101
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Zhang JL, Shi H. Physiological and molecular mechanisms of plant salt tolerance. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2013; 115:1-22. [PMID: 23539361 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-013-9813-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Salt tolerance is an important economic trait for crops growing in both irrigated fields and marginal lands. The plant kingdom contains plant species that possess highly distinctive capacities for salt tolerance as a result of evolutionary adaptation to their environments. Yet, the cellular mechanisms contributing to salt tolerance seem to be conserved to some extent in plants although some highly salt-tolerant plants have unique structures that can actively excrete salts. In this review, we begin by summarizing the research in Arabidopsis with a focus on the findings of three membrane transporters that are important for salt tolerance: SOS1, AtHKT1, and AtNHX1. We then review the recent studies in salt tolerance in crops and halophytes. Molecular and physiological mechanisms of salt tolerance in plants revealed by the studies in the model plant, crops, and halophytes are emphasized. Utilization of the Na(+) transporters to improve salt tolerance in plants is also summarized. Perspectives are provided at the end of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Lin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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102
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Integrated analysis of diverse transcriptomic data from Arabidopsis reveals genetic markers that reliably and reproducibly respond to ionizing radiation. Gene 2013; 518:273-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Revised: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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103
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Ben Rejeb K, Abdelly C, Savouré A. [Proline, a multifunctional amino-acid involved in plant adaptation to environmental constraints]. Biol Aujourdhui 2013; 206:291-9. [PMID: 23419256 DOI: 10.1051/jbio/2012030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In addition to its role in primary metabolism as a component of proteins, proline is one of the most widely distributed compatible solutes that accumulates in plants during adverse environmental constraints and plays an important role in plant stress tolerance. Proline was proposed to act as stabilizer for proteins and macromolecular complexes, scavenger of free radicals and regulator of cellular redox potential. Intracellular proline concentration depends on a tight regulation between its biosynthesis and catabolism. However the exact role of proline and the signaling pathways involved in the regulation of its metabolism are not completely known yet. Investigation of proline metabolism in model plants would allow to acquire information about the diversity of the mechanisms developed by plants to overcome environmental constraints and to establish some reliable tools for the improvement of crop tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kilani Ben Rejeb
- Physiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire des Plantes, UR5, EAC 7180 CNRS, Université Pierre et Marie Curie UPMC, Case 156, 4 place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
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104
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Wu D, Cai S, Chen M, Ye L, Chen Z, Zhang H, Dai F, Wu F, Zhang G. Tissue metabolic responses to salt stress in wild and cultivated barley. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55431. [PMID: 23383190 PMCID: PMC3561194 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A thorough understanding of the mechanisms underlying barley salt tolerance and exploitation of elite genetic resource are essential for utilizing wild barley germplasm in developing barley varieties with salt tolerance. In order to reveal the physiological and molecular difference in salt tolerance between Tibetan wild barley (Hordeum spontaneum) and cultivated barley (Hordeum vulgare), profiles of 82 key metabolites were studies in wild and cultivated barley in response to salinity. According to shoot dry biomass under salt stress, XZ16 is a fast growing and salt tolerant wild barley. The results of metabolite profiling analysis suggested osmotic adjustment was a basic mechanism, and polyols played important roles in developing salt tolerance only in roots, and high level of sugars and energy in roots and active photosynthesis in leaves were important for barley to develop salt tolerance. The metabolites involved in tolerance enhancement differed between roots and shoots, and also between genotypes. Tibetan wild barley, XZ16 had higher chlorophyll content and higher contents of compatible solutes than CM72, while the cultivated barley, CM72 probably enhanced its salt tolerance mainly through increasing glycolysis and energy consumption, when the plants were exposed to high salinity. The current research extends our understanding of the mechanisms involved in barley salt tolerance and provides possible utilization of Tibetan wild barley in developing barley cultivars with salt tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dezhi Wu
- Department of Agronomy, Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Resource of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shengguan Cai
- Department of Agronomy, Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Resource of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mingxian Chen
- Department of Agronomy, Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Resource of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lingzhen Ye
- Department of Agronomy, Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Resource of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhonghua Chen
- School of Science and Health, University of Western Sydney, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Haitao Zhang
- Department of Agronomy, Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Resource of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fei Dai
- Department of Agronomy, Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Resource of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Feibo Wu
- Department of Agronomy, Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Resource of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guoping Zhang
- Department of Agronomy, Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Resource of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- * E-mail:
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105
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Lygin AV, Abdel-Rahman MM, Ulanov AV, Widholm JM, Lozovaya VV. Polyethylene glycol treatment promotes metabolic events associated with maize callus morphogenic competence. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2012; 82:46-55. [PMID: 22858115 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2012.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2010] [Revised: 10/12/2011] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic changes were studied, which accompanied the conversion of 6month old HiII maize non-regenerable (NR) calli into regenerable (R) calli when cultured for 63days with 10% polyethylene glycol (PEG) (3350MW) in culture medium. The conversion of 6month old NR to R callus morphotype caused by PEG application decreased cell wall contents in callus dry mass and changed cell wall phenolics making their profile similar to that of R callus by reduction of lignin and ester- and ether-bound phenolic concentrations, including p-coumaric acid and ester- and ether-bound diferulates and by increase of the ratios of ester- and ether-bound ferulic acid/coumaric acid and ferulic acid/diferulic acid in cell walls of NR callus. Some similar changes of cell wall phenolics caused by PEG application were also found in 48month old NR callus, that changed the morphology, but did not regenerate plants. However, there were no changes in the old callus in levels of total ester and ether-bound cell wall phenolics and substantially smaller decreases were found in ratios of ester- and ether-bound ferulic acid/coumaric acid and ferulic acid/diferulic acid, as well as in diferulate concentrations compared to young NR callus cultured with PEG. Remarkably, application of PEG also changed the primary metabolism of young NR callus tissues, so that they acquired metabolic features of highly regenerable callus. These data clearly suggest that PEG alters metabolism of NR calli, so they acquire biochemical characteristics of R calli, and that adaptive osmotic adjustments vary in different types of callus tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatoliy V Lygin
- University of Illinois, Department of Crop Sciences, 1201 W. Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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106
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Zhou Y, Zhang D, Pan J, Kong X, Liu Y, Sun L, Wang L, Li D. Overexpression of a multiple stress-responsive gene, ZmMPK4, enhances tolerance to low temperature in transgenic tobacco. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2012; 58:174-81. [PMID: 22820152 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2012.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades play important roles in mediating biotic and abiotic stress responses. In this study, we found that ZmMPK4 protein was predominantly localized in the nucleus. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR analysis revealed that the ZmMPK4 transcription in maize leaves was up-regulated by low temperature, high temperature and exogenous signaling molecules such as hydrogen peroxide, methyl jasmonate and ethephon. Hydrogen peroxide acted as second messenger to mediate 4°C-induced up-regulation of ZmMPK4 mRNA. Transgenic tobacco of overexpressing ZmMPK4 accumulated less reactive oxygen species (ROS), more peroxidase and catalase activities, more proline and soluble sugar contents, and more stress-responsive genes expression, leading to enhancing low temperature stress tolerance compared to the control plants. Taken together, these results strongly suggest that ZmMPK4 positively regulates low temperature stress tolerance in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, PR China
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107
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Mastrobuoni G, Irgang S, Pietzke M, Assmus HE, Wenzel M, Schulze WX, Kempa S. Proteome dynamics and early salt stress response of the photosynthetic organism Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. BMC Genomics 2012; 13:215. [PMID: 22651860 PMCID: PMC3444938 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-13-215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cellular proteome and metabolome are underlying dynamic regulation allowing rapid adaptation to changes in the environment. System-wide analysis of these dynamics will provide novel insights into mechanisms of stress adaptation for higher photosynthetic organisms. We applied pulsed-SILAC labeling to a photosynthetic organism for the first time and we established a method to study proteome dynamics in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, an emerging model system for plant biology. In addition, we combined the analysis of protein synthesis with metabolic profiling to study the dynamic changes of metabolism and proteome turnover under salt stress conditions. RESULTS To study de novo protein synthesis an arginine auxotroph Chlamydomonas strain was cultivated in presence of stable isotope-labeled arginine for 24 hours. From the time course experiment in 3 salt concentrations we could identify more than 2500 proteins and their H/L ratio in at least one experimental condition; for 998 protiens at least 3 ratio counts were detected in the 24 h time point (0 mM NaCl). After fractionation we could identify 3115 proteins and for 1765 of them we determined their de novo synthesis rate. Consistently with previous findings we showed that RuBisCO is among the most prominent proteins in the cell; and similar abundance and turnover for the small and large RuBisCO subunit could be calculated. The D1 protein was identified among proteins with a high synthesis rates. A global median half-life of 45 h was calculated for Chlamydomonas proteins under the chosen conditions. CONCLUSION To investigate the temporal co-regulation of the proteome and metabolome, we applied salt stress to Chlamydomonas and studied the time dependent regulation of protein expression and changes in the metabolome. The main metabolic response to salt stress was observed within the amino acid metabolism. In particular, proline was up-regulated manifold and according to that an increased carbon flow within the proline biosynthetic pathway could be measured. In parallel the analysis of abundance and de novo synthesis of the corresponding enzymes revealed that metabolic rearrangements precede adjustments of protein abundance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Mastrobuoni
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine Berlin, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology (BIMSB), Berlin, Germany
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108
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Gao H, Song A, Zhu X, Chen F, Jiang J, Chen Y, Sun Y, Shan H, Gu C, Li P, Chen S. The heterologous expression in Arabidopsis of a chrysanthemum Cys2/His2 zinc finger protein gene confers salinity and drought tolerance. PLANTA 2012; 235:979-93. [PMID: 22127738 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-011-1558-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2011] [Accepted: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Zinc finger proteins (ZFPs) play an important role in plant growth and development. Here, we describe the isolation of CgZFP1, a Cys2/His2 (C(2)H(2)) ZFP gene, using RACE PCR from chrysanthemum, and the investigation of its function with ectopic expression in Arabidopsis. CgZFP1 contains two conserved C(2)H(2) regions, a nuclear localization domain (B box), a Leu-rich domain (L box) and a conserved DLN sequence (DLN box) close to its C-terminus. Its expression in the chrysanthemum leaf was strongly induced by salinity or drought, but not by ABA. Subcellular localization assay indicated that CgZFP1 protein is localized in nucleus in vivo. Yeast-one hybrid assay showed that CgZFP1 possesses transcriptional activation ability, heterologous expression of CgZFP1 conferred tolerance of transgenic Arabidopsis plants to both salinity and drought stresses. Under salinity stress, genes involved in osmotic adjustment, ROS scavenging, and ion homeostasis: Atlea3, AtP5CS2, AtProT1, and AtMnSOD, AtPOD, AtAPX1, and AtSOS1, AtSOS2, AtSOS3, AtNHX1 were enhanced in CgZFP1 transgenic Arabidopsis plants. Moreover, genes involved in the osmotic adjustment and oxidative stress responses: Atlea3, AtP5CS2, AtProT1, the aquaporin AtPIP2A, and AtMnSOD, AtPOD, AtAPX1 were induced in CgZFP1 transgenic Arabidopsis under drought stress. These results indicate CgZFP1 is an important regulator involved in the salt and drought stress response in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haishun Gao
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
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109
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Yang A, Dai X, Zhang WH. A R2R3-type MYB gene, OsMYB2, is involved in salt, cold, and dehydration tolerance in rice. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:2541-56. [PMID: 22301384 PMCID: PMC3346221 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/err431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 405] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
MYB-type transcription factors play a diverse role in plant development and response to abiotic stress. This study isolated a rice R2R3-type MYB gene, OsMYB2, and functionally characterized its role in tolerance to abiotic stress by generating transgenic rice plants with overexpressing and RNA interference OsMYB2. Expression of OsMYB2 was up-regulated by salt, cold, and dehydration stress. OsMYB2 was localized in the nucleus with transactivation activity. No difference in growth and development between the OsMYB2-overexpressing and wild-type plants was observed under normal growth conditions, but the OsMYB2-overexpressing plants were more tolerant to salt, cold, and dehydration stresses and more sensitive to abscisic acid than wild-type plants. The OsMYB2-overexpressing plants accumulated greater amounts of soluble sugars and proline than wild-type plants under salt stress. Overexpression of OsMYB2 enhanced up-regulation of genes encoding proline synthase and transporters. The OsMYB2-overexpressing plants accumulated less amounts of H(2)O(2) and malondialdehyde. The enhanced activities of antioxidant enzymes, including peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase, may underlie the lower H(2)O(2) contents in OsMYB2-overexpressing plants. There was greater up-regulation of stress-related genes, including OsLEA3, OsRab16A, and OsDREB2A, in the OsMYB2-overexpressing plants. Microarray analysis showed that expression of numerous genes involving diverse functions in stress response was altered in the OsMYB2-overexpressing plants. These findings suggest that OsMYB2 encodes a stress-responsive MYB transcription factor that plays a regulatory role in tolerance of rice to salt, cold, and dehydration stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, PR China
- Graduate University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Xiaoyan Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, PR China
| | - Wen-Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, PR China
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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110
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Arabidopsis serine decarboxylase mutants implicate the roles of ethanolamine in plant growth and development. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:3176-3188. [PMID: 22489147 PMCID: PMC3317708 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13033176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Revised: 02/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Ethanolamine is important for synthesis of choline, phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidylcholine (PC) in plants. The latter two phospholipids are the major phospholipids in eukaryotic membranes. In plants, ethanolamine is mainly synthesized directly from serine by serine decarboxylase. Serine decarboxylase is unique to plants and was previously shown to have highly specific activity to l-serine. While serine decarboxylase was biochemically characterized, its functions and importance in plants were not biologically elucidated due to the lack of serine decarboxylase mutants. Here we characterized an Arabidopsis mutant defective in serine decarboxylase, named atsdc-1 (Arabidopsis thaliana serine decarboxylase-1). The atsdc-1 mutants showed necrotic lesions in leaves, multiple inflorescences, sterility in flower, and early flowering in short day conditions. These defects were rescued by ethanolamine application to atsdc-1, suggesting the roles of ethanolamine as well as serine decarboxylase in plant development. In addition, molecular analysis of serine decarboxylase suggests that Arabidopsis serine decarboxylase is cytosol-localized and expressed in all tissue.
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111
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Sanchez DH, Schwabe F, Erban A, Udvardi MK, Kopka J. Comparative metabolomics of drought acclimation in model and forage legumes. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2012; 35:136-49. [PMID: 21902697 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2011.02423.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Water limitation has become a major concern for agriculture. Such constraints reinforce the urgent need to understand mechanisms by which plants cope with water deprivation. We used a non-targeted metabolomic approach to explore plastic systems responses to non-lethal drought in model and forage legume species of the Lotus genus. In the model legume Lotus. japonicus, increased water stress caused gradual increases of most of the soluble small molecules profiled, reflecting a global and progressive reprogramming of metabolic pathways. The comparative metabolomic approach between Lotus species revealed conserved and unique metabolic responses to drought stress. Importantly, only few drought-responsive metabolites were conserved among all species. Thus we highlight a potential impediment to translational approaches that aim to engineer traits linked to the accumulation of compatible solutes. Finally, a broad comparison of the metabolic changes elicited by drought and salt acclimation revealed partial conservation of these metabolic stress responses within each of the Lotus species, but only few salt- and drought-responsive metabolites were shared between all. The implications of these results are discussed with regard to the current insights into legume water stress physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego H Sanchez
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Wissenschaftspark Golm, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam-Golm, D-14476, Germany
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112
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Ghars MA, Richard L, Lefebvre-De Vos D, Leprince AS, Parre E, Bordenave M, Abdelly C, Savouré A. Phospholipases C and D modulate proline accumulation in Thellungiella halophila/salsuginea differently according to the severity of salt or hyperosmotic stress. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 53:183-92. [PMID: 22121247 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcr164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Proline accumulation is one of the most common responses of plants to environmental constraints. Thellungiella halophila/salsuginea, a model halophyte, accumulates high levels of proline in response to abiotic stress and in the absence of stress. Recently, lipid signaling pathways have been shown to be involved in the regulation of proline metabolism in Arabidopsis thaliana. Here we investigated the relationship between lipid signaling enzymes and the level of proline in T. salsuginea. Inhibition of phospholipase C (PLC) enzymes by the specific inhibitor U73122 demonstrated that proline accumulation is negatively controlled by PLCs in the absence of stress and under moderate salt stress (200 mM NaCl). The use of 1-butanol to divert some of the phospholipase D (PLD)-derived phosphatidic acid by transphosphatidylation revealed that PLDs exert a positive control on proline accumulation under severe stress (400 mM NaCl or 400 mM mannitol) but have no effect on its accumulation in non-stress conditions. This experimental evidence shows that positive and negative lipid regulatory components are involved in the fine regulation of proline metabolism. These signaling pathways in T. salsuginea are regulated in the opposite sense to those previously described in A. thaliana, revealing that common signaling components affect the physiology of closely related glycophyte and salt-tolerant plants differently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Ali Ghars
- UPMC Université Paris 06, UR5 EAC7180 CNRS, Physiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire des Plantes, Paris, France
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113
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Du H, Liu L, You L, Yang M, He Y, Li X, Xiong L. Characterization of an inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate 5/6-kinase gene that is essential for drought and salt stress responses in rice. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 77:547-63. [PMID: 22038091 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-011-9830-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Drought and salt stresses are major limiting factors for crop production. To identify critical genes for stress resistance in rice (Oryza sativa L.), we screened T-DNA mutants and identified a drought- and salt-hypersensitive mutant dsm3. The mutant phenotype was caused by a T-DNA insertion in a gene encoding a putative inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate 5/6-kinase previously named OsITPK2 with unknown function. Under drought stress conditions, the mutant had significantly less accumulation of osmolytes such as proline and soluble sugar and showed significantly reduced root volume, spikelet fertility, biomass, and grain yield; however, malondialdehyde level was increased in the mutant. Interestingly, overexpression of DSM3 (OsITPK2) in rice resulted in drought- and salt-hypersensitive phenotypes and physiological changes similar to those in the mutant. Inositol trisphosphate (IP3) level was decreased in the overexpressors under normal condition and drought stress. A few genes related to osmotic adjustment and reactive oxygen species scavenging were down-regulated in the mutant and overexpression lines. The expression level of DSM3 promoter-driven β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene in rice was induced by drought, salt and abscisic acid. Protoplast transient expression assay indicated that DSM3 is an endoplasmic reticulum protein. Sequence analysis revealed six putative ITPKs in rice. Transcript level analysis of OsITPK genes revealed that they had different tempo-spatial expression patterns, and the responses of DSM3 to abiotic stresses, including drought, salinity, cold, and high temperature, were distinct from the other five members in rice. These results together suggest that DSM3/OsITPK2 is an important member of the OsITPK family for stress responses, and an optimal expression level is essential for drought and salt tolerance in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Du
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Wuhan, China
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114
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Kong X, Sun L, Zhou Y, Zhang M, Liu Y, Pan J, Li D. ZmMKK4 regulates osmotic stress through reactive oxygen species scavenging in transgenic tobacco. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2011; 30:2097-104. [PMID: 21735232 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-011-1116-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Revised: 06/18/2011] [Accepted: 06/23/2011] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MAPKKs) are important components of MAPK cascades, which are universal signal transduction modules and play important role in regulating both plant development and biotic or abiotic stress responses. In this study, we identified the group C MAPKK gene, ZmMKK4, in maize (Zea mays L.). Overexpression of ZmMKK4 in tobacco enhanced tolerance to osmotic stress by increased proline content and antioxidant enzyme (POD) activities compared with wild-type plants. RT-PCR revealed that one peroxidase (POX) gene, NtPOX1, was higher in ZmMKK4-overexpressing plants than in the wild-type plants. In addition, the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in ZmMKK4-overexpressing plants is much less than that of wild-type plants. These results suggest that ZmMKK4 may be involved in ROS signaling. Taken together, these results indicate that ZmMKK4 is a positive regulator of osmotic stress by regulating scavenging of ROS in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangpei Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
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115
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Zhu D, Bai X, Chen C, Chen Q, Cai H, Li Y, Ji W, Zhai H, Lv D, Luo X, Zhu Y. GsTIFY10, a novel positive regulator of plant tolerance to bicarbonate stress and a repressor of jasmonate signaling. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 77:285-97. [PMID: 21805375 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-011-9810-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Accepted: 07/13/2011] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Recent discoveries show that TIFY family genes are plant-specific genes involved in the response to several abiotic stresses, also acting as key regulators of jasmonate signaling in Arabidopsis thaliana. However, there is limited information about this gene family in wild soybean, nor is its role in plant bicarbonate stress adaptation completely understood. Here, we isolated and characterized a novel TIFY family gene, GsTIFY10, from Glycine soja. GsTIFY10 could be induced by bicarbonate, salinity stress and the phytohormone JA, both in the leaves and roots of wild soybean. Over-expression of GsTIFY10 in Arabidopsis resulted in enhanced plant tolerance to bicarbonate stress during seed germination, early seedling and adult seedling developmental stages, and the expression levels of some bicarbonate stress response and stress-inducible marker genes were significantly higher in the GsTIFY10 overexpression lines than in wild-type plants. It was also found that GsTIFY10 could repress JA signal transduction. The roots of plants overexpressing GsTIFY10 grew longer than wild-type in the presence of MeJA, and some JA response and JA biosynthesis marker genes were suppressed in the GsTIFY10 overexpression lines. Subcellular localization studies using a GFP fusion protein showed that GsTIFY10 is localized to the nucleus. These results suggest that the newly isolated wild soybean GsTIFY10 is a positive regulator of plant bicarbonate stress tolerance and is also a repressor of jasmonate signaling, from hormone perception to transcriptional activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhu
- Plant Bioengineering Laboratory, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
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Kong X, Pan J, Zhang M, Xing X, Zhou Y, Liu Y, Li D, Li D. ZmMKK4, a novel group C mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase in maize (Zea mays), confers salt and cold tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2011; 34:1291-303. [PMID: 21477122 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2011.02329.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades are signalling modules that transduce extracellular signalling to a range of cellular responses. Plant MAPK cascades have been implicated in development and stress response. In this study, we isolated a novel group C MAPKK gene, ZmMKK4, from maize. Northern blotting analysis revealed that the ZmMKK4 transcript expression was up-regulated by cold, high salt and exogenous H(2)O(2,) but down-regulated by exogenous abscisic acid (ABA). Over-expression of ZmMKK4 in Arabidopsis conferred tolerance to cold and salt stresses by increased germination rate, lateral root numbers, plant survival rate, chlorophyll, proline and soluble sugar contents, and antioxidant enzyme [peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT)] activities compared with control plants. Furthermore, ZmMKK4 enhanced a 37 kDa kinase activity after cold and salt stresses. RT-PCR analysis revealed that the transcript levels of stress-responsive transcription factors and functional genes were higher in ZmMKK4-over-expressing plants than in control plants. In addition, ZmMKK4 protein is localized in the nucleus. Taken together, these results indicate that ZmMKK4 is a positive regulator of salt and cold tolerance in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangpei Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, China
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117
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Song SY, Chen Y, Chen J, Dai XY, Zhang WH. Physiological mechanisms underlying OsNAC5-dependent tolerance of rice plants to abiotic stress. PLANTA 2011; 234:331-45. [PMID: 21448719 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-011-1403-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
To understand the functions of transcription factor OsNAC5 in response to abiotic stress, we generated transgenic rice plants with knockdown OsNAC5 by RNA-interfered (RNAi) and overexpressing OsNAC5, and investigated the effects of cold, drought and salt stress on wild-type (WT), RNAi and overexpression rice lines. Our results demonstrated that RNAi lines became less tolerant to these stresses than WT plants, while overexpression of OsNAC5 in Arabidopsis and rice enhanced tolerance to these stresses. The mechanisms underlying the changes in tolerance of the transgenic rice plants to abiotic stresses were explored by measuring free proline (Pro) and soluble sugar contents in WT and transgenic plants. Accumulation of Pro and soluble sugars was positively correlated with OsNAC5 expression levels. The less accumulation of Pro in RNAi lines may be accounted for by inhibition of Pro synthesis and transport at transcriptional levels. In addition, knockdown and overexpression of OsNAC5 enhanced and reduced accumulation of malondialdehyde and H(2)O(2), suggesting that knockdown of OsNAC5 renders RNAi plants more susceptible to oxidative damage. The RNAi lines displayed higher Na(+)/K(+) ratio due to greater accumulation of Na(+) ions than WT under salt stress conditions, and expression of genes encoding tonoplast Na(+)/H(+) antiporter was lower in RNAi lines than in WT under both control and salt-stressed conditions. Seed germination of RNAi and overexpression plants was more and less inhibited by salt and mannitol than that of WT, respectively. Seed germination of overexpression and RNAi plants was more and less sensitive than that of WT to ABA. These findings highlight the important role of OsNAC5 played in the tolerance of rice plants to abiotic stress by regulating downstream targets associated with accumulation of compatible solutes, Na(+) ions, H(2)O(2) and malondialdehyde.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Yong Song
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, People's Republic of China
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118
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Kholodova VP, Grinin AL, Bashmakova EB, Meshcheryakov AB, Kuznetsov VV. NO-dependent accumulation of inorganic ions and proline determines the protective effect of nitric oxide on mustard growth under the conditions of salinization. DOKLADY BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES : PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE USSR, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES SECTIONS 2011; 439:236-239. [PMID: 21953232 DOI: 10.1134/s0012496611040119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- V P Kholodova
- Timiryasev Institute of Plant Physiology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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119
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Heuer B. Role of Proline in Plant Response to Drought and Salinity. HANDBOOK OF PLANT AND CROP STRESS,THIRD EDITION 2010. [DOI: 10.1201/b10329-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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120
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Dong J, Bowra S, Vincze E. The development and evaluation of single cell suspension from wheat and barley as a model system; a first step towards functional genomics application. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2010; 10:239. [PMID: 21054876 PMCID: PMC3017856 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-10-239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2010] [Accepted: 11/05/2010] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The overall research objective was to develop single cell plant cultures as a model system to facilitate functional genomics of monocots, in particular wheat and barley. The essential first step towards achieving the stated objective was the development of a robust, viable single cell suspension culture from both species. RESULTS We established growth conditions to allow routine culturing of somatic cells in 24 well microtiter plate format. Evaluation of the wheat and barley cell suspension as model cell system is a multi step process. As an initial step in the evaluation procedure we chose to study the impact of selected abiotic stress elicitors at the physiological, biochemical and molecular level. We report the results of osmotic stress imposed by NaCl and PEG. As proline is an important osmoprotectant of the cereal cells, colorimetric assay for proline detection was developed for small volumes (200 μl). We performed RT-PCR experiments to study the change in the expression of the genes encoding Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase (P5CS) and Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase (PC5R) in response to abiotic stress. CONCLUSIONS We found differences between the wheat and barley suspension cultures, barley being more tolerant to the applied osmotic stresses. We suggested a model to explain the obtained differences in stress tolerance between the two species. The suspension cell cultures have proven useful for determining changes in proline concentration and expression level of genes (P5CS, P5CR) under various treatments and we suggest that the cells can be used as a model host system to study gene expression and regulation in monocots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Dong
- Dept. of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Aarhus University, Research Centre Flakkebjerg, DK-4200 Slagelse, Denmark
- Agronomy Dept., Huajiachi Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Steve Bowra
- Verzyme (UK) Ltd., Plas Gogerddan, Aberystwyth, Wales SY23 3EB, UK
| | - Eva Vincze
- Dept. of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Aarhus University, Research Centre Flakkebjerg, DK-4200 Slagelse, Denmark
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121
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Zang A, Xu X, Neill S, Cai W. Overexpression of OsRAN2 in rice and Arabidopsis renders transgenic plants hypersensitive to salinity and osmotic stress. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2010; 61:777-89. [PMID: 20018899 PMCID: PMC2814108 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erp341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2009] [Revised: 10/28/2009] [Accepted: 11/03/2009] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Nucleo-cytoplasmic partitioning of regulatory proteins is increasingly being recognized as a major control mechanism for the regulation of signalling in plants. Ras-related nuclear protein (Ran) GTPase is required for regulating transport of proteins and RNA across the nuclear envelope and also has roles in mitotic spindle assembly and nuclear envelope (NE) assembly. However, thus far little is known of any Ran functions in the signalling pathways in plants in response to changing environmental stimuli. The OsRAN2 gene, which has high homology (77% at the amino acid level) with its human counterpart, was isolated here. Subcellular localization results showed that OsRan2 is mainly localized in the nucleus, with some in the cytoplasm. Transcription of OsRAN2 was reduced by salt, osmotic, and exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) treatments, as determined by real-time PCR. Overexpression of OsRAN2 in rice resulted in enhanced sensitivity to salinity, osmotic stress, and ABA. Seedlings of transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants overexpressing OsRAN2 were overly sensitive to salinity stress and exogenous ABA treatment. Furthermore, three ABA- or stress-responsive genes, AtNCED3, AtPLC1, and AtMYB2, encoding a key enzyme in ABA synthesis, a phospholipase C homologue, and a putative transcriptional factor, respectively, were shown to have differentially induced expression under salinity and ABA treatments in transgenic and wild-type Arabidopsis plants. OsRAN2 overexpression in tobacco epidermal leaf cells disturbed the nuclear import of a maize (Zea mays L.) leaf colour transcription factor (Lc). In addition, gene-silenced rice plants generated via RNA interference (RNAi) displayed pleiotropic developmental abnormalities and were male sterile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiping Zang
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiaojie Xu
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Steven Neill
- Centre for Research in Plant Science, University of the West of England, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK
| | - Weiming Cai
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: E-mail:
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122
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Szabados L, Savouré A. Proline: a multifunctional amino acid. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2010; 15:89-97. [PMID: 20036181 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2009.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1662] [Impact Index Per Article: 118.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2009] [Revised: 11/17/2009] [Accepted: 11/24/2009] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Proline accumulates in many plant species in response to environmental stress. Although much is now known about proline metabolism, some aspects of its biological functions are still unclear. Here, we discuss the compartmentalization of proline biosynthesis, accumulation and degradation in the cytosol, chloroplast and mitochondria. We also describe the role of proline in cellular homeostasis, including redox balance and energy status. Proline can act as a signaling molecule to modulate mitochondrial functions, influence cell proliferation or cell death and trigger specific gene expression, which can be essential for plant recovery from stress. Although the regulation and function of proline accumulation are not yet completely understood, the engineering of proline metabolism could lead to new opportunities to improve plant tolerance of environmental stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- László Szabados
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Center, Temesvári krt. 62., H-6726 Szeged, Hungary.
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123
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Abstract
Accumulation of proline in higher plants is an indication of disturbed physiological condition, triggered by biotic or abiotic stress condition. Free proline content can increase upon exposure of plants to drought, salinity, cold, heavy metals, or certain pathogens. Determination of free proline levels is a useful assay to monitor physiological status and to assess stress tolerance of higher plants. Here we describe three methods suitable for determination of free proline content. The isatin paper assay is simple and is suitable to assay proline content in large number of samples. The colorimetric measurement is quantitative and provides reliable data about proline content. The HPLC-based amino acid analysis can be employed when concentration of all amino acids has to be compared.
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124
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Zhou W, Li Y, Zhao BC, Ge RC, Shen YZ, Wang G, Huang ZJ. Overexpression of TaSTRG gene improves salt and drought tolerance in rice. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 166:1660-71. [PMID: 19481835 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2009.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2008] [Revised: 03/16/2009] [Accepted: 04/06/2009] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
High salt and drought are the main factors affecting agricultural production. Thus, cloning stress-tolerance-related genes and identifying their functions are essential to enhancing crop tolerance to stresses. In this study, a salt-induced unknown wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) gene was identified and cloned according to microarray analysis of salt-tolerant wheat mutant RH8706-49 under salt stress. The gene was named Triticum aestivum salt tolerance-related gene (TaSTRG) and submitted to Genbank (Accession number: EF599631). TaSTRG expression in wheat is induced by multiple stresses including salt, polyethylene glycol (PEG), abscisic acid (ABA), and cold. Transgenic rice plants overexpressing TaSTRG gene showed higher salt and drought tolerance than the control. Under salt stress, the transgenic rice had a lower intracellular Na(+)/K(+) ratio than the control. Under salt and PEG treatments, these TaSTRG overexpressing rice plants had higher survival rate, fresh weight and chlorophyll content, accumulated higher proline and soluble sugar contents, and had significantly higher expression levels of putative proline synthetase and transporter genes than the control plants. These results indicate that the wheat TaSTRG gene could enhance plant tolerance to multiple types of stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhou
- College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, PR China
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125
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Ye H, Du H, Tang N, Li X, Xiong L. Identification and expression profiling analysis of TIFY family genes involved in stress and phytohormone responses in rice. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2009; 71:291-305. [PMID: 19618278 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-009-9524-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2008] [Accepted: 07/04/2009] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The TIFY family is a novel plant-specific gene family involved in the regulation of diverse plant-specific biologic processes, such as development and responses to phytohormones, in Arabidopsis. However, there is limited information about this family in monocot species. This report identifies 20 TIFY genes in rice, the model monocot species. Sequence analysis indicated that rice TIFY proteins have conserved motifs beyond the TIFY domain as was previously shown in Arabidopsis. On the basis of their protein structures, members of the TIFY family can be divided into two groups. Transcript level analysis of OsTIFY genes in tissues and organs revealed different tempo-spatial expression patterns, suggesting that expression and function vary by stage of plant growth and development. Most of the OsTIFY genes were predominantly expressed in leaf. Nine OsTIFY genes were responsive to jasmonic acid and wounding treatments. Interestingly, almost all the OsTIFY genes were responsive to one or more abiotic stresses including drought, salinity, and low temperature. Over-expression of OsTIFY11a, one of the stress-inducible genes, resulted in significantly increased tolerance to salt and dehydration stresses. These results suggest that the OsTIFY family may have important roles in response to abiotic stresses. The data presented in this report provide important clues for further elucidating the functions of the genes in the OsTIFY family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Ye
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Wuhan, China
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126
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Growth, physiological characteristics and ion distribution of NaCl stressed Alhagi sparsifolia seedlings. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-008-6020-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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127
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Kumar G, Purty RS, Sharma MP, Singla-Pareek SL, Pareek A. Physiological responses among Brassica species under salinity stress show strong correlation with transcript abundance for SOS pathway-related genes. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 166:507-20. [PMID: 18799232 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2008.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2008] [Revised: 08/03/2008] [Accepted: 08/03/2008] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Significant inter- and intra-specific variation for salt tolerance exists within the family Brassicaceae, which may be explored for dissecting genetic determinants of the salinity response in crops belonging to this family. Availability of contrasting cultivars for salinity response in crop species, such as Brassica, is highly advantageous for obvious reasons. Our analysis has indicated usefulness of available local germplasm (diploid and amphidiploid) in this endeavor. Assessments carried out employing suitable morphological, physiological and biochemical parameters in these cultivars reconfirm established fact related to 'in-general' better adaptability of amphidiploid species over diploid ones. In our study, the salinity-tolerant amphidiploid Brassica juncea cv CS52 (AB genome) exhibited sharp contrast in salinity response as compared to the sensitive diploid species Brassica nigra (B genome). The differences included effects of salinity on overall growth, electrolyte leakage, proline accumulation and the K(+)/Na(+) ratio (P0.01). Correlating well with relative stress tolerance of these Brassica cultivars, our studies on relative transcript abundance for salt overly sensitive (SOS) pathway orthologues also exhibited contrasting patterns of transcript accumulation. Transcript accumulation pattern for various SOS members after 24h of salinity stress in various cultivars showed strong positive correlation with these parameters (r0.4). Clearly, there is a need to carry out in-depth analysis to explore the suitability of these contrasting cultivars to search for genetic determinant(s) of salt tolerance among Brassica species. We propose that these contrasting Brassica cultivars can serve as suitable dicot crop models for elucidating stress-relevant genetic determinants in genome-level analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gautam Kumar
- Stress Physiology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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128
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Trovato M, Mattioli R, Costantino P. Multiple roles of proline in plant stress tolerance and development. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s12210-008-0022-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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129
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Verbruggen N, Hermans C. Proline accumulation in plants: a review. Amino Acids 2008; 35:753-9. [PMID: 18379856 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-008-0061-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 740] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2007] [Accepted: 03/08/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Proline (Pro) accumulation is a common physiological response in many plants in response to a wide range of biotic and abiotic stresses. Controversy has surrounded the possible role(s) of proline accumulation. In this review, knowledge on the regulation of Pro metabolism during development and stress, results of genetic manipulation of Pro metabolism and current debate on Pro toxicity in plants are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Verbruggen
- Laboratoire de Physiologie et de Génétique moléculaire des Plantes, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus Plaine-CP242, Bd du Triomphe, 1050, Brussels, Belgium.
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130
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131
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Tuteja N, Sopory SK. Chemical signaling under abiotic stress environment in plants. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2008; 3:525-36. [PMID: 19513246 PMCID: PMC2634487 DOI: 10.4161/psb.3.8.6186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2008] [Accepted: 04/24/2008] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Many chemicals are critical for plant growth and development and play an important role in integrating various stress signals and controlling downstream stress responses by modulating gene expression machinery and regulating various transporters/pumps and biochemical reactions. These chemicals include calcium (Ca(2+)), cyclic nucleotides, polyphosphoinositides, nitric oxide (NO), sugars, abscisic acid (ABA), jasmonates (JA), salicylic acid (SA) and polyamines. Ca(2+) is one of the very important ubiquitous second messengers in signal transduction pathways and usually its concentration increases in response to the stimuli including stress signals. Many Ca(2+) sensors detect the Ca(2+) signals and direct them to downstream signaling pathways by binding and activating diverse targets. cAMP or cGMP protects the cell with ion toxicity. Phosphoinositides are known to be involved both in transmission of signal across the plasma membrane and in intracellular signaling. NO activates various defense genes and acts as a developmental regulator in plants. Sugars affect the expression of many genes involved in photosynthesis, glycolysis, nitrogen metabolism, sucrose and starch metabolism, defense mechanisms and cell cycle regulation. ABA, JA, SA and polyamines are also involved in many stress responses. Cross-talk between these chemical signaling pathways is very common in plant responses to abiotic and bitotic factors. In this article we have described the role of these chemicals in initiating signaling under stress conditions mainly the abiotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narendra Tuteja
- Plant Molecular Biology Group; International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB); New Delhi, India
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132
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Hakeem R, Fawwad A, Siddiqui A, Ahmadani MY, Basit A. Efficacy of dietetics in low resource communities: dietary intake and BMI of type 2 diabetics living in Karachi before and after receiving dietician's guidance. Pak J Biol Sci 2008; 11:1324-1329. [PMID: 18817263 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2008.1324.1329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
This study was planned to assess the dietary intake of diabetic subjects and kind of dietary modification they have made after individualised dietary guidance. Information on clinical and dietary profile of 200 subjects was recorded at first visit of BIDE. Dietary guidance was given by dietician. Second visit was done after 3 months. Subjects having adequate intake of fruit and vegetable, milk and meat was 68, 38 and 63% for males and 52, 40 and 35% for females, respectively. Only 20.4% males and 5.9% females had usual adequate consumption of the four food groups. Overall adequacy of diet improved for 11.1% of males and 27% of females. Weight reduction was observed in 54.8% of females and 32.2% of males. Rate of BMI reduction was significantly higher in the group who had reduced their caloric intake. This first of its kind study from Pakistan, has documented the efficacy of dietary guidance and highlighted the need for further attention to assure balanced intake of foods form various food groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubina Hakeem
- Department of Research, Baqai Institute of Diabetology and Endocrinology, Baqai Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan
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133
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Ghars MA, Parre E, Debez A, Bordenave M, Richard L, Leport L, Bouchereau A, Savouré A, Abdelly C. Comparative salt tolerance analysis between Arabidopsis thaliana and Thellungiella halophila, with special emphasis on K(+)/Na(+) selectivity and proline accumulation. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2008; 165:588-99. [PMID: 17723252 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2007.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2007] [Revised: 05/21/2007] [Accepted: 05/22/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The eco-physiology of salt tolerance, with an emphasis on K(+) nutrition and proline accumulation, was investigated in the halophyte Thellungiella halophila and in both wild type and eskimo-1 mutant of the glycophyte Arabidopsis thaliana, which differ in their proline accumulation capacity. Plants cultivated in inert sand were challenged for 3 weeks with up to 500mM NaCl. Low salinity significantly decreased A. thaliana growth, whereas growth restriction was significant only at salt concentrations equal to or exceeding 300mM NaCl in T. halophila. Na(+) content generally increased with the amount of salt added in the culture medium in both species, but T. halophila showed an ability to control Na(+) accumulation in shoots. The analysis of the relationship between water and Na(+) contents suggested an apoplastic sodium accumulation in both species; this trait was more pronounced in A. thaliana than in T. halophila. The better NaCl tolerance in the latter was associated with a better K(+) supply, resulting in higher K(+)/Na(+) ratios. It was also noteworthy that, despite highly accumulating proline, the A. thaliana eskimo-1 mutant was the most salt-sensitive species. Taken together, our findings indicate that salt tolerance may be partly linked to the plants' ability to control Na(+) influx and to ensure appropriate K(+) nutrition, but is not linked to proline accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Ali Ghars
- Laboratoire d'Adaptation des Plantes aux Stresses Abiotiques, CBBC, Technopole de Borj-Cedria, Hammam-Lif, Tunisia
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134
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Xu DQ, Huang J, Guo SQ, Yang X, Bao YM, Tang HJ, Zhang HS. Overexpression of a TFIIIA-type zinc finger protein gene ZFP252 enhances drought and salt tolerance in rice (Oryza sativa L.). FEBS Lett 2008; 582:1037-43. [PMID: 18325341 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2008.02.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2008] [Revised: 02/19/2008] [Accepted: 02/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We previously identified a salt and drought stress-responsive TFIIIA-type zinc finger protein gene ZFP252 from rice. Here we report the functional analysis of ZFP252 using gain- and loss-of-function strategies. We found that overexpression of ZFP252 in rice increased the amount of free proline and soluble sugars, elevated the expression of stress defense genes and enhanced rice tolerance to salt and drought stresses, as compared with ZFP252 antisense and non-transgenic plants. Our findings suggest that ZFP252 plays an important role in rice response to salt and drought stresses and is useful in engineering crop plants with enhanced tolerance to salt and drought stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Qing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
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135
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Liao Y, Zhang JS, Chen SY, Zhang WK. Role of soybean GmbZIP132 under abscisic acid and salt stresses. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2008; 50:221-30. [PMID: 18713445 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7909.2007.00593.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Plant basic-leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factors play important roles in many biological processes. In the present study, a bZIP gene, GmbZIP132, was cloned from soybean and its biological function under abiotic stresses was studied. The transcription of GmbZIP132 was induced by drought and high salt treatments. Among all of the organs analyzed, its expression was the highest in cotytledon and stems. GmbZIP132 could weakly bind to the GCN4-like motif (GLM) (5'-GTGAGTCAT-3') in yeast one-hybrid assay. Compared with wild-type (WT) Arabidopsis plants, transgenic plants overexpressing GmbZIP132 showed reduced abscisic acid sensitivity and increased water loss rate. At the stage of germination, transgenic plants were more tolerant to salt treatment than wild-type plants. The expression of some abiotic stress-related genes, such as rd29B, DREB2A, and P5CS, were upregulated in the transgenic plants. These results indicated that GmbZIP132 was an abiotic stress-related gene, and its overexpression could increase the salt tolerance of transgenic Arabidopsis plants during germination, yet no significant difference of tolerance to abiotic stresses was found between transgenic and wild type plants at the seedling stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Liao
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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136
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Mahajan S, Pandey GK, Tuteja N. Calcium- and salt-stress signaling in plants: shedding light on SOS pathway. Arch Biochem Biophys 2008; 471:146-58. [PMID: 18241665 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2008.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2007] [Revised: 01/09/2008] [Accepted: 01/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
As salt stress imposes a major environmental threat to agriculture, understanding the basic physiology and genetics of cell under salt stress is crucial for developing any transgenic strategy. Salt Overly Sensitive (SOS) genes (SOS1-SOS3) were isolated through positional cloning. Since sos mutants are hypersensitive to salt, their characterization resulted in the discovery of a novel pathway, which has helped in our understanding the mechanism of salt-stress tolerance in plants. Genetic analysis confirmed that SOS1-SOS3 function in a common pathway of salt tolerance. This pathway also emphasizes the significance of Ca2+ signal in reinstating cellular ion homeostasis. SOS3, a Ca2+ sensor, transduces the signal downstream after activating and interacting with SOS2 protein kinase. This SOS3-SOS2 complex activates the Na+/H+ antiporter activity of SOS1 thereby reestablish cellular ion homeostasis. Recently, SOS4 and SOS5 have also been characterized. SOS4 encodes a pyridoxal (PL) kinase that is involved in the biosynthesis of pyridoxal-5-phosphate (PLP), an active form of vitamin B6. SOS5 has been shown to be a putative cell surface adhesion protein that is required for normal cell expansion. Under salt stress, the normal growth and expansion of a plant cell becomes even more important and SOS5 helps in the maintenance of cell wall integrity and architecture. In this review we focus on the recent advances in salt stress and SOS signaling pathway. A broad coverage of the discovery of SOS mutants, structural aspect of these genes and the latest developments in the field of SOS1-SOS5 has been described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpi Mahajan
- Plant Molecular Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110 067, India
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137
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Székely G, Abrahám E, Cséplo A, Rigó G, Zsigmond L, Csiszár J, Ayaydin F, Strizhov N, Jásik J, Schmelzer E, Koncz C, Szabados L. Duplicated P5CS genes of Arabidopsis play distinct roles in stress regulation and developmental control of proline biosynthesis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2008; 53:11-28. [PMID: 17971042 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2007.03318.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 387] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Delta-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase enzymes, which catalyse the rate-limiting step of proline biosynthesis, are encoded by two closely related P5CS genes in Arabidopsis. Transcription of the P5CS genes is differentially regulated by drought, salinity and abscisic acid, suggesting that these genes play specific roles in the control of proline biosynthesis. Here we describe the genetic characterization of p5cs insertion mutants, which indicates that P5CS1 is required for proline accumulation under osmotic stress. Knockout mutations of P5CS1 result in the reduction of stress-induced proline synthesis, hypersensitivity to salt stress, and accumulation of reactive oxygen species. By contrast, p5cs2 mutations cause embryo abortion during late stages of seed development. The desiccation sensitivity of p5cs2 embryos does not reflect differential control of transcription, as both P5CS mRNAs are detectable throughout embryonic development. Cellular localization studies with P5CS-GFP gene fusions indicate that P5CS1 is sequestered into subcellular bodies in embryonic cells, where P5CS2 is dominantly cytoplasmic. Although proline feeding rescues the viability of mutant embryos, p5cs2 seedlings undergo aberrant development and fail to produce fertile plants even when grown on proline. In seedlings, specific expression of P5CS2-GFP is seen in leaf primordia where P5CS1-GFP levels are very low, and P5CS2-GFP also shows a distinct cell-type-specific and subcellular localization pattern compared to P5CS1-GFP in root tips, leaves and flower organs. These data demonstrate that the Arabidopsis P5CS enzymes perform non-redundant functions, and that P5CS1 is insufficient for compensation of developmental defects caused by inactivation of P5CS2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyöngyi Székely
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Center, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
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138
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139
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Xiang Y, Huang Y, Xiong L. Characterization of stress-responsive CIPK genes in rice for stress tolerance improvement. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2007; 144:1416-28. [PMID: 17535819 PMCID: PMC1914128 DOI: 10.1104/pp.107.101295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2007] [Accepted: 05/22/2007] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Plants respond to adverse environments by initiating a series of signaling processes that often involves diverse protein kinases, including calcineurin B-like protein-interacting protein kinases (CIPKs). In this study, putative CIPK genes (OsCIPK01-OsCIPK30) in the rice (Oryza sativa) genome were surveyed for their transcriptional responses to various abiotic stresses. The results showed that 20 OsCIPK genes were differentially induced by at least one of the stresses, including drought, salinity, cold, polyethylene glycol, and abscisic acid treatment. Most of the genes induced by drought or salt stress were also induced by abscisic acid treatment but not by cold. A few CIPK genes containing none of the reported stress-responsive cis-elements in their promoter regions were also induced by multiple stresses. To prove that some of these stress-responsive OsCIPK genes are potentially useful for stress-tolerance improvement, three CIPK genes (OsCIPK03, OsCIPK12, and OsCIPK15) were overexpressed in japonica rice 'Zhonghua 11'. Transgenic plants overexpressing the transgenes OsCIPK03, OsCIPK12, and OsCIPK15 showed significantly improved tolerance to cold, drought, and salt stress, respectively. Under cold and drought stresses, OsCIPK03- and OsCIPK12-overexpressing transgenic plants accumulated significantly higher contents of proline and soluble sugars than the wild type. Putative proline synthetase and transporter genes had significantly higher expression level in the transgenic plants than in the wild type. The differentially induced expression of OsCIPK genes by different stresses and the examples of improved stress tolerance of the OsCIPK transgenic rice suggest that rice CIPK genes have diverse roles in different stress responses and some of them may possess potential usefulness in stress-tolerance improvement of rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Xiang
- National Center of Plant Gene Research, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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140
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Wang ZQ, Yuan YZ, Ou JQ, Lin QH, Zhang CF. Glutamine synthetase and glutamate dehydrogenase contribute differentially to proline accumulation in leaves of wheat (Triticum aestivum) seedlings exposed to different salinity. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2007; 164:695-701. [PMID: 16777263 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2006.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2006] [Accepted: 05/03/2006] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the roles of ammonium-assimilating enzymes in proline synthesis under salinity stress, the activities of glutamine synthetase (GS; EC 6.3.1.2) and NADH-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase (NADH-GDH; EC 1.4.1.2) were determined in leaves of wheat (Triticum aestivum) seedlings exposed to salt stress at 150 and 300 mM NaCl for 5d. At the lower salinity, only GS activity increased markedly. At 300 mM NaCl, however, NADH-GDH activity increased while GS activity decreased. A significant accumulation of proline was found only at high-salinity exposure while glutamate, a proline precursor, increased dramatically under both low and high salinity. These data suggests that GS-catalysis might be the main glutamate synthesis pathway under low salinity. At 300 mM NaCl, glutamate seems to be preferentially produced through the process catalyzed by NADH-GDH. The increase of ammonium in salinity-stressed wheat seedlings might have resulted from increased photorespiration, which is responsible for the higher NADH-GDH activity. The activity of Delta(1)-pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase (P5CR; EC 1.5.1.2) was significantly enhanced at 300 mM NaCl but remained unchanged at 150 mM. Delta(1)-Pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase (P5CS) activity did not show a specific response, indicating that P5CR might be the limiting step in proline synthesis from glutamate at high salinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Qiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of MOE for Plant Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China
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141
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Chen Z, Zhou M, Newman IA, Mendham NJ, Zhang G, Shabala S. Potassium and sodium relations in salinised barley tissues as a basis of differential salt tolerance. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2007; 34:150-162. [PMID: 32689341 DOI: 10.1071/fp06237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2006] [Accepted: 01/18/2007] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
A large-scale glasshouse trial, including nearly 70 barley cultivars (5300 plants in total), was conducted over 2 consecutive years to investigate plant physiological responses to salinity. In a parallel set of experiments, plant salt tolerance was assessed by non-invasive microelectrode measurements of net K+ flux from roots of 3-day-old seedlings of each cultivar after 1 h treatment in 80 mm NaCl as described in our previous publication (Chen et al. 2005). K+ flux from the root in response to NaCl treatment was highly (P < 0.001) inversely correlated with relative grain yield, shoot biomass, plant height, net CO2 assimilation, survival rate and thousand-seed weight measured in glasshouse experiments after 4-5 months of salinity treatment. No significant correlation with relative germination rate or tillering was found. In general, 62 out of 69 cultivars followed an inverse relationship between K+ efflux and salt tolerance. In a few cultivars, however, high salt tolerance (measured as grain yield at harvest) was observed for plants showing only modest ability to retain K+ in the root cells. Tissue elemental analysis showed that these plants had a much better ability to prevent Na+ accumulation in plant leaves and, thus, to maintain a higher K+/Na+ ratio. Taken together, our results show that a plant's ability to maintain high K+/Na+ ratio (either retention of K+ or preventing Na+ from accumulating in leaves) is a key feature for salt tolerance in barley.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghua Chen
- School of Agricultural Science, University of Tasmania, GPO Box 252-54, Hobart, Tas. 7001, Australia
| | - Meixue Zhou
- TIAR, University of Tasmania, Kings Meadows, Tas. 7249, Australia
| | - Ian A Newman
- School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Tasmania, GPO Box 252-54, Hobart, Tas. 7001, Australia
| | - Neville J Mendham
- School of Agricultural Science, University of Tasmania, GPO Box 252-54, Hobart, Tas. 7001, Australia
| | - Guoping Zhang
- Department of Agronomy, Huajiachi Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Sergey Shabala
- School of Agricultural Science, University of Tasmania, GPO Box 252-54, Hobart, Tas. 7001, Australia
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142
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Lu PL, Chen NZ, An R, Su Z, Qi BS, Ren F, Chen J, Wang XC. A novel drought-inducible gene, ATAF1, encodes a NAC family protein that negatively regulates the expression of stress-responsive genes in Arabidopsis. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2007; 63:289-305. [PMID: 17031511 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-006-9089-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2006] [Accepted: 09/07/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
NAC proteins are plant-specific transcriptional regulators. ATAF1 was one of the first identified NAC proteins in Arabidopsis. In present study, we characterized the ATAF1 expression and biological function in response to water deficit stress. ATAF1 mRNA expression was strongly induced by dehydration and abscisic acid (ABA) treatment, but inhibited by water treatment, suggesting a general role in drought stress responses. Transient expression analysis in onion epidermal cells indicated the nuclear localization for the ATAF1::GFP fusion protein. Yeast transactivation analysis showed that ATAF1 had ability to activate reporter gene expression. Furthermore, domain deletion analysis revealed that the ATAF1 transactivation activity was conferred by its C-terminal domain. When ATAF1 gene was knocked out by T-DNA insertions, Arabidopsis ataf1-1 and ataf1-2 mutants displayed a recovery rate about seven times higher than wild-type plants in drought response test. This ataf1 phenotype was coincident with the enhanced expression of stress responsive marker genes, such as COR47, ERD10, KIN1, RD22 and RD29A under drought stress. Above evidences suggest that ATAF1, as a transcriptional regulator, negatively regulates the expression of stress responsive genes under drought stress in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Li Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100094, China
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143
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Le Lay P, Isaure MP, Sarry JE, Kuhn L, Fayard B, Le Bail JL, Bastien O, Garin J, Roby C, Bourguignon J. Metabolomic, proteomic and biophysical analyses of Arabidopsis thaliana cells exposed to a caesium stress. Influence of potassium supply. Biochimie 2006; 88:1533-47. [PMID: 16716483 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2006.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2006] [Accepted: 03/30/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The incorporation and localisation of 133Cs in a plant cellular model and the metabolic response induced were analysed as a function of external K concentration using a multidisciplinary approach. Sucrose-fed photosynthetic Arabidopsis thaliana suspension cells, grown in a K-containing or K-depleted medium, were submitted to a 1 mM Cs stress. Cell growth, strongly diminished in absence of K, was not influenced by Cs. In contrast, the chlorophyll content, affected by a Cs stress superposed to K depletion, did not vary under the sole K depletion. The uptake of Cs was monitored in vivo using 133Cs NMR spectroscopy while the final K and Cs concentrations were determined using atomic absorption spectrometry. Cs absorption rate and final concentration increased in a K-depleted external medium; in vivo NMR revealed that intracellular Cs was distributed in two kinds of compartment. Synchrotron X-ray fluorescence microscopy indicated that one could be the chloroplasts. In parallel, the cellular response to the Cs stress was analysed using proteomic and metabolic profiling. Proteins up- and down-regulated in response to Cs, in presence of K+ or not, were analysed by 2D gel electrophoresis and identified by mass spectrometry. No salient feature was detected excepting the overexpression of antioxidant enzymes, a common response of Arabidopsis cells stressed whether by Cs or by K-depletion. 13C and 31P NMR analysis of acid extracts showed that the metabolome impact of the Cs stress was also a function of the K nutrition. These analyses suggested that sugar metabolism and glycolytic fluxes were affected in a way depending upon the medium content in K+. Metabolic flux measurements using 13C labelling would be an elegant way to pursue on this line. Using our experimental system, a progressively stronger Cs stress might point out other specific responses elicited by Cs.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Le Lay
- Laboratoire de physiologie cellulaire végétale, UMR 5168 CEA/CNRS/INRA/UJF, DRDC, CEA-Grenoble, avenue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble cedex 09, France
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144
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Agarwal M, Hao Y, Kapoor A, Dong CH, Fujii H, Zheng X, Zhu JK. A R2R3 type MYB transcription factor is involved in the cold regulation of CBF genes and in acquired freezing tolerance. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:37636-45. [PMID: 17015446 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m605895200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 525] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cold temperatures trigger the expression of the CBF family of transcription factors, which in turn activate many downstream genes that confer freezing tolerance to plants. It has been shown previously that the cold regulation of CBF3 involves an upstream bHLH-type transcription factor, ICE1. ICE1 binds to the Myc recognition sequences in the CBF3 promoter. Apart from Myc recognition sequences, CBF promoters also have Myb recognition sequences. We report here that the Arabidopsis MYB15 is involved in cold-regulation of CBF genes and in the development of freezing tolerance. The MYB15 gene transcript is up-regulated by cold stress. The MYB15 protein interacts with ICE1 and binds to Myb recognition sequences in the promoters of CBF genes. Overexpression of MYB15 results in reduced expression of CBF genes whereas its loss-of-function leads to increased expression of CBF genes in the cold. The myb15 mutant plants show increased tolerance to freezing stress whereas its overexpression reduces freezing tolerance. Our results suggest that MYB15 is part of a complex network of transcription factors controlling the expression of CBFs and other genes in response to cold stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manu Agarwal
- Institute for Integrative Genome Biology and Department of Botany & Plant Science, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA
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145
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Lee BH, Kapoor A, Zhu J, Zhu JK. STABILIZED1, a stress-upregulated nuclear protein, is required for pre-mRNA splicing, mRNA turnover, and stress tolerance in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2006; 18:1736-49. [PMID: 16751345 PMCID: PMC1488911 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.106.042184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
In plants, many gene transcripts are very unstable, which is important for the tight control of their temporal and spatial expression patterns. To identify cellular factors controlling the stability of unstable mRNAs in plants, we used luciferase imaging in Arabidopsis thaliana to isolate a recessive mutant, stabilized1-1 (sta1-1), with enhanced stability of the normally unstable luciferase transcript. The sta1-1 mutation also causes the stabilization of some endogenous gene transcripts and has a range of developmental and stress response phenotypes. STA1 encodes a nuclear protein similar to the human U5 small ribonucleoprotein-associated 102-kD protein and to the yeast pre-mRNA splicing factors Prp1p and Prp6p. STA1 expression is upregulated by cold stress, and the sta1-1 mutant is defective in the splicing of the cold-induced COR15A gene. Our results show that STA1 is a pre-mRNA splicing factor required not only for splicing but also for the turnover of unstable transcripts and that it has an important role in plant responses to abiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byeong-ha Lee
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
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146
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Weltmeier F, Ehlert A, Mayer CS, Dietrich K, Wang X, Schütze K, Alonso R, Harter K, Vicente-Carbajosa J, Dröge-Laser W. Combinatorial control of Arabidopsis proline dehydrogenase transcription by specific heterodimerisation of bZIP transcription factors. EMBO J 2006; 25:3133-43. [PMID: 16810321 PMCID: PMC1500977 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7601206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2005] [Accepted: 05/30/2006] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Proline metabolism has been implicated in plant responses to abiotic stresses. The Arabidopsis thaliana proline dehydrogenase (ProDH) is catalysing the first step in proline degradation. Transcriptional activation of ProDH by hypo-osmolarity is mediated by an ACTCAT cis element, a typical binding site of basic leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factors. In this study, we demonstrate by gain-of-function and loss-of-function approaches, as well as chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), that ProDH is a direct target gene of the group-S bZIP factor AtbZIP53. Dimerisation studies making use of yeast and Arabidopsis protoplast-based two-hybrid systems, as well as bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) reveal that AtbZIP53 does not preferentially form dimers with group-S bZIPs but strongly interacts with members of group-C. In particular, a synergistic interplay of AtbZIP53 and group-C AtbZIP10 was demonstrated by colocalisation studies, strong enhancement of ACTCAT-mediated transcription as well as complementation studies in atbzip53 atbzip10 T-DNA insertion lines. Heterodimer mediated activation of transcription has been found to operate independent of the DNA-binding properties and is described as a crucial mechanism to modulate transcription factor activity and function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea Ehlert
- Albrecht-von-Haller Institut, Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Caroline S Mayer
- Albrecht-von-Haller Institut, Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Katrin Dietrich
- Albrecht-von-Haller Institut, Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Xuan Wang
- Albrecht-von-Haller Institut, Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Katia Schütze
- Zentrum für Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen, Pflanzenphysiologie, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rosario Alonso
- Department of Bioquimica y Biologia Molecular, ETSI Agronomos, Universidad Politecnica, Ciudad Universitaria, Madrid, Spain
| | - Klaus Harter
- Zentrum für Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen, Pflanzenphysiologie, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jesús Vicente-Carbajosa
- Department of Bioquimica y Biologia Molecular, ETSI Agronomos, Universidad Politecnica, Ciudad Universitaria, Madrid, Spain
| | - Wolfgang Dröge-Laser
- Albrecht-von-Haller Institut, Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Albrecht-von-Haller Institut, University of Götiingen, Untere Karspüle 2, Göttingen 37073, Germany. Tel.: +49 (0)551 39 19816; Fax: +49 (0)551 39 7820; E-mail:
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147
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Diouf D, Duponnois R, Tidiane Ba A, Neyra M, Lesueur D. Symbiosis of Acacia auriculiformis and Acacia mangium with mycorrhizal fungi and Bradyrhizobium spp. improves salt tolerance in greenhouse conditions. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2006; 32:1143-1152. [PMID: 32689208 DOI: 10.1071/fp04069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2004] [Accepted: 07/25/2005] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The aim of our work was to assess the growth and mineral nutrition of salt stressed Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex Benth. and Acacia mangium Willd. seedlings inoculated with a combination of selected microsymbionts (bradyrhizobia and mycorrhizal fungi). Plants were grown in greenhouse conditions in non-sterile soil, irrigated with a saline nutrient solution (0, 50 and 100 mm NaCl). The inoculation combinations consisted of the Bradyrhizobium strain Aust 13c for A. mangium and Aust 11c for A. auriculiformis, an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (Glomus intraradices, DAOM 181602) and an ectomycorrhizal fungus (Pisolithus albus, strain COI 007). The inoculation treatments were designed to identify the symbionts that might improve the salt tolerance of both Acacia species. The main effect of salinity was reduced tree growth in both acacias. However, it appeared that, compared with controls, both rhizobial and mycorrhizal inoculation improved the growth of the salt-stressed plants, while inoculation with the ectomycorrhizal fungus strain appeared to have a small effect on their growth and mineral nutrition levels. Endomycorrhizal inoculation combined with rhizobial inoculation usually gave good results. Analysis of foliar proline accumulation confirmed that dual inoculation gave the trees better tolerance to salt stress and suggested that the use of this dual inoculum might be beneficial for inoculation of both Acacia species in soils with moderate salt constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diégane Diouf
- Département de Biologie Végétale, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, BP 5005, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Robin Duponnois
- UR 40, Symbioses Tropicales et Méditerranéennes, IRD, 01 BP 182, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Amadou Tidiane Ba
- Département de Biologie Végétale, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, BP 5005, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Marc Neyra
- Laboratoire Commun de Microbiologie, IRD/ISRA/UCAD, BP 1386, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Didier Lesueur
- Laboratoire Commun de Microbiologie, IRD/ISRA/UCAD, BP 1386, Dakar, Sénégal
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148
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Theerakulp P, . SB, . KKN. Genetic Diversity, Salinity Tolerance and Physiological Responses to NaCl of Six Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Cultivars. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.3923/ajps.2005.562.573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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149
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Colebatch G, Desbrosses G, Ott T, Krusell L, Montanari O, Kloska S, Kopka J, Udvardi MK. Global changes in transcription orchestrate metabolic differentiation during symbiotic nitrogen fixation in Lotus japonicus. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2004; 39:487-512. [PMID: 15272870 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2004.02150.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Research on legume nodule metabolism has contributed greatly to our knowledge of primary carbon and nitrogen metabolism in plants in general, and in symbiotic nitrogen fixation in particular. However, most previous studies focused on one or a few genes/enzymes involved in selected metabolic pathways in many different legume species. We utilized the tools of transcriptomics and metabolomics to obtain an unprecedented overview of the metabolic differentiation that results from nodule development in the model legume, Lotus japonicus. Using an array of more than 5000 nodule cDNA clones, representing 2500 different genes, we identified approximately 860 genes that were more highly expressed in nodules than in roots. One-third of these are involved in metabolism and transport, and over 100 encode proteins that are likely to be involved in signalling, or regulation of gene expression at the transcriptional or post-transcriptional level. Several metabolic pathways appeared to be co-ordinately upregulated in nodules, including glycolysis, CO(2) fixation, amino acid biosynthesis, and purine, haem, and redox metabolism. Insight into the physiological conditions that prevail within nodules was obtained from specific sets of induced genes. In addition to the expected signs of hypoxia, numerous indications were obtained that nodule cells also experience P-limitation and osmotic stress. Several potential regulators of these stress responses were identified. Metabolite profiling by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry revealed a distinct metabolic phenotype for nodules that reflected the global changes in metabolism inferred from transcriptome analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian Colebatch
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Golm, Germany
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150
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Fabro G, Kovács I, Pavet V, Szabados L, Alvarez ME. Proline accumulation and AtP5CS2 gene activation are induced by plant-pathogen incompatible interactions in Arabidopsis. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2004; 17:343-50. [PMID: 15077666 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi.2004.17.4.343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Accumulation of free L-proline (Pro) is a typical stress response incited by osmotic injuries in plants and microorganisms. Although the protective role of Pro in osmotic stress is not well understood, it is thought to function as compatible osmolyte or as a scavenger of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Here we show that, in Arabidopsis thaliana, Pro biosynthesis can be activated by incompatible plant-pathogen interactions triggering a hypersensitive response (HR). Pro accumulates in leaf tissues treated with Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato avirulent strains (avrRpt2 and avrRpm1) but remains unchanged in leaves infected with isogenic virulent bacteria. Incompatible interactions lead to transcriptional activation of AtP5CS2, but not AtP5CS1, encoding the rate limiting enzyme in Pro biosynthesis pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase (P5CS). AtP5CS2:GUS and AtP5CS2:LUC transgenes were induced inside and around the HR lesions produced by avirulent Pseudomonas spp. in transgenic plants. Pro accumulation was faster and stronger when stimulated by avrRpm1 than by avrRpt2, and was compromised in the low-salicylic acid plants NahG and eds5 when signaled through the RPS2-dependent pathway. In addition, Pro content and AtP5CS2 expression were enhanced by ROS in wild-type plants, suggesting that ROS may function as an intermediate signal in AtP5CS2-mediated Pro accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina Fabro
- CIQUIBIC-CONICET, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
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