death. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12915-015-0160-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiaki Obata
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Shiho Tanaka
- Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei-shi, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan.
| | - Soshiro Kashio
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Hidenobu Tsujimura
- Developmental Biology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan.
| | - Ryoichi Sato
- Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei-shi, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan.
| | - Masayuki Miura
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan. .,CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, 20F Yomiuri Shimbun Bldg. 1-7-1 Otemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 100-0004, Japan.
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114
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A self-lysis pathway that enhances the virulence of a pathogenic bacterium. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:8433-8. [PMID: 26100878 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1506299112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In mammalian cells, programmed cell death (PCD) plays important roles in development, in the removal of damaged cells, and in fighting bacterial infections. Although widespread among multicellular organisms, there are relatively few documented instances of PCD in bacteria. Here we describe a potential PCD pathway in Pseudomonas aeruginosa that enhances the ability of the bacterium to cause disease in a lung infection model. Activation of the system can occur in a subset of cells in response to DNA damage through cleavage of an essential transcription regulator we call AlpR. Cleavage of AlpR triggers a cell lysis program through de-repression of the alpA gene, which encodes a positive regulator that activates expression of the alpBCDE lysis cassette. Although this is lethal to the individual cell in which it occurs, we find it benefits the population as a whole during infection of a mammalian host. Thus, host and pathogen each may use PCD as a survival-promoting strategy. We suggest that activation of the Alp cell lysis pathway is a disease-enhancing response to bacterial DNA damage inflicted by the host immune system.
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115
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Sun Y, Liu Z, Zou X, Lan Y, Sun X, Wang X, Zhao S, Jiang C, Liu H. Mechanisms underlying 3-bromopyruvate-induced cell death in colon cancer. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2015; 47:319-29. [PMID: 26054380 PMCID: PMC4546694 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-015-9612-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
3-Bromopyruvate (3BP) is an energy-depleting drug that inhibits Hexokinase II activity by alkylation during glycolysis, thereby suppressing the production of ATP and inducing cell death. As such, 3BP can potentially serve as an anti-tumorigenic agent. Our previous research showed that 3BP can induce apoptosis via AKT /protein Kinase B signaling in breast cancer cells. Here we found that 3BP can also induce colon cancer cell death by necroptosis and apoptosis at the same time and concentration in the SW480 and HT29 cell lines; in the latter, autophagy was also found to be a mechanism of cell death. In HT29 cells, combined treatment with 3BP and the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3-MA) exacerbated cell death, while viability in 3BP-treated cells was enhanced by concomitant treatment with the caspase inhibitor benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Ala-Asp fluoromethylketone (z-VAD-fmk) and the necroptosis inhibitor necrostatin (Nec)-1. Moreover, 3BP inhibited tumor growth in a SW480 xenograft mouse model. These results indicate that 3BP can suppress tumor growth and induce cell death by multiple mechanisms at the same time and concentration in different types of colon cancer cell by depleting cellular energy stores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Sun
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233000, Anhui, People's Republic of China
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116
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Xin W, Zhao X, Liu L, Xu Y, Li Z, Chen L, Wang X, Yi F, Wan Q. Acetyl-CoA carboxylase 2 suppression rescues human proximal tubular cells from palmitic acid induced lipotoxicity via autophagy. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 463:364-9. [PMID: 26022126 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.05.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a catabolic process that degrades damaged proteins and organelles in mammalian cells. Although acetyl-CoA carboxylase 2 (ACC2) plays a crucial role in the fatty acid metabolism, it keeps unknown whether ACC2 is associated with autophagic activity. The present work was designed to investigate the effects of ACC2 on palmitic acid (PA) induced lipotoxicity in human proximal tubular cells and the putative role of autophagy in this process. Here we show that autophagy was induced by PA in HK-2 cells. Moreover, the PA induced autophagy was regulated both by ACC2 suppression and CPTI inhibitor treatment, which represent an altered fatty acid β-oxidation. And the knockdown of ACC2 reduced PA-induced autophagy and thus protects the cells from PA-induced lipotoxicity with attenuated lipid accumulation and rescued cell viability. Collectively, the present study proposed a novel autophagy-involved mechanism of PA-induced renal lipotoxicity and provided potential therapeutic strategy by modulating lipid β-oxidation for diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xin
- Department of Central Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, 250021, China
| | - Xu Zhao
- School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Lei Liu
- School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Ying Xu
- Department of Nephrology, Qianfoshan Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Zhaoping Li
- School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Liyong Chen
- Department of Nutrition, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, 250021, China
| | - Xiaojie Wang
- School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Fan Yi
- Department of Pharmacology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Qiang Wan
- Department of Nephrology, Qianfoshan Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, 250014, China.
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117
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Live to die another way: modes of programmed cell death and the signals emanating from dying cells. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2015; 16:329-44. [PMID: 25991373 DOI: 10.1038/nrm3999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 444] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
All life ends in death, but perhaps one of life's grander ironies is that it also depends on death. Cell-intrinsic suicide pathways, termed programmed cell death (PCD), are crucial for animal development, tissue homeostasis and pathogenesis. Originally, PCD was almost synonymous with apoptosis; recently, however, alternative mechanisms of PCD have been reported. Here, we provide an overview of several distinct PCD mechanisms, namely apoptosis, autophagy and necroptosis. In addition, we discuss the complex signals that emanate from dying cells, which can either trigger regeneration or instruct additional killing. Further advances in understanding the physiological roles of the various mechanisms of cell death and their associated signals will be important to selectively manipulate PCD for therapeutic purposes.
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118
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Mfouo-Tynga I, Abrahamse H. Cell death pathways and phthalocyanine as an efficient agent for photodynamic cancer therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:10228-41. [PMID: 25955645 PMCID: PMC4463643 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160510228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms of cell death can be predetermined (programmed) or not and categorized into apoptotic, autophagic and necrotic pathways. The process of Hayflick limits completes the execution of death-related mechanisms. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are associated with oxidative stress and subsequent cytodamage by oxidizing and degrading cell components. ROS are also involved in immune responses, where they stabilize and activate both hypoxia-inducible factors and phagocytic effectors. ROS production and presence enhance cytodamage and photodynamic-induced cell death. Photodynamic cancer therapy (PDT) uses non-toxic chemotherapeutic agents, photosensitizer (PS), to initiate a light-dependent and ROS-related cell death. Phthalocyanines (PCs) are third generation and stable PSs with improved photochemical abilities. They are effective inducers of cell death in various neoplastic models. The metallated PCs localize in critical cellular organelles and are better inducers of cell death than other previous generation PSs as they favor mainly apoptotic cell death events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Mfouo-Tynga
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa.
| | - Heidi Abrahamse
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa.
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119
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Andrukov BG, Somova LM, Timchenko NF. STRATEGY OF PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH IN PROKARYOTES. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTION AND IMMUNITY 2015. [DOI: 10.15789/2220-7619-2015-1-15-26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD) was first studied in eukaryotic organisms. This system also operates in the development life cycle of prokaryotes. The system PCD in microorganisms is activated a wide range of signals in response to the stresses associated with adverse environmental conditions or exposure to antibacterial agents. The results of numerous studies in the past decade allow considering the system PCD in prokaryotes as an evolutionary conservation of the species. These results significantly expanded understanding of the role of PCD in microorganisms and opened a number of important areas of research of the morphological and molecular genetic approaches to the study of death strategies for the survival in bacterial populations. The purpose of the review is to summarize the morphological and molecular genetic characteristics of PCD in prokaryotes which are real manifestations of the mechanisms of this phenomenon.
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120
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Zhang S, Chen C, Wu C, Yang Y, Li W, Xue L. The canonical Wg signaling modulates Bsk-mediated cell death in Drosophila. Cell Death Dis 2015; 6:e1713. [PMID: 25855961 PMCID: PMC4650552 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2015.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cell death is an essential regulatory mechanism for removing unneeded cells in animal development and tissue homeostasis. The c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway has pivotal roles in the regulation of cell death in response to various intrinsic and extrinsic stress signals. The canonical Wingless (Wg) signaling has been implicated in cell proliferation and cell fate decisions, whereas its role in cell death remains largely elusive. Here, we report that activated Bsk (the Drosophila JNK homolog) induced cell death is mediated by the canonical Wg signaling. First, loss of Wg signaling abrogates Bsk-mediated caspase-independent cell death. Second, activation of Wg signaling promotes cell death in a caspase-independent manner. Third, activation of Bsk signaling results in upregulated transcription of wingless (wg) gene. Finally, Wg pathway participates in the physiological function of Bsk signaling in development. These findings not only reveal a previously undiscovered role of Wg signaling in Bsk-mediated cell death, but also provide a novel mechanism for the interplay between the two important signaling pathways in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Zhang
- Institute of Intervention Vessel, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - C Chen
- Institute of Intervention Vessel, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - C Wu
- Institute of Intervention Vessel, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Y Yang
- Institute of Intervention Vessel, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - W Li
- Institute of Intervention Vessel, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - L Xue
- Institute of Intervention Vessel, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, PR China
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121
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Abstract
Excessive Ca(2+) entry during glutamate receptor overactivation ("excitotoxicity") induces acute or delayed neuronal death. We report here that deficiency in bax exerted broad neuroprotection against excitotoxic injury and oxygen/glucose deprivation in mouse neocortical neuron cultures and reduced infarct size, necrotic injury, and cerebral edema formation after middle cerebral artery occlusion in mice. Neuronal Ca(2+) and mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm) analysis during excitotoxic injury revealed that bax-deficient neurons showed significantly reduced Ca(2+) transients during the NMDA excitation period and did not exhibit the deregulation of Δψm that was observed in their wild-type (WT) counterparts. Reintroduction of bax or a bax mutant incapable of proapoptotic oligomerization equally restored neuronal Ca(2+) dynamics during NMDA excitation, suggesting that Bax controlled Ca(2+) signaling independently of its role in apoptosis execution. Quantitative confocal imaging of intracellular ATP or mitochondrial Ca(2+) levels using FRET-based sensors indicated that the effects of bax deficiency on Ca(2+) handling were not due to enhanced cellular bioenergetics or increased Ca(2+) uptake into mitochondria. We also observed that mitochondria isolated from WT or bax-deficient cells similarly underwent Ca(2+)-induced permeability transition. However, when Ca(2+) uptake into the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum was blocked with the Ca(2+)-ATPase inhibitor thapsigargin, bax-deficient neurons showed strongly elevated cytosolic Ca(2+) levels during NMDA excitation, suggesting that the ability of Bax to support dynamic ER Ca(2+) handling is critical for cell death signaling during periods of neuronal overexcitation.
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122
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Shubin AV, Demidyuk IV, Lunina NA, Komissarov AA, Roschina MP, Leonova OG, Kostrov SV. Protease 3C of hepatitis A virus induces vacuolization of lysosomal/endosomal organelles and caspase-independent cell death. BMC Cell Biol 2015; 16:4. [PMID: 25886889 PMCID: PMC4355371 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-015-0050-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND 3C proteases, the main proteases of picornaviruses, play the key role in viral life cycle by processing polyproteins. In addition, 3C proteases digest certain host cell proteins to suppress antiviral defense, transcription, and translation. The activity of 3C proteases per se induces host cell death, which makes them critical factors of viral cytotoxicity. To date, cytotoxic effects have been studied for several 3C proteases, all of which induce apoptosis. This study for the first time describes the cytotoxic effect of 3C protease of human hepatitis A virus (3Cpro), the only proteolytic enzyme of the virus. RESULTS Individual expression of 3Cpro induced catalytic activity-dependent cell death, which was not abrogated by the pan-caspase inhibitor (z-VAD-fmk) and was not accompanied by phosphatidylserine externalization in contrast to other picornaviral 3C proteases. The cell survival was also not affected by the inhibitors of cysteine proteases (z-FA-fmk) and RIP1 kinase (necrostatin-1), critical enzymes involved in non-apoptotic cell death. A substantial fraction of dying cells demonstrated numerous non-acidic cytoplasmic vacuoles with not previously described features and originating from several types of endosomal/lysosomal organelles. The lysosomal protein Lamp1 and GTPases Rab5, Rab7, Rab9, and Rab11 were associated with the vacuolar membranes. The vacuolization was completely blocked by the vacuolar ATPase inhibitor (bafilomycin A1) and did not depend on the activity of the principal factors of endosomal transport, GTPases Rab5 and Rab7, as well as on autophagy and macropinocytosis. CONCLUSIONS 3Cpro, apart from other picornaviral 3C proteases, induces caspase-independent cell death, accompanying by cytoplasmic vacuolization. 3Cpro-induced vacuoles have unique properties and are formed from several organelle types of the endosomal/lysosomal compartment. The data obtained demonstrate previously undocumented morphological characters of the 3Cpro-induced cell death, which can reflect unknown aspects of the human hepatitis A virus-host cell interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey V Shubin
- Laboratory of Protein Engineering, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, 123182, Russia.
| | - Ilya V Demidyuk
- Laboratory of Protein Engineering, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, 123182, Russia.
| | - Nataliya A Lunina
- Laboratory of Protein Engineering, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, 123182, Russia.
| | - Alexey A Komissarov
- Laboratory of Protein Engineering, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, 123182, Russia.
| | - Marina P Roschina
- Laboratory of Protein Engineering, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, 123182, Russia.
| | - Olga G Leonova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119992, Russia.
| | - Sergey V Kostrov
- Laboratory of Protein Engineering, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, 123182, Russia.
- National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", Moscow, 123182, Russia.
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123
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Abstract
Mechanisms that lead to the death of hair cells are reviewed. Exposure to noise, the use of ototoxic drugs that damage the cochlea and old age are accompanied by hair cell death. Outer hair cells are often more susceptible than inner hair cells, partly because of an intrinsically greater susceptibility; high frequency cells are also more vulnerable. A common factor in hair cell loss following age-related changes and exposure to ototoxic drugs or high noise levels is the generation of reactive oxygen species, which can trigger intrinsic apoptosis (the mitochondrial pathway). However, hair cell death is sometimes produced via an extracellular signal pathway triggering extrinsic apoptosis. Necrosis and necroptosis also play a role and, in various situations in which cochlear damage occurs, a balance exists between these possible routes of cell death, with no one mechanism being exclusively activated. Finally, the numerous studies on these mechanisms of hair cell death have led to the identification of many potential therapeutic agents, some of which have been used to attempt to treat people exposed to damaging events, although clinical trials are not yet conclusive. Continued work in this area is likely to lead to clinical treatments that could be used to prevent or ameliorate hearing loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- David N Furness
- School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK,
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124
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Cell death in development: Signaling pathways and core mechanisms. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2015; 39:12-9. [PMID: 25668151 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Programmed cell death eliminates unneeded and dangerous cells in a timely and effective manner during development. In this review, we examine the role cell death plays during development in worms, flies and mammals. We discuss signaling pathways that regulate developmental cell death, and describe how they communicate with the core cell death pathways. In most organisms, the majority of developmental cell death is seen in the nervous system. Therefore we focus on what is known about the regulation of developmental cell death in this tissue. Understanding how the cell death is regulated during development may provide insight into how this process can be manipulated in the treatment of disease.
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125
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Van Hautegem T, Waters AJ, Goodrich J, Nowack MK. Only in dying, life: programmed cell death during plant development. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 20:102-13. [PMID: 25457111 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD) is a fundamental process of life. During the evolution of multicellular organisms, the actively controlled demise of cells has been recruited to fulfil a multitude of functions in development, differentiation, tissue homeostasis, and immune systems. In this review we discuss some of the multiple cases of PCD that occur as integral parts of plant development in a remarkable variety of cell types, tissues, and organs. Although research in the last decade has discovered a number of PCD regulators, mediators, and executers, we are still only beginning to understand the mechanistic complexity that tightly controls preparation, initiation, and execution of PCD as a process that is indispensable for successful vegetative and reproductive development of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Van Hautegem
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, and Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Andrew J Waters
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JH, UK
| | - Justin Goodrich
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JH, UK
| | - Moritz K Nowack
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, and Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.
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126
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Garg AD, Maes H, Romano E, Agostinis P. Autophagy, a major adaptation pathway shaping cancer cell death and anticancer immunity responses following photodynamic therapy. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2015; 14:1410-24. [DOI: 10.1039/c4pp00466c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is fundamentally a cytoprotective and pro-survival process yet studies have shown that it has an exceedingly contextual role in cancer biology; depending on the phase, location or type of oncogenic trigger and/or therapy, its role could fluctuate from pro- to anti-tumourigenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek D. Garg
- Cell Death Research & Therapy (CDRT) Unit
- Department for Cellular and Molecular Medicine
- University of Leuven (KULeuven)
- Leuven
- Belgium
| | - Hannelore Maes
- Cell Death Research & Therapy (CDRT) Unit
- Department for Cellular and Molecular Medicine
- University of Leuven (KULeuven)
- Leuven
- Belgium
| | - Erminia Romano
- Cell Death Research & Therapy (CDRT) Unit
- Department for Cellular and Molecular Medicine
- University of Leuven (KULeuven)
- Leuven
- Belgium
| | - Patrizia Agostinis
- Cell Death Research & Therapy (CDRT) Unit
- Department for Cellular and Molecular Medicine
- University of Leuven (KULeuven)
- Leuven
- Belgium
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127
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Abstract
Current mainstays in cancer treatment such as chemotherapy, radiation therapy, hormonal manipulation, and even targeted therapies such as Trastuzumab (herceptin) for breast cancer or Iressa (gefitinib) for non-small cell lung cancer among others are limited by lack of efficacy, cellular resistance, and toxicity. Dose escalation and combination therapies designed to overcome resistance and increase efficacy are limited by a narrow therapeutic index. Oncolytic viruses are one such group of new biological therapeutics that appears to have a wide spectrum of anticancer activity with minimal human toxicity. Since the malignant phenotype of tumors is the culmination of multiple mutations that occur in genes eventually leading to aberrant signaling pathways, oncolytic viruses either natural or engineered specifically target tumor cells taking advantage of this abnormal cellular signaling for their replication. Reovirus is one such naturally occurring double-stranded RNA virus that exploits altered signaling pathways (including Ras) in a myriad of cancers. The ability of reovirus to infect and lyse tumors under in vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo conditions has been well documented previously by us and others. The major mechanism of reovirus oncolysis of cancer cells has been shown to occur through apoptosis with autophagy taking place during this process in certain cancers. In addition, the synergistic antitumor effects of reovirus in combination with radiation or chemotherapy have also been demonstrated for reovirus resistant and moderately sensitive tumors. Recent progress in our understanding of viral immunology in the tumor microenvironment has diverted interest in exploring immunologic mechanisms to overcome resistance exhibited by chemotherapeutic drugs in cancer. Thus, currently several investigations are focusing on immune potentiating of reovirus for maximal tumor targeting. This chapter therefore has concentrated on immunologic cell death induction with reovirus as a novel approach to cancer therapy used under in vitro and in vivo conditions, as well as in a clinical setting. Reovirus phase I clinical trials have shown indications of efficacy, and several phase II/III trials are ongoing at present. Reovirus's extensive preclinical efficacy, replication competency, and low toxicity profile in humans have placed it as an attractive anticancer therapeutic for ongoing clinical testing that are highlighted in this chapter.
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128
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Khalilzadeh B, Shadjou N, Eskandani M, Charoudeh HN, Omidi Y, Rashidi MR. A reliable self-assembled peptide based electrochemical biosensor for detection of caspase 3 activity and apoptosis. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra08561f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A sensitive electrochemical self-assembled peptide based biosensor was developed for the detection of caspase 3 activity and apoptosis using a Asp-Glu-Val-Asp (DEVD) modified peptide and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) as cleaving and electron transfer agents, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balal Khalilzadeh
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology (RCPN)
- Tabriz University of Medical Sciences
- Tabriz
- Iran
| | - Nasrin Shadjou
- Department of Nanochemistry and Nanotechnology Center
- Urmia University
- Urmia
- Iran
| | - Morteza Eskandani
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology (RCPN)
- Tabriz University of Medical Sciences
- Tabriz
- Iran
| | | | - Yadollah Omidi
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology (RCPN)
- Tabriz University of Medical Sciences
- Tabriz
- Iran
- Faculty of Pharmacy
| | - Mohammad-Reza Rashidi
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology (RCPN)
- Tabriz University of Medical Sciences
- Tabriz
- Iran
- Faculty of Pharmacy
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129
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Matsuzawa Y, Oshima S, Nibe Y, Kobayashi M, Maeyashiki C, Nemoto Y, Nagaishi T, Okamoto R, Tsuchiya K, Nakamura T, Watanabe M. RIPK3 regulates p62-LC3 complex formation via the caspase-8-dependent cleavage of p62. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 456:298-304. [PMID: 25450619 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.11.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
RIPK3 is a key molecule for necroptosis, initially characterized by necrotic cell death morphology and the activation of autophagy. Cell death and autophagic signaling are believed to tightly regulate each other. However, the associated recruitment of signaling proteins remains poorly understood. p62/sequestosome-1 is a selective autophagy substrate and a selective receptor for ubiquitinated proteins. In this study, we illustrated that both mouse and human RIPK3 mediate p62 cleavage and that RIPK3 interacts with p62, resulting in complex formation. In addition, RIPK3-dependent p62 cleavage is restricted by the inhibition of caspases, especially caspase-8. Moreover, overexpression of A20, a ubiquitin-editing enzyme and an inhibitor of caspase-8 activity, inhibits RIPK3-dependent p62 cleavage. To further investigate the potential role of RIPK3 in selective autophagy, we analyzed p62-LC3 complex formation, revealing that RIPK3 prevents the localization of LC3 and ubiquitinated proteins to the p62 complex. In addition, RIPK3-dependent p62-LC3 complex disruption is regulated by caspase inhibition. Taken together, these results demonstrated that RIPK3 interacts with p62 and regulates p62-LC3 complex formation. These findings suggested that RIPK3 serves as a negative regulator of selective autophagy and provides new insights into the mechanism by which RIPK3 regulates autophagic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Matsuzawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeru Oshima
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Yoichi Nibe
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masanori Kobayashi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chiaki Maeyashiki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Nemoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Nagaishi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Okamoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan; Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiichiro Tsuchiya
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan; Department of Advanced Therapeutics for GI Diseases, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Nakamura
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan; Department of Advanced Therapeutics for GI Diseases, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mamoru Watanabe
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan.
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130
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Günther C, Buchen B, Neurath MF, Becker C. Regulation and pathophysiological role of epithelial turnover in the gut. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2014; 35:40-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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131
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Wang H, Lu Q, Cheng S, Wang X, Zhang H. Autophagy activity contributes to programmed cell death inCaenorhabditis elegans. Autophagy 2014; 9:1975-82. [DOI: 10.4161/auto.26152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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132
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Autophagy as a pro-death pathway. Immunol Cell Biol 2014; 93:35-42. [PMID: 25331550 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2014.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The evolutionarily conserved catabolic process of autophagy involves the degradation of cytoplasmic components through lysosomal enzymes. Basal levels of autophagy maintain cellular homeostasis and under stress conditions high levels of autophagy are induced. It is often under such stress conditions that high levels of autophagy and cell death have been observed, leading to the idea that autophagy may act as an executioner of cell death. However the notion of autophagy as a cell death mechanism has been controversial and remains mechanistically undefined. There is now growing evidence that in specific contexts autophagy can indeed facilitate cell death. The pro-death role of autophagy is however complicated due to the extensive cross-talk between different signalling pathways. This review summarises the examples of where autophagy acts as a means of cell death and discusses the association of autophagy with the different cell death pathways.
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133
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Artesunate induces necrotic cell death in schwannoma cells. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1466. [PMID: 25321473 PMCID: PMC4649524 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Established as a potent anti-malaria medicine, artemisinin-based drugs have been suggested to have anti-tumour activity in some cancers. Although the mechanism is poorly understood, it has been suggested that artemisinin induces apoptotic cell death. Here, we show that the artemisinin analogue artesunate (ART) effectively induces cell death in RT4 schwannoma cells and human primary schwannoma cells. Interestingly, our data indicate for first time that the cell death induced by ART is largely dependent on necroptosis. ART appears to inhibit autophagy, which may also contribute to the cell death. Our data in human schwannoma cells show that ART can be combined with the autophagy inhibitor chloroquine (CQ) to potentiate the cell death. Thus, this study suggests that artemisinin-based drugs may be used in certain tumours where cells are necroptosis competent, and the drugs may act in synergy with apoptosis inducers or autophagy inhibitors to enhance their anti-tumour activity.
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134
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Orzekowsky-Schroeder R, Klinger A, Freidank S, Linz N, Eckert S, Hüttmann G, Gebert A, Vogel A. Probing the immune and healing response of murine intestinal mucosa by time-lapse 2-photon microscopy of laser-induced lesions with real-time dosimetry. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 5:3521-40. [PMID: 25360369 PMCID: PMC4206321 DOI: 10.1364/boe.5.003521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Gut mucosa is an important interface between body and environment. Immune response and healing processes of murine small intestinal mucosa were investigated by intravital time-lapse two-photon excited autofluorescence microscopy of the response to localized laser-induced damage. Epithelial lesions were created by 355-nm, 500-ps pulses from a microchip laser that produced minute cavitation bubbles. Size and dynamics of these bubbles were monitored using a novel interferometric backscattering technique with 80 nm resolution. Small bubbles (< 2.5 µm maximum radius) merely resulted in autofluorescence loss of the target cell. Larger bubbles (7-25 µm) affected several cells and provoked immigration of immune cells (polymorphonuclear leucocytes). Damaged cells were expelled into the lumen, and the epithelium healed within 2 hours by stretching and migration of adjacent epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Orzekowsky-Schroeder
- University of Lübeck, Institute of Biomedical Optics, Peter-Monnik-Weg 4, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
- Authors have contributed equally
| | - Antje Klinger
- University of Lübeck, Institute of Anatomy, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
- Authors have contributed equally
| | - Sebastian Freidank
- University of Lübeck, Institute of Biomedical Optics, Peter-Monnik-Weg 4, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Norbert Linz
- University of Lübeck, Institute of Biomedical Optics, Peter-Monnik-Weg 4, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Sebastian Eckert
- University of Lübeck, Institute of Biomedical Optics, Peter-Monnik-Weg 4, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Gereon Hüttmann
- University of Lübeck, Institute of Biomedical Optics, Peter-Monnik-Weg 4, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Andreas Gebert
- University of Lübeck, Institute of Anatomy, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
- present address: University of Jena, Institute of Anatomy II, 07740 Jena, Germany
| | - Alfred Vogel
- University of Lübeck, Institute of Biomedical Optics, Peter-Monnik-Weg 4, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
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135
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Huang L, Zhang T, Li S, Duan J, Ye F, Li H, She Z, Gao G, Yang X. Anthraquinone G503 induces apoptosis in gastric cancer cells through the mitochondrial pathway. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108286. [PMID: 25268882 PMCID: PMC4182468 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
G503 is an anthraquinone compound isolated from the secondary metabolites of a mangrove endophytic fungus from the South China Sea. The present study elucidates the anti-tumor activity and the underlying mechanism of G503. Cell viability assay performed in nine cancer cell lines and two normal cell lines demonstrated that the gastric cancer cell line SGC7901 is the most G503-sensitive cancer cells. G503 induced SGC7901 cell death via apoptosis. G503 exposure activated caspases-3, -8 and -9. Pretreatment with the pan-caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK and caspase-9 inhibitor Z-LEHD-FMK, but not caspase-8 inbibitor Z-IETD-FMK, attenuated the effect of G503. These results suggested that the intrinsic mitochondrial apoptosis pathway, rather than the extrinsic pathway, was involved in G503-induced apoptosis. Furthermore, G503 increased the ratio of Bax to Bcl-2 in the mitochondria and decreased the ratio in the cytosol. G503 treatment resulted in mitochondrial depolarization, cytochrome c release and the subsequent cleavage of caspase -9 and -3. Moreover, it is reported that the endoplasmic reticulum apoptosis pathway may also be activated by G503 by inducing capase-4 cleavage. In consideration of the lower 50% inhibitory concentration for gastric cancer cells, G503 may serve as a promising candidate for gastric cancer chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Huang
- Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Shuai Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Junting Duan
- Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Fang Ye
- Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hanxiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecules from Marine Microorganisms (Sun Yat-sen University), Department of Education of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zhigang She
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecules from Marine Microorganisms (Sun Yat-sen University), Department of Education of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Guoquan Gao
- Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
- China Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xia Yang
- Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecules from Marine Microorganisms (Sun Yat-sen University), Department of Education of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
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136
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Gao Q, Liu H, Yao Y, Geng L, Zhang X, Jiang L, Shi B, Yang F. Carnosic acid induces autophagic cell death through inhibition of the Akt/mTOR pathway in human hepatoma cells. J Appl Toxicol 2014; 35:485-92. [PMID: 25178877 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qilong Gao
- Department of integrated traditional Chinese and western medicine; Affiliated cancer hospital of Zhengzhou University; Zhengzhou Henan 450008 China
| | - Huaimin Liu
- Department of integrated traditional Chinese and western medicine; Affiliated cancer hospital of Zhengzhou University; Zhengzhou Henan 450008 China
| | - Yamin Yao
- Department of integrated traditional Chinese and western medicine; Affiliated cancer hospital of Zhengzhou University; Zhengzhou Henan 450008 China
| | - Liang Geng
- Department of integrated traditional Chinese and western medicine; Affiliated cancer hospital of Zhengzhou University; Zhengzhou Henan 450008 China
| | - Xinfeng Zhang
- Department of integrated traditional Chinese and western medicine; Affiliated cancer hospital of Zhengzhou University; Zhengzhou Henan 450008 China
| | - Lifeng Jiang
- Department of integrated traditional Chinese and western medicine; Affiliated cancer hospital of Zhengzhou University; Zhengzhou Henan 450008 China
| | - Bian Shi
- Department of integrated traditional Chinese and western medicine; Affiliated cancer hospital of Zhengzhou University; Zhengzhou Henan 450008 China
| | - Feng Yang
- Department of integrated traditional Chinese and western medicine; Affiliated cancer hospital of Zhengzhou University; Zhengzhou Henan 450008 China
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137
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Lu JV, Chen HC, Walsh CM. Necroptotic signaling in adaptive and innate immunity. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2014; 35:33-9. [PMID: 25042848 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The vertebrate immune system is highly dependent on cell death for efficient responsiveness to microbial pathogens and oncogenically transformed cells. Cell death pathways are vital to the function of many immune cell types during innate, humoral and cellular immune responses. In addition, cell death regulation is imperative for proper adaptive immune self-tolerance and homeostasis. While apoptosis has been found to be involved in several of these roles in immunity, recent data demonstrate that alternative cell death pathways are required. Here, we describe the involvement of a programmed form of cellular necrosis called "necroptosis" in immunity. We consider the signaling pathways that promote necroptosis downstream of death receptors, type I transmembrane proteins of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family. The involvement of necroptotic signaling through a "RIPoptosome" assembled in response to innate immune stimuli or genotoxic stress is described. We also characterize the induction of necroptosis following antigenic stimulation in T cells lacking caspase-8 or FADD function. While necroptotic signaling remains poorly understood, it is clear that this pathway is an essential component to effective vertebrate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer V Lu
- Institute for Immunology, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, 3215 McGaugh Hall, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-3900, United States
| | - Helen C Chen
- Institute for Immunology, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, 3215 McGaugh Hall, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-3900, United States
| | - Craig M Walsh
- Institute for Immunology, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, 3215 McGaugh Hall, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-3900, United States.
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138
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Abstract
In bacteria, SOS is a global response to DNA damage, mediated by the recA-lexA genes, resulting in cell cycle arrest, DNA repair, and mutagenesis. Previously, we reported that Escherichia coli responds to DNA damage via another recA-lexA-mediated pathway resulting in programmed cell death (PCD). We called it apoptosis-like death (ALD) because it is characterized by membrane depolarization and DNA fragmentation, which are hallmarks of eukaryotic mitochondrial apoptosis. Here, we show that ALD is an extreme SOS response that occurs only under conditions of severe DNA damage. Furthermore, we found that ALD is characterized by additional hallmarks of eukaryotic mitochondrial apoptosis, including (i) rRNA degradation by the endoribonuclease YbeY, (ii) upregulation of a unique set of genes that we called extensive-damage-induced (Edin) genes, (iii) a decrease in the activities of complexes I and II of the electron transport chain, and (iv) the formation of high levels of OH˙ through the Fenton reaction, eventually resulting in cell death. Our genetic and molecular studies on ALD provide additional insight for the evolution of mitochondria and the apoptotic pathway in eukaryotes. The SOS response is the first described and the most studied bacterial response to DNA damage. It is mediated by a set of two genes, recA-lexA, and it results in DNA repair and thereby in the survival of the bacterial culture. We have shown that Escherichia coli responds to DNA damage by an additional recA-lexA-mediated pathway resulting in an apoptosis-like death (ALD). Apoptosis is a mode of cell death that has previously been reported only in eukaryotes. We found that E. coli ALD is characterized by several hallmarks of eukaryotic mitochondrial apoptosis. Altogether, our results revealed that recA-lexA is a DNA damage response coordinator that permits two opposite responses: life, mediated by the SOS, and death, mediated by the ALD. The choice seems to be a function of the degree of DNA damage in the cell.
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139
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Gong J, Mita MM. Activated ras signaling pathways and reovirus oncolysis: an update on the mechanism of preferential reovirus replication in cancer cells. Front Oncol 2014; 4:167. [PMID: 25019061 PMCID: PMC4071564 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of wild-type, unmodified Type 3 Dearing strain reovirus as an anticancer agent has currently expanded to 32 clinical trials (both completed and ongoing) involving reovirus in the treatment of cancer. It has been more than 30 years since the potential of reovirus as an anticancer agent was first identified in studies that demonstrated the preferential replication of reovirus in transformed cell lines but not in normal cells. Later investigations have revealed the involvement of activated Ras signaling pathways (both upstream and downstream) and key steps of the reovirus infectious cycle in promoting preferential replication in cancer cells with reovirus-induced cancer cell death occurring through necrotic, apoptotic, and autophagic pathways. There is increasing evidence that reovirus-induced antitumor immunity involving both innate and adaptive responses also contributes to therapeutic efficacy though this discussion is beyond the scope of this article. Here, we review our current understanding of the mechanism of oncolysis contributing to the broad anticancer activity of reovirus. Further understanding of reovirus oncolysis is critical in enhancing the clinical development and efficacy of reovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Gong
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center , Los Angeles, CA , USA
| | - Monica M Mita
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center , Los Angeles, CA , USA
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140
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Obata F, Kuranaga E, Tomioka K, Ming M, Takeishi A, Chen CH, Soga T, Miura M. Necrosis-driven systemic immune response alters SAM metabolism through the FOXO-GNMT axis. Cell Rep 2014; 7:821-33. [PMID: 24746817 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Sterile inflammation triggered by endogenous factors is thought to contribute to the pathogenesis of acute and chronic inflammatory diseases. Here, we demonstrate that apoptosis-deficient mutants spontaneously develop a necrosis-driven systemic immune response in Drosophila and provide an in vivo model for studying the organismal response to sterile inflammation. Metabolomic analysis of hemolymph from apoptosis-deficient mutants revealed increased sarcosine and reduced S-adenosyl-methionine (SAM) levels due to glycine N-methyltransferase (Gnmt) upregulation. We showed that Gnmt was elevated in response to Toll activation induced by the local necrosis of wing epidermal cells. Necrosis-driven inflammatory conditions induced dFoxO hyperactivation, leading to an energy-wasting phenotype. Gnmt was cell-autonomously upregulated by dFoxO in the fat body as a possible rheostat for controlling energy loss, which functioned during fasting as well as inflammatory conditions. We propose that the dFoxO-Gnmt axis is essential for the maintenance of organismal SAM metabolism and energy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiaki Obata
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0075, Japan
| | - Erina Kuranaga
- Laboratory for Histogenetic Dynamics, RIKEN CDB, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Katsura Tomioka
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Ming Ming
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Asuka Takeishi
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Chun-Hong Chen
- National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan
| | - Tomoyoshi Soga
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-0052, Japan
| | - Masayuki Miura
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0075, Japan.
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141
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Minina EA, Filonova LH, Fukada K, Savenkov EI, Gogvadze V, Clapham D, Sanchez-Vera V, Suarez MF, Zhivotovsky B, Daniel G, Smertenko A, Bozhkov PV. Autophagy and metacaspase determine the mode of cell death in plants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 203:917-27. [PMID: 24344187 PMCID: PMC3871426 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201307082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Although animals eliminate apoptotic cells using macrophages, plants use cell corpses throughout development and disassemble cells in a cell-autonomous manner by vacuolar cell death. During vacuolar cell death, lytic vacuoles gradually engulf and digest the cytoplasmic content. On the other hand, acute stress triggers an alternative cell death, necrosis, which is characterized by mitochondrial dysfunction, early rupture of the plasma membrane, and disordered cell disassembly. How both types of cell death are regulated remains obscure. In this paper, we show that vacuolar death in the embryo suspensor of Norway spruce requires autophagy. In turn, activation of autophagy lies downstream of metacaspase mcII-Pa, a key protease essential for suspensor cell death. Genetic suppression of the metacaspase–autophagy pathway induced a switch from vacuolar to necrotic death, resulting in failure of suspensor differentiation and embryonic arrest. Our results establish metacaspase-dependent autophagy as a bona fide mechanism that is responsible for cell disassembly during vacuolar cell death and for inhibition of necrosis.
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142
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Morioka S, Broglie P, Omori E, Ikeda Y, Takaesu G, Matsumoto K, Ninomiya-Tsuji J. TAK1 kinase switches cell fate from apoptosis to necrosis following TNF stimulation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 204:607-23. [PMID: 24535827 PMCID: PMC3926964 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201305070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Activation of the TAK1 kinase drives RIPK3-dependent necrosis and inhibits apoptosis downstream of TNF-α stimulation. TNF activates three distinct intracellular signaling cascades leading to cell survival, caspase-8–mediated apoptosis, or receptor interacting protein kinase 3 (RIPK3)–dependent necrosis, also called necroptosis. Depending on the cellular context, one of these pathways is activated upon TNF challenge. When caspase-8 is activated, it drives the apoptosis cascade and blocks RIPK3-dependent necrosis. Here we report the biological event switching to activate necrosis over apoptosis. TAK1 kinase is normally transiently activated upon TNF stimulation. We found that prolonged and hyperactivation of TAK1 induced phosphorylation and activation of RIPK3, leading to necrosis without caspase activation. In addition, we also demonstrated that activation of RIPK1 and RIPK3 promoted TAK1 activation, suggesting a positive feedforward loop of RIPK1, RIPK3, and TAK1. Conversely, ablation of TAK1 caused caspase-dependent apoptosis, in which Ripk3 deletion did not block cell death either in vivo or in vitro. Our results reveal that TAK1 activation drives RIPK3-dependent necrosis and inhibits apoptosis. TAK1 acts as a switch between apoptosis and necrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sho Morioka
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
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143
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Matilla-Dueñas A, Ashizawa T, Brice A, Magri S, McFarland KN, Pandolfo M, Pulst SM, Riess O, Rubinsztein DC, Schmidt J, Schmidt T, Scoles DR, Stevanin G, Taroni F, Underwood BR, Sánchez I. Consensus paper: pathological mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration in spinocerebellar ataxias. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2014; 13:269-302. [PMID: 24307138 PMCID: PMC3943639 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-013-0539-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Intensive scientific research devoted in the recent years to understand the molecular mechanisms or neurodegeneration in spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) are identifying new pathways and targets providing new insights and a better understanding of the molecular pathogenesis in these diseases. In this consensus manuscript, the authors discuss their current views on the identified molecular processes causing or modulating the neurodegenerative phenotype in spinocerebellar ataxias with the common opinion of translating the new knowledge acquired into candidate targets for therapy. The following topics are discussed: transcription dysregulation, protein aggregation, autophagy, ion channels, the role of mitochondria, RNA toxicity, modulators of neurodegeneration and current therapeutic approaches. Overall point of consensus includes the common vision of neurodegeneration in SCAs as a multifactorial, progressive and reversible process, at least in early stages. Specific points of consensus include the role of the dysregulation of protein folding, transcription, bioenergetics, calcium handling and eventual cell death with apoptotic features of neurons during SCA disease progression. Unresolved questions include how the dysregulation of these pathways triggers the onset of symptoms and mediates disease progression since this understanding may allow effective treatments of SCAs within the window of reversibility to prevent early neuronal damage. Common opinions also include the need for clinical detection of early neuronal dysfunction, for more basic research to decipher the early neurodegenerative process in SCAs in order to give rise to new concepts for treatment strategies and for the translation of the results to preclinical studies and, thereafter, in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Matilla-Dueñas
- Health Sciences Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Ctra. de Can Ruti, Camí de les Escoles s/n, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain,
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144
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Kung G, Dai P, Deng L, Kitsis RN. A novel role for the apoptosis inhibitor ARC in suppressing TNFα-induced regulated necrosis. Cell Death Differ 2014; 21:634-44. [PMID: 24440909 PMCID: PMC3950326 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2013.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
TNFα signaling can promote apoptosis or a regulated form of necrosis. ARC (apoptosis repressor with CARD (caspase recruitment domain)) is an endogenous inhibitor of apoptosis that antagonizes both the extrinsic (death receptor) and intrinsic (mitochondrial/ER) apoptosis pathways. We discovered that ARC blocks not only apoptosis but also necrosis. TNFα-induced necrosis was abrogated by overexpression of wild-type ARC but not by a CARD mutant that is also defective for inhibition of apoptosis. Conversely, knockdown of ARC exacerbated TNFα-induced necrosis, an effect that was rescued by reconstitution with wild-type, but not CARD-defective, ARC. Similarly, depletion of ARC in vivo exacerbated necrosis caused by infection with vaccinia virus, which elicits severe tissue damage through this pathway, and sensitized mice to TNFα-induced systemic inflammatory response syndrome. The mechanism underlying these effects is an interaction of ARC with TNF receptor 1 that interferes with recruitment of RIP1, a critical mediator of TNFα-induced regulated necrosis. These findings extend the role of ARC from an apoptosis inhibitor to a regulator of the TNFα pathway and an inhibitor of TNFα-mediated regulated necrosis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins/genetics
- Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Fas-Associated Death Domain Protein/metabolism
- HMGB1 Protein/metabolism
- Humans
- MCF-7 Cells
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Muscle Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Muscle Proteins/genetics
- Muscle Proteins/metabolism
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Necrosis/chemically induced
- Necrosis/metabolism
- Necrosis/pathology
- Protein Binding
- RNA Interference
- RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I/genetics
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I/metabolism
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- G Kung
- Departments of Cell Biology and Medicine, Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein Cancer Center, and Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - P Dai
- Dermatology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - L Deng
- Dermatology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - R N Kitsis
- Departments of Cell Biology and Medicine, Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein Cancer Center, and Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
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Bao C, Shao Y, Li X. Hepatocyte Necroptosis Induced by Ischemic Acute Kidney Injury in Rats. Ultrastruct Pathol 2014; 38:217-23. [DOI: 10.3109/01913123.2014.895788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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146
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Rubner Y, Muth C, Strnad A, Derer A, Sieber R, Buslei R, Frey B, Fietkau R, Gaipl US. Fractionated radiotherapy is the main stimulus for the induction of cell death and of Hsp70 release of p53 mutated glioblastoma cell lines. Radiat Oncol 2014; 9:89. [PMID: 24678590 PMCID: PMC3994240 DOI: 10.1186/1748-717x-9-89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common primary brain tumor in adults. Despite a multimodal therapy consisting of resection followed by fractionated radiotherapy (RT) combined with the chemotherapeutic agent (CT) temozolomide (TMZ), its recurrence is almost inevitable. Since the immune system is capable of eliminating small tumor masses, a therapy should also aim to stimulate anti-tumor immune responses by induction of immunogenic cell death forms. The histone deacetylase inhibitor valproic acid (VPA) might foster this. Methods Reflecting therapy standards, we applied in our in vitro model fractionated RT with a single dose of 2Gy and clinically relevant concentrations of CT. Not only the impact of RT and/or CT with TMZ and/or VPA on the clonogenic potential and cell cycle of the glioblastoma cell lines T98G, U251MG, and U87MG was analyzed, but also the resulting cell death forms and release of danger signals such as heat-shock protein70 (Hsp70) and high-mobility group protein B1 (HMGB1). Results The clonogenic assays revealed that T98G and U251MG, having mutated tumor suppressor protein p53, are more resistant to RT and CT than U87MG with wild type (WT) p53. In all glioblastoma cells lines, fractionated RT induced a G2 cell cycle arrest, but only in the case of U87MG, TMZ and/or VPA alone resulted in this cell cycle block. Further, fractionated RT significantly increased the number of apoptotic and necrotic tumor cells in all three cell lines. However, only in U87MG, the treatment with TMZ and/or VPA alone, or in combination with fractionated RT, induced significantly more cell death compared to untreated or irradiated controls. While necrotic glioblastoma cells were present after VPA, TMZ especially led to significantly increased amounts of U87MG cells in the radiosensitive G2 cell cycle phase. While CT did not impact on the release of Hsp70, fractionated RT resulted in significantly increased extracellular concentrations of Hsp70 in p53 mutated and WT glioblastoma cells. Conclusions Our results indicate that fractionated RT is the main stimulus for induction of glioblastoma cell death forms with immunogenic potential. The generated tumor cell microenvironment might be beneficial to include immune therapies for GBM in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Udo S Gaipl
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
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147
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Ginet V, Spiehlmann A, Rummel C, Rudinskiy N, Grishchuk Y, Luthi-Carter R, Clarke PGH, Truttmann AC, Puyal J. Involvement of autophagy in hypoxic-excitotoxic neuronal death. Autophagy 2014; 10:846-60. [PMID: 24674959 DOI: 10.4161/auto.28264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal autophagy is increased in numerous excitotoxic conditions including neonatal cerebral hypoxia-ischemia (HI). However, the role of this HI-induced autophagy remains unclear. To clarify this role we established an in vitro model of excitotoxicity combining kainate treatment (Ka, 30 µM) with hypoxia (Hx, 6% oxygen) in primary neuron cultures. KaHx rapidly induced excitotoxic death that was completely prevented by MK801 or EGTA. KaHx also stimulated neuronal autophagic flux as shown by a rise in autophagosome number (increased levels of LC3-II and punctate LC3 labeling) accompanied by increases in lysosomal abundance and activity (increased SQSTM1/p62 degradation, and increased LC3-II levels in the presence of lysosomal inhibitors) and fusion (shown using an RFP-GFP-LC3 reporter). To determine the role of the enhanced autophagy we applied either pharmacological autophagy inhibitors (3-methyladenine or pepstatinA/E64) or lentiviral vectors delivering shRNAs targeting Becn1 or Atg7. Both strategies reduced KaHx-induced neuronal death. A prodeath role of autophagy was also confirmed by the enhanced toxicity of KaHx in cultures overexpressing BECN1 or ATG7. Finally, in vivo inhibition of autophagy by intrastriatal injection of a lentiviral vector expressing a Becn1-targeting shRNA increased the volume of intact striatum in a rat model of severe neonatal cerebral HI. These results clearly show a death-mediating role of autophagy in hypoxic-excitotoxic conditions and suggest that inhibition of autophagy should be considered as a neuroprotective strategy in HI brain injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Ginet
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences; Faculty of Biology and Medicine; University of Lausanne; Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Amélie Spiehlmann
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences; Faculty of Biology and Medicine; University of Lausanne; Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Coralie Rummel
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences; Faculty of Biology and Medicine; University of Lausanne; Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nikita Rudinskiy
- Brain Mind Institute; École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne; Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yulia Grishchuk
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences; Faculty of Biology and Medicine; University of Lausanne; Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ruth Luthi-Carter
- Brain Mind Institute; École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne; Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Peter G H Clarke
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences; Faculty of Biology and Medicine; University of Lausanne; Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anita C Truttmann
- Clinic of Neonatology; Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Surgery; Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne; Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Julien Puyal
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences; Faculty of Biology and Medicine; University of Lausanne; Lausanne, Switzerland; Clinic of Neonatology; Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Surgery; Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne; Lausanne, Switzerland
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148
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Control of apoptosis by the BCL-2 protein family: implications for physiology and therapy. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2014; 15:49-63. [PMID: 24355989 DOI: 10.1038/nrm3722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2182] [Impact Index Per Article: 218.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The BCL-2 protein family determines the commitment of cells to apoptosis, an ancient cell suicide programme that is essential for development, tissue homeostasis and immunity. Too little apoptosis can promote cancer and autoimmune diseases; too much apoptosis can augment ischaemic conditions and drive neurodegeneration. We discuss the biochemical, structural and genetic studies that have clarified how the interplay between members of the BCL-2 family on mitochondria sets the apoptotic threshold. These mechanistic insights into the functions of the BCL-2 family are illuminating the physiological control of apoptosis, the pathological consequences of its dysregulation and the promising search for novel cancer therapies that target the BCL-2 family.
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149
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Kandasamy J, Huda S, Ambalavanan N, Jilling T. Inflammatory signals that regulate intestinal epithelial renewal, differentiation, migration and cell death: Implications for necrotizing enterocolitis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 21:67-80. [PMID: 24533974 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2014.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Necrotizing enterocolitis is a disease entity with multiple proposed pathways of pathogenesis. Various combinations of these risk factors, perhaps based on genetic predisposition, possibly lead to the mucosal and epithelial injury that is the hallmark of NEC. Intestinal epithelial integrity is controlled by a tightly regulated balance between proliferation and differentiation of epithelium from intestinal epithelial stem cells and cellular loss by apoptosis. various signaling pathways play a key role in creating and maintaining this balance. The aim of this review article is to outline intestinal epithelial barrier development and structure and the impact of these inflammatory signaling and regulatory pathways as they pertain to the pathogenesis of NEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jegen Kandasamy
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
| | - Shehzad Huda
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
| | - Namasivayam Ambalavanan
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
| | - Tamas Jilling
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA.
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150
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Mariño G, Niso-Santano M, Baehrecke EH, Kroemer G. Self-consumption: the interplay of autophagy and apoptosis. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2014; 15:81-94. [PMID: 24401948 DOI: 10.1038/nrm3735q10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy and apoptosis control the turnover of organelles and proteins within cells, and of cells within organisms, respectively, and many stress pathways sequentially elicit autophagy, and apoptosis within the same cell. Generally autophagy blocks the induction of apoptosis, and apoptosis-associated caspase activation shuts off the autophagic process. However, in special cases, autophagy or autophagy-relevant proteins may help to induce apoptosis or necrosis, and autophagy has been shown to degrade the cytoplasm excessively, leading to 'autophagic cell death'. The dialogue between autophagy and cell death pathways influences the normal clearance of dying cells, as well as immune recognition of dead cell antigens. Therefore, the disruption of the relationship between autophagy and apoptosis has important pathophysiological consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Mariño
- 1] Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM), U1138, F-94805 Villejuif, France. [2] Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Mireia Niso-Santano
- 1] Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM), U1138, F-94805 Villejuif, France. [2] Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Eric H Baehrecke
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA
| | - Guido Kroemer
- 1] Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM), U1138, F-94805 Villejuif, France. [2] Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75006 Paris, France. [3] Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, F-75006 Paris, France. [4] Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, F-75015 Paris. [5] Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Institut Gustave Roussy, F-94805 Villejuif, France
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