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Grunewald W, Friml J. The march of the PINs: developmental plasticity by dynamic polar targeting in plant cells. EMBO J 2010; 29:2700-14. [PMID: 20717140 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2010.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2010] [Accepted: 07/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of plants and their adaptive capacity towards ever-changing environmental conditions largely depend on the spatial distribution of the plant hormone auxin. At the cellular level, various internal and external signals are translated into specific changes in the polar, subcellular localization of auxin transporters from the PIN family thereby directing and redirecting the intercellular fluxes of auxin. The current model of polar targeting of PIN proteins towards different plasma membrane domains encompasses apolar secretion of newly synthesized PINs followed by endocytosis and recycling back to the plasma membrane in a polarized manner. In this review, we follow the subcellular march of the PINs and highlight the cellular and molecular mechanisms behind polar foraging and subcellular trafficking pathways. Also, the entry points for different signals and regulations including by auxin itself will be discussed within the context of morphological and developmental consequences of polar targeting and subcellular trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wim Grunewald
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark, Gent, Belgium
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102
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Ovecka M, Berson T, Beck M, Derksen J, Samaj J, Baluska F, Lichtscheidl IK. Structural sterols are involved in both the initiation and tip growth of root hairs in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE PLANT CELL 2010; 22:2999-3019. [PMID: 20841426 PMCID: PMC2965552 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.109.069880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2009] [Revised: 07/21/2010] [Accepted: 08/18/2010] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Structural sterols are abundant in the plasma membrane of root apex cells in Arabidopsis thaliana. They specifically accumulate in trichoblasts during the prebulging and bulge stages and show a polar accumulation in the tip during root hair elongation but are distributed evenly in mature root hairs. Thus, structural sterols may serve as a marker for root hair initiation and growth. In addition, they may predict branching events in mutants with branching root hairs. Structural sterols were detected using the sterol complexing fluorochrome filipin. Application of filipin caused a rapid, concentration-dependent decrease in tip growth. Filipin-complexed sterols accumulated in globular structures that fused to larger FM4-64-positive aggregates in the tip, so-called filipin-induced apical compartments, which were closely associated with the plasma membrane. The plasma membrane appeared malformed and the cytoarchitecture of the tip zone was affected. Trans-Golgi network/early endosomal compartments containing molecular markers, such as small Rab GTPase RabA1d and SNARE Wave line 13 (VTI12), locally accumulated in these filipin-induced apical compartments, while late endosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, plastids, and cytosol were excluded from them. These data suggest that the local distribution and apical accumulation of structural sterols may regulate vesicular trafficking and plasma membrane properties during both initiation and tip growth of root hairs in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Ovecka
- Core Facility of Cell Imaging and Ultrastructure Research, University of Viena, A-1090 Viena, Austria.
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103
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Pullen M, Clark N, Zarinkamar F, Topping J, Lindsey K. Analysis of vascular development in the hydra sterol biosynthetic mutants of Arabidopsis. PLoS One 2010; 5:e12227. [PMID: 20808926 PMCID: PMC2923191 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2010] [Accepted: 07/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The control of vascular tissue development in plants is influenced by diverse hormonal signals, but their interactions during this process are not well understood. Wild-type sterol profiles are essential for growth, tissue patterning and signalling processes in plant development, and are required for regulated vascular patterning. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Here we investigate the roles of sterols in vascular tissue development, through an analysis of the Arabidopsis mutants hydra1 and fackel/hydra2, which are defective in the enzymes sterol isomerase and sterol C-14 reductase respectively. We show that defective vascular patterning in the shoot is associated with ectopic cell divisions. Expression of the auxin-regulated AtHB8 homeobox gene is disrupted in mutant embryos and seedlings, associated with variably incomplete vascular strand formation and duplication of the longitudinal axis. Misexpression of the auxin reporter proIAA2ratioGUS and mislocalization of PIN proteins occurs in the mutants. Introduction of the ethylene-insensitive ein2 mutation partially rescues defective cell division, localization of PIN proteins, and vascular strand development. CONCLUSIONS The results support a model in which sterols are required for correct auxin and ethylene crosstalk to regulate PIN localization, auxin distribution and AtHB8 expression, necessary for correct vascular development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Pullen
- The Integrative Cell Biology Laboratory, School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Nick Clark
- The Integrative Cell Biology Laboratory, School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Fatemeh Zarinkamar
- The Integrative Cell Biology Laboratory, School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Topping
- The Integrative Cell Biology Laboratory, School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Keith Lindsey
- The Integrative Cell Biology Laboratory, School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
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104
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Stamm P, Kumar PP. The phytohormone signal network regulating elongation growth during shade avoidance. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2010; 61:2889-2903. [PMID: 20501746 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erq147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to animals, plants maintain highly plastic growth and development throughout their life, which enables them to adapt to environmental fluctuations. Phytohormones coordinately regulate these adaptations by integrating environmental inputs into a complex signalling network. In this review, the focus is on the rapid elongation that occurs in response to canopy shading or submergence, and current knowledge and recent advances in deciphering the network of phytohormone signalling that regulates this response are explored. The review concentrates on the involvement of the phytohormones auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, and ethylene. Despite the occurrence of considerable gaps in current understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms, it was possible to identify a network of phytohormone signalling intermediates at multiple levels that regulates elongation growth in response to canopy shade or submergence. Based on the observations that there are spatial and temporal differences in the interactions of phytohormones, the importance of more integrative approaches for future studies is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Stamm
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543
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105
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Carland F, Fujioka S, Nelson T. The sterol methyltransferases SMT1, SMT2, and SMT3 influence Arabidopsis development through nonbrassinosteroid products. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 153:741-56. [PMID: 20421456 PMCID: PMC2879779 DOI: 10.1104/pp.109.152587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2009] [Accepted: 04/19/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant sterols are structural components of cell membranes that provide rigidity, permeability, and regional identity to membranes. Sterols are also the precursors to the brassinosteroid signaling molecules. Evidence is accumulating that specific sterols have roles in pattern formation during development. COTYLEDON VASCULAR PATTERNING1 (CVP1) encodes C-24 STEROL METHYLTRANSFERASE2 (SMT2), one of three SMTs in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). SMT2 and SMT3, which also encodes a C-24 SMT, catalyze the reaction that distinguishes the synthesis of structural sterols from signaling brassinosteroid derivatives and are highly regulated. The deficiency of SMT2 in the cvp1 mutant results in moderate developmental defects, including aberrant cotyledon vein patterning, serrated floral organs, and reduced stature, but plants are viable, suggesting that SMT3 activity can substitute for the loss of SMT2. To test the distinct developmental roles of SMT2 and SMT3, we identified a transcript null smt3 mutant. Although smt3 single mutants appear wild type, cvp1 smt3 double mutants show enhanced defects relative to cvp1 mutants, such as discontinuous cotyledon vein pattern, and produce novel phenotypes, including defective root growth, loss of apical dominance, sterility, and homeotic floral transformations. These phenotypes are correlated with major alterations in the profiles of specific sterols but without significant alterations to brassinosteroid profiles. The alterations to sterol profiles in cvp1 mutants affect auxin response, demonstrated by weak auxin insensitivity, enhanced axr1 auxin resistance, ectopically expressed DR5:beta-glucuronidase in developing embryos, and defective response to auxin-inhibited PIN2-green fluorescent protein endocytosis. We discuss the developmental roles of sterols implied by these results.
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106
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Palovaara J, Hallberg H, Stasolla C, Luit B, Hakman I. Expression of a gymnosperm PIN homologous gene correlates with auxin immunolocalization pattern at cotyledon formation and in demarcation of the procambium during Picea abies somatic embryo development and in seedling tissues. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 29:483-96. [PMID: 20129931 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpn048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In seed plants, the body organization is established during embryogenesis and is uniform across gymnosperms and angiosperms, despite differences during early embryogeny. Evidence from angiosperms implicates the plant hormone auxin and its polar transport, mainly established by the PIN family of auxin efflux transporters, in the patterning of embryos. Here, PaPIN1 from Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.), a gene widely expressed in conifer tissues and organs, was characterized and its expression and localization patterns were determined with reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and in situ hybridization during somatic embryo development and in seedlings. PaPIN1 shares the predicted structure of other PIN proteins, but its central hydrophilic loop is longer than most PINs. In phylogenetic analyses, PaPIN1 clusters with Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. PIN3, PIN4 and PIN7, but its expression pattern also suggests similarity to PIN1. The PaPIN1 expression signal was high in the protoderm of pre-cotyledonary embryos, but not if embryos were pre-treated with the auxin transport inhibitor N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA). This, together with a high auxin immunolocalization signal in this cell layer, suggests a role of PaPIN1 during cotyledon formation. At later stages, high PaPIN1 expression was observed in differentiating procambium, running from the tip of incipient cotyledons down through the embryo axis and to the root apical meristem (RAM), although the mode of RAM specification in conifer embryos differs from that of most angiosperms. Also, the PaPIN1 in situ signal was high in seedling root tips including root cap columella cells. The results thus suggest that PaPIN1 provides an ancient function associated with auxin transport and embryo pattern formation prior to the separation of angiosperms and gymnosperms, in spite of some morphological differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joakim Palovaara
- School of Natural Sciences, Linnaeus University, SE-391 82, Kalmar, Sweden
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107
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Boutté Y, Frescatada-Rosa M, Men S, Chow CM, Ebine K, Gustavsson A, Johansson L, Ueda T, Moore I, Jürgens G, Grebe M. Endocytosis restricts Arabidopsis KNOLLE syntaxin to the cell division plane during late cytokinesis. EMBO J 2010; 29:546-58. [PMID: 19959995 PMCID: PMC2789941 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2009.363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2009] [Accepted: 11/06/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokinesis represents the final stage of eukaryotic cell division during which the cytoplasm becomes partitioned between daughter cells. The process differs to some extent between animal and plant cells, but proteins of the syntaxin family mediate membrane fusion in the plane of cell division in diverse organisms. How syntaxin localization is kept in check remains elusive. Here, we report that localization of the Arabidopsis KNOLLE syntaxin in the plane of cell division is maintained by sterol-dependent endocytosis involving a clathrin- and DYNAMIN-RELATED PROTEIN1A-dependent mechanism. On genetic or pharmacological interference with endocytosis, KNOLLE mis-localizes to lateral plasma membranes after cell-plate fusion. Fluorescence-loss-in-photo-bleaching and fluorescence-recovery-after-photo-bleaching experiments reveal lateral diffusion of GFP-KNOLLE from the plane of division to lateral membranes. In an endocytosis-defective sterol biosynthesis mutant displaying lateral KNOLLE diffusion, KNOLLE secretory trafficking remains unaffected. Thus, restriction of lateral diffusion by endocytosis may serve to maintain specificity of syntaxin localization during late cytokinesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohann Boutté
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, UPSC, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Márcia Frescatada-Rosa
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Shuzhen Men
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, UPSC, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Cheung-Ming Chow
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, UK
| | - Kazuo Ebine
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Anna Gustavsson
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Lenore Johansson
- Electron Microscopy Platform, Chemical and Biological Centre, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Takashi Ueda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ian Moore
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, UK
| | - Gerd Jürgens
- Centre for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Department of Developmental Genetics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Markus Grebe
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, UPSC, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
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108
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Roudier F, Gissot L, Beaudoin F, Haslam R, Michaelson L, Marion J, Molino D, Lima A, Bach L, Morin H, Tellier F, Palauqui JC, Bellec Y, Renne C, Miquel M, Dacosta M, Vignard J, Rochat C, Markham JE, Moreau P, Napier J, Faure JD. Very-long-chain fatty acids are involved in polar auxin transport and developmental patterning in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2010; 22:364-375. [PMID: 20145257 DOI: 10.2307/25680057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) are essential for many aspects of plant development and necessary for the synthesis of seed storage triacylglycerols, epicuticular waxes, and sphingolipids. Identification of the acetyl-CoA carboxylase PASTICCINO3 and the 3-hydroxy acyl-CoA dehydratase PASTICCINO2 revealed that VLCFAs are important for cell proliferation and tissue patterning. Here, we show that the immunophilin PASTICCINO1 (PAS1) is also required for VLCFA synthesis. Impairment of PAS1 function results in reduction of VLCFA levels that particularly affects the composition of sphingolipids, known to be important for cell polarity in animals. Moreover, PAS1 associates with several enzymes of the VLCFA elongase complex in the endoplasmic reticulum. The pas1 mutants are deficient in lateral root formation and are characterized by an abnormal patterning of the embryo apex, which leads to defective cotyledon organogenesis. Our data indicate that in both tissues, defective organogenesis is associated with the mistargeting of the auxin efflux carrier PIN FORMED1 in specific cells, resulting in local alteration of polar auxin distribution. Furthermore, we show that exogenous VLCFAs rescue lateral root organogenesis and polar auxin distribution, indicating their direct involvement in these processes. Based on these data, we propose that PAS1 acts as a molecular scaffold for the fatty acid elongase complex in the endoplasmic reticulum and that the resulting VLCFAs are required for polar auxin transport and tissue patterning during plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Roudier
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-AgroParisTech, Centre de Versailles-Grignon, 78026 Versailles Cedex, France
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109
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Roudier F, Gissot L, Beaudoin F, Haslam R, Michaelson L, Marion J, Molino D, Lima A, Bach L, Morin H, Tellier F, Palauqui JC, Bellec Y, Renne C, Miquel M, DaCosta M, Vignard J, Rochat C, Markham JE, Moreau P, Napier J, Faure JD. Very-long-chain fatty acids are involved in polar auxin transport and developmental patterning in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2010; 22:364-75. [PMID: 20145257 PMCID: PMC2845409 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.109.071209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2009] [Revised: 01/21/2010] [Accepted: 01/27/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) are essential for many aspects of plant development and necessary for the synthesis of seed storage triacylglycerols, epicuticular waxes, and sphingolipids. Identification of the acetyl-CoA carboxylase PASTICCINO3 and the 3-hydroxy acyl-CoA dehydratase PASTICCINO2 revealed that VLCFAs are important for cell proliferation and tissue patterning. Here, we show that the immunophilin PASTICCINO1 (PAS1) is also required for VLCFA synthesis. Impairment of PAS1 function results in reduction of VLCFA levels that particularly affects the composition of sphingolipids, known to be important for cell polarity in animals. Moreover, PAS1 associates with several enzymes of the VLCFA elongase complex in the endoplasmic reticulum. The pas1 mutants are deficient in lateral root formation and are characterized by an abnormal patterning of the embryo apex, which leads to defective cotyledon organogenesis. Our data indicate that in both tissues, defective organogenesis is associated with the mistargeting of the auxin efflux carrier PIN FORMED1 in specific cells, resulting in local alteration of polar auxin distribution. Furthermore, we show that exogenous VLCFAs rescue lateral root organogenesis and polar auxin distribution, indicating their direct involvement in these processes. Based on these data, we propose that PAS1 acts as a molecular scaffold for the fatty acid elongase complex in the endoplasmic reticulum and that the resulting VLCFAs are required for polar auxin transport and tissue patterning during plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Roudier
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-AgroParisTech, Centre de Versailles-Grignon, 78026 Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Lionel Gissot
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-AgroParisTech, Centre de Versailles-Grignon, 78026 Versailles Cedex, France
| | | | - Richard Haslam
- Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jessica Marion
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-AgroParisTech, Centre de Versailles-Grignon, 78026 Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Diana Molino
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-AgroParisTech, Centre de Versailles-Grignon, 78026 Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Amparo Lima
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-AgroParisTech, Centre de Versailles-Grignon, 78026 Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Liên Bach
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-AgroParisTech, Centre de Versailles-Grignon, 78026 Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Halima Morin
- Plateforme de Cytologie et d'Imagerie Végétale, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Frédérique Tellier
- Plateforme de Chimie du Végétale, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Palauqui
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-AgroParisTech, Centre de Versailles-Grignon, 78026 Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Yannick Bellec
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-AgroParisTech, Centre de Versailles-Grignon, 78026 Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Charlotte Renne
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-AgroParisTech, Centre de Versailles-Grignon, 78026 Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Martine Miquel
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-AgroParisTech, Centre de Versailles-Grignon, 78026 Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Marco DaCosta
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-AgroParisTech, Centre de Versailles-Grignon, 78026 Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Julien Vignard
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-AgroParisTech, Centre de Versailles-Grignon, 78026 Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Christine Rochat
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-AgroParisTech, Centre de Versailles-Grignon, 78026 Versailles Cedex, France
| | | | - Patrick Moreau
- Laboratoire Biogenèse membranaire, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5200, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Université Bordeaux 2, BP 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France
| | | | - Jean-Denis Faure
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-AgroParisTech, Centre de Versailles-Grignon, 78026 Versailles Cedex, France
- Address correspondence to
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110
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Friml J. Subcellular trafficking of PIN auxin efflux carriers in auxin transport. Eur J Cell Biol 2010; 89:231-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2009.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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111
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112
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Kim HB, Lee H, Oh CJ, Lee HY, Eum HL, Kim HS, Hong YP, Lee Y, Choe S, An CS, Choi SB. Postembryonic seedling lethality in the sterol-deficient Arabidopsis cyp51A2 mutant is partially mediated by the composite action of ethylene and reactive oxygen species. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 152:192-205. [PMID: 19915013 PMCID: PMC2799356 DOI: 10.1104/pp.109.149088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2009] [Accepted: 11/05/2009] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Seedling-lethal phenotypes of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) mutants that are defective in early steps in the sterol biosynthetic pathway are not rescued by the exogenous application of brassinosteroids. The detailed molecular and physiological mechanisms of seedling lethality have yet to be understood. Thus, to elucidate the underlying mechanism of lethality, we analyzed transcriptome and proteome profiles of the cyp51A2 mutant that is defective in sterol 14alpha-demethylation. Results revealed that the expression levels of genes involved in ethylene biosynthesis/signaling and detoxification of reactive oxygen species (ROS) increased in the mutant compared with the wild type and, thereby, that the endogenous ethylene level also increased in the mutant. Consistently, the seedling-lethal phenotype of the cyp51A2 mutant was partly attenuated by the inhibition of ethylene biosynthesis or signaling. However, photosynthesis-related genes including Rubisco large subunit, chlorophyll a/b-binding protein, and components of photosystems were transcriptionally and/or translationally down-regulated in the mutant, accompanied by the transformation of chloroplasts into gerontoplasts and a reduction in both chlorophyll contents and photosynthetic activity. These characteristics observed in the cyp51A2 mutant resemble those of leaf senescence. Nitroblue tetrazolium staining data revealed that the mutant was under oxidative stress due to the accumulation of ROS, a key factor controlling both programmed cell death and ethylene production. Our results suggest that changes in membrane sterol contents and composition in the cyp51A2 mutant trigger the generation of ROS and ethylene and eventually induce premature seedling senescence.
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113
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Krupková E, Schmülling T. Developmental consequences of the tumorous shoot development1 mutation, a novel allele of the cellulose-synthesizing KORRIGAN1 gene. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2009; 71:641-55. [PMID: 19826767 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-009-9546-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2009] [Accepted: 08/28/2009] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
This work describes the further characterization of the tumorous shoot development1 (tsd1) mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana, which develops disorganized tumorous-like shoot tissue instead of organized leaves and stems. Map-based cloning revealed that tsd1 is a novel strong allele of the KOR1 gene, encoding a membrane-bound endo-1,4-beta-D-glucanase involved in cellulose synthesis. To study developmental changes accompanying the aberrant growth of the tsd1 mutant, patterning in the meristems and the hormonal status were analysed by marker genes. Expression of key regulators of meristem maintenance, the CLV3 and STM genes, indicated the presence of numerous meristems in the tsd1 shoot callus. Expression of the LFY::GUS marker supported the ability of the tsd1 callus to form organ primordia, which however failed to develop further. An epidermal marker showed that the L1 layer was maintained only in distinct areas of the tsd1 callus, which could be a reason of disorganized shoot growth. In the tsd1 root meristem, quiescent center activity was lost early after germination, which caused differentiation of the root meristem. The spatial expression of genes reporting the auxin and cytokinin status was altered in the tsd1 mutant. Modifying the endogenous levels of these hormones partially rescued shoot and root development of the tsd1 mutant. Together, the work shows that TSD1/KOR1 is required for maintaining a correct meristematic pattern and organ growth as well as for a normal hormonal response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Krupková
- Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences (DCPS), Freie Universität Berlin, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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114
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Abstract
The differential distribution of the plant signaling molecule auxin is required for many aspects of plant development. Local auxin maxima and gradients arise as a result of local auxin metabolism and, predominantly, from directional cell-to-cell transport. In this primer, we discuss how the coordinated activity of several auxin influx and efflux systems, which transport auxin across the plasma membrane, mediates directional auxin flow. This activity crucially contributes to the correct setting of developmental cues in embryogenesis, organogenesis, vascular tissue formation and directional growth in response to environmental stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Petrásek
- Institute of Experimental Botany, ASCR, Prague 6, Czech Republic
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115
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Liu P, Li RL, Zhang L, Wang QL, Niehaus K, Baluska F, Samaj J, Lin JX. Lipid microdomain polarization is required for NADPH oxidase-dependent ROS signaling in Picea meyeri pollen tube tip growth. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2009; 60:303-13. [PMID: 19566595 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2009.03955.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The polarization of sterol-enriched lipid microdomains has been linked to morphogenesis and cell movement in diverse cell types. Recent biochemical evidence has confirmed the presence of lipid microdomains in plant cells; however, direct evidence for a functional link between these microdomains and plant cell growth is still lacking. Here, we reported the involvement of lipid microdomains in NADPH oxidase (NOX)-dependent reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling in Picea meyeri pollen tube growth. Staining with di-4-ANEPPDHQ or filipin revealed that sterol-enriched microdomains were polarized to the growing tip of the pollen tube. Sterol sequestration with filipin disrupted membrane microdomain polarization, depressed tip-based ROS formation, dissipated tip-focused cytosolic Ca(2+) gradient and thereby arrested tip growth. NOX clustered at the growing tip, and corresponded with the ordered membrane domains. Immunoblot analysis and native gel assays demonstrated that NOX was partially associated with detergent-resistant membranes and, furthermore, that NOX in a sterol-dependent fashion depends on membrane microdomains for its enzymatic activity. In addition, in vivo time-lapse imaging revealed the coexistence of a steep tip-high apical ROS gradient and subapical ROS production, highlighting the reported signaling role for ROS in polar cell growth. Our results suggest that the polarization of lipid microdomains to the apical plasma membrane, and the inclusion of NOX into these domains, contribute, at least in part, to the ability to grow in a highly polarized manner to form pollen tubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Molecular Environmental Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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116
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Tsugeki R, Ditengou FA, Sumi Y, Teale W, Palme K, Okada K. NO VEIN mediates auxin-dependent specification and patterning in the Arabidopsis embryo, shoot, and root. THE PLANT CELL 2009; 21:3133-51. [PMID: 19880797 PMCID: PMC2782279 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.109.068841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Local efflux-dependent auxin gradients and maxima mediate organ and tissue development in plants. Auxin efflux is regulated by dynamic expression and subcellular localization of the PIN auxin-efflux proteins, which appears to be established not only through a self-organizing auxin-mediated polarization mechanism, but also through other means, such as cell fate determination and auxin-independent mechanisms. Here, we show that the Arabidopsis thaliana NO VEIN (NOV) gene, encoding a novel, plant-specific nuclear factor, is required for leaf vascular development, cellular patterning and stem cell maintenance in the root meristem, as well as for cotyledon outgrowth and separation. nov mutations affect many aspects of auxin-dependent development without directly affecting auxin perception. NOV is required for provascular PIN1 expression and region-specific expression of PIN7 in leaf primordia, cell type-specific expression of PIN3, PIN4, and PIN7 in the root, and PIN2 polarity in the root cortex. NOV is specifically expressed in developing embryos, leaf primordia, and shoot and root apical meristems. Our data suggest that NOV function underlies cell fate decisions associated with auxin gradients and maxima, thus establishing cell type-specific PIN expression and polarity. We propose that NOV mediates the acquisition of competence to undergo auxin-dependent coordinated cell specification and patterning, thereby eliciting context-dependent auxin-mediated developmental responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuji Tsugeki
- Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
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117
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Posé D, Castanedo I, Borsani O, Nieto B, Rosado A, Taconnat L, Ferrer A, Dolan L, Valpuesta V, Botella MA. Identification of the Arabidopsis dry2/sqe1-5 mutant reveals a central role for sterols in drought tolerance and regulation of reactive oxygen species. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2009; 59:63-76. [PMID: 19309460 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2009.03849.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Squalene epoxidase enzymes catalyse the conversion of squalene into 2,3-oxidosqualene, the precursor of cyclic triterpenoids. Here we report that the Arabidopsis drought hypersensitive/squalene epoxidase 1-5 (dry2/sqe1-5) mutant, identified by its extreme hypersensitivity to drought stress, has altered stomatal responses and root defects because of a point mutation in the SQUALENE EPOXIDASE 1 (SQE1) gene. GC-MS analysis indicated that the dry2/sqe1-5 mutant has altered sterol composition in roots but wild-type sterol composition in shoots, indicating an essential role for SQE1 in root sterol biosynthesis. Importantly, the stomatal and root defects of the dry2/sqe1-5 mutant are associated with altered production of reactive oxygen species. As RHD2 NADPH oxidase is de-localized in dry2/sqe1-5 root hairs, we propose that sterols play an essential role in the localization of NADPH oxidases required for regulation of reactive oxygen species, stomatal responses and drought tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Posé
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
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118
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Yang H, Murphy AS. Functional expression and characterization of Arabidopsis ABCB, AUX 1 and PIN auxin transporters in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2009; 59:179-91. [PMID: 19309458 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2009.03856.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Heterologous expression systems based on tobacco BY-2 cells, Arabidopsis cell cultures, Xenopus oocytes, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and human HeLa cells have been used to express and characterize PIN, ABCB (PGP), and AUX/LAX auxin transporters from Arabidopsis. However, no single system has been identified that can be used for effective comparative analyses of these proteins. We have developed an accessible Schizosaccharomyces pombe system for comparative studies of plant transport proteins. The system includes knockout mutants in all ABC and putative auxin transport genes and Gateway((R))-compatible expression vectors for functional analysis and subcellular localization of recombinant proteins. We expressed Arabidopsis ABCB1 and ABCB19 in mam1pdr1 host lines under the inducible nmt41 promoter. ABCB19 showed a higher (3)H-IAA export activity than ABCB1. Arabidopsis PIN proteins were expressed in a mutant lacking the auxin effluxer like 1 (AEL1) gene. PIN1 showed higher activity than PIN2 with similar protein expression levels. Expression of AUX1 in a permease-deficient vat3 mutant resulted in increased net auxin uptake activity. Finally, ABCB4 expressed in mam1pdr1 displayed a concentration-dependent reversal of (3)H-IAA transport that is consistent with its observed activity in planta. Structural modelling suggests that ABCB4 has three substrate interaction sites rather than the two found in ABCB19, thus providing a rationale for the observed substrate activation. Taken together, these results suggest that the S. pombe system described here can be employed for comparative analyses and subsequent structural characterizations of plant transport proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibing Yang
- Department of Horticulture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2010, USA
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119
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Lin HC, Morcillo F, Dussert S, Tranchant-Dubreuil C, Tregear JW, Tranbarger TJ. Transcriptome analysis during somatic embryogenesis of the tropical monocot Elaeis guineensis: evidence for conserved gene functions in early development. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2009; 70:173-92. [PMID: 19199047 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-009-9464-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2008] [Accepted: 01/21/2009] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
With the aim of understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying somatic embryogenesis (SE) in oil palm, we examined transcriptome changes that occur when embryogenic suspension cells are initiated to develop somatic embryos. Two reciprocal suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) libraries were constructed from oil palm embryogenic cell suspensions: one in which embryo development was blocked by the presence of the synthetic auxin analogue 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D: ) in the medium (proliferation library); and another in which cells were stimulated to form embryos by the removal of 2,4-D: from the medium (initiation library). A total of 1867 Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs) consisting of 1567 potential unigenes were assembled from the two libraries. Functional annotation indicated that 928 of the ESTs correspond to proteins that have either no similarity to sequences in public databases or are of unknown function. Gene Ontology (GO) terms assigned to the two EST populations give clues to the underlying molecular functions, biological processes and cellular components involved in the initiation of embryo development. Macroarrays were used for transcript profiling the ESTs during SE. Hierarchical cluster analysis of differential transcript accumulation revealed 4 distinct profiles containing a total of 192 statistically significant developmentally regulated transcripts. Similarities and differences between the global results obtained with in vitro systems from dicots, monocots and gymnosperms will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiang-Chun Lin
- IRD, UMR DIAPC, IRD/CIRAD Palm Development Group, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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120
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Morikawa T, Saga H, Hashizume H, Ohta D. CYP710A genes encoding sterol C22-desaturase in Physcomitrella patens as molecular evidence for the evolutionary conservation of a sterol biosynthetic pathway in plants. PLANTA 2009; 229:1311-22. [PMID: 19306103 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-009-0916-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2008] [Accepted: 02/27/2009] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We have characterized cytochromes P450, CYP710A13, and CYP710A14, as the sterol C22-desaturase in the moss Physcomitrella patens. GC-MS analyses demonstrated that P. patens accumulated stigmasterol as the major sterol (56-60% of total sterol) and sitosterol to a lesser extent (8-12%); this sterol profile contrasts with those in higher plants accumulating stigmasterol as a minor component. Recombinant CYP710A13 and CYP710A14 proteins prepared using a baculovirus/insect cell system exhibited the C22-desaturase activity with beta-sitosterol to produce stigmasterol, while campesterol and 24-epi-campesterol were not accepted as the substrates. The K(m) values for beta-sitosterol of CYP710A13 (1.0 +/- 0.043 microM) and CYP710A14 (2.1 +/- 0.17 microM) were at comparable levels of those reported with higher plant CYP710A proteins. In Arabidopsis T87 cells over-expressing CYP710A14, stigmasterol contents reached a level 20- to 72-fold higher than those in the basal level of T87 cells, confirming the C22-desaturase activity of this P450 enzyme. The occurrence of the end-products together with the enzymes involved in the last step of the pathway substantiated the presence of an entire sterol biosynthetic pathway in P. patens, providing evidence for the conservation of the sterol biosynthetic pathway through the evolutionary process of land plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Morikawa
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, 599-8531, Japan
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121
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Dettmer J, Elo A, Helariutta Y. Hormone interactions during vascular development. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2009; 69:347-60. [PMID: 18654740 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-008-9374-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2008] [Accepted: 07/01/2008] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Vascular tissue in plants is unique due to its diverse and dynamic cellular patterns. Signals controlling vascular development have only recently started to emerge through biochemical, genetic, and genomic approaches in several organisms, such as Arabidopsis, Populus, and Zinnia. These signals include hormones (auxin, brassinosteroids, and cytokinins, in particular), other small regulatory molecules, their transporters, receptors, and various transcriptional regulators. In recent years it has become apparent that plant growth regulators rarely act alone, but rather their signaling pathways are interlocked in complex networks; for example, polar auxin transport (PAT) regulates vascular development during various stages and an emerging theme is its modulation by other growth regulators, depending on the developmental context. Also, several synergistic or antagonistic interactions between various growth regulators have been described. Furthermore, shoot-root interactions appear to be important for this signal integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Dettmer
- Plant Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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122
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Pan J, Fujioka S, Peng J, Chen J, Li G, Chen R. The E3 ubiquitin ligase SCFTIR1/AFB and membrane sterols play key roles in auxin regulation of endocytosis, recycling, and plasma membrane accumulation of the auxin efflux transporter PIN2 in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE PLANT CELL 2009; 21:568-80. [PMID: 19218398 PMCID: PMC2660622 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.108.061465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2008] [Revised: 01/12/2009] [Accepted: 02/02/2009] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The PIN family of auxin efflux transporters exhibit polar plasma membrane (PM) localization and play a key role in auxin gradient-mediated developmental processes. Auxin inhibits PIN2 endocytosis and promotes its PM localization. However, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we show that the inhibitory effect of auxin on PIN2 endocytosis was impaired in SCF(TIR1/AFB) auxin signaling mutants. Similarly, reducing membrane sterols impaired auxin inhibition of PIN2 endocytosis. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses indicate that membrane sterols were significantly reduced in SCF(TIR1/AFB) mutants, supporting a link between membrane sterols and auxin signaling in regulating PIN2 endocytosis. We show that auxin promoted PIN2 recycling from endosomes to the PM and increased PIN2 steady state levels in the PM fraction. Furthermore, we show that the positive effect of auxin on PIN2 levels in the PM was impaired by inhibiting membrane sterols or auxin signaling. Consistent with this, the sterol biosynthetic mutant fk-J79 exhibited pronounced defects in primary root elongation and gravitropic response. Our data collectively indicate that, although there are distinct processes involved in endocytic regulation of specific PM-resident proteins, the SCF(TIR1/AFB)-dependent processes are required for auxin regulation of endocytosis, recycling, and PM accumulation of the auxin efflux transporter PIN2 in Arabidopsis thaliana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Pan
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401, USA
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123
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Žárský V, Cvrčková F, Potocký M, Hála M. Exocytosis and cell polarity in plants - exocyst and recycling domains. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2009; 183:255-272. [PMID: 19496948 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.02880.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
In plants, exocytosis is a central mechanism of cell morphogenesis. We still know surprisingly little about some aspects of this process, starting with exocytotic vesicle formation, which may take place at the trans-Golgi network even without coat assistance, facilitated by the local regulation of membrane lipid organization. The RabA4b guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase), recruiting phosphatidylinositol-4-kinase to the trans-Golgi network, is a candidate vesicle formation organizer. However, in plant cells, there are obviously additional endosomal source compartments for secretory vesicles. The Rho/Rop GTPase regulatory module is central for the initiation of exocytotically active domains in plant cell cortex (activated cortical domains). Most plant cells exhibit several distinct plasma membrane domains, established and maintained by endocytosis-driven membrane recycling. We propose the concept of a 'recycling domain', uniting the activated cortical domain and the connected endosomal compartments, as a dynamic spatiotemporal entity. We have recently described the exocyst tethering complex in plant cells. As a result of the multiplicity of its putative Exo70 subunits, this complex may belong to core regulators of recycling domain organization, including the generation of multiple recycling domains within a single cell. The conventional textbook concept that the plant secretory pathway is largely constitutive is misleading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Žárský
- Department of Plant Physiology, Charles University, Viničná 5, 128 44 Praha 2, Czech Republic
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Fatima Cvrčková
- Department of Plant Physiology, Charles University, Viničná 5, 128 44 Praha 2, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Potocký
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Hála
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Praha 6, Czech Republic
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124
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Titapiwatanakun B, Murphy AS. Post-transcriptional regulation of auxin transport proteins: cellular trafficking, protein phosphorylation, protein maturation, ubiquitination, and membrane composition. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2009; 60:1093-107. [PMID: 18824505 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ern240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Auxin concentration gradients, established by polar transport of auxin, are essential for the establishment and maintenance of polar growth and morphological patterning. Three families of cellular transport proteins, PIN-formed (PIN), P-glycoprotein (ABCB/PGP), and AUXIN RESISTANT 1/LIKE AUX1 (AUX1/LAX), can independently and co-ordinately transport auxin in plants. Regulation of these proteins involves intricate and co-ordinated cellular processes, including protein-protein interactions, vesicular trafficking, protein phosphorylation, ubiquitination, and stabilization of the transporter complexes on the plasma membrane.
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125
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Titapiwatanakun B, Blakeslee JJ, Bandyopadhyay A, Yang H, Mravec J, Sauer M, Cheng Y, Adamec J, Nagashima A, Geisler M, Sakai T, Friml J, Peer WA, Murphy AS. ABCB19/PGP19 stabilises PIN1 in membrane microdomains in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2009; 57:27-44. [PMID: 18774968 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2008.03668.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Auxin transport is mediated at the cellular level by three independent mechanisms that are characterised by the PIN-formed (PIN), P-glycoprotein (ABCB/PGP) and AUX/LAX transport proteins. The PIN and ABCB transport proteins, best represented by PIN1 and ABCB19 (PGP19), have been shown to coordinately regulate auxin efflux. When PIN1 and ABCB19 coincide on the plasma membrane, their interaction enhances the rate and specificity of auxin efflux and the dynamic cycling of PIN1 is reduced. However, ABCB19 function is not regulated by the dynamic cellular trafficking mechanisms that regulate PIN1 in apical tissues, as localisation of ABCB19 on the plasma membrane was not inhibited by short-term treatments with latrunculin B, oryzalin, brefeldin A (BFA) or wortmannin--all of which have been shown to alter PIN1 and/or PIN2 plasma membrane localisation. When taken up by endocytosis, the styryl dye FM4-64 labels diffuse rather than punctuate intracellular bodies in abcb19 (pgp19), and some aggregations of PIN1 induced by short-term BFA treatment did not disperse after BFA washout in abcb19. Although the subcellular localisations of ABCB19 and PIN1 in the reciprocal mutant backgrounds were like those in wild type, PIN1 plasma membrane localisation in abcb19 roots was more easily perturbed by the detergent Triton X-100, but not other non-ionic detergents. ABCB19 is stably associated with sterol/sphingolipid-enriched membrane fractions containing BIG/TIR3 and partitions into Triton X-100 detergent-resistant membrane (DRM) fractions. In the wild type, PIN1 was also present in DRMs, but was less abundant in abcb19 DRMs. These observations suggested a rationale for the observed lack of auxin transport activity when PIN1 is expressed in a non-plant heterologous system. PIN1 was therefore expressed in Schizosaccharomyces pombe, which has plant-like sterol-enriched microdomains, and catalysed auxin transport in these cells. These data suggest that ABCB19 stabilises PIN1 localisation at the plasma membrane in discrete cellular subdomains where PIN1 and ABCB19 expression overlaps.
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126
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Kleine-Vehn J, Friml J. Polar targeting and endocytic recycling in auxin-dependent plant development. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2008; 24:447-73. [PMID: 18837671 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.cellbio.24.110707.175254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Plant development is characterized by a profound phenotypic plasticity that often involves redefining of the developmental fate and polarity of cells within differentiated tissues. The plant hormone auxin and its directional intercellular transport play a major role in these processes because they provide positional information and link cell polarity with tissue patterning. This plant-specific mechanism of transport-dependent auxin gradients depends on subcellular dynamics of auxin transport components, in particular on endocytic recycling and polar targeting. Recent insights into these cellular processes in plants have revealed important parallels to yeast and animal systems, including clathrin-dependent endocytosis, retromer function, and transcytosis, but have also emphasized unique features of plant cells such as diversity of polar targeting pathways; integration of environmental signals into subcellular trafficking; and the link between endocytosis, cell polarity, and cell fate specification. We review these advances and focus on the translation of the subcellular dynamics to the regulation of whole-plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Kleine-Vehn
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, and Department of Molecular Genetics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
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127
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Zappel NF, Panstruga R. Heterogeneity and lateral compartmentalization of plant plasma membranes. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2008; 11:632-40. [PMID: 18774330 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2008.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2008] [Revised: 07/25/2008] [Accepted: 07/29/2008] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Membrane specialization through lateral compartmentalization is pivotal to the development of organisms and their response to environmental signals. The membrane raft hypothesis is lively discussed as a concept for domain formation. In recent years plant scientists have begun to critically assess the membrane raft hypothesis, and this provided the first insights into the mechanisms underlying microdomain formation in plant plasma membranes. Several groups have now shown that phytosterols can induce phase separation, a prerequisite for the formation of membrane rafts. Furthermore, the protein repertoire of detergent-resistant membranes (DRMs) has been extensively characterized and the degree of fatty acid desaturation has been identified as an important factor in DRM formation. Recent studies comprising sterol-deficient mutants demonstrated the importance of correct sterol composition and endocytosis for proper membrane compartmentalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Friderike Zappel
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
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128
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Gao X, Nagawa S, Wang G, Yang Z. Cell polarity signaling: focus on polar auxin transport. MOLECULAR PLANT 2008; 1:899-909. [PMID: 19825591 PMCID: PMC2902905 DOI: 10.1093/mp/ssn069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Polar auxin transport, which is required for the formation of auxin gradients and directional auxin flows that are critical for plant pattern formation, morphogenesis, and directional growth response to vectorial cues, is mediated by polarized sub-cellular distribution of PIN-FORMED Proteins (PINs, auxin efflux carriers), AUX1/AUX1-like proteins (auxin influx facilitators), and multidrug resistance P-glycoproteins (MDR/PGP). Polar localization of these proteins is controlled by both developmental and environmental cues. Recent studies have revealed cellular (endocytosis, transcytosis, and endosomal sorting and recycling) and molecular (PINOID kinase, protein phosphatase 2A) mechanisms underlying the polar distribution of these auxin transport proteins. Both TIR1-mediated auxin signaling and TIR1-independent auxin-mediated endocytosis have been shown to regulate polar PIN localization and auxin flow, implicating auxin as a self-organizing signal in directing polar transport and directional flows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Gao
- Key Laboratory of Arid and Grassland Agroeology at Lanzhou University, Ministry of Education, Lanzhou 730000, China
- CAU–UCR Joint Center for Biological Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Shingo Nagawa
- Center for Plant Cell Biology and Department of Botany and Plant Science, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Genxuan Wang
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Zhenbiao Yang
- CAU–UCR Joint Center for Biological Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
- Center for Plant Cell Biology and Department of Botany and Plant Science, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail , fax 9011-886-2-2651-6234, tel. 951-827-7351
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129
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Rao NN, Prasad K, Vijayraghavan U. The making of a bushy grass with a branched flowering stem: Key rice plant architecture traits regulated by RFL the rice LFY homolog. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2008; 3:981-983. [PMID: 19704426 PMCID: PMC2633749 DOI: 10.4161/psb.6174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2008] [Accepted: 04/21/2008] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In Arabidopsis thaliana, a eudicot species, the transcription factor LFY is expressed throughout the floral meristem and promotes their formation. The expression pattern of the rice LFY homolog-RFL shows distinct differences from that of its Arabidopsis counterpart. In the March issue of PNAS (2008) we have shown the temporally-regulated high-level expression of RFL in the apical meristem is necessary for its transition to an inflorescence meristem and thus to initiate flowering. RFL controls the time taken for flowering, by activating integrators of flowering signals such as OsSOC1 and RFT1. Further, the dynamic pattern of RFL expression in the branching inflorescence meristem (panicle) and in vegetative axillary meristems (tiller buds) is required for panicle branching and tiller outgrowth. Thus RFL functions determine the architecture of the rice plant. Here we propose a plausible model for a regulatory feedback loop between RFL and OsSOC1/RFT1 in controlling the vegetative to flowering phase transition. We discuss the possibility that non-cell autonomous RFL functions may also regulate signaling the net outcome of which determines the rice plant body plan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagashree N Rao
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology; Indian Institute of Science; Bangalore India
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130
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Robert HS, Offringa R. Regulation of auxin transport polarity by AGC kinases. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2008; 11:495-502. [PMID: 18640868 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2008.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2008] [Revised: 06/11/2008] [Accepted: 06/11/2008] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The plant hormone auxin controls plant development through gradients and maxima that are generated by PIN efflux carrier driven polar auxin transport. PIN proteins direct this cell-to-cell auxin transport, and thus orient plant development through their asymmetric subcellular distribution. PIN polarity is regulated by PINOID and the phototropins, members of the AGC protein serine/threonine kinase family. Here we review the signaling pathways of these kinases and the role of calcium and BTB proteins in translating both internal and external signals into developmental responses via PIN relocalization, to adapt plant development to changing environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène S Robert
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Wassenaarseweg 64, 2333 AL Leiden, The Netherlands
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131
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Panikashvili D, Aharoni A. ABC-type transporters and cuticle assembly: Linking function to polarity in epidermis cells. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2008; 3:806-9. [PMID: 19704564 PMCID: PMC2634379 DOI: 10.4161/psb.3.10.5887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2008] [Accepted: 03/11/2008] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The aerial organs of plants are covered with a cuticle, a continuous layer overlaying the outermost cell walls of the epidermis. The cuticle is composed of two major classes of the lipid biopolymers: cutin and waxes, collectively termed cuticular lipids. Biosynthesis and transport of cuticular lipids occur predominantly in the epidermis cells. In the transport pathway, cuticular lipids are exported from their site of biosynthesis in the ER/plastid to the extracellular space through the plasma membrane and cell wall. Growing evidence suggests that ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are implicated in transport of cuticular lipids across the plasma membrane of epidermal cells. The Arabidopsis ABC-type transporter protein CER5 (WBC12) was reported to act as a wax monomers transporter. In recent works, our group and others showed that a CER5-related protein, DESPERADO (DSO/WBC11), is required for cutin and wax monomers transport through the plasma membrane of Arabidopsis epidermis cells. Unlike the cer5 mutant, DSO loss-of-function had a profound effect on plant growth and development, particularly dwarfism, postgenital organ fusions, and altered epidermal cell differentiation. The partially overlapping function of CER5 and DSO and the fact that these proteins are half-size ABC transporters suggest that they might form a hetero-dimeric complex while transporting wax components. An intriguing observation was the polar localization of DSO in the distal part of epidermis cells. This polar expression might be explained by DSO localization within lipid rafts, specific plasma membrane microdomains which are associated with polar protein expression. In this review we suggest possible mechanisms for cuticular lipids transport and a link between DSO function and polar expression. Furthermore, we also discuss the subsequent transport of cuticular constituents through the hydrophobic cell wall and the possible involvement of lipid transfer proteins in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Panikashvili
- Department of Plant Sciences; Weizmann Institute of Science; Rehovot Israel
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132
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Konopka CA, Bednarek SY. Comparison of the dynamics and functional redundancy of the Arabidopsis dynamin-related isoforms DRP1A and DRP1C during plant development. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2008; 147:1590-602. [PMID: 18344418 PMCID: PMC2492646 DOI: 10.1104/pp.108.116863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Members of the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) DYNAMIN-RELATED PROTEIN1 (DRP1) family are required for cytokinesis and cell expansion. Two isoforms, DRP1A and DRP1C, are required for plasma membrane maintenance during stigmatic papillae expansion and pollen development, respectively. It is unknown whether the DRP1s function interchangeably or if they have distinct roles during cell division and expansion. DRP1C was previously shown to form dynamic foci in the cell cortex, which colocalize with part of the clathrin endocytic machinery in plants. DRP1A localizes to the plasma membrane, but its cortical organization and dynamics have not been determined. Using dual color labeling with live cell imaging techniques, we showed that DRP1A also forms discreet dynamic foci in the epidermal cell cortex. Although the foci overlap with those formed by DRP1C and clathrin light chain, there are clear differences in behavior and response to pharmacological inhibitors between DRP1A and DRP1C foci. Possible functional or regulatory differences between DRP1A and DRP1C were supported by the failure of DRP1C to functionally compensate for the absence of DRP1A. Our studies indicated that the DRP1 isoforms function or are regulated differently during cell expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A Konopka
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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133
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Feraru E, Friml J. PIN polar targeting. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2008; 147:1553-9. [PMID: 18678746 PMCID: PMC2492634 DOI: 10.1104/pp.108.121756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2008] [Accepted: 06/24/2008] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Feraru
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
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134
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Abstract
In yeast and animal cells, the sterol composition of membranes is a key factor that controls the polarity of membrane proteins by regulating their intracellular trafficking or lateral diffusion. A recent study in Nature Cell Biology demonstrates that plant sterols play a major role in the acquisition of cell polarity by modulating endocytosis after cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvon Jaillais
- Institut Fédératif de Recherche 128, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 allée d'Italie F-69364 Lyon, France
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135
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Sterol-dependent endocytosis mediates post-cytokinetic acquisition of PIN2 auxin efflux carrier polarity. Nat Cell Biol 2008. [DOI: 10.1038/ncb1686 order by 1-- -] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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136
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Sterol-dependent endocytosis mediates post-cytokinetic acquisition of PIN2 auxin efflux carrier polarity. Nat Cell Biol 2008. [DOI: 10.1038/ncb1686 order by 8029-- awyx] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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137
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Sterol-dependent endocytosis mediates post-cytokinetic acquisition of PIN2 auxin efflux carrier polarity. Nat Cell Biol 2008. [DOI: 10.1038/ncb1686 order by 1-- #] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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138
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Men S, Boutté Y, Ikeda Y, Li X, Palme K, Stierhof YD, Hartmann MA, Moritz T, Grebe M. Sterol-dependent endocytosis mediates post-cytokinetic acquisition of PIN2 auxin efflux carrier polarity. Nat Cell Biol 2008. [DOI: 10.1038/ncb1686 order by 8029-- #] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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139
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Sterol-dependent endocytosis mediates post-cytokinetic acquisition of PIN2 auxin efflux carrier polarity. Nat Cell Biol 2008. [DOI: 10.1038/ncb1686 order by 8029-- -] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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140
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Sterol-dependent endocytosis mediates post-cytokinetic acquisition of PIN2 auxin efflux carrier polarity. Nat Cell Biol 2008. [DOI: 10.1038/ncb1686 and 1880=1880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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141
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Sterol-dependent endocytosis mediates post-cytokinetic acquisition of PIN2 auxin efflux carrier polarity. Nat Cell Biol 2008. [DOI: 10.1038/ncb1686 order by 1-- gadu] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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142
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Men S, Boutté Y, Ikeda Y, Li X, Palme K, Stierhof YD, Hartmann MA, Moritz T, Grebe M. Sterol-dependent endocytosis mediates post-cytokinetic acquisition of PIN2 auxin efflux carrier polarity. Nat Cell Biol 2008; 10:237-44. [DOI: 10.1038/ncb1686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2007] [Accepted: 12/19/2007] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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143
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Abstract
The phytohormone auxin is a key factor in plant growth and development. Forward and reverse genetic strategies have identified important molecular components in auxin perception, signaling, and transport. These advances resulted in the identification of some of the underlying regulatory mechanisms as well as the emergence of functional frameworks for auxin action. This review focuses on the feedback loops that form an integrative part of these regulatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Benjamins
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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144
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Van Damme D, Vanstraelen M, Geelen D. Cortical division zone establishment in plant cells. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2007; 12:458-64. [PMID: 17765597 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2007.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2007] [Revised: 07/19/2007] [Accepted: 08/16/2007] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Plant cell division is spatially organized to maintain a critical cell volume and to control growth directionality. The correct orientation of the separating cell wall is secured by means of specialized cytoskeletal structures that guide the newly formed cell plate toward a predefined cortical position. A ring of microtubules called preprophase band defines a cortical zone that corresponds to the future division plane. Coincident with the disappearance of the preprophase band microtubules, cortical actin is removed at the corresponding position, leaving an actin-depleted zone that persists throughout mitosis. Here, we review the spatial and structural organization of the cortical division zone and discuss evidence that implicate the plasma membrane in division plane establishment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Van Damme
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
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145
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Müller J, Mettbach U, Menzel D, Samaj J. Molecular dissection of endosomal compartments in plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2007; 145:293-304. [PMID: 17911648 PMCID: PMC2048727 DOI: 10.1104/pp.107.102863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2007] [Accepted: 07/31/2007] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jens Müller
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
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146
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Michniewicz M, Brewer PB, Friml JÍ. Polar auxin transport and asymmetric auxin distribution. THE ARABIDOPSIS BOOK 2007; 5:e0108. [PMID: 22303232 PMCID: PMC3243298 DOI: 10.1199/tab.0108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Michniewicz
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology, Auf der Morgenstelle 3, University Tübingen, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
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147
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Vieten A, Sauer M, Brewer PB, Friml J. Molecular and cellular aspects of auxin-transport-mediated development. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2007; 12:160-8. [PMID: 17369077 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2007.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2006] [Revised: 02/06/2007] [Accepted: 03/05/2007] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The plant hormone auxin is frequently observed to be asymmetrically distributed across adjacent cells during crucial stages of growth and development. These auxin gradients depend on polar transport and regulate a wide variety of processes, including embryogenesis, organogenesis, vascular tissue differentiation, root meristem maintenance and tropic growth. Auxin can mediate such a perplexing array of developmental processes by acting as a general trigger for the change in developmental program in cells where it accumulates and by providing vectorial information to the tissues by its polar intercellular flow. In recent years, a wealth of molecular data on the mechanism of auxin transport and its regulation has been generated, providing significant insights into the action of this versatile coordinative signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Vieten
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Auf der Morgenstelle 3, University Tübingen, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
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148
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Kobayashi K, Suzuki M, Tang J, Nagata N, Ohyama K, Seki H, Kiuchi R, Kaneko Y, Nakazawa M, Matsui M, Matsumoto S, Yoshida S, Muranaka T. Lovastatin insensitive 1, a Novel pentatricopeptide repeat protein, is a potential regulatory factor of isoprenoid biosynthesis in Arabidopsis. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2007; 48:322-31. [PMID: 17213228 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcm005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Higher plants have two metabolic pathways for isoprenoid biosynthesis: the cytosolic mevalonate (MVA) pathway and the plastidal non-mevalonate (MEP) pathway. Despite the compartmentalization of these two pathways, metabolic flow occurs between them. However, little is known about the mechanisms that regulate the two pathways and the metabolic cross-talk. To identify such regulatory mechanisms, we isolated and characterized the Arabidopsis T-DNA insertion mutant lovastatin insensitive 1 (loi1), which is resistant to lovastatin and clomazone, inhibitors of the MVA and MEP pathways, respectively. The accumulation of the major products of these pathways, i.e. sterols and chlorophyll, was less affected by lovastatin and clomazone, respectively, in loi1 than in the wild type. Furthermore, the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGR) activity analysis showed higher activity of HMGR in loi1-1 treated with lovastatin than that in the WT. We consider that the lovastatin-resistant phenotype of loi1-1 was derived from this post-transcriptional up-regulation of HMGR. The LOI1 gene encodes a novel pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) protein. PPR proteins are thought to regulate the expression of genes encoded in organelle genomes by post-transcriptional regulation in mitochondria or plastids. Our results demonstrate that LOI1 is predicted to localize in mitochondria and has the ability to bind single-stranded nucleic acids. Our investigation revealed that the post-transcriptional regulation of mitochondrial RNA may be involved in isoprenoid biosynthesis in both the MVA and MEP pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Kobayashi
- RIKEN Plant Science Center, 1-7-22, Suehirocho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Japan
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149
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Heidstra R. Asymmetric Cell Division in Plant Development. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR AND SUBCELLULAR BIOLOGY 2007; 45:1-37. [PMID: 17585494 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-69161-7_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Plant embryogenesis creates a seedling with a basic body plan. Post-embryonically the seedling elaborates with a lifelong ability to develop new tissues and organs. As a result asymmetric cell divisions serve essential roles during embryonic and postembryonic development to generate cell diversity. This review highlights selective cases of asymmetric division in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana and describes the current knowledge on fate determinants and mechanisms involved. Common themes that emerge are: 1. role of the plant hormone auxin and its polar transport machinery; 2. a MAP kinase signaling cascade and; 3. asymmetric segregating transcription factors that are involved in several asymmetric cell divisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renze Heidstra
- Department of Biology, Section Molecular Genetics, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584CH Utrecht, Netherlands.
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150
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Laloi M, Perret AM, Chatre L, Melser S, Cantrel C, Vaultier MN, Zachowski A, Bathany K, Schmitter JM, Vallet M, Lessire R, Hartmann MA, Moreau P. Insights into the role of specific lipids in the formation and delivery of lipid microdomains to the plasma membrane of plant cells. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2007; 143:461-72. [PMID: 17114270 PMCID: PMC1761958 DOI: 10.1104/pp.106.091496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2006] [Accepted: 11/10/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The existence of sphingolipid- and sterol-enriched microdomains, known as lipid rafts, in the plasma membrane (PM) of eukaryotic cells is well documented. To obtain more insight into the lipid molecular species required for the formation of microdomains in plants, we have isolated detergent (Triton X-100)-resistant membranes (DRMs) from the PM of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and leek (Allium porrum) seedlings as well as from Arabidopsis cell cultures. Here, we show that all DRM preparations are enriched in sterols, sterylglucosides, and glucosylceramides (GluCer) and depleted in glycerophospholipids. The GluCer of DRMs from leek seedlings contain hydroxypalmitic acid. We investigated the role of sterols in DRM formation along the secretory pathway in leek seedlings. We present evidence for the presence of DRMs in both the PM and the Golgi apparatus but not in the endoplasmic reticulum. In leek seedlings treated with fenpropimorph, a sterol biosynthesis inhibitor, the usual Delta(5)-sterols are replaced by 9beta,19-cyclopropylsterols. In these plants, sterols and hydroxypalmitic acid-containing GluCer do not reach the PM, and most DRMs are recovered from the Golgi apparatus, indicating that Delta(5)-sterols and GluCer play a crucial role in lipid microdomain formation and delivery to the PM. In addition, DRM formation in Arabidopsis cells is shown to depend on the unsaturation degree of fatty acyl chains as evidenced by the dramatic decrease in the amount of DRMs prepared from the Arabidopsis mutants, fad2 and Fad3+, affected in their fatty acid desaturases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryse Laloi
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5200-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2, BP 33076 Bordeaux cedex, France
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