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Cacic D, Reikvam H, Nordgård O, Meyer P, Hervig T. Platelet Microparticles Protect Acute Myelogenous Leukemia Cells against Daunorubicin-Induced Apoptosis. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13081870. [PMID: 33919720 PMCID: PMC8070730 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13081870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of platelets in cancer development and progression is increasingly evident, and several platelet-cancer interactions have been discovered, including the uptake of platelet microparticles (PMPs) by cancer cells. PMPs inherit a myriad of proteins and small RNAs from the parental platelets, which in turn can be transferred to cancer cells following internalization. However, the exact effect this may have in acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) is unknown. In this study, we sought to investigate whether PMPs could transfer their contents to the THP-1 cell line and if this could change the biological behavior of the recipient cells. Using acridine orange stained PMPs, we demonstrated that PMPs were internalized by THP-1 cells, which resulted in increased levels of miR-125a, miR-125b, and miR-199. In addition, co-incubation with PMPs protected THP-1 and primary AML cells against daunorubicin-induced cell death. We also showed that PMPs impaired cell growth, partially inhibited cell cycle progression, decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, and induced differentiation toward macrophages in THP-1 cells. Our results suggest that this altering of cell phenotype, in combination with decrease in cell activity may offer resistance to daunorubicin-induced apoptosis, as serum starvation also yielded a lower frequency of dead and apoptotic cells when treated with daunorubicin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Cacic
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Stavanger University Hospital, 4068 Stavanger, Norway; (O.N.); (P.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Håkon Reikvam
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway; (H.R.); (T.H.)
- Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Oddmund Nordgård
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Stavanger University Hospital, 4068 Stavanger, Norway; (O.N.); (P.M.)
- Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, 4036 Stavanger, Norway
| | - Peter Meyer
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Stavanger University Hospital, 4068 Stavanger, Norway; (O.N.); (P.M.)
| | - Tor Hervig
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway; (H.R.); (T.H.)
- Laboratory of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Haugesund Hospital, 5528 Haugesund, Norway
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102
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Shu C, Han S, Hu C, Chen C, Qu B, He J, Dong S, Xu P. Integrin β1 regulates proliferation, apoptosis, and migration of trophoblasts through activation of phosphoinositide 3 kinase/protein kinase B signaling. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2021; 47:2406-2416. [PMID: 33843127 DOI: 10.1111/jog.14782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Abnormal trophoblast invasion is one of the onsets of preeclampsia (PE). Studies found that integrin β1 (ITGB1) is closely related to PE, but the role of ITGB1 in the progression of trophoblast remained unclear. Therefore, we studied the functional role of ITGB1 in PE and its effects on trophoblast. METHODS ITGB1 expression in placenta tissues was determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The effects of transfection on HTR-8/SVneo cells were analyzed by qRT-PCR and western blotting. After cell transfection, colony formation assay, flow cytometry, wound healing assay, and transwell assay were performed to detect cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and invasion. Western blotting assay was used for determining phosphoinositide 3 kinase (PI3K) and protein kinase B (Akt) signaling pathway. After inhibiting PI3K/Akt pathway, apoptosis-regulated proteins were detected by western blotting, and the effects of inhibitor on the migration and invasion changes were examined. RESULTS ITGB1 was downregulated in placenta tissues from PE patients, as compared with normal. ITGB1 overexpression in HTR-8/SVneo cells enhanced cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, reduced cell apoptosis, and improved phosphorylation of PI3K and Akt. However, ITGB1 depletion resulted in an opposite effect to its overexpression. Inhibition of PI3K/Akt pathway completely blocked the effect of ITGB1 overexpression on cells, because we observed that apoptosis-regulated proteins were highly upregulated, and that cell migration and invasion were reduced. CONCLUSION ITGB1 regulated HTR-8/SVneo cell progression by activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Shu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Shumei Han
- Department of Medical Administration, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Cong Hu
- Reproductive Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Bo Qu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jin He
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Shuai Dong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Peng Xu
- Department of Sport Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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103
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Dadsena S, Jenner A, García-Sáez AJ. Mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization at the single molecule level. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:3777-3790. [PMID: 33576840 PMCID: PMC8106609 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03771-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Apoptotic cell death is essential for development, immune function or tissue homeostasis, and its mis-regulation is linked to various diseases. Mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP) is a central event in the intrinsic apoptotic pathway and essential to control the execution of cell death. Here we review current concepts in regulation of MOMP focusing on the interaction network of the Bcl-2 family proteins as well as further regulatory elements influencing MOMP. As MOMP is a complex spatially and temporally controlled process, we point out the importance of single-molecule techniques to unveil processes which would be masked by ensemble measurements. We report key single-molecule studies applied to decipher the composition, assembly mechanism and structure of protein complexes involved in MOMP regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashank Dadsena
- Institute for Genetics, CECAD Research Center, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Andreas Jenner
- Institute for Genetics, CECAD Research Center, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ana J García-Sáez
- Institute for Genetics, CECAD Research Center, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
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104
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Wang Y, Huang Z. Transforming Growth Factor Beta 1 Affects Gastric Cancer Cell Proliferation, Migration, and Invasion by Regulating Phosphatase and Tensin Homolog. J BIOMATER TISS ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1166/jbt.2021.2578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is a common tumor with high incidence and poor prognosis. So far, the pathogenesis of GC has not been fully elucidated, which has brought great difficulty to the treatment. TGF-β regulates cell growth and differentiation. As a key member, TGF-β1 is abnormally
expressed in various tumors, but its role on GC and related mechanisms have not been elucidated. Gastric cancer and adjacent tissues were collected to measure TGF-β1 level by real-time PCR. SGC-7901 cell was assigned into control group, mock group, and TGF-β1 siRNA group followed
by analysis of TGF-β1 level by ELISA, cell proliferation by MTT assay, apoptosis by flow cytometry, cell migration by cell scratch test, cell invasion by Transwell chamber assay, and Bcl-2, Bax, and PTEN level by Western blot. TGF-β1 was significantly upregulated in GC tissues (P
<0.05) and increased with TNM stage dependence. TGF-β1 siRNA transfection significantly decreased TGF-β1 mRNA level and secretion, inhibited cell proliferation, increased apoptosis rate, and attenuated cell migration and invasion along with downregulated Bcl-2 and elevated Bax
and PTEN expression (P <0.05). Downregulation of TGF-β1 can promote gastric cancer cell apoptosis, inhibit proliferation, migration, and invasion by regulating PTEN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Fujian Elderly Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350009, China
| | - Zhimin Huang
- Department of General Surgery, Fujian Elderly Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350009, China
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105
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Martens AWJ, Janssen SR, Derks IAM, Adams Iii HC, Izhak L, van Kampen R, Tonino SH, Eldering E, van der Windt GJW, Kater AP. CD3xCD19 DART molecule treatment induces non-apoptotic killing and is efficient against high-risk chemotherapy and venetoclax-resistant chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 8:jitc-2019-000218. [PMID: 32581054 PMCID: PMC7319711 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2019-000218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bispecific antibodies are promising new therapeutics in B cell malignancies. Whether they lead to potent T cell activation despite described T cell dysfunction in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), and are able to effectively target high-risk or venetoclax-resistant samples, is currently unknown. METHODS CD19+ cell lines or primary (high-risk) CLL were cocultured in vitro with healthy donor (HD) or CLL-derived T cells in the presence of a CD3xCD19 dual affinity retargeting molecule (CD3xCD19 DART). Cell cytotoxicity, T cell activation, proliferation and effector molecule production were analyzed using flow cytometry. RESULTS Here, we report that a bispecific CD3xCD19 DART mediates efficient killing by HD T cells of CD19+ cell-lines and primary CLL cells, regardless of immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region (IGHV) mutational status TP53 status or chemotherapy, ibrutinib or venetoclax sensitivity. Whereas TCR stimulation of CLL-derived T cells resulted in dysfunctional T cell activation and proliferation, treatment with CD3xCD19 DART led to a similar activation profile in CLL-derived and HD-derived T cells. Consistently, co-culture of CLL derived T cells with JeKo-1 or CLL cells in the presence of CD3xCD19 DART resulted in significant cytotoxicity by both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. On stimulation of CLL cells with CD40L, CLL cells become resistant to the specific inhibitor of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein venetoclax, due to upregulation of Bcl-2 family members such as Bcl-XL. Nevertheless, CD40L stimulated CLL cells were as efficiently lysed on CD3xCD19 DART treatment as unstimulated CLL cells. Further examination of the mechanism of CD3xCD19 DART mediated killing showed that lysis was dependent on granules, but was independent of BAX/BAK or caspase activity, indicating non-apoptotic cell death. CONCLUSIONS These data show that CD3xCD19 DART in CLL leads to robust T cell activation and lysis of high-risk venetoclax resistant CLL cells through a non-apoptotic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne W J Martens
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Hematology, Cancer Center Amsterdam and Lymphoma and Myeloma Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Susanne R Janssen
- Department of Hematology, Cancer Center Amsterdam and Lymphoma and Myeloma Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid A M Derks
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Homer C Adams Iii
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson and Johnson, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Liat Izhak
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson and Johnson, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Roel van Kampen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Zuyderland Medical Centre Heerlen, Heerlen, The Netherlands
| | - Sanne H Tonino
- Department of Hematology, Cancer Center Amsterdam and Lymphoma and Myeloma Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eric Eldering
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gerritje J W van der Windt
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Hematology, Cancer Center Amsterdam and Lymphoma and Myeloma Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arnon P Kater
- Department of Hematology, Cancer Center Amsterdam and Lymphoma and Myeloma Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Targeting BCL-2 in Cancer: Advances, Challenges, and Perspectives. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13061292. [PMID: 33799470 PMCID: PMC8001391 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13061292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Apoptosis, a programmed form of cell death, represents the main mechanism by which cells die. Such phenomenon is highly regulated by the BCL-2 family of proteins, which includes both pro-apoptotic and pro-survival proteins. The decision whether cells live or die is tightly controlled by a balance between these two classes of proteins. Notably, the pro-survival Bcl-2 proteins are frequently overexpressed in cancer cells dysregulating this balance in favor of survival and also rendering cells more resistant to therapeutic interventions. In this review, we outlined the most important steps in the development of targeting the BCL-2 survival proteins, which laid the ground for the discovery and the development of the selective BCL-2 inhibitor venetoclax as a therapeutic drug in hematological malignancies. The limitations and future directions are also discussed. Abstract The major form of cell death in normal as well as malignant cells is apoptosis, which is a programmed process highly regulated by the BCL-2 family of proteins. This includes the antiapoptotic proteins (BCL-2, BCL-XL, MCL-1, BCLW, and BFL-1) and the proapoptotic proteins, which can be divided into two groups: the effectors (BAX, BAK, and BOK) and the BH3-only proteins (BIM, BAD, NOXA, PUMA, BID, BIK, HRK). Notably, the BCL-2 antiapoptotic proteins are often overexpressed in malignant cells. While this offers survival advantages to malignant cells and strengthens their drug resistance capacity, it also offers opportunities for novel targeted therapies that selectively kill such cells. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the extensive preclinical and clinical studies targeting BCL-2 proteins with various BCL-2 proteins inhibitors with emphasis on venetoclax as a single agent, as well as in combination with other therapeutic agents. This review also discusses recent advances, challenges focusing on drug resistance, and future perspectives for effective targeting the Bcl-2 family of proteins in cancer.
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107
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Mechanisms of mitochondrial cell death. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:663-674. [PMID: 33704419 DOI: 10.1042/bst20200522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are double-membrane bound organelles that not only provide energy for intracellular metabolism, but also play a key role in the regulation of cell death. Mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP), allowing the release of intermembrane space proteins like cytochrome c, is considered a point of no return in apoptosis. MOMP is controlled by the proteins of the B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL-2) family, including pro-and anti-apoptotic members, whose balance determines the decision between cell death and survival. Other factors such as membrane lipid environment, membrane dynamics, and inter-organelle communications are also known to influence this process. MOMP and apoptosis have been acknowledged as immunologically silent. Remarkably, a growing body of evidence indicates that MOMP can engage in various pro-inflammatory signaling functions. In this mini-review, we discuss about our current knowledge on the mechanisms of mitochondrial apoptosis, as well as the involvement of mitochondria in other kinds of programmed cell death pathways.
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108
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Crosstalk between miRNAs and signaling pathways involved in pancreatic cancer and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 901:174006. [PMID: 33711308 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) is the seventh leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide with 5-year survival rates below 8%. Most patients with PC and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) die after relapse and cancer progression as well as resistance to treatment. Pancreatic tumors contain a high desmoplastic stroma that forms a rigid mass and has a potential role in tumor growth and metastasis. PC initiates from intraepithelial neoplasia lesions leading to invasive cancer through various pathways. These lesions harbor particular changes in signaling pathways involved in the tumorigenesis process. These events affect both the epithelial cells, including the tumor and the surrounding stroma, and eventually lead to the formation of complex signaling networks. Genetic studies of PC have revealed common molecular features such as the presence of mutations in KRAS gene in more than 90% of patients, as well as the inactivation or deletion mutations of some tumor suppressor genes including TP53, CDKN2A, and SMAD4. In recent years, studies have also identified different roles of microRNAs in PC pathogenesis as well as their importance in PC diagnosis and treatment, and their involvement in various signaling pathways. In this study, we discussed the most common pathways involved in PC and PDAC as well as their role in tumorigenesis and progression. Furthermore, the miRNAs participating in the regulation of these signaling pathways in PC progression are summarized in this study. Therefore, understanding more about pathways involved in PC can help with the development of new and effective therapies in the future.
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109
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Pannecoucke E, Van Trimpont M, Desmet J, Pieters T, Reunes L, Demoen L, Vuylsteke M, Loverix S, Vandenbroucke K, Alard P, Henderikx P, Deroo S, Baatz F, Lorent E, Thiolloy S, Somers K, McGrath Y, Van Vlierberghe P, Lasters I, Savvides SN. Cell-penetrating Alphabody protein scaffolds for intracellular drug targeting. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/13/eabe1682. [PMID: 33771865 PMCID: PMC7997521 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abe1682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The therapeutic scope of antibody and nonantibody protein scaffolds is still prohibitively limited against intracellular drug targets. Here, we demonstrate that the Alphabody scaffold can be engineered into a cell-penetrating protein antagonist against induced myeloid leukemia cell differentiation protein MCL-1, an intracellular target in cancer, by grafting the critical B-cell lymphoma 2 homology 3 helix of MCL-1 onto the Alphabody and tagging the scaffold's termini with designed cell-penetration polypeptides. Introduction of an albumin-binding moiety extended the serum half-life of the engineered Alphabody to therapeutically relevant levels, and administration thereof in mouse tumor xenografts based on myeloma cell lines reduced tumor burden. Crystal structures of such a designed Alphabody in complex with MCL-1 and serum albumin provided the structural blueprint of the applied design principles. Collectively, we provide proof of concept for the use of Alphabodies against intracellular disease mediators, which, to date, have remained in the realm of small-molecule therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwin Pannecoucke
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Unit for Structural Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Maaike Van Trimpont
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Tim Pieters
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lindy Reunes
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lisa Demoen
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Pieter Van Vlierberghe
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Savvas N Savvides
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.
- Unit for Structural Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
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110
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It's time to die: BH3 mimetics in solid tumors. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2021; 1868:118987. [PMID: 33600840 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2021.118987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The removal of cells by apoptosis is an essential process regulating tissue homeostasis. Cancer cells acquire the ability to circumvent apoptosis and survive in an unphysiological tissue context. Thereby, the Bcl-2 protein family plays a key role in the initiation of apoptosis, and overexpression of the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins is one of the molecular mechanisms protecting cancer cells from apoptosis. Recently, small molecules targeting the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins have been identified, and with venetoclax the first of these BH3 mimetics has been approved for the treatment of leukemia. In solid tumors the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins Mcl-1 and Bcl-xL are frequently overexpressed or genetically amplified. In this review, we summarize the role of Mcl-1 and Bcl-xL in solid tumors and compare the different BH3 mimetics targeting Mcl-1 or Bcl-xL.
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111
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Quarleri J, Cevallos C, Delpino MV. Apoptosis in infectious diseases as a mechanism of immune evasion and survival. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2021; 125:1-24. [PMID: 33931136 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2021.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In pluricellular organisms, apoptosis is indispensable for the development and homeostasis. During infection, apoptosis plays the main role in the elimination of infected cells. Infectious diseases control apoptosis, and this contributes to disease pathogenesis. Increased apoptosis may participate in two different ways. It can assist the dissemination of intracellular pathogens or induce immunosuppression to favor pathogen dissemination. In other conditions, apoptosis can benefit eradicate infectious agents from the host. Accordingly, bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites have developed strategies to inhibit host cell death by apoptosis to allow intracellular survival and persistence of the pathogen. The clarification of the intracellular signaling pathways, the receptors involved and the pathogen factors that interfere with apoptosis could disclose new therapeutic targets for blocking microbial actions on apoptotic pathways. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on pathogen anti-apoptotic and apoptotic approaches and the mechanisms involving in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Quarleri
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cintia Cevallos
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Victoria Delpino
- Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo (INIGEM), Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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112
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113
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Koren E, Fuchs Y. Modes of Regulated Cell Death in Cancer. Cancer Discov 2021; 11:245-265. [PMID: 33462123 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-20-0789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cell suicide pathways, termed regulated cell death (RCD), play a critical role in organismal development, homeostasis, and pathogenesis. Here, we provide an overview of key RCD modalities, namely apoptosis, entosis, necroptosis, pyroptosis, and ferroptosis. We explore how various RCD modules serve as a defense mechanism against the emergence of cancer as well as the manner in which they can be exploited to drive oncogenesis. Furthermore, we outline current therapeutic agents that activate RCD and consider novel RCD-based strategies for tumor elimination. SIGNIFICANCE: A variety of antitumor therapeutics eliminate cancer cells by harnessing the devastating potential of cellular suicide pathways, emphasizing the critical importance of RCD in battling cancer. This review supplies a mechanistic perspective of distinct RCD modalities and explores the important role they play in tumorigenesis. We discuss how RCD modules serve as a double-edged sword as well as novel approaches aimed at selectively manipulating RCD for tumor eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elle Koren
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biology, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel. Lorry Lokey Interdisciplinary Center for Life Sciences and Engineering, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Yaron Fuchs
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biology, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel. Lorry Lokey Interdisciplinary Center for Life Sciences and Engineering, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
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114
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Yang J, Li Q, Zhou R, Zhou M, Lin X, Xiang Y, Xie D, Huang Y, Zhou Z. Combination of mitochondria targeting doxorubicin with Bcl-2 function-converting peptide NuBCP-9 for synergistic breast cancer metastasis inhibition. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:1336-1350. [PMID: 33443508 DOI: 10.1039/d0tb02564j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Distant organ metastasis is the main cause of death in breast cancer patients. Evidences have shown that mitochondria also play a crucial role in tumor metastasis, except for as apoptosis center. However, the treatment of tumor growth and metastasis was reported to be limited by mitochondria-associated protein Bcl-2, which are gatekeepers of apoptosis and are found to reside in mitochondria mainly. Herein, we designed a mitochondria-targeting doxorubicin delivery system as well as a mitochondrial distributed Bcl-2 function-converting peptide NuBCP-9 delivery system, which are both based on N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide copolymers, to achieve a synergistic effect on tumor regression and metastasis inhibition by combination therapy. After mitochondria were damaged by mitochondria-targeting peptide-modified doxorubicin, apoptosis was effectively enhanced by mitochondrial specifically distributed NuBCP-9 peptides, which converted Bcl-2 function from anti-apoptotic to pro-apoptotic and paved the way for the development of mitochondrial impairment. The combination treatment exhibited significant damage to mitochondria, including excess reactive oxygen species (ROS), the permeabilization of mitochondrial outer membrane (MOMP), and apoptosis initiation on 4T1 breast cancer cells. Meanwhile, besides enhanced tumor growth suppression, the combination treatment also improved the inhibition of 4T1 breast cancer metastasis both in vitro and in vivo. By increasing the expression of cytochrome C and decreasing the expression of Bcl-2, metal matrix protease-9 (MMP-9) as well as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), the combination treatment successfully decreased 84% lung metastasis. Overall, our work provided a promising strategy for metastatic cancer treatment through mitochondria-targeting anti-cancer drug delivery and combination with mitochondrial distributed Bcl-2 function-converting peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiatao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System (Ministry of Education), West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, South Renmin Road, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China.
| | - Qiuyi Li
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System (Ministry of Education), West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, South Renmin Road, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China.
| | - Rui Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System (Ministry of Education), West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, South Renmin Road, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China.
| | - Minglu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System (Ministry of Education), West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, South Renmin Road, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China.
| | - Xi Lin
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System (Ministry of Education), West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, South Renmin Road, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China.
| | - Yucheng Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System (Ministry of Education), West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, South Renmin Road, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China.
| | - Dandan Xie
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System (Ministry of Education), West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, South Renmin Road, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China.
| | - Yuan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System (Ministry of Education), West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, South Renmin Road, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China.
| | - Zhou Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System (Ministry of Education), West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, South Renmin Road, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China.
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115
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Xue C, Gu X, Li G, Bao Z, Li L. Mitochondrial Mechanisms of Necroptosis in Liver Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010066. [PMID: 33374660 PMCID: PMC7793526 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell death represents a basic biological paradigm that governs outcomes and long-term sequelae in almost every hepatic disease. Necroptosis is a common form of programmed cell death in the liver. Necroptosis can be activated by ligands of death receptors, which then interact with receptor-interactive protein kinases 1 (RIPK1). RIPK1 mediates receptor interacting receptor-interactive protein kinases 3 (RIPK3) and mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL) and necrosome formation. Regarding the molecular mechanisms of mitochondrial-mediated necroptosis, the RIPK1/RIPK3/MLKL necrosome complex can enhance oxidative respiration and generate reactive oxygen species, which can be a crucial factor in the susceptibility of cells to necroptosis. The necrosome complex is also linked to mitochondrial components such as phosphoglycerate mutase family member 5 (PGAM5), metabolic enzymes in the mitochondrial matrix, mitochondrial permeability protein, and cyclophilin D. In this review, we focus on the role of mitochondria-mediated cell necroptosis in acute liver injury, chronic liver diseases, and hepatocellular carcinoma, and its possible translation into clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Xue
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China; (C.X.); (X.G.); (Z.B.)
| | - Xinyu Gu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China; (C.X.); (X.G.); (Z.B.)
| | - Ganglei Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China;
| | - Zhengyi Bao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China; (C.X.); (X.G.); (Z.B.)
| | - Lanjuan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China; (C.X.); (X.G.); (Z.B.)
- Correspondence:
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116
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Abstract
Mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP) is a crucial event enabling apoptotic cell death. In this issue of Developmental Cell, Wang et al. reveal an interaction contributing to full MOMP execution, which depends on endosomes accumulating on apoptotic mitochondria. This causes mitochondrial lipid alterations that may contribute to functional pore assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariella Vicinanza
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Department of Medical Genetics, The Keith Peters Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute, Cambridge BioMedical Campus, The Keith Peters Building, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - David C Rubinsztein
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Department of Medical Genetics, The Keith Peters Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute, Cambridge BioMedical Campus, The Keith Peters Building, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK.
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117
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Cao Y, Xu J, Cui D, Liu L, Zhang S, Shen B, Wu Y, Zhang Q. Protective effect of carnosine on hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress in human kidney tubular epithelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 534:576-582. [PMID: 33276949 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) endangers health and is a high financial public burden worldwide. Risk of DN is positively correlated with high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Carnosine, an antioxidant, actively regulates cell function and has the potential to reduce the occurrence of DN. Here, we explored whether carnosine could prevent oxidative stress in human kidney tubular epithelial (HK2) cells and, if so, the mechanisms underlying this effect. HK2 cells were cultured with the ROS hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) for 24 h and then treated with carnosine. In H2O2-damaged HK2 cells, carnosine significantly increased cell viability, assessed using a Cell Counting Kit 8, increased total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) activity, assessed using a T-SOD activity detection kit, but decreased ROS levels, assessed using a ROS-sensitive fluorescent probe. Western blotting analyses to determine the protein expression levels of BAX, BCL-2, caspase 3, and the NADPH oxidase isoforms NOX2 and NOX4, as well as confocal laser scanning microscopy to assess changes in the mitochondrial membrane potential and the relative position of mitochondria to cytochrome c, indicated that carnosine inhibited apoptosis via the mitochondrial pathway in H2O2-damaged HK2 cells. Significantly decreased NOX4 expression and increased T-SOD activity in the presence of carnosine reduced the production of intracellular ROS, relieving oxidative stress to inhibit apoptosis via the mitochondrial pathway. These findings provide molecular mechanistic insights underlying the effects of carnosine, particularly as a potential therapeutic in DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadi Cao
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 218 Jixi Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230022, China
| | - Juan Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 218 Jixi Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230022, China
| | - Di Cui
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 218 Jixi Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230022, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 218 Jixi Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230022, China
| | - Shiqi Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 218 Jixi Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230022, China
| | - Bing Shen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, China
| | - Yonggui Wu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 218 Jixi Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230022, China.
| | - Qiu Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 218 Jixi Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230022, China.
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118
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Neuronal cell life, death, and axonal degeneration as regulated by the BCL-2 family proteins. Cell Death Differ 2020; 28:108-122. [PMID: 33162554 PMCID: PMC7852532 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-020-00654-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Axonal degeneration and neuronal cell death are fundamental processes in development and contribute to the pathology of neurological disease in adults. Both processes are regulated by BCL-2 family proteins which orchestrate the permeabilization of the mitochondrial outer membrane (MOM). MOM permeabilization (MOMP) results in the activation of pro-apoptotic molecules that commit neurons to either die or degenerate. With the success of small-molecule inhibitors targeting anti-apoptotic BCL-2 proteins for the treatment of lymphoma, we can now envision the use of inhibitors of apoptosis with exquisite selectivity for BCL-2 family protein regulation of neuronal apoptosis in the treatment of nervous system disease. Critical to this development is deciphering which subset of proteins is required for neuronal apoptosis and axon degeneration, and how these two different outcomes are separately regulated. Moreover, noncanonical BCL-2 family protein functions unrelated to the regulation of MOMP, including impacting necroptosis and other modes of cell death may reveal additional potential targets and/or confounders. This review highlights our current understanding of BCL-2 family mediated neuronal cell death and axon degeneration, while identifying future research questions to be resolved to enable regulating neuronal survival pharmacologically.
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119
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Jain A, Dadsena S, Holthuis JCM. A switchable ceramide transfer protein for dissecting the mechanism of ceramide‐induced mitochondrial apoptosis. FEBS Lett 2020; 594:3739-3750. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Jain
- Molecular Cell Biology Division Department of Biology/Chemistry and Center for Cellular Nanoanalytics Osnabrück University of Osnabrück Germany
| | - Shashank Dadsena
- Molecular Cell Biology Division Department of Biology/Chemistry and Center for Cellular Nanoanalytics Osnabrück University of Osnabrück Germany
| | - Joost C. M. Holthuis
- Molecular Cell Biology Division Department of Biology/Chemistry and Center for Cellular Nanoanalytics Osnabrück University of Osnabrück Germany
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120
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Wanderoy S, Hees JT, Klesse R, Edlich F, Harbauer AB. Kill one or kill the many: interplay between mitophagy and apoptosis. Biol Chem 2020; 402:73-88. [PMID: 33544491 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2020-0231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are key players of cellular metabolism, Ca2+ homeostasis, and apoptosis. The functionality of mitochondria is tightly regulated, and dysfunctional mitochondria are removed via mitophagy, a specialized form of autophagy that is compromised in hereditary forms of Parkinson's disease. Through mitophagy, cells are able to cope with mitochondrial stress until the damage becomes too great, which leads to the activation of pro-apoptotic BCL-2 family proteins located on the outer mitochondrial membrane. Active pro-apoptotic BCL-2 proteins facilitate the release of cytochrome c from the mitochondrial intermembrane space (IMS) into the cytosol, committing the cell to apoptosis by activating a cascade of cysteinyl-aspartate specific proteases (caspases). We are only beginning to understand how the choice between mitophagy and the activation of caspases is determined on the mitochondrial surface. Intriguingly in neurons, caspase activation also plays a non-apoptotic role in synaptic plasticity. Here we review the current knowledge on the interplay between mitophagy and caspase activation with a special focus on the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Wanderoy
- Max Planck Institute for Neurobiology, Am Klopferspitz 18, D-82152Martinsried, Germany
| | - J Tabitha Hees
- Max Planck Institute for Neurobiology, Am Klopferspitz 18, D-82152Martinsried, Germany
| | - Ramona Klesse
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Freiburg, D-79104Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, D-79104Freiburg, Germany
| | - Frank Edlich
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Freiburg, D-79104Freiburg, Germany
| | - Angelika B Harbauer
- Max Planck Institute for Neurobiology, Am Klopferspitz 18, D-82152Martinsried, Germany.,Technical University of Munich, Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology, Munich, Germany
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121
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Emerging connectivity of programmed cell death pathways and its physiological implications. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2020; 21:678-695. [PMID: 32873928 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-020-0270-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 451] [Impact Index Per Article: 112.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The removal of functionally dispensable, infected or potentially neoplastic cells is driven by programmed cell death (PCD) pathways, highlighting their important roles in homeostasis, host defence against pathogens, cancer and a range of other pathologies. Several types of PCD pathways have been described, including apoptosis, necroptosis and pyroptosis; they employ distinct molecular and cellular processes and differ in their outcomes, such as the capacity to trigger inflammatory responses. Recent genetic and biochemical studies have revealed remarkable flexibility in the use of these PCD pathways and indicate a considerable degree of plasticity in their molecular regulation; for example, despite having a primary role in inducing pyroptosis, inflammatory caspases can also induce apoptosis, and conversely, apoptotic stimuli can trigger pyroptosis. Intriguingly, this flexibility is most pronounced in cellular responses to infection, while apoptosis is the dominant cell death process through which organisms prevent the development of cancer. In this Review, we summarize the mechanisms of the different types of PCD and describe the physiological and pathological processes that engage crosstalk between these pathways, focusing on infections and cancer. We discuss the intriguing notion that the different types of PCD could be seen as a single, coordinated cell death system, in which the individual pathways are highly interconnected and can flexibly compensate for one another.
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122
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Popgeorgiev N, Sa JD, Jabbour L, Banjara S, Nguyen TTM, Akhavan-E-Sabet A, Gadet R, Ralchev N, Manon S, Hinds MG, Osigus HJ, Schierwater B, Humbert PO, Rimokh R, Gillet G, Kvansakul M. Ancient and conserved functional interplay between Bcl-2 family proteins in the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:6/40/eabc4149. [PMID: 32998881 PMCID: PMC7527217 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abc4149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In metazoans, Bcl-2 family proteins are major regulators of mitochondrially mediated apoptosis; however, their evolution remains poorly understood. Here, we describe the molecular characterization of the four members of the Bcl-2 family in the most primitive metazoan, Trichoplax adhaerens All four trBcl-2 homologs are multimotif Bcl-2 group, with trBcl-2L1 and trBcl-2L2 being highly divergent antiapoptotic Bcl-2 members, whereas trBcl-2L3 and trBcl-2L4 are homologs of proapoptotic Bax and Bak, respectively. trBax expression permeabilizes the mitochondrial outer membrane, while trBak operates as a BH3-only sensitizer repressing antiapoptotic activities of trBcl-2L1 and trBcl-2L2. The crystal structure of a trBcl-2L2:trBak BH3 complex reveals that trBcl-2L2 uses the canonical Bcl-2 ligand binding groove to sequester trBak BH3, indicating that the structural basis for apoptosis control is conserved from T. adhaerens to mammals. Finally, we demonstrate that both trBax and trBak BH3 peptides bind selectively to human Bcl-2 homologs to sensitize cancer cells to chemotherapy treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay Popgeorgiev
- Université de Lyon, Centre de recherche en cancérologie de Lyon, U1052 INSERM, UMR CNRS 5286, Université Lyon I, Centre Léon Bérard, 28 rue Laennec, 69008 Lyon, France.
| | - Jaison D Sa
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Lea Jabbour
- Université de Lyon, Centre de recherche en cancérologie de Lyon, U1052 INSERM, UMR CNRS 5286, Université Lyon I, Centre Léon Bérard, 28 rue Laennec, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Suresh Banjara
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Trang Thi Minh Nguyen
- Université de Lyon, Centre de recherche en cancérologie de Lyon, U1052 INSERM, UMR CNRS 5286, Université Lyon I, Centre Léon Bérard, 28 rue Laennec, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Aida Akhavan-E-Sabet
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Rudy Gadet
- Université de Lyon, Centre de recherche en cancérologie de Lyon, U1052 INSERM, UMR CNRS 5286, Université Lyon I, Centre Léon Bérard, 28 rue Laennec, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Nikola Ralchev
- Université de Lyon, Centre de recherche en cancérologie de Lyon, U1052 INSERM, UMR CNRS 5286, Université Lyon I, Centre Léon Bérard, 28 rue Laennec, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Stéphen Manon
- Institut de Biochimie et de Génétique Cellulaires, UMR5095, CNRS et Université de Bordeaux, CS61390, 1 Rue Camille Saint-Saëns, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Mark G Hinds
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3050, Australia
| | - Hans-Jürgen Osigus
- Institute of Animal Ecology, Division of Molecular Evolution, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Bernd Schierwater
- Institute of Animal Ecology, Division of Molecular Evolution, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
- Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY 10024, USA
| | - Patrick O Humbert
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Ruth Rimokh
- Université de Lyon, Centre de recherche en cancérologie de Lyon, U1052 INSERM, UMR CNRS 5286, Université Lyon I, Centre Léon Bérard, 28 rue Laennec, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Germain Gillet
- Université de Lyon, Centre de recherche en cancérologie de Lyon, U1052 INSERM, UMR CNRS 5286, Université Lyon I, Centre Léon Bérard, 28 rue Laennec, 69008 Lyon, France.
| | - Marc Kvansakul
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia.
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123
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Roca-Portoles A, Rodriguez-Blanco G, Sumpton D, Cloix C, Mullin M, Mackay GM, O'Neill K, Lemgruber L, Luo X, Tait SWG. Venetoclax causes metabolic reprogramming independent of BCL-2 inhibition. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:616. [PMID: 32792521 PMCID: PMC7426836 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-02867-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BH3-mimetics are a new class of anti-cancer drugs that inhibit anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins. In doing so, BH3-mimetics sensitise to cell death. Venetoclax is a potent, BCL-2 selective BH3-mimetic that is clinically approved for use in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Venetoclax has also been shown to inhibit mitochondrial metabolism, this is consistent with a proposed role for BCL-2 in metabolic regulation. We used venetoclax to understand BCL-2 metabolic function. Similar to others, we found that venetoclax inhibited mitochondrial respiration. In addition, we also found that venetoclax impairs TCA cycle activity leading to activation of reductive carboxylation. Importantly, the metabolic effects of venetoclax were independent of cell death because they were also observed in apoptosis-resistant BAX/BAK-deficient cells. However, unlike venetoclax treatment, inhibiting BCL-2 expression had no effect on mitochondrial respiration. Unexpectedly, we found that venetoclax also inhibited mitochondrial respiration and the TCA cycle in BCL-2 deficient cells and in cells lacking all anti-apoptotic BCL-2 family members. Investigating the basis of this off-target effect, we found that venetoclax-induced metabolic reprogramming was dependent upon the integrated stress response and ATF4 transcription factor. These data demonstrate that venetoclax affects cellular metabolism independent of BCL-2 inhibition. This off-target metabolic effect has potential to modulate venetoclax cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Roca-Portoles
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Giovanny Rodriguez-Blanco
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - David Sumpton
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Catherine Cloix
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Margaret Mullin
- Glasgow Imaging Facility, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Gillian M Mackay
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Katelyn O'Neill
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Leandro Lemgruber
- Glasgow Imaging Facility, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Xu Luo
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Stephen W G Tait
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK.
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK.
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124
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Abstract
Bax and Bak, two functionally similar, pro-apoptotic proteins of the Bcl-2 family, are known as the gateway to apoptosis because of their requisite roles as effectors of mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP), a major step during mitochondria-dependent apoptosis. The mechanism of how cells turn Bax/Bak from inert molecules into fully active and lethal effectors had long been the focal point of a major debate centered around two competing, but not mutually exclusive, models: direct activation and indirect activation. After intensive research efforts for over two decades, it is now widely accepted that to initiate apoptosis, some of the BH3-only proteins, a subclass of the Bcl-2 family, directly engage Bax/Bak to trigger their conformational transformation and activation. However, a series of recent discoveries, using previously unavailable CRISPR-engineered cell systems, challenge the basic premise that undergirds the consensus and provide evidence for a novel and surprisingly simple model of Bax/Bak activation: the membrane (lipids)-mediated spontaneous model. This review will discuss the evidence, rationale, significance, and implications of this new model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Luo
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Alaska Medical Center, Omaha, ME, 68198-7696, USA.,Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-6805, USA
| | - Katelyn L O'Neill
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Alaska Medical Center, Omaha, ME, 68198-7696, USA
| | - Kai Huang
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Alaska Medical Center, Omaha, ME, 68198-7696, USA.,Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-6805, USA
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125
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Barillé-Nion S, Lohard S, Juin PP. Targeting of BCL-2 Family Members during Anticancer Treatment: A Necessary Compromise between Individual Cell and Ecosystemic Responses? Biomolecules 2020; 10:E1109. [PMID: 32722518 PMCID: PMC7464802 DOI: 10.3390/biom10081109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The imbalance between BCL-2 homologues and pro-death counterparts frequently noted in cancer cells endows them with a cell autonomous survival advantage. To eradicate ectopic cells, inhibitors of these homologues (BH3 mimetics) were developed to trigger, during anticancer treatment, full activation of the canonical mitochondrial apoptotic pathway and related caspases. Despite efficiency in some clinical settings, these compounds do not completely fulfill their initial promise. We herein put forth that a growing body of evidence indicates that mitochondrial integrity, controlled by BCL-2 family proteins, and downstream caspases regulate other cell death modes and influence extracellular signaling by committed cells. Moreover, intercellular communications play a key role in spreading therapeutic response across cancer cell populations and in engaging an immune response. We thus advocate that BH3 mimetics administration would be more efficient in the long term if it did not induce apoptosis in all sensitive cells at the same time, but if it could instead allow (or trigger) death signal production by non-terminally committed dying cell populations. The development of such a trade-off strategy requires to unravel the effects of BH3 mimetics not only on each individual cancer cell but also on homotypic and heterotypic cell interactions in dynamic tumor ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Barillé-Nion
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie et Immunologie Nantes Angers (CRCINA), INSERMU1232, Université de Nantes, F-44000 Nantes, France; (S.B.-N.); (S.L.)
- SIRIC ILIAD, 44000 Nantes, France
| | - Steven Lohard
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie et Immunologie Nantes Angers (CRCINA), INSERMU1232, Université de Nantes, F-44000 Nantes, France; (S.B.-N.); (S.L.)
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Philippe P. Juin
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie et Immunologie Nantes Angers (CRCINA), INSERMU1232, Université de Nantes, F-44000 Nantes, France; (S.B.-N.); (S.L.)
- SIRIC ILIAD, 44000 Nantes, France
- Institut de Cancérologie de l’Ouest, 15 Rue André Boquel, 49055 Angers, France
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126
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Lv X, Lu X, Zhu J, Wang Q. Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Acute Lung Injury Is Associated with Increased Ran-Binding Protein in Microtubule-Organizing Center (RanBPM) Molecule Expression and Mitochondria-Mediated Apoptosis Signaling Pathway in a Mouse Model. Med Sci Monit 2020; 26:e923172. [PMID: 32680981 PMCID: PMC7386048 DOI: 10.12659/msm.923172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Acute lung injury (ALI) is a severe and life-threatening disorder treated in intensive care units. This study aimed to determine molecules or associated signaling pathways that are involved in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in an ALI model. Material/Methods An ALI mouse model was established by administering LPS (25 mg/kg via intratracheal instillation). Thirty-two ALI mice were divided into Model-4 h, Model-8 h, Model-12 h, and Model-24 h groups, while another 8 mice without LPS treatment were assigned as the Control group. Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining was used to evaluate inflammation of lung tissues. Wet weight/dry weight (W/D) ratio and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity of lung tissue in ALI mice were evaluated. Expressions of Bcl-2, Bcl-XL, Bak, Bax, cleaved caspase-3 (C-caspase-3), and Ran-binding protein in microtubule-organizing center (RanBPM) were determined using Western blot analysis. Results LPS administration caused obvious inflammatory cell infiltration of lung tissues in ALI mice. The W/D ratio of ALI mouse lung tissues was significantly higher in Model groups than in the Control group (p<0.05). MPO activity of ALI mice was remarkably higher in Model groups compared to the Control group (p<0.05). LPS-induced ALI model mice exhibited significantly higher levels of C-caspase 3 lung tissues compared to the Control group (p<0.05). LPS-induced ALI model mice had significantly lower Bcl-XL/Bcl-2 and remarkably higher Bak/Bax expression compared with the Control group (p<0.05). LPS-induced ALI model mice displayed obviously higher RanBPM expression than in the Control group (p<0.05). Conclusions Lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury is associated with increased RanBPM molecule expression and with mitochondria-mediated apoptosis signaling pathway in a mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Lv
- Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland).,Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Xiaomin Lu
- Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland).,Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Jiping Zhu
- Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland).,Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Qian Wang
- Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland).,Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
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Targeting BCL-2 proteins in pediatric cancer: Dual inhibition of BCL-XL and MCL-1 leads to rapid induction of intrinsic apoptosis. Cancer Lett 2020; 482:19-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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128
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Gypenoside Inhibits Endothelial Cell Apoptosis in Atherosclerosis by Modulating Mitochondria through PI3K/Akt/Bad Pathway. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:2819658. [PMID: 32685460 PMCID: PMC7327587 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2819658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis remains the most common cause of deaths worldwide. Endothelial cell apoptosis is an important process in the progress of atherosclerosis, as it can cause the endothelium to lose their capability in regulating the lipid homeostasis, inflammation, and immunity. Endothelial cell injury can disrupt the integrity and barrier function of an endothelium and facilitate lipid deposition, leading to atherogenesis. Chinese medicine techniques for preventing and treating atherosclerosis are gaining attention, especially natural products. In this study, we demonstrated that gypenoside could decrease the levels of serum lipid, alleviate the formation of atherosclerotic plaque, and lessen aortic intima thickening. Gypenoside potentially activates the PI3K/Akt/Bad signal pathway to modulate the apoptosis-related protein expression in the aorta. Moreover, gypenoside downregulated mitochondrial fission and fusion proteins, mitochondrial energy-related proteins in the mouse aorta. In conclusion, this study demonstrated a new function of gypenoside in endothelial apoptosis and suggested a therapeutic potential of gypenoside in atherosclerosis associated with apoptosis by modulating mitochondrial function through the PI3K/Akt/Bad pathway.
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129
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Wang TS, Coppens I, Saorin A, Brady NR, Hamacher-Brady A. Endolysosomal Targeting of Mitochondria Is Integral to BAX-Mediated Mitochondrial Permeabilization during Apoptosis Signaling. Dev Cell 2020; 53:627-645.e7. [PMID: 32504557 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP) is a core event in apoptosis signaling. However, the underlying mechanism of BAX and BAK pore formation remains incompletely understood. We demonstrate that mitochondria are globally and dynamically targeted by endolysosomes (ELs) during MOMP. In response to pro-apoptotic BH3-only protein signaling and pharmacological MOMP induction, ELs increasingly form transient contacts with mitochondria. Subsequently, ELs rapidly accumulate within the entire mitochondrial compartment. This switch-like accumulation period temporally coincides with mitochondrial BAX clustering and cytochrome c release. Remarkably, interactions of ELs with mitochondria control BAX recruitment and pore formation. Knockdown of Rab5A, Rab5C, or USP15 interferes with EL targeting of mitochondria and functionally uncouples BAX clustering from cytochrome c release, while knockdown of the Rab5 exchange factor Rabex-5 impairs both BAX clustering and cytochrome c release. Together, these data reveal that EL-mitochondrial inter-organelle communication is an integral regulatory component of functional MOMP execution during cellular apoptosis signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Sen Wang
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Isabelle Coppens
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Anna Saorin
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Nathan Ryan Brady
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Anne Hamacher-Brady
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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130
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Abstract
Apoptosis is a form of programmed cell death that is essential for tissue homeostasis. De-regulation of the balance between proliferation and apoptosis contributes to tumor initiation. Particularly in the colon where apoptosis is a crucial process in intestinal turnover, inhibition of apoptosis facilitates transformation and tumor progression. The BCL-2 family of proteins are key regulators of apoptosis and have been implicated in colorectal cancer (CRC) initiation, progression and resistance to therapy. In this review we outline the current knowledge on the BCL-2 family-regulated intrinsic apoptosis pathway and mechanisms by which it is de-regulated in CRC. We further review BH3 mimetics as a therapeutic opportunity to target this pathway and evaluate their potential for CRC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashanthi Ramesh
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology, Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Paul Medema
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology, Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Oncode Institute, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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131
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry M Adams
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.
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132
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Wang J, Li S, Lin S, Fu S, Qiu L, Ding K, Liang K, Du H. B-cell lymphoma 2 family genes show a molecular pattern of spatiotemporal heterogeneity in gynaecologic and breast cancer. Cell Prolif 2020; 53:e12826. [PMID: 32419250 PMCID: PMC7309952 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives BCL2 family proteins have been widely studied over the past decade due to their essential roles in apoptosis, oncogenesis and anti‐cancer therapy. However, the similarities and differences in the spatial pattern of the BCL2 gene family within the context of chromatin have not been well characterized. We sought to fill this knowledge gap by assessing correlations between gene alteration, gene expression, chromatin accessibility, and clinical outcomes in gynaecologic and breast cancer. Materials and methods In this study, the molecular characteristics of the BCL2 gene family in gynaecologic cancer were systematically analysed by integrating multi‐omics datasets, including transcriptomics, chromatin accessibility, copy number variation, methylomics and clinical outcome. Results We evaluated spatiotemporal associations between long‐range regulation peaks and tumour heterogeneity. Differential expression of the BCL2 family was coupled with widespread chromatin accessibility changes in gynaecologic cancer, accompanied by highly heterogeneous distal non‐coding accessibility surrounding the BCL2L1 gene loci. A relationship was also identified between gene expression, gene amplification, enhancer signatures, DNA methylation and overall patient survival. Prognostic analysis implied clinical correlations with BAD, BIK and BAK1. A shared protein regulatory network was established in which the co‐mutation signature of TP53 and PIK3CA was linked to the BCL2L1 gene. Conclusions Our results provide the first systematic identification of the molecular features of the BCL2 family under the spatial pattern of chromatin in gynaecologic and breast cancer. These findings broaden the therapeutic scope of the BCL2 family to the non‐coding region by including a significantly conserved distal region overlaying an enhancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajian Wang
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sidi Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Shudai Lin
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuying Fu
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Qiu
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ke Ding
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Keying Liang
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongli Du
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
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133
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Yin K, Cui Y, Sun T, Qi X, Zhang Y, Lin H. Antagonistic effect of selenium on lead-induced neutrophil apoptosis in chickens via miR-16-5p targeting of PiK3R1 and IGF1R. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 246:125794. [PMID: 31918102 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Environmental contamination by heavy metals, such as lead (Pb), can lead to severe immune dysfunction. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in regulating immunity. Whether Pb can regulate neutrophil apoptosis through miRNA, and whether selenium (Se) can antagonize this response are still unknown. We treated neutrophils with 12.5 μM (CH3OO)2Pb and 1 μM Na2SeO3 for 3 h, after which apoptosis was evaluated using acrideine orange/ethidium bromide (AO/EB) dual fluorescent staining and flow cytometry. The results showed that neutrophil apoptosis was significantly increased following Pb exposure, and that this response was prevented upon Se addition. Pb up-regulates miR-16-5p and leads to the subsequent down-regulation of the target genes phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit 1 (PiK3R1), insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R), and phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (Pi3K)-protein kinase B (AKT), followed by activation of the tumor protein P53 (P53)-B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2)/Bcl-2-Associated X protein (Bax)-cytochrome c (Cytc)-Caspase 9 (mitochondrial apoptotic pathway) and the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 6 (Fas)-Fas-associated death domain protein (Fadd)-Caspase 8 (death receptor pathway). Pb also triggered oxidative stress and indirectly activated the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. We conclude that miR-16-5p plays a key role in the apoptosis of neutrophils exposed to Pb by down-regulating the expression of PiK3R1 and IGFR1, thereby activating the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway and death receptor pathway. Se can prevent Pb-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Yin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Yuan Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Tong Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163002, PR China
| | - Xue Qi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Yue Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Hongjin Lin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China; Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China.
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134
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Robust autoactivation for apoptosis by BAK but not BAX highlights BAK as an important therapeutic target. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:268. [PMID: 32327636 PMCID: PMC7181796 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-2463-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BAK and BAX, which drive commitment to apoptosis, are activated principally by certain BH3-only proteins that bind them and trigger major rearrangements. One crucial conformation change is exposure of their BH3 domain which allows BAK or BAX to form homodimers, and potentially to autoactivate other BAK and BAX molecules to ensure robust pore formation and cell death. Here, we test whether full-length BAK or mitochondrial BAX that are specifically activated by antibodies can then activate other BAK or BAX molecules. We found that antibody-activated BAK efficiently activated BAK as well as mitochondrial or cytosolic BAX, but antibody-activated BAX unexpectedly proved a poor activator. Notably, autoactivation by BAK involved transient interactions, as BAK and BAX molecules it activated could dissociate and homodimerize. The results suggest that BAK-driven autoactivation may play a substantial role in apoptosis, including recruitment of BAX to the mitochondria. Hence, directly targeting BAK rather than BAX may prove particularly effective in inhibiting unwanted apoptosis, or alternatively, inducing apoptosis in cancer cells.
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135
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Dudko HV, Urban VA, Davidovskii AI, Veresov VG. Structure-based modeling of turnover of Bcl-2 family proteins bound to voltage-dependent anion channel 2 (VDAC2): Implications for the mechanisms of proapoptotic activation of Bak and Bax in vivo. Comput Biol Chem 2020; 85:107203. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2020.107203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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136
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Rozpędek-Kamińska W, Siwecka N, Wawrzynkiewicz A, Wojtczak R, Pytel D, Diehl JA, Majsterek I. The PERK-Dependent Molecular Mechanisms as a Novel Therapeutic Target for Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E2108. [PMID: 32204380 PMCID: PMC7139310 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21062108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Higher prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases is strictly connected with progressive aging of the world population. Interestingly, a broad range of age-related, neurodegenerative diseases is characterized by a common pathological mechanism-accumulation of misfolded and unfolded proteins within the cells. Under certain circumstances, such protein aggregates may evoke endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress conditions and subsequent activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) signaling pathways via the protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK)-dependent manner. Under mild to moderate ER stress, UPR has a pro-adaptive role. However, severe or long-termed ER stress conditions directly evoke shift of the UPR toward its pro-apoptotic branch, which is considered to be a possible cause of neurodegeneration. To this day, there is no effective cure for Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), or prion disease. Currently available treatment approaches for these diseases are only symptomatic and cannot affect the disease progression. Treatment strategies, currently under detailed research, include inhibition of the PERK-dependent UPR signaling branches. The newest data have reported that the use of small-molecule inhibitors of the PERK-mediated signaling branches may contribute to the development of a novel, ground-breaking therapeutic approach for neurodegeneration. In this review, we critically describe all the aspects associated with such targeted therapy against neurodegenerative proteopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wioletta Rozpędek-Kamińska
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland; (W.R.-K.); (N.S.); (A.W.); (R.W.)
| | - Natalia Siwecka
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland; (W.R.-K.); (N.S.); (A.W.); (R.W.)
| | - Adam Wawrzynkiewicz
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland; (W.R.-K.); (N.S.); (A.W.); (R.W.)
| | - Radosław Wojtczak
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland; (W.R.-K.); (N.S.); (A.W.); (R.W.)
| | - Dariusz Pytel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (D.P.); (J.A.D.)
| | - J. Alan Diehl
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (D.P.); (J.A.D.)
| | - Ireneusz Majsterek
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland; (W.R.-K.); (N.S.); (A.W.); (R.W.)
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137
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Wu YZ, Lin HY, Zhang Y, Chen WF. miR-200b-3p mitigates oxaliplatin resistance via targeting TUBB3 in colorectal cancer. J Gene Med 2020; 22:e3178. [PMID: 32092782 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.3178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous abnormally expressed miRs have been reported involved in oxaliplatin (L-OHP) resistance of colorectal cancer (CRC). The present study aimed to investigate whether miR-200b-3p could regulate L-OHP resistance via targeting TUBB3 in CRC cells. METHODS L-OHP resistant HT29 and HCT116 cells were exposed to escalating concentrations of L-OHP up to 30 μm. The effect of miR-200b-3p on L-OHP resistant CRC cells was then evaluated using the cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. CRC cell apoptosis was detected using Annexin V-FITC/PI double staining. Bioinformatics algorithms and luciferase reporter assays were also performed to investigate whether TUBB3 was a direct target of miR-200b-3p. RESULTS miR-200b-3p declined in L-OHP resistant CRC tissues and cell lines, and the overexpression of miR-200b-3p elevated the L-OHP sensitivity in L-OHP resistant HT29 and HCT116 cells. In addition, we determined the potential mechanisms underlying miR-200b-3p-mediated reversal of L-OHP resistance by mediating its downstream target TUBB3, and the overexpression of miR-200b-3p could induce migration and growth inhibition and apoptosis in L-OHP resistant HT29 and HCT116 cells by silencing βIII-tubulin protein expression. However, the overexpression of TUBB3 reversed miR-200b-3p mimic-induced migration, as well as growth inhibition and apoptosis, in L-OHP resistant CRC cells. CONCLUSIONS miR-200b-3p improved L-OHP resistance and induced growth inhibition and cell apoptosis in L-OHP resistant CRC cells, and the underlying mechanism was mediated, at least partially, through the suppression of βIII-tubulin protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Zhu Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Hong-Yue Lin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Quanzhou First Hospital to Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Yin Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Wen-Fa Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
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138
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Electron transport chain activity is a predictor and target for venetoclax sensitivity in multiple myeloma. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1228. [PMID: 32144272 PMCID: PMC7060223 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15051-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The BCL-2 antagonist venetoclax is highly effective in multiple myeloma (MM) patients exhibiting the 11;14 translocation, the mechanistic basis of which is unknown. In evaluating cellular energetics and metabolism of t(11;14) and non-t(11;14) MM, we determine that venetoclax-sensitive myeloma has reduced mitochondrial respiration. Consistent with this, low electron transport chain (ETC) Complex I and Complex II activities correlate with venetoclax sensitivity. Inhibition of Complex I, using IACS-010759, an orally bioavailable Complex I inhibitor in clinical trials, as well as succinate ubiquinone reductase (SQR) activity of Complex II, using thenoyltrifluoroacetone (TTFA) or introduction of SDHC R72C mutant, independently sensitize resistant MM to venetoclax. We demonstrate that ETC inhibition increases BCL-2 dependence and the ‘primed’ state via the ATF4-BIM/NOXA axis. Further, SQR activity correlates with venetoclax sensitivity in patient samples irrespective of t(11;14) status. Use of SQR activity in a functional-biomarker informed manner may better select for MM patients responsive to venetoclax therapy. Venetoclax monotherapy is effective in 40% of t(11:14) positive multiple myeloma (MM). Here, the authors show that electron transport chain complex I (CI) and complex II (CII) activity predict MM sensitivity to venetoclax, and inhibition of CI with IACS-010759 or CII with TTFA increase sensitivity.
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139
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Liu S, Jin Z, Zhang Y, Rong S, He W, Sun K, Wan D, Huo J, Xiao L, Li X, Ding N, Wang F, Sun T. The Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Analogue Liraglutide Reduces Seizures Susceptibility, Cognition Dysfunction and Neuronal Apoptosis in a Mouse Model of Dravet Syndrome. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:136. [PMID: 32184723 PMCID: PMC7059191 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dravet syndrome (DS) is a refractory epilepsy typically caused by heterozygous mutations of the Scn1a gene, which encodes the voltage-gated sodium channel Nav1.1. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogues, effective therapeutic agents for the treatment of diabetes, have recently become attractive treatment modalities for patients with nervous system disease; however, the impact of GLP-1 analogues on DS remains unknown. This study aimed to determine the neuroprotective role of liraglutide in mouse and cell models of Scn1a KO-induced epilepsy. Epileptic susceptibility, behavioral changes, and behavioral seizures were assessed using electroencephalography (EEG), IntelliCage (TSE Systems, Bad Homburg, Germany), and the open field task. Morphological changes in brain tissues were observed using hematoxylin and eosin (HE) and Nissl staining. Expression of apoptosis-related proteins and the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway were determined using immunofluorescence and western blotting in Scn1a KO-induced epileptic mice in vitro. Scn1a KO model cell proliferation was evaluated using the Cell Counting Kit-8 assay, and the effect of liraglutide on cellular apoptosis levels was examined using Annexin V-FITC/PI flow cytometry. Apoptotic signal proteins and mTOR were assessed using reverse transcription - quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and western blotting. Our results showed that liraglutide significantly increased mRNA ((0.31 ± 0.04) *10-3 vs. (1.07 ± 0.08) * 10-3, P = 0.0004) and protein (0.10 ± 0.02 vs. 0.27 ± 0.02, P = 0.0006) expression of Scn1a in Scn1a KO-induced epileptic mice. In addition, liraglutide significantly alleviated electroencephalographic seizures, the severity of responses to epileptic seizures (96.53 ± 0.45 % vs. 85.98 ± 1.24 %, P = 0.0003), cognitive dysfunction, and epileptic-related necrotic neurons (9.76 ± 0.91 % vs. 19.65 ± 2.64 %, P = 0.0005) in Scn1a KO-induced epileptic mice. Moreover, liraglutide protected against Scn1a KO-induced apoptosis, which was manifested in the phosphorylation of mTOR (KO+NS: 1.99 ± 0.31 vs. KO+Lira: 0.97 ± 0.18, P = 0.0004), as well as the downregulation of cleaved caspase-3 (KO+NS: 0.49 ± 0.04 vs. KO+Lira: 0.30 ± 0.01, P = 0.0003) and restoration of the imbalance between BAX (KO+NS: 0.90 ± 0.02 vs. KO+Lira: 0.75 ± 0.04, P = 0.0005) and BCL-2 (KO+NS: 0.46 ± 0.02 vs. KO+Lira: 0.61 ± 0.02, P = 0.0006). Collectively, these results show that liraglutide reduces seizure susceptibility and cognitive dysfunction in the mouse model of Dravet syndrome, and exerts anti-apoptotic and neuroprotective effects in Scn1a KO mice and cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenhai Liu
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Cerebrocranial Disease, Incubation Base of National Key Laboratory, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Zhe Jin
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Cerebrocranial Disease, Incubation Base of National Key Laboratory, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China.,Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Yiling Zhang
- Department of Integrated Medicine, Affiliated DongFeng Hospital, HuBei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - ShiKuo Rong
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Cerebrocranial Disease, Incubation Base of National Key Laboratory, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Wenxin He
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Cerebrocranial Disease, Incubation Base of National Key Laboratory, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Kuisheng Sun
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Cerebrocranial Disease, Incubation Base of National Key Laboratory, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Din Wan
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Cerebrocranial Disease, Incubation Base of National Key Laboratory, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Junming Huo
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Cerebrocranial Disease, Incubation Base of National Key Laboratory, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Lifei Xiao
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Cerebrocranial Disease, Incubation Base of National Key Laboratory, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Xinxiao Li
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Cerebrocranial Disease, Incubation Base of National Key Laboratory, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Na Ding
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Cerebrocranial Disease, Incubation Base of National Key Laboratory, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Cerebrocranial Disease, Incubation Base of National Key Laboratory, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Tao Sun
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Cerebrocranial Disease, Incubation Base of National Key Laboratory, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
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140
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Bnip3 in mitophagy: Novel insights and potential therapeutic target for diseases of secondary mitochondrial dysfunction. Clin Chim Acta 2020; 506:72-83. [PMID: 32092316 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2020.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The present review is a summary of the recent literature concerning Bnip3 expression, function, and regulation, along with its implications in mitochondrial dysfunction, disorders of mitophagy homeostasis, and development of diseases of secondary mitochondrial dysfunction. As a member of the Bcl-2 family of cell death-regulating factors, Bnip3 mediates mPTP opening, mitochondrial potential, oxidative stress, calcium overload, mitochondrial respiratory collapse, and ATP shortage of mitochondria from multiple cells. Recent studies have discovered that Bnip3 regulates mitochondrial dysfunction, mitochondrial fragmentation, mitophagy, cell apoptosis, and the development of lipid disorder diseases via numerous cellular signaling pathways. In addition, Bnip3 promotes the development of cardiac hypertrophy by mediating inflammatory response or the related signaling pathways of cardiomyocytes and is also responsible for raising abnormal mitophagy and apoptosis progression through multiple molecular signaling pathways, inducing the pathogenesis and progress of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Different molecules regulate Bnip3 expression at both the transcriptional and post-transcriptional level, leading to mitochondrial dysfunction and unbalance of mitophagy in hepatocytes, which promotes the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Thus, Bnip3 plays an important role in mitochondrial dysfunction and mitophagy homeostasis and has emerged as a promising therapeutic target for diseases of secondary mitochondrial dysfunction.
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141
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Matuszyk J, Klopotowska D. miR‐125b lowers sensitivity to apoptosis following mitotic arrest: Implications for breast cancer therapy. J Cell Physiol 2020; 235:6335-6344. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Janusz Matuszyk
- Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental TherapyPolish Academy of Sciences 12 R. Weigla Street 53‐114 Wroclaw Poland
| | - Dagmara Klopotowska
- Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental TherapyPolish Academy of Sciences 12 R. Weigla Street 53‐114 Wroclaw Poland
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142
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Haschka MD, Karbon G, Soratroi C, O'Neill KL, Luo X, Villunger A. MARCH5-dependent degradation of MCL1/NOXA complexes defines susceptibility to antimitotic drug treatment. Cell Death Differ 2020; 27:2297-2312. [PMID: 32015503 PMCID: PMC7370223 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-020-0503-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells experiencing delays in mitotic progression are prone to undergo apoptosis unless they can exit mitosis before proapoptotic factors reach a critical threshold. Microtubule targeting agents (MTAs) arrest cells in mitosis and induce apoptotic cell death engaging the BCL2 network. Degradation of the antiapoptotic BCL2 family member MCL-1 is considered to set the time until onset of apoptosis upon MTA treatment. MCL1 degradation involves its interaction with one of its key binding partners, the proapoptotic BH3-only protein NOXA. Here, we report that the mitochondria-associated E3-ligase MARCH5, best known for its role in mitochondrial quality control and regulation of components of the mitochondrial fission machinery, controls the levels of MCL1/NOXA protein complexes in steady state as well as during mitotic arrest. Inhibition of MARCH5 function sensitizes cancer cells to the proapoptotic effects of MTAs by the accumulation of NOXA and primes cancer cells that may undergo slippage to escape death in mitosis to cell death in the next G1 phase. We propose that inhibition of MARCH5 may be a suitable strategy to sensitize cancer cells to antimitotic drug treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel D Haschka
- Institute for Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gerlinde Karbon
- Institute for Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Claudia Soratroi
- Institute for Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Katelyn L O'Neill
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred and Pamela Buffet Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Xu Luo
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred and Pamela Buffet Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Andreas Villunger
- Institute for Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria. .,Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases, 1090, Vienna, Austria. .,CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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143
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Bock FJ, Tait SWG. Mitochondria as multifaceted regulators of cell death. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2020; 21:85-100. [PMID: 31636403 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-019-0173-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1204] [Impact Index Per Article: 301.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Through their many and varied metabolic functions, mitochondria power life. Paradoxically, mitochondria also have a central role in apoptotic cell death. Upon induction of mitochondrial apoptosis, mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP) usually commits a cell to die. Apoptotic signalling downstream of MOMP involves cytochrome c release from mitochondria and subsequent caspase activation. As such, targeting MOMP in order to manipulate cell death holds tremendous therapeutic potential across different diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases, autoimmune disorders and cancer. In this Review, we discuss new insights into how mitochondria regulate apoptotic cell death. Surprisingly, recent data demonstrate that besides eliciting caspase activation, MOMP engages various pro-inflammatory signalling functions. As we highlight, together with new findings demonstrating cell survival following MOMP, this pro-inflammatory role suggests that mitochondria-derived signalling downstream of pro-apoptotic cues may also have non-lethal functions. Finally, we discuss the importance and roles of mitochondria in other forms of regulated cell death, including necroptosis, ferroptosis and pyroptosis. Collectively, these new findings offer exciting, unexplored opportunities to target mitochondrial regulation of cell death for clinical benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian J Bock
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Stephen W G Tait
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
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144
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Reconstituting the Mammalian Apoptotic Switch in Yeast. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11020145. [PMID: 32013249 PMCID: PMC7073680 DOI: 10.3390/genes11020145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins of the Bcl-2 family regulate the permeabilization of the mitochondrial outer membrane that represents a crucial irreversible step in the process of induction of apoptosis in mammalian cells. The family consists of both proapoptotic proteins that facilitate the membrane permeabilization and antiapoptotic proteins that prevent it in the absence of an apoptotic signal. The molecular mechanisms, by which these proteins interact with each other and with the mitochondrial membranes, however, remain under dispute. Although yeast do not have apparent homologues of these apoptotic regulators, yeast cells expressing mammalian members of the Bcl-2 family have proved to be a valuable model system, in which action of these proteins can be effectively studied. This review focuses on modeling the activity of proapoptotic as well as antiapoptotic proteins of the Bcl-2 family in yeast.
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145
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Yang L, Chang B, Guo Y, Wu X, Liu L. The role of oxidative stress-mediated apoptosis in the pathogenesis of uric acid nephropathy. Ren Fail 2020; 41:616-622. [PMID: 31269852 PMCID: PMC6610514 DOI: 10.1080/0886022x.2019.1633350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: By copying the uric acid nephropathy rat model, the oxidative stress injury of mitochondria was caused in renal tubular epithelial cells and the relationship between the injury and the induction of cell apoptosis was identified. Methods: All rats were randomly divided into NC (normal control, NC) group, HUA (high uric acid, HUA) group and GSH (reductive glutathione, GSH) group. The values were quantitatively tested in the kidney tissues, including 24-h urinary protein quantity, serum creatinine, blood uric acid, the MDA (malondialdehyde, MDA) and SOD (superoxide dismutase, SOD) oxidative stress indicators. The expression of p53, Bax and caspase-9/-3 were detected by immunoblotting. TUNEL assays were used to detect the apoptosis of renal tubular epithelial cells. Result: In HUA and GSH groups, the 24-h urinary protein(24UTP), serum creatinine, and blood uric acid increased gradually with the increase of the replication cycle and the increase was significant compared to the NC group (p < .05). Compared to the NC group, MDA increased whereas SOD decreased. The expression of apoptotic proteins, such as p53, Bax, and caspase-9/-3 in the mitochondria was significantly different (p < .05). TUNEL assay revealed that the renal tubular epithelial cells in HUA group were largely apoptotic, whereas the GSH group improved significantly. Conclusion: Mitochondria incurred the substantial damage due to being in a state of oxidative stress, which was the primary cause of apoptosis in the renal tubule epithelial cells. GSH exhibited the effective resistance to the influence of oxidative stress and can restore the damage in the renal tubular epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Yang
- a Department of Physiology , Bengbu Medical College , Bengbu , People's Republic of China
| | - Baochao Chang
- b Department of Nephrology , The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College , Bengbu , People's Republic of China
| | - Yaling Guo
- b Department of Nephrology , The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College , Bengbu , People's Republic of China
| | - Xueping Wu
- b Department of Nephrology , The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College , Bengbu , People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Liu
- b Department of Nephrology , The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College , Bengbu , People's Republic of China
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146
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The Bcl-2 Family: Ancient Origins, Conserved Structures, and Divergent Mechanisms. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10010128. [PMID: 31940915 PMCID: PMC7022251 DOI: 10.3390/biom10010128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrinsic apoptosis, the response to intracellular cell death stimuli, is regulated by the interplay of the B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family and their membrane interactions. Bcl-2 proteins mediate a number of processes including development, homeostasis, autophagy, and innate and adaptive immune responses and their dysregulation underpins a host of diseases including cancer. The Bcl-2 family is characterized by the presence of conserved sequence motifs called Bcl-2 homology motifs, as well as a transmembrane region, which form the interaction sites and intracellular location mechanism, respectively. Bcl-2 proteins have been recognized in the earliest metazoans including Porifera (sponges), Placozoans, and Cnidarians (e.g., Hydra). A number of viruses have gained Bcl-2 homologs and subvert innate immunity and cellular apoptosis for their replication, but they frequently have very different sequences to their host Bcl-2 analogs. Though most mechanisms of apoptosis initiation converge on activation of caspases that destroy the cell from within, the numerous gene insertions, deletions, and duplications during evolution have led to a divergence in mechanisms of intrinsic apoptosis. Currently, the action of the Bcl-2 family is best understood in vertebrates and nematodes but new insights are emerging from evolutionarily earlier organisms. This review focuses on the mechanisms underpinning the activity of Bcl-2 proteins including their structures and interactions, and how they have changed over the course of evolution.
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147
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Wang Y, Lan Y, Lu H. Opsin3 Downregulation Induces Apoptosis of Human Epidermal Melanocytes via Mitochondrial Pathway. Photochem Photobiol 2020; 96:83-93. [PMID: 31730232 PMCID: PMC7004086 DOI: 10.1111/php.13178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
G protein‐coupled receptors (GPCRs) are core switches connecting excellular survival or death signals with cellular signaling pathways in a context‐dependent manner. Opsin 3 (OPN3) belongs to the GPCR superfamily. However, whether OPN3 can control the survival or death of human melanocytes is not known. Here, we try to investigate the inherent function of OPN3 on the survival of melanocytes. Our results demonstrate that OPN3 knockdown by RNAi‐OPN3 in human epidermal melanocytes leads to cell apoptosis. The downregulation of OPN3 markedly reduces intracellular calcium levels and decreases phosphorylation of BAD. Attenuated BAD phosphorylation and elevated BAD protein level alter mitochondria membrane permeability, which trigger activation of BAX and inhibition of BCL‐2 and raf‐1. Activated BAX results in the release of cytochrome c and the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. Cytochrome c complexes associate with caspase 9, forming a postmitochondrial apoptosome that activate effector caspases including caspase 3 and caspase 7. The release of apoptotic molecules eventually promotes the occurrence of apoptosis. In conclusion, we hereby are the first to prove that OPN3 is a key signal responsible for cell survival through a calcium‐dependent G protein‐coupled signaling and mitochondrial pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Yinghua Lan
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Hongguang Lu
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
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148
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Protective effect inhibiting the expression of miR-181a on the diabetic corneal nerve in a mouse model. Exp Eye Res 2020; 192:107925. [PMID: 31926967 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.107925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the protective effect of inhibiting miR-181a on diabetic corneal nerve in mice, we chose male C57BL/6 mice with streptozotocin (STZ) -induced diabetes as animal models. The expression of miR-181a in trigeminal ganglion tissue (TG) of diabetic mice was detected by real-time PCR. In vitro, we cultured mouse trigeminal ganglion neurons and measured the neuronal axon growth when treated under miR-181a antagomir and negative conditions (NTC). Immunofluorescence showed a significant increase in neuronal axon length in trigeminal ganglion cells treated with miR-181a antagomir. In animal models, we performed epithelial scraping and subconjunctival injection of the miR-181a antagomir and miRNA antagomir NTC to observe the corneal nerve repair by corneal nerve staining. miR-181a antagomir subconjunctival injection significantly increased the corneal epithelium healing of diabetic mice compared with that of the NTC group. Meanwhile, corneal nerve staining showed that the repair of corneal nerve endings was significantly promoted. As the targets of the 181a, ATG5 and BCL-2 were previously identified. The results of Western blot showed that the expression of autophagy associated protein ATG5 and LC3B-II and the expression of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 were decreased in the high-glucose cell culture environment and the diabetic TG tissue. The expression of ATG5, LC3B-II and Bcl-2 were significantly increased after miR-181a antagomir treatment compared with negative control group. This study showed that inhibition of miR-181a expression in diabetic mice could increase ATG5-mediated autophagic activation, BCL-2-mediated inhibition of apoptosis, and promote the growth of trigeminal sensory neurons and the regeneration of corneal nerve fibers. It has a protective effect on diabetic corneal neuropathy.
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149
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Fairlie WD, Tran S, Lee EF. Crosstalk between apoptosis and autophagy signaling pathways. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 352:115-158. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2020.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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150
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Kour S, Rana S, Contreras JI, King HM, Robb CM, Sonawane YA, Bendjennat M, Crawford AJ, Barger CJ, Kizhake S, Luo X, Hollingsworth MA, Natarajan A. CDK5 Inhibitor Downregulates Mcl-1 and Sensitizes Pancreatic Cancer Cell Lines to Navitoclax. Mol Pharmacol 2019; 96:419-429. [PMID: 31467029 PMCID: PMC6726458 DOI: 10.1124/mol.119.116855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Developing small molecules that indirectly regulate Mcl-1 function has attracted a lot of attention in recent years. Here, we report the discovery of an aminopyrazole, 2-([1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl)-N-(5-cyclobutyl-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)acetamide (analog 24), which selectively inhibited cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 5 over CDK2 in cancer cell lines. We also show that analog 24 reduced Mcl-1 levels in a concentration-dependent manner in cancer cell lines. Using a panel of doxycycline inducible cell lines, we show that CDK5 inhibitor 24 selectively modulates Mcl-1 function while the CDK4/6 inhibitor 6-acetyl-8-cyclopentyl-5-methyl-2-(5-(piperazin-1-yl)pyridin-2-ylamino)pyrido[2,3-day]pyrimidin-7(8H)-one does not. Previous studies using RNA interference and CRISPR showed that concurrent elimination of Bcl-xL and Mcl-1 resulted in induction of apoptosis. In pancreatic cancer cell lines, we show that either CDK5 knockdown or expression of a dominant negative CDK5 when combined with Bcl2 inhibitor results in synergistic induction of apoptosis. Moreover, concurrent pharmacological perturbation of Mcl-1 and Bcl-xL in pancreatic cancer cell lines using a CDK5 inhibitor analog 24 that reduced Mcl-1 levels and 4-(4-{[2-(4-chlorophenyl)-5,5-dimethyl-1-cyclohexen-1-yl]methyl}-1-piperazinyl)-N-[(4-{[(2R)-4-(4-morpholinyl)-1-(phenylsulfanyl)-2-butanyl]amino}-3-[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]phenyl)sulfonyl] benzamide (navitoclax), a Bcl-2/Bcl-xL/Bcl-w inhibitor, resulted in synergistic inhibition of cell growth and induction of apoptosis. In conclusion, we demonstrate targeting CDK5 will sensitize pancreatic cancers to Bcl-2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smit Kour
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases (S.Ko., S.R., J.I.C., H.M.K., C.M.R., Y.A.S., M.B., A.J.C., C.J.B., S.Ki., X.L., M.A.H., A.N.), Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences (A.N.) and Genetics Cell Biology and Anatomy (A.N.), and Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center (X.L., M.A.H., A.N.), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Sandeep Rana
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases (S.Ko., S.R., J.I.C., H.M.K., C.M.R., Y.A.S., M.B., A.J.C., C.J.B., S.Ki., X.L., M.A.H., A.N.), Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences (A.N.) and Genetics Cell Biology and Anatomy (A.N.), and Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center (X.L., M.A.H., A.N.), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Jacob I Contreras
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases (S.Ko., S.R., J.I.C., H.M.K., C.M.R., Y.A.S., M.B., A.J.C., C.J.B., S.Ki., X.L., M.A.H., A.N.), Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences (A.N.) and Genetics Cell Biology and Anatomy (A.N.), and Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center (X.L., M.A.H., A.N.), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Hannah M King
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases (S.Ko., S.R., J.I.C., H.M.K., C.M.R., Y.A.S., M.B., A.J.C., C.J.B., S.Ki., X.L., M.A.H., A.N.), Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences (A.N.) and Genetics Cell Biology and Anatomy (A.N.), and Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center (X.L., M.A.H., A.N.), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Caroline M Robb
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases (S.Ko., S.R., J.I.C., H.M.K., C.M.R., Y.A.S., M.B., A.J.C., C.J.B., S.Ki., X.L., M.A.H., A.N.), Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences (A.N.) and Genetics Cell Biology and Anatomy (A.N.), and Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center (X.L., M.A.H., A.N.), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Yogesh A Sonawane
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases (S.Ko., S.R., J.I.C., H.M.K., C.M.R., Y.A.S., M.B., A.J.C., C.J.B., S.Ki., X.L., M.A.H., A.N.), Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences (A.N.) and Genetics Cell Biology and Anatomy (A.N.), and Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center (X.L., M.A.H., A.N.), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Mourad Bendjennat
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases (S.Ko., S.R., J.I.C., H.M.K., C.M.R., Y.A.S., M.B., A.J.C., C.J.B., S.Ki., X.L., M.A.H., A.N.), Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences (A.N.) and Genetics Cell Biology and Anatomy (A.N.), and Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center (X.L., M.A.H., A.N.), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Ayrianne J Crawford
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases (S.Ko., S.R., J.I.C., H.M.K., C.M.R., Y.A.S., M.B., A.J.C., C.J.B., S.Ki., X.L., M.A.H., A.N.), Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences (A.N.) and Genetics Cell Biology and Anatomy (A.N.), and Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center (X.L., M.A.H., A.N.), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Carter J Barger
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases (S.Ko., S.R., J.I.C., H.M.K., C.M.R., Y.A.S., M.B., A.J.C., C.J.B., S.Ki., X.L., M.A.H., A.N.), Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences (A.N.) and Genetics Cell Biology and Anatomy (A.N.), and Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center (X.L., M.A.H., A.N.), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Smitha Kizhake
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases (S.Ko., S.R., J.I.C., H.M.K., C.M.R., Y.A.S., M.B., A.J.C., C.J.B., S.Ki., X.L., M.A.H., A.N.), Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences (A.N.) and Genetics Cell Biology and Anatomy (A.N.), and Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center (X.L., M.A.H., A.N.), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Xu Luo
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases (S.Ko., S.R., J.I.C., H.M.K., C.M.R., Y.A.S., M.B., A.J.C., C.J.B., S.Ki., X.L., M.A.H., A.N.), Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences (A.N.) and Genetics Cell Biology and Anatomy (A.N.), and Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center (X.L., M.A.H., A.N.), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Michael A Hollingsworth
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases (S.Ko., S.R., J.I.C., H.M.K., C.M.R., Y.A.S., M.B., A.J.C., C.J.B., S.Ki., X.L., M.A.H., A.N.), Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences (A.N.) and Genetics Cell Biology and Anatomy (A.N.), and Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center (X.L., M.A.H., A.N.), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Amarnath Natarajan
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases (S.Ko., S.R., J.I.C., H.M.K., C.M.R., Y.A.S., M.B., A.J.C., C.J.B., S.Ki., X.L., M.A.H., A.N.), Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences (A.N.) and Genetics Cell Biology and Anatomy (A.N.), and Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center (X.L., M.A.H., A.N.), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
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