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Cisek R, Tokarz D, Kontenis L, Barzda V, Steup M. Polarimetric second harmonic generation microscopy: An analytical tool for starch bioengineering. STARCH-STARKE 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/star.201700031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Cisek
- Department of Physics; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences; University of Toronto Mississauga; Mississauga Ontario Canada
| | - Danielle Tokarz
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard Medical School; Boston MA USA
| | - Lukas Kontenis
- Department of Physics; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences; University of Toronto Mississauga; Mississauga Ontario Canada
| | - Virginijus Barzda
- Department of Physics; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences; University of Toronto Mississauga; Mississauga Ontario Canada
| | - Martin Steup
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology; University of Potsdam; Potsdam Germany
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102
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Chen L, Lu D, Wang T, Li Z, Zhao Y, Jiang Y, Zhang Q, Cao Q, Fang K, Xing Y, Qin L. Identification and expression analysis of starch branching enzymes involved in starch synthesis during the development of chestnut (Castanea mollissima Blume) cotyledons. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177792. [PMID: 28542293 PMCID: PMC5441625 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chinese chestnut (Castanea mollissima Blume) is native to China and distributes widely in arid and semi-arid mountain area with barren soil. As a perennial crop, chestnut is an alternative food source and acts as an important commercial nut tree in China. Starch is the major metabolite in nuts, accounting for 46 ~ 64% of the chestnut dry weight. The accumulation of total starch and amylopectin showed a similar increasing trend during the development of nut. Amylopectin contributed up to 76% of the total starch content at 80 days after pollination (DAP). The increase of total starch mainly results from amylopectin synthesis. Among genes associated with starch biosynthesis, CmSBEs (starch branching enzyme) showed significant increase during nut development. Two starch branching enzyme isoforms, CmSBE I and CmSBE II, were identified from chestnut cotyledon using zymogram analysis. CmSBE I and CmSBE II showed similar patterns of expression during nut development. The accumulations of CmSBE transcripts and proteins in developing cotyledons were characterized. The expressions of two CmSBE genes increased from 64 DAP and reached the highest levels at 77 DAP, and SBE activity reached its peak at 74 DAP. These results suggested that the CmSBE enzymes mainly contributed to amylopectin synthesis and influenced the amylopectin content in the developing cotyledon, which would be beneficial to chestnut germplasm selection and breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangke Chen
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environmental Improvement with Forestry and Fruit Trees, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Lu
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environmental Improvement with Forestry and Fruit Trees, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Teng Wang
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environmental Improvement with Forestry and Fruit Trees, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi Li
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environmental Improvement with Forestry and Fruit Trees, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Yanyan Zhao
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environmental Improvement with Forestry and Fruit Trees, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Yichen Jiang
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environmental Improvement with Forestry and Fruit Trees, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Qingqin Cao
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Kefeng Fang
- College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Xing
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environmental Improvement with Forestry and Fruit Trees, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (YX); (LQ)
| | - Ling Qin
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environmental Improvement with Forestry and Fruit Trees, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (YX); (LQ)
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103
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Plastidial α-glucan phosphorylase 1 complexes with disproportionating enzyme 1 in Ipomoea batatas storage roots for elevating malto-oligosaccharide metabolism. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177115. [PMID: 28472155 PMCID: PMC5417683 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been proposed that malto-oligosaccharides (MOSs) are possibly recycled back into amylopectin biosynthesis via the sequential reactions catalyzed by plastidial α-glucan phosphorylase 1 (Pho1) and disproportionating enzyme 1 (Dpe1). In the present study, the reciprocal co-immunoprecipitation experiments using specific antibodies against Pho1 and Dpe1 demonstrated that these two enzymes can form a complex (the PD complex) in Ipomoea batatas storage roots. The immunohistochemistry analyses also revealed the co-localization of Pho1 and Dpe1 in the amyloplasts, and the protein levels of Pho1 and Dpe1 increased gradually throughout sweet potato storage root development. A high molecular weight PD complex was co-purified from sweet potato storage root lysates by size exclusion chromatography. Enzyme kinetic analyses showed that the PD complex can catalyze maltotriose and maltotetraose to generate glucose-1-phosphate in the presence of inorganic phosphate, and it also performs greater Dpe1 activity toward MOSs than does free form Dpe1. These data suggest that Pho1 and Dpe1 may form a metabolon complex, which provides elevated metabolic fluxes for MOS metabolism via a direct transfer of sugar intermediates, resulting in recycling of glucosyl units back into amylopectin biosynthesis more efficiently.
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104
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Functional and structural characterization of plastidic starch phosphorylase during barley endosperm development. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175488. [PMID: 28407006 PMCID: PMC5391026 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The production of starch is essential for human nutrition and represents a major metabolic flux in the biosphere. The biosynthesis of starch in storage organs like barley endosperm operates via two main pathways using different substrates: starch synthases use ADP-glucose to produce amylose and amylopectin, the two major components of starch, whereas starch phosphorylase (Pho1) uses glucose-1-phosphate (G1P), a precursor for ADP-glucose production, to produce α-1,4 glucans. The significance of the Pho1 pathway in starch biosynthesis has remained unclear. To elucidate the importance of barley Pho1 (HvPho1) for starch biosynthesis in barley endosperm, we analyzed HvPho1 protein production and enzyme activity levels throughout barley endosperm development and characterized structure-function relationships of HvPho1. The molecular mechanisms underlying the initiation of starch granule biosynthesis, that is, the enzymes and substrates involved in the initial transition from simple sugars to polysaccharides, remain unclear. We found that HvPho1 is present as an active protein at the onset of barley endosperm development. Notably, purified recombinant protein can catalyze the de novo production of α-1,4-glucans using HvPho1 from G1P as the sole substrate. The structural properties of HvPho1 provide insights into the low affinity of HvPho1 for large polysaccharides like starch or amylopectin. Our results suggest that HvPho1 may play a role during the initiation of starch biosynthesis in barley.
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105
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Wang J, Hu P, Chen Z, Liu Q, Wei C. Progress in High-Amylose Cereal Crops through Inactivation of Starch Branching Enzymes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:469. [PMID: 28421099 PMCID: PMC5379859 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
High-amylose cereal starches provide many health benefits for humans. The inhibition or mutation of starch branching enzyme (SBE) genes is an effective method to develop high-amylose cereal crops. This review summarizes the development of high-amylose cereal crops through the inactivation of one or more SBE isoforms or combination with other genes. This review also reveals the causes of increase in amylose content in high-amylose crops. A series of changes, including amylopectin structure, crystalline structure, thermal properties, and hydrolysis properties, occurs as amylose content increases. The different morphological starch granules nominated as heterogeneous starch granules or differently stained starch granules are detected in high-amylose cereal crops. Detailed studies on four heterogeneous starch granules in high-amylose rice, which is developed by antisense RNA inhibition of SBEI/IIb, indicate that granules with different morphologies possess various molecular structures and physicochemical and functional properties. This variation diversifies their applications in food and non-food industries. However, current knowledge regarding how these heterogeneous starch granules form and why they exhibit regional distribution in endosperm remain largely unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou UniversityYangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou UniversityYangzhou, China
| | - Pan Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou UniversityYangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou UniversityYangzhou, China
| | - Zichun Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou UniversityYangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou UniversityYangzhou, China
| | - Qiaoquan Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou UniversityYangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou UniversityYangzhou, China
| | - Cunxu Wei
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou UniversityYangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou UniversityYangzhou, China
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106
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Krunic SL, Skryhan K, Mikkelsen L, Ruzanski C, Shaik SS, Kirk HG, Palcic M, Blennow A. Non-GMO potato lines with an altered starch biosynthesis pathway confer increased-amylose and resistant starch properties. STARCH-STARKE 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/star.201600310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Susanne L. Krunic
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Frederiksberg C Denmark
| | - Katsiaryna Skryhan
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Frederiksberg C Denmark
| | - Lisbeth Mikkelsen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Frederiksberg C Denmark
| | - Christian Ruzanski
- CMC Biologics, Søborg; Copenhagen Denmark
- Carlsberg Laboratory, Valby; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Shahnoor S. Shaik
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Frederiksberg C Denmark
| | | | - Monica Palcic
- Carlsberg Laboratory, Valby; Copenhagen Denmark
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology; University of Victoria; British Columbia Canada
| | - Andreas Blennow
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Frederiksberg C Denmark
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107
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Li S, Wei X, Ren Y, Qiu J, Jiao G, Guo X, Tang S, Wan J, Hu P. OsBT1 encodes an ADP-glucose transporter involved in starch synthesis and compound granule formation in rice endosperm. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40124. [PMID: 28054650 PMCID: PMC5215005 DOI: 10.1038/srep40124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Starch is the main storage carbohydrate in higher plants. Although several enzymes and regulators for starch biosynthesis have been characterized, a complete regulatory network for starch synthesis in cereal seeds remains elusive. Here, we report the identification and characterization of the rice Brittle1 (OsBT1) gene, which is expressed specifically in the developing endosperm. The osbt1 mutant showed a white-core endosperm and a significantly lower grain weight than the wild-type. The formation and development of compound starch granules in osbt1 was obviously defective: the amyloplast was disintegrated at early developmental stages and the starch granules were disperse and not compound in the endosperm cells in the centre region of osbt1 seeds. The total starch content and amylose content was decreased and the physicochemical properties of starch were altered. Moreover, the degree of polymerization (DP) of amylopectin in osbt1 was remarkably different from that of wild-type. Map-based cloning of OsBT1 indicated that it encodes a putatively ADP-glucose transporter. OsBT1 coded protein localizes in the amyloplast envelope membrane. Furthermore, the expression of starch synthesis related genes was also altered in the osbt1 mutant. These findings indicate that OsBT1 plays an important role in starch synthesis and the formation of compound starch granules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanfeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Xiangjin Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Yulong Ren
- National Key Facility for Crop Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
| | - Jiehua Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Guiai Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Xiuping Guo
- National Key Facility for Crop Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
| | - Shaoqing Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Jianmin Wan
- National Key Facility for Crop Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
| | - Peisong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, China
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108
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Cai H, Chen Y, Zhang M, Cai R, Cheng B, Ma Q, Zhao Y. A novel GRAS transcription factor, ZmGRAS20, regulates starch biosynthesis in rice endosperm. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 23:143-154. [PMID: 28250591 PMCID: PMC5313408 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-016-0404-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Starch occupies the maximal component of cereal grains and is pivotal for maize yield and quality. However, the regulatory mechanism of starch synthesis is still poorly understand. In this study, a GRAS transcription factor, ZmGRAS20, was isolated from maize inbred line B73 based on transcriptome sequencing. Quantitative real-time PCR indicated that ZmGRAS20 is specifically expressed in maize endosperm. Transient expression of ZmGRAS20-green fluorescent protein fusion protein in tobacco cells showed a nucleus and membrane localization of the protein. Transactivation assay of ZmGRAS20 demonstrated that it has no transactivation activity in yeast cells. Overexpression of ZmGRAS20 led to a chalky region of ventral endosperm with decreased starch content and defective agronomic characters in transgenic seeds. Moreover, ZmGRAS20-overexpression plants had fewer fractions of long-branched starch chains. Further scanning electron microscopy observation of ZmGRAS20 transgenic seeds exhibited altered starch granules morphology compared with wide type plants. Taken together, these results suggested that ZmGRAS20 may function as a starch synthesis regulatory factor in rice endosperm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huilin Cai
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance/Key Laboratory of Crop Biology of Anhui Province, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036 China
| | - Yulong Chen
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance/Key Laboratory of Crop Biology of Anhui Province, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036 China
| | - Min Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance/Key Laboratory of Crop Biology of Anhui Province, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036 China
| | - Ronghao Cai
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance/Key Laboratory of Crop Biology of Anhui Province, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036 China
| | - Beijiu Cheng
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance/Key Laboratory of Crop Biology of Anhui Province, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036 China
| | - Qing Ma
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance/Key Laboratory of Crop Biology of Anhui Province, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036 China
| | - Yang Zhao
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance/Key Laboratory of Crop Biology of Anhui Province, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036 China
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109
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Xing S, Meng X, Zhou L, Mujahid H, Zhao C, Zhang Y, Wang C, Peng Z. Proteome Profile of Starch Granules Purified from Rice (Oryza sativa) Endosperm. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0168467. [PMID: 27992503 PMCID: PMC5167393 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Starch is the most important food energy source in cereals. Many of the known enzymes involved in starch biosynthesis are partially or entirely granule-associated in the endosperm. Studying the proteome of rice starch granules is critical for us to further understand the mechanisms underlying starch biosynthesis and packaging of starch granules in rice amyloplasts, consequently for the improvement of rice grain quality. In this article, we developed a protocol to purify starch granules from mature rice endosperm and verified the quality of purified starch granules by microscopy observations, I2 staining, and Western blot analyses. In addition, we found the phenol extraction method was superior to Tris-HCl buffer extraction method with respect to the efficiency in recovery of starch granule associated proteins. LC-MS/MS analysis showed identification of already known starch granule associated proteins with high confidence. Several proteins reported to be involved in starch synthesis in prior genetic studies in plants were also shown to be enriched with starch granules, either directly or indirectly, in our studies. In addition, our results suggested that a few additional candidate proteins may also be involved in starch synthesis. Furthermore, our results indicated that some starch synthesis pathway proteins are subject to protein acetylation modification. GO analysis and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed that the identified proteins were mainly located in plastids and involved in carbohydrate metabolism. This study substantially advances the understanding of the starch granule associated proteome in rice and post translational regulation of some starch granule associated proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihai Xing
- Institute of Food Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu High Quality Rice Research and Development Center, Nanjing Branch of China National Center for Rice Improvement, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Xiaoxi Meng
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Lihui Zhou
- Institute of Food Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu High Quality Rice Research and Development Center, Nanjing Branch of China National Center for Rice Improvement, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hana Mujahid
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Chunfang Zhao
- Institute of Food Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu High Quality Rice Research and Development Center, Nanjing Branch of China National Center for Rice Improvement, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yadong Zhang
- Institute of Food Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu High Quality Rice Research and Development Center, Nanjing Branch of China National Center for Rice Improvement, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Cailin Wang
- Institute of Food Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu High Quality Rice Research and Development Center, Nanjing Branch of China National Center for Rice Improvement, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhaohua Peng
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi, United States of America
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110
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Campbell BC, Gilding EK, Mace ES, Tai S, Tao Y, Prentis PJ, Thomelin P, Jordan DR, Godwin ID. Domestication and the storage starch biosynthesis pathway: signatures of selection from a whole sorghum genome sequencing strategy. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2016; 14:2240-2253. [PMID: 27155090 PMCID: PMC5103234 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Next-generation sequencing of complete genomes has given researchers unprecedented levels of information to study the multifaceted evolutionary changes that have shaped elite plant germplasm. In conjunction with population genetic analytical techniques and detailed online databases, we can more accurately capture the effects of domestication on entire biological pathways of agronomic importance. In this study, we explore the genetic diversity and signatures of selection in all predicted gene models of the storage starch synthesis pathway of Sorghum bicolor, utilizing a diversity panel containing lines categorized as either 'Landraces' or 'Wild and Weedy' genotypes. Amongst a total of 114 genes involved in starch synthesis, 71 had at least a single signal of purifying selection and 62 a signal of balancing selection and others a mix of both. This included key genes such as STARCH PHOSPHORYLASE 2 (SbPHO2, under balancing selection), PULLULANASE (SbPUL, under balancing selection) and ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylases (SHRUNKEN2, SbSH2 under purifying selection). Effectively, many genes within the primary starch synthesis pathway had a clear reduction in nucleotide diversity between the Landraces and wild and weedy lines indicating that the ancestral effects of domestication are still clearly identifiable. There was evidence of the positional rate variation within the well-characterized primary starch synthesis pathway of sorghum, particularly in the Landraces, whereby low evolutionary rates upstream and high rates downstream in the metabolic pathway were expected. This observation did not extend to the wild and weedy lines or the minor starch synthesis pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley C. Campbell
- School of Agriculture and Food SciencesThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQldAustralia
| | - Edward K. Gilding
- School of Agriculture and Food SciencesThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQldAustralia
| | - Emma S. Mace
- Department of Agriculture and Fisheries (DAF)WarwickQldAustralia
| | | | - Yongfu Tao
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food InnovationThe University of QueenslandWarwickQldAustralia
| | - Peter J. Prentis
- Science and Engineering FacultyQueensland University of Technology (QUT)BrisbaneQldAustralia
| | - Pauline Thomelin
- Australian Centre for Plant Functional GenomicsGlen OsmondSAAustralia
| | - David R. Jordan
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food InnovationThe University of QueenslandWarwickQldAustralia
| | - Ian D. Godwin
- School of Agriculture and Food SciencesThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQldAustralia
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111
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Yu T, Li G, Dong S, Liu P, Zhang J, Zhao B. Proteomic analysis of maize grain development using iTRAQ reveals temporal programs of diverse metabolic processes. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 16:241. [PMID: 27809771 PMCID: PMC5095984 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-016-0878-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Grain development in maize is an essential process in the plant's life cycle and is vital for use of the plant as a crop for animals and humans. However, little is known regarding the protein regulatory networks that control grain development. Here, isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) technology was used to analyze temporal changes in protein expression during maize grain development. RESULTS Maize grain proteins and changes in protein expression at eight developmental stages from 3 to 50 d after pollination (DAP) were performed using iTRAQ-based proteomics. Overall, 4751 proteins were identified; 2639 of these were quantified and 1235 showed at least 1.5-fold changes in expression levels at different developmental stages and were identified as differentially expressed proteins (DEPs). The DEPs were involved in different cellular and metabolic processes with a preferential distribution to protein synthesis/destination and metabolism categories. A K-means clustering analysis revealed coordinated protein expression associated with different functional categories/subcategories at different development stages. CONCLUSIONS Our results revealed developing maize grain display different proteomic characteristics at distinct stages, such as numerous DEPs for cell growth/division were highly expressed during early stages, whereas those for starch biosynthesis and defense/stress accumulated in middle and late stages, respectively. We also observed coordinated expression of multiple proteins of the antioxidant system, which are essential for the maintenance of reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis during grain development. Particularly, some DEPs, such as zinc metallothionein class II, pyruvate orthophosphate dikinase (PPDK) and 14-3-3 proteins, undergo major changes in expression at specific developmental stages, suggesting their roles in maize grain development. These results provide a valuable resource for analyzing protein function on a global scale and also provide new insights into the potential protein regulatory networks that control grain yield and quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology and College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018 Shandong People’s Republic of China
| | - Geng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology and College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018 Shandong People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuting Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology and College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018 Shandong People’s Republic of China
| | - Peng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology and College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018 Shandong People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiwang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology and College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018 Shandong People’s Republic of China
| | - Bin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology and College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018 Shandong People’s Republic of China
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112
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Mishra A, Singh A, Sharma M, Kumar P, Roy J. Development of EMS-induced mutation population for amylose and resistant starch variation in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) and identification of candidate genes responsible for amylose variation. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 16:217. [PMID: 27716051 PMCID: PMC5054548 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-016-0896-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Starch is a major part of cereal grain. It comprises two glucose polymer fractions, amylose (AM) and amylopectin (AP), that make up about 25 and 75 % of total starch, respectively. The ratio of the two affects processing quality and digestibility of starch-based food products. Digestibility determines nutritional quality, as high amylose starch is considered a resistant or healthy starch (RS type 2) and is highly preferred for preventive measures against obesity and related health conditions. The topic of nutrition security is currently receiving much attention and consumer demand for food products with improved nutritional qualities has increased. In bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), variation in amylose content is narrow, hence its limited improvement. Therefore, it is necessary to produce wheat lines or populations showing wide variation in amylose/resistant starch content. In this study, a set of EMS-induced M4 mutant lines showing dynamic variation in amylose/resistant starch content were produced. Furthermore, two diverse mutant lines for amylose content were used to study quantitative expression patterns of 20 starch metabolic pathway genes and to identify candidate genes for amylose biosynthesis. RESULTS A population comprising 101 EMS-induced mutation lines (M4 generation) was produced in a bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) variety. Two methods of amylose measurement in grain starch showed variation in amylose content ranging from ~3 to 76 % in the population. The method of in vitro digestion showed variation in resistant starch content from 1 to 41 %. One-way ANOVA analysis showed significant variation (p < 0.05) in amylose and resistant starch content within the population. A multiple comparison test (Dunnett's test) showed that significant variation in amylose and resistant starch content, with respect to the parent, was observed in about 89 and 38 % of the mutant lines, respectively. Expression pattern analysis of 20 starch metabolic pathway genes in two diverse mutant lines (low and high amylose mutants) showed higher expression of key genes of amylose biosynthesis (GBSSI and their isoforms) in the high amylose mutant line, in comparison to the parent. Higher expression of amylopectin biosynthesis (SBE) was observed in the low amylose mutant lines. An additional six candidate genes showed over-expression (BMY, SPA) and reduced-expression (SSIII, SBEI, SBEIII, ISA3) in the high amylose mutant line, indicating that other starch metabolic genes may also contribute to amylose biosynthesis. CONCLUSION In this study a set of 101 EMS-induced mutant lines (M4 generation) showing variation in amylose and resistant starch content in seed were produced. This population serves as useful germplasm or pre-breeding material for genome-wide study and improvement of starch-based processing and nutrition quality in wheat. It is also useful for the study of the genetic and molecular basis of amylose/resistant starch variation in wheat. Furthermore, gene expression analysis of 20 starch metabolic genes in the two diverse mutant lines (low and high amylose mutants) indicates that in addition to key genes, several other genes (such as phosphorylases, isoamylases, and pullulanases) may also be involved in contributing to amylose/amylopectin biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Mishra
- Department of Biotechnology (DBT), National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Government of India, C-127 Industrial Area Phase 8, Mohali, 160071 Punjab India
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Anuradha Singh
- Department of Biotechnology (DBT), National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Government of India, C-127 Industrial Area Phase 8, Mohali, 160071 Punjab India
| | - Monica Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology (DBT), National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Government of India, C-127 Industrial Area Phase 8, Mohali, 160071 Punjab India
| | - Pankaj Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology (DBT), National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Government of India, C-127 Industrial Area Phase 8, Mohali, 160071 Punjab India
| | - Joy Roy
- Department of Biotechnology (DBT), National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Government of India, C-127 Industrial Area Phase 8, Mohali, 160071 Punjab India
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113
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Liu G, Wu Y, Xu M, Gao T, Wang P, Wang L, Guo T, Kang G. Virus-Induced Gene Silencing Identifies an Important Role of the TaRSR1 Transcription Factor in Starch Synthesis in Bread Wheat. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E1557. [PMID: 27669224 PMCID: PMC5085620 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17101557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 08/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The function of a wheat starch regulator 1 (TaRSR1) in regulating the synthesis of grain storage starch was determined using the barley stripe mosaic virus-virus induced gene-silencing (BSMV-VIGS) method in field experiments. Chlorotic stripes appeared on the wheat spikes infected with barley stripe mosaic virus-virus induced gene-silencing- wheat starch regulator 1 (BSMV-VIGS-TaRSR1) at 15 days after anthesis, at which time the transcription levels of the TaRSR1 gene significantly decreased. Quantitative real-time PCR was also used to measure the transcription levels of 26 starch synthesis-related enzyme genes in the grains of BSMV-VIGS-TaRSR1-silenced wheat plants at 20, 27, and 31 days after anthesis. The results showed that the transcription levels of some starch synthesis-related enzyme genes were markedly induced at different sampling time points: TaSSI, TaSSIV, TaBEIII, TaISA1, TaISA3, TaPHOL, and TaDPE1 genes were induced at each of the three sampling time points and TaAGPS1-b, TaAGPL1, TaAGPL2, TaSSIIb, TaSSIIc, TaSSIIIb, TaBEI, TaBEIIa, TaBEIIb, TaISA2, TaPHOH, and TaDPE2 genes were induced at one sampling time point. Moreover, both the grain starch contents, one thousand kernel weights, grain length and width of BSMV-VIGS-TaRSR1-infected wheat plants significantly increased. These results suggest that TaRSR1 acts as a negative regulator and plays an important role in starch synthesis in wheat grains by temporally regulating the expression of specific starch synthesis-related enzyme genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoyu Liu
- The Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Food Crops, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Yufang Wu
- The Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Food Crops, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
- The National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Mengjun Xu
- The National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
- The National Engineering Research Centre for Wheat, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Tian Gao
- The National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
- The National Engineering Research Centre for Wheat, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Pengfei Wang
- The Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Food Crops, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
- The National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Lina Wang
- The Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Food Crops, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
- The National Engineering Research Centre for Wheat, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Tiancai Guo
- The Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Food Crops, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
- The National Engineering Research Centre for Wheat, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Guozhang Kang
- The Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Food Crops, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
- The National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
- The National Engineering Research Centre for Wheat, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
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Qin S, Tang Y, Chen Y, Wu P, Li M, Wu G, Jiang H. Overexpression of the Starch Phosphorylase-Like Gene (PHO3) in Lotus japonicus has a Profound Effect on the Growth of Plants and Reduction of Transitory Starch Accumulation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1315. [PMID: 27630651 PMCID: PMC5005325 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Two isoforms of starch phosphorylase (PHO; EC 2.4.1.1), plastidic PHO1 and cytosolic PHO2, have been found in all plants studied to date. Another starch phosphorylase-like gene, PHO3, which is an ortholog of Chlamydomonas PHOB, has been detected in some plant lineages. In this study, we identified three PHO isoform (LjPHO) genes in the Lotus japonicus genome. Expression of the LjPHO3 gene was observed in all tissues tested in L. japonicus, and the LjPHO3 protein was located in the chloroplast. Overexpression of LjPHO3 in L. japonicus resulted in a drastic decline in starch granule sizes and starch content in leaves. The LjPHO3 overexpression transgenic seedlings were smaller, and showed decreased pollen fertility and seed set rate. Our results suggest that LjPHO3 may participate in transitory starch metabolism in L. japonicus leaves, but its catalytic properties remain to be studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Qin
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Yuehui Tang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Yaping Chen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou, China
| | - Pingzhi Wu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou, China
| | - Meiru Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou, China
| | - Guojiang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou, China
| | - Huawu Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou, China
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Hwang SK, Koper K, Satoh H, Okita TW. Rice Endosperm Starch Phosphorylase (Pho1) Assembles with Disproportionating Enzyme (Dpe1) to Form a Protein Complex That Enhances Synthesis of Malto-oligosaccharides. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:19994-20007. [PMID: 27502283 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.735449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Starch synthesis in cereal grain endosperm is dependent on the concerted actions of many enzymes. The starch plastidial phosphorylase (Pho1) plays an important role in the initiation of starch synthesis and in the maturation of starch granule in developing rice seeds. Prior evidence has suggested that the rice enzyme, OsPho1, may have a physical/functional interaction with other starch biosynthetic enzymes. Pulldown experiments showed that OsPho1 as well as OsPho1 devoid of its L80 region, a peptide unique to higher plant phosphorylases, captures disproportionating enzyme (OsDpe1). Interaction of the latter enzyme form with OsDpe1 indicates that the putative regulatory L80 is not responsible for multienzyme assembly. This heterotypic enzyme complex, determined at a molar ratio of 1:1, was validated by reciprocal co-immunoprecipitation studies of native seed proteins and by co-elution chromatographic and co-migration electrophoretic patterns of these enzymes in rice seed extracts. The OsPho1-OsDpe1 complex utilized a broader range of substrates for enhanced synthesis of larger maltooligosaccharides than each individual enzyme and significantly elevated the substrate affinities of OsPho1 at 30 °C. Moreover, the assembly with OsDpe1 enables OsPho1 to utilize products of transglycosylation reactions involving G1 and G3, sugars that it cannot catalyze directly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon-Kap Hwang
- From the Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-6340 and
| | - Kaan Koper
- From the Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-6340 and
| | - Hikaru Satoh
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan
| | - Thomas W Okita
- From the Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-6340 and
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116
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Tang XJ, Peng C, Zhang J, Cai Y, You XM, Kong F, Yan HG, Wang GX, Wang L, Jin J, Chen WW, Chen XG, Ma J, Wang P, Jiang L, Zhang WW, Wan JM. ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase large subunit 2 is essential for storage substance accumulation and subunit interactions in rice endosperm. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 249:70-83. [PMID: 27297991 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2016.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) controls a rate-limiting step in the starch biosynthetic pathway in higher plants. Here we isolated a shrunken rice mutant w24. Map-based cloning identified OsAGPL2, a large subunit of the cytosolic AGPase in rice endosperm, as the gene responsible for the w24 mutation. In addition to severe inhibition of starch synthesis and significant accumulation of sugar, the w24 endosperm showed obvious defects in compound granule formation and storage protein synthesis. The defect in OsAGPL2 enhanced the expression levels of the AGPase family. Meanwhile, the elevated activities of starch phosphorylase 1 and sucrose synthase in the w24 endosperm might possibly partly account for the residual starch content in the mutant seeds. Moreover, the expression of OsAGPL2 and its counterpart, OsAGPS2b, was highly coordinated in rice endosperm. Yeast two-hybrid and BiFC assays verified direct interactions between OsAGPL2 and OsAGPS2b as well as OsAGPL1 and OsAGPS1, supporting the model for spatiotemporal complex formation of AGPase isoforms in rice endosperm. Besides, our data provided no evidence for the self-binding of OsAGPS2b, implying that OsAGPS2b might not interact to form higher molecular mass aggregates in the absence of OsAGPL2. Therefore, the molecular mechanism of rice AGPase assembly might differ from that of Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jie Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yue Cai
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiao-Man You
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Fei Kong
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Hai-Gang Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Guo-Xiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Liang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jie Jin
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Wei-Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xin-Gang Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jing Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Peng Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ling Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Wen-Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Jian-Min Wan
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing 210095, China; Institute of Crop Science, The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, China.
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117
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Abstract
Starch-rich crops form the basis of our nutrition, but plants have still to yield all their secrets as to how they make this vital substance. Great progress has been made by studying both crop and model systems, and we approach the point of knowing the enzymatic machinery responsible for creating the massive, insoluble starch granules found in plant tissues. Here, we summarize our current understanding of these biosynthetic enzymes, highlighting recent progress in elucidating their specific functions. Yet, in many ways we have only scratched the surface: much uncertainty remains about how these components function together and are controlled. We flag-up recent observations suggesting a significant degree of flexibility during the synthesis of starch and that previously unsuspected non-enzymatic proteins may have a role. We conclude that starch research is not yet a mature subject and that novel experimental and theoretical approaches will be important to advance the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Pfister
- Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Samuel C Zeeman
- Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland.
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118
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Hwang SK, Singh S, Cakir B, Satoh H, Okita TW. The plastidial starch phosphorylase from rice endosperm: catalytic properties at low temperature. PLANTA 2016; 243:999-1009. [PMID: 26748915 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-015-2461-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Consistent with its essential role in starch biosynthesis at low temperatures, the plastidial starch phosphorylase from rice endosperm is highly active at low temperature. Moreover, contrary to results on other higher plant phosphorylases, the L80 peptide, a domain unique to plant phosphorylases and not present in orthologous phosphorylases from other organisms, is not involved in enzyme catalysis. Starch phosphorylase (Pho) is an essential enzyme in starch synthesis in developing rice endosperm as the enzyme plays a critical role in both the early and maturation phases of starch granule formation especially at low temperature. In this study, we demonstrated that the rice Pho1 maintains substantial enzyme activity at low temperature (<20 °C) and its substrate affinities for branched α-glucans and glucose-1-phosphate were significantly increased at the lower reaction temperatures. Under sub-saturating substrate conditions, OsPho1 displayed higher catalytic activities at 18 °C than at optimal 36 °C, supporting the prominent role of the enzyme in starch synthesis at low temperature. Removal of the highly charged 80-amino acid sequence L80 peptide, a region found exclusively in the plastidial Pho1 of higher plants, did not significantly alter the catalytic and regulatory properties of OsPho1 but did affect heat stability. Our kinetic results support the low temperature biosynthetic role of OsPho1 in rice endosperm and indicate that its L80 region is unlikely to have a direct enzymatic role but provides stability of the enzyme under heat stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon-Kap Hwang
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Salvinder Singh
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, Assam, 785013, India
| | - Bilal Cakir
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Hikaru Satoh
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan
| | - Thomas W Okita
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA.
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119
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Chen J, Yi Q, Cao Y, Wei B, Zheng L, Xiao Q, Xie Y, Gu Y, Li Y, Huang H, Wang Y, Hou X, Long T, Zhang J, Liu H, Liu Y, Yu G, Huang Y. ZmbZIP91 regulates expression of starch synthesis-related genes by binding to ACTCAT elements in their promoters. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:1327-38. [PMID: 26689855 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Starch synthesis is a key process that influences crop yield and quality, though little is known about the regulation of this complex metabolic pathway. Here, we present the identification of ZmbZIP91 as a candidate regulator of starch synthesis via co-expression analysis in maize (Zea mays L.). ZmbZIP91 was strongly associated with the expression of starch synthesis genes. Reverse tanscription-PCR (RT-PCR) and RNA in situ hybridization indicated that ZmbZIP91 is highly expressed in maize endosperm, with less expression in leaves. Particle bombardment-mediated transient expression in maize endosperm and leaf protoplasts demonstrated that ZmbZIP91 could positively regulate the expression of starch synthesis genes in both leaves and endosperm. Additionally, the Arabidopsis mutant vip1 carried a mutation in a gene (VIP1) that is homologous to ZmbZIP91, displayed altered growth with less starch in leaves, and ZmbZIP91 was able to complement this phenotype, resulting in normal starch synthesis. A yeast one-hybrid experiment and EMSAs showed that ZmbZIP91 could directly bind to ACTCAT elements in the promoters of starch synthesis genes (pAGPS1, pSSI, pSSIIIa, and pISA1). These results demonstrate that ZmbZIP91 acts as a core regulatory factor in starch synthesis by binding to ACTCAT elements in the promoters of starch synthesis genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Southwest Region, Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Qiang Yi
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yao Cao
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Bin Wei
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Lanjie Zheng
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Qianling Xiao
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Ying Xie
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yong Gu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Southwest Region, Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yangping Li
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Southwest Region, Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Huanhuan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Southwest Region, Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yongbin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Southwest Region, Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xianbin Hou
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Southwest Region, Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Tiandan Long
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Junjie Zhang
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China
| | - Hanmei Liu
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China
| | - Yinghong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Southwest Region, Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Guowu Yu
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yubi Huang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Southwest Region, Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
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120
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Orawetz T, Malinova I, Orzechowski S, Fettke J. Reduction of the plastidial phosphorylase in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) reveals impact on storage starch structure during growth at low temperature. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2016; 100:141-149. [PMID: 26828405 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Tubers of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), one of the most important crops, are a prominent example for an efficient production of storage starch. Nevertheless, the synthesis of this storage starch is not completely understood. The plastidial phosphorylase (Pho1; EC 2.4.1.1) catalyzes the reversible transfer of glucosyl residues from glucose-1-phosphate to the non-reducing end of α-glucans with the release of orthophosphate. Thus, the enzyme is in principle able to act during starch synthesis. However, so far under normal growth conditions no alterations in tuber starch metabolism were observed. Based on analyses of other species and also from in vitro experiments with potato tuber slices it was supposed, that Pho1 has a stronger impact on starch metabolism, when plants grow under low temperature conditions. Therefore, we analyzed the starch content, granule size, as well as the internal structure of starch granules isolated from potato plants grown under low temperatures. Besides wild type, transgenic potato plants with a strong reduction in the Pho1 activity were analyzed. No significant alterations in starch content and granule size were detected. In contrast, when plants were cultivated at low temperatures the chain length distributions of the starch granules were altered. Thus, the granules contained more short glucan chains. That was not observed in the transgenic plants, revealing that Pho1 in wild type is involved in the formation of the short glucan chains, at least at low temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Orawetz
- Biopolymer Analytics, University of Potsdam, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Irina Malinova
- Biopolymer Analytics, University of Potsdam, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Slawomir Orzechowski
- Department of Biochemistry, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joerg Fettke
- Biopolymer Analytics, University of Potsdam, Potsdam-Golm, Germany; Department of Biochemistry, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Warsaw, Poland.
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121
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Toyosawa Y, Kawagoe Y, Matsushima R, Crofts N, Ogawa M, Fukuda M, Kumamaru T, Okazaki Y, Kusano M, Saito K, Toyooka K, Sato M, Ai Y, Jane JL, Nakamura Y, Fujita N. Deficiency of Starch Synthase IIIa and IVb Alters Starch Granule Morphology from Polyhedral to Spherical in Rice Endosperm. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 170:1255-70. [PMID: 26747287 PMCID: PMC4775109 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.01232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Starch granule morphology differs markedly among plant species. However, the mechanisms controlling starch granule morphology have not been elucidated. Rice (Oryza sativa) endosperm produces characteristic compound-type granules containing dozens of polyhedral starch granules within an amyloplast. Some other cereal species produce simple-type granules, in which only one starch granule is present per amyloplast. A double mutant rice deficient in the starch synthase (SS) genes SSIIIa and SSIVb (ss3a ss4b) produced spherical starch granules, whereas the parental single mutants produced polyhedral starch granules similar to the wild type. The ss3a ss4b amyloplasts contained compound-type starch granules during early developmental stages, and spherical granules were separated from each other during subsequent amyloplast development and seed dehydration. Analysis of glucan chain length distribution identified overlapping roles for SSIIIa and SSIVb in amylopectin chain synthesis, with a degree of polymerization of 42 or greater. Confocal fluorescence microscopy and immunoelectron microscopy of wild-type developing rice seeds revealed that the majority of SSIVb was localized between starch granules. Therefore, we propose that SSIIIa and SSIVb have crucial roles in determining starch granule morphology and in maintaining the amyloplast envelope structure. We present a model of spherical starch granule production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiko Toyosawa
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita City, Akita 010-0195, Japan (Y.T., N.C., Y.N., N.F.);Division of Plant Sciences, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba 305-8602, Japan (Y.K.);Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan (R.M.);Department of General Education, Yamaguchi Prefectural University, Yamaguchi 753-8502, Japan (M.O.);Plant Genetic Resources, Institute of Genetic Resources, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan (M.F., T.K.);RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan (Y.O., M.K., K.S., K.T., M.S.);Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan (K.S.); andDepartment of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-1120 (Y.A., J.-L.J.)
| | - Yasushi Kawagoe
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita City, Akita 010-0195, Japan (Y.T., N.C., Y.N., N.F.);Division of Plant Sciences, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba 305-8602, Japan (Y.K.);Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan (R.M.);Department of General Education, Yamaguchi Prefectural University, Yamaguchi 753-8502, Japan (M.O.);Plant Genetic Resources, Institute of Genetic Resources, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan (M.F., T.K.);RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan (Y.O., M.K., K.S., K.T., M.S.);Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan (K.S.); andDepartment of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-1120 (Y.A., J.-L.J.)
| | - Ryo Matsushima
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita City, Akita 010-0195, Japan (Y.T., N.C., Y.N., N.F.);Division of Plant Sciences, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba 305-8602, Japan (Y.K.);Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan (R.M.);Department of General Education, Yamaguchi Prefectural University, Yamaguchi 753-8502, Japan (M.O.);Plant Genetic Resources, Institute of Genetic Resources, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan (M.F., T.K.);RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan (Y.O., M.K., K.S., K.T., M.S.);Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan (K.S.); andDepartment of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-1120 (Y.A., J.-L.J.)
| | - Naoko Crofts
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita City, Akita 010-0195, Japan (Y.T., N.C., Y.N., N.F.);Division of Plant Sciences, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba 305-8602, Japan (Y.K.);Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan (R.M.);Department of General Education, Yamaguchi Prefectural University, Yamaguchi 753-8502, Japan (M.O.);Plant Genetic Resources, Institute of Genetic Resources, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan (M.F., T.K.);RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan (Y.O., M.K., K.S., K.T., M.S.);Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan (K.S.); andDepartment of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-1120 (Y.A., J.-L.J.)
| | - Masahiro Ogawa
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita City, Akita 010-0195, Japan (Y.T., N.C., Y.N., N.F.);Division of Plant Sciences, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba 305-8602, Japan (Y.K.);Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan (R.M.);Department of General Education, Yamaguchi Prefectural University, Yamaguchi 753-8502, Japan (M.O.);Plant Genetic Resources, Institute of Genetic Resources, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan (M.F., T.K.);RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan (Y.O., M.K., K.S., K.T., M.S.);Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan (K.S.); andDepartment of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-1120 (Y.A., J.-L.J.)
| | - Masako Fukuda
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita City, Akita 010-0195, Japan (Y.T., N.C., Y.N., N.F.);Division of Plant Sciences, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba 305-8602, Japan (Y.K.);Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan (R.M.);Department of General Education, Yamaguchi Prefectural University, Yamaguchi 753-8502, Japan (M.O.);Plant Genetic Resources, Institute of Genetic Resources, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan (M.F., T.K.);RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan (Y.O., M.K., K.S., K.T., M.S.);Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan (K.S.); andDepartment of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-1120 (Y.A., J.-L.J.)
| | - Toshihiro Kumamaru
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita City, Akita 010-0195, Japan (Y.T., N.C., Y.N., N.F.);Division of Plant Sciences, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba 305-8602, Japan (Y.K.);Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan (R.M.);Department of General Education, Yamaguchi Prefectural University, Yamaguchi 753-8502, Japan (M.O.);Plant Genetic Resources, Institute of Genetic Resources, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan (M.F., T.K.);RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan (Y.O., M.K., K.S., K.T., M.S.);Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan (K.S.); andDepartment of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-1120 (Y.A., J.-L.J.)
| | - Yozo Okazaki
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita City, Akita 010-0195, Japan (Y.T., N.C., Y.N., N.F.);Division of Plant Sciences, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba 305-8602, Japan (Y.K.);Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan (R.M.);Department of General Education, Yamaguchi Prefectural University, Yamaguchi 753-8502, Japan (M.O.);Plant Genetic Resources, Institute of Genetic Resources, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan (M.F., T.K.);RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan (Y.O., M.K., K.S., K.T., M.S.);Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan (K.S.); andDepartment of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-1120 (Y.A., J.-L.J.)
| | - Miyako Kusano
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita City, Akita 010-0195, Japan (Y.T., N.C., Y.N., N.F.);Division of Plant Sciences, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba 305-8602, Japan (Y.K.);Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan (R.M.);Department of General Education, Yamaguchi Prefectural University, Yamaguchi 753-8502, Japan (M.O.);Plant Genetic Resources, Institute of Genetic Resources, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan (M.F., T.K.);RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan (Y.O., M.K., K.S., K.T., M.S.);Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan (K.S.); andDepartment of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-1120 (Y.A., J.-L.J.)
| | - Kazuki Saito
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita City, Akita 010-0195, Japan (Y.T., N.C., Y.N., N.F.);Division of Plant Sciences, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba 305-8602, Japan (Y.K.);Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan (R.M.);Department of General Education, Yamaguchi Prefectural University, Yamaguchi 753-8502, Japan (M.O.);Plant Genetic Resources, Institute of Genetic Resources, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan (M.F., T.K.);RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan (Y.O., M.K., K.S., K.T., M.S.);Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan (K.S.); andDepartment of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-1120 (Y.A., J.-L.J.)
| | - Kiminori Toyooka
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita City, Akita 010-0195, Japan (Y.T., N.C., Y.N., N.F.);Division of Plant Sciences, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba 305-8602, Japan (Y.K.);Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan (R.M.);Department of General Education, Yamaguchi Prefectural University, Yamaguchi 753-8502, Japan (M.O.);Plant Genetic Resources, Institute of Genetic Resources, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan (M.F., T.K.);RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan (Y.O., M.K., K.S., K.T., M.S.);Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan (K.S.); andDepartment of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-1120 (Y.A., J.-L.J.)
| | - Mayuko Sato
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita City, Akita 010-0195, Japan (Y.T., N.C., Y.N., N.F.);Division of Plant Sciences, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba 305-8602, Japan (Y.K.);Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan (R.M.);Department of General Education, Yamaguchi Prefectural University, Yamaguchi 753-8502, Japan (M.O.);Plant Genetic Resources, Institute of Genetic Resources, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan (M.F., T.K.);RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan (Y.O., M.K., K.S., K.T., M.S.);Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan (K.S.); andDepartment of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-1120 (Y.A., J.-L.J.)
| | - Yongfeng Ai
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita City, Akita 010-0195, Japan (Y.T., N.C., Y.N., N.F.);Division of Plant Sciences, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba 305-8602, Japan (Y.K.);Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan (R.M.);Department of General Education, Yamaguchi Prefectural University, Yamaguchi 753-8502, Japan (M.O.);Plant Genetic Resources, Institute of Genetic Resources, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan (M.F., T.K.);RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan (Y.O., M.K., K.S., K.T., M.S.);Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan (K.S.); andDepartment of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-1120 (Y.A., J.-L.J.)
| | - Jay-Lin Jane
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita City, Akita 010-0195, Japan (Y.T., N.C., Y.N., N.F.);Division of Plant Sciences, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba 305-8602, Japan (Y.K.);Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan (R.M.);Department of General Education, Yamaguchi Prefectural University, Yamaguchi 753-8502, Japan (M.O.);Plant Genetic Resources, Institute of Genetic Resources, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan (M.F., T.K.);RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan (Y.O., M.K., K.S., K.T., M.S.);Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan (K.S.); andDepartment of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-1120 (Y.A., J.-L.J.)
| | - Yasunori Nakamura
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita City, Akita 010-0195, Japan (Y.T., N.C., Y.N., N.F.);Division of Plant Sciences, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba 305-8602, Japan (Y.K.);Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan (R.M.);Department of General Education, Yamaguchi Prefectural University, Yamaguchi 753-8502, Japan (M.O.);Plant Genetic Resources, Institute of Genetic Resources, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan (M.F., T.K.);RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan (Y.O., M.K., K.S., K.T., M.S.);Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan (K.S.); andDepartment of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-1120 (Y.A., J.-L.J.)
| | - Naoko Fujita
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita City, Akita 010-0195, Japan (Y.T., N.C., Y.N., N.F.);Division of Plant Sciences, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba 305-8602, Japan (Y.K.);Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan (R.M.);Department of General Education, Yamaguchi Prefectural University, Yamaguchi 753-8502, Japan (M.O.);Plant Genetic Resources, Institute of Genetic Resources, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan (M.F., T.K.);RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan (Y.O., M.K., K.S., K.T., M.S.);Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan (K.S.); andDepartment of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-1120 (Y.A., J.-L.J.)
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Matsushima R, Maekawa M, Kusano M, Tomita K, Kondo H, Nishimura H, Crofts N, Fujita N, Sakamoto W. Amyloplast Membrane Protein SUBSTANDARD STARCH GRAIN6 Controls Starch Grain Size in Rice Endosperm. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 170:1445-59. [PMID: 26792122 PMCID: PMC4775137 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.01811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Starch is a biologically and commercially important polymer of glucose. Starch is organized into starch grains (SGs) inside amyloplasts. The SG size differs depending on the plant species and is one of the most important factors for industrial applications of starch. There is limited information on genetic factors regulating SG sizes. In this study, we report the rice (Oryza sativa) mutant substandard starch grain6 (ssg6), which develops enlarged SGs in endosperm. Enlarged SGs are observed starting at 3 d after flowering. During endosperm development, a number of smaller SGs appear and coexist with enlarged SGs in the same cells. The ssg6 mutation also affects SG morphologies in pollen. The SSG6 gene was identified by map-based cloning and microarray analysis. SSG6 encodes a protein homologous to aminotransferase. SSG6 differs from other rice homologs in that it has a transmembrane domain. SSG6-green fluorescent protein is localized in the amyloplast membrane surrounding SGs in rice endosperm, pollen, and pericarp. The results of this study suggest that SSG6 is a novel protein that controls SG size. SSG6 will be a useful molecular tool for future starch breeding and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Matsushima
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan (R.M., M.M., H.K., H.N., W.S.);Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan (M.K.);RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan (M.K.);Fukui Agricultural Experiment Station, Fukui 918-8215, Japan (K.T.); andDepartment of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita 010-0195, Japan (N.C., N.F.)
| | - Masahiko Maekawa
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan (R.M., M.M., H.K., H.N., W.S.);Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan (M.K.);RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan (M.K.);Fukui Agricultural Experiment Station, Fukui 918-8215, Japan (K.T.); andDepartment of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita 010-0195, Japan (N.C., N.F.)
| | - Miyako Kusano
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan (R.M., M.M., H.K., H.N., W.S.);Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan (M.K.);RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan (M.K.);Fukui Agricultural Experiment Station, Fukui 918-8215, Japan (K.T.); andDepartment of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita 010-0195, Japan (N.C., N.F.)
| | - Katsura Tomita
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan (R.M., M.M., H.K., H.N., W.S.);Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan (M.K.);RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan (M.K.);Fukui Agricultural Experiment Station, Fukui 918-8215, Japan (K.T.); andDepartment of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita 010-0195, Japan (N.C., N.F.)
| | - Hideki Kondo
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan (R.M., M.M., H.K., H.N., W.S.);Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan (M.K.);RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan (M.K.);Fukui Agricultural Experiment Station, Fukui 918-8215, Japan (K.T.); andDepartment of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita 010-0195, Japan (N.C., N.F.)
| | - Hideki Nishimura
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan (R.M., M.M., H.K., H.N., W.S.);Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan (M.K.);RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan (M.K.);Fukui Agricultural Experiment Station, Fukui 918-8215, Japan (K.T.); andDepartment of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita 010-0195, Japan (N.C., N.F.)
| | - Naoko Crofts
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan (R.M., M.M., H.K., H.N., W.S.);Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan (M.K.);RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan (M.K.);Fukui Agricultural Experiment Station, Fukui 918-8215, Japan (K.T.); andDepartment of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita 010-0195, Japan (N.C., N.F.)
| | - Naoko Fujita
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan (R.M., M.M., H.K., H.N., W.S.);Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan (M.K.);RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan (M.K.);Fukui Agricultural Experiment Station, Fukui 918-8215, Japan (K.T.); andDepartment of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita 010-0195, Japan (N.C., N.F.)
| | - Wataru Sakamoto
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan (R.M., M.M., H.K., H.N., W.S.);Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan (M.K.);RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan (M.K.);Fukui Agricultural Experiment Station, Fukui 918-8215, Japan (K.T.); andDepartment of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita 010-0195, Japan (N.C., N.F.)
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Zhang L, Ren Y, Lu B, Yang C, Feng Z, Liu Z, Chen J, Ma W, Wang Y, Yu X, Wang Y, Zhang W, Wang Y, Liu S, Wu F, Zhang X, Guo X, Bao Y, Jiang L, Wan J. FLOURY ENDOSPERM7 encodes a regulator of starch synthesis and amyloplast development essential for peripheral endosperm development in rice. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:633-47. [PMID: 26608643 PMCID: PMC4737065 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In cereal crops, starch synthesis and storage depend mainly on a specialized class of plastids, termed amyloplasts. Despite the importance of starch, the molecular machinery regulating starch synthesis and amyloplast development remains largely unknown. Here, we report the characterization of the rice (Oryza sativa) floury endosperm7 (flo7) mutant, which develops a floury-white endosperm only in the periphery and not in the inner portion. Consistent with the phenotypic alternation in flo7 endosperm, the flo7 mutant had reduced amylose content and seriously disrupted amylopectin structure only in the peripheral endosperm. Notably, flo7 peripheral endosperm cells showed obvious defects in compound starch grain development. Map-based cloning of FLO7 revealed that it encodes a protein of unknown function. FLO7 harbors an N-terminal transit peptide capable of targeting functional FLO7 fused to green fluorescent protein to amyloplast stroma in developing endosperm cells, and a domain of unknown function 1338 (DUF1338) that is highly conserved in green plants. Furthermore, our combined β-glucuronidase activity and RNA in situ hybridization assays showed that the FLO7 gene was expressed ubiquitously but exhibited a specific expression in the endosperm periphery. Moreover, a set of in vivo experiments demonstrated that the missing 32 aa in the flo7 mutant protein are essential for the stable accumulation of FLO7 in the endosperm. Together, our findings identify FLO7 as a unique plant regulator required for starch synthesis and amyloplast development within the peripheral endosperm and provide new insights into the spatial regulation of endosperm development in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Yulong Ren
- National Key Facility for Crop Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Bingyue Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Chunyan Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Zhiming Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Zhou Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Jun Chen
- National Key Facility for Crop Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Weiwei Ma
- National Key Facility for Crop Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Ying Wang
- National Key Facility for Crop Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Xiaowen Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Yunlong Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Wenwei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Yihua Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Shijia Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Fuqing Wu
- National Key Facility for Crop Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Xin Zhang
- National Key Facility for Crop Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Xiuping Guo
- National Key Facility for Crop Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Yiqun Bao
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Ling Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Jianmin Wan
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China National Key Facility for Crop Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China
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Cuesta-Seijo JA, Nielsen MM, Ruzanski C, Krucewicz K, Beeren SR, Rydhal MG, Yoshimura Y, Striebeck A, Motawia MS, Willats WGT, Palcic MM. In vitro Biochemical Characterization of All Barley Endosperm Starch Synthases. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 6:1265. [PMID: 26858729 PMCID: PMC4730117 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.01265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/27/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Starch is the main storage polysaccharide in cereals and the major source of calories in the human diet. It is synthesized by a panel of enzymes including five classes of starch synthases (SSs). While the overall starch synthase (SS) reaction is known, the functional differences between the five SS classes are poorly understood. Much of our knowledge comes from analyzing mutant plants with altered SS activities, but the resulting data are often difficult to interpret as a result of pleitropic effects, competition between enzymes, overlaps in enzyme activity and disruption of multi-enzyme complexes. Here we provide a detailed biochemical study of the activity of all five classes of SSs in barley endosperm. Each enzyme was produced recombinantly in E. coli and the properties and modes of action in vitro were studied in isolation from other SSs and other substrate modifying activities. Our results define the mode of action of each SS class in unprecedented detail; we analyze their substrate selection, temperature dependence and stability, substrate affinity and temporal abundance during barley development. Our results are at variance with some generally accepted ideas about starch biosynthesis and might lead to the reinterpretation of results obtained in planta. In particular, they indicate that granule bound SS is capable of processive action even in the absence of a starch matrix, that SSI has no elongation limit, and that SSIV, believed to be critical for the initiation of starch granules, has maltoligosaccharides and not polysaccharides as its preferred substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Maja G. Rydhal
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of CopenhagenFrederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Mohammed S. Motawia
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of CopenhagenFrederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - William G. T. Willats
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of CopenhagenFrederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Dong X, Zhang D, Liu J, Liu QQ, Liu H, Tian L, Jiang L, Qu LQ. Plastidial Disproportionating Enzyme Participates in Starch Synthesis in Rice Endosperm by Transferring Maltooligosyl Groups from Amylose and Amylopectin to Amylopectin. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 169:2496-512. [PMID: 26471894 PMCID: PMC4677918 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.01411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Plastidial disproportionating enzyme1 (DPE1), an α-1,4-d-glucanotransferase, has been thought to be involved in storage starch synthesis in cereal crops. However, the precise function of DPE1 remains to be established. We present here the functional identification of DPE1 in storage starch synthesis in rice (Oryza sativa) by endosperm-specific gene overexpression and suppression. DPE1 overexpression decreased amylose content and resulted in small and tightly packed starch granules, whereas DPE1 suppression increased amylose content and formed heterogeneous-sized, spherical, and loosely packed starch granules. Chains with degree of polymerization (DP) of 6 to 10 and 23 to 38 were increased, while chains with DP of 11 to 22 were decreased in amylopectin from DPE1-overexpressing seeds. By contrast, chains with DP of 6 to 8 and 16 to 36 were decreased, while chains with DP of 9 to 15 were increased in amylopectin from DPE1-suppressed seeds. Changes in DPE1 gene expression also resulted in modifications in the thermal and pasting features of endosperm starch granules. In vitro analyses revealed that recombinant DPE1 can break down amylose into maltooligosaccharides in the presence of Glc, while it can transfer maltooligosyl groups from maltooligosaccharide to amylopectin or transfer maltooligosyl groups within and among amylopectin molecules in the absence of Glc. Moreover, a metabolic flow of maltooligosyl groups from amylose to amylopectin was clearly identifiable when comparing DPE1-overexpressing lines with DPE1-suppressed lines. These findings demonstrate that DPE1 participates substantially in starch synthesis in rice endosperm by transferring maltooligosyl groups from amylose and amylopectin to amylopectin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangbai Dong
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China (X.D., D.Z., J.L., H.L., L.T., L.Q.Q.);Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China (Q.Q.L.); andState Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China (L.J.)
| | - Du Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China (X.D., D.Z., J.L., H.L., L.T., L.Q.Q.);Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China (Q.Q.L.); andState Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China (L.J.)
| | - Jie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China (X.D., D.Z., J.L., H.L., L.T., L.Q.Q.);Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China (Q.Q.L.); andState Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China (L.J.)
| | - Qiao Quan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China (X.D., D.Z., J.L., H.L., L.T., L.Q.Q.);Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China (Q.Q.L.); andState Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China (L.J.)
| | - Hualiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China (X.D., D.Z., J.L., H.L., L.T., L.Q.Q.);Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China (Q.Q.L.); andState Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China (L.J.)
| | - Lihong Tian
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China (X.D., D.Z., J.L., H.L., L.T., L.Q.Q.);Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China (Q.Q.L.); andState Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China (L.J.)
| | - Ling Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China (X.D., D.Z., J.L., H.L., L.T., L.Q.Q.);Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China (Q.Q.L.); andState Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China (L.J.)
| | - Le Qing Qu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China (X.D., D.Z., J.L., H.L., L.T., L.Q.Q.);Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China (Q.Q.L.); andState Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China (L.J.)
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126
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Ishimaru T, Ida M, Hirose S, Shimamura S, Masumura T, Nishizawa NK, Nakazono M, Kondo M. Laser microdissection-based gene expression analysis in the aleurone layer and starchy endosperm of developing rice caryopses in the early storage phase. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2015; 8:57. [PMID: 26202548 PMCID: PMC4503711 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-015-0057-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rice endosperm is composed of aleurone cells in the outermost layers and starchy endosperm cells in the inner part. The aleurone layer accumulates lipids, whereas starchy endosperm mainly accumulates starch. During the ripening stage, the starch accumulation rate is known to be asynchronous, depending on the position of the starchy endosperm. Different physiological and molecular mechanisms are hypothesized to underlie the qualitative and quantitative differences in storage products among developing rice endosperm tissues. RESULTS Target cells in aleurone layers and starchy endosperm were isolated by laser microdissection (LM), and RNAs were extracted from each endosperm tissue in the early storage phase. Genes important for carbohydrate metabolism in developing endosperm were analyzed using qRT-PCR, and some of the genes showed specific localization in either tissue of the endosperm. Aleurone layer-specific gene expression of a sucrose transporter, OsSUT1, suggested that the gene functions in sucrose uptake into aleurone cells. The expression levels of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPL2 and AGPS2b) in each endosperm tissue spatially corresponded to the distribution of starch granules differentially observed among endosperm tissues. By contrast, expressions of genes for sucrose cleavage-hexokinase, UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase, and phosphoglucomutase-were observed in all endosperm tissues tested. Aleurone cells predominantly expressed mRNAs for the TCA cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. This finding was supported by the presence of oxygen (8 % concentration) and large numbers of mitochondria in the aleurone layers. In contrast, oxygen was absent and only a few mitochondria were observed in the starchy endosperm. Genes for carbon fixation and the GS/GOGAT cycle were expressed highly in aleurone cells compared to starchy endosperm. CONCLUSIONS The transcript level of AGPL2 and AGPS2b encoding ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase appears to regulate the asynchronous development of starch granules in developing caryopses. Aleurone cells appear to generate, at least partially, ATP via aerobic respiration as observed from specific expression of identified genes and large numbers of mitochondria. The LM-based expression analysis and physiological experiments provide insight into the molecular basis of the spatial and nutritional differences between rice aleurone cells and starchy endosperm cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Ishimaru
- />NARO Institute of Crop Science, NARO, Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8518 Japan
- />Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences, Ohwashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8686 Japan
- />International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), DAPO Box 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Masashi Ida
- />NARO Institute of Crop Science, NARO, Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8518 Japan
- />Life Science Research Institute, Kumiai Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., Shizuoka, 439-0031 Japan
| | - Sakiko Hirose
- />NARO Institute of Crop Science, NARO, Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8518 Japan
- />National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602 Japan
| | - Satoshi Shimamura
- />NARO Institute of Crop Science, NARO, Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8518 Japan
- />NARO Tohoku Agricultural Research Center (TARC), NARO, Kari-wano, Daisen, Akita 019-2112 Japan
| | - Takehiro Masumura
- />Graduate School of Life and Environmental Science Kyoto Prefectural University, Shimogamo, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8522 Japan
| | - Naoko K. Nishizawa
- />Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657 Japan
- />Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, 1-38 Suematsu, Nonoichi, Ishikawa 921-8836 Japan
| | - Mikio Nakazono
- />Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657 Japan
- />Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601 Japan
| | - Motohiko Kondo
- />NARO Institute of Crop Science, NARO, Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8518 Japan
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Abstract
When green algae are exposed to physiological stresses such as nutrient deprivation, growth is arrested and the cells channel fixed carbon instead into storage compounds, accumulating first starch granules and then lipid bodies containing triacylglycerides. In recent years there has been significant interest in the commercial exploitation of algal lipids as a sustainable source of biodiesel. Since starch and lipid biosynthesis involves the same C3 precursor pool, it has been proposed that mutations blocking starch accumulation should result in increased lipid yields, and indeed several studies have supported this. The fast-growing, thermotolerant alga Chlorella sorokiniana represents an attractive strain for industrial cultivation. We have therefore generated and characterized starch-deficient mutants of C. sorokiniana and determined whether lipid levels are increased in these strains under stress conditions. One mutant (ST68) is shown to lack isoamylase, whilst two others (ST3 and ST12) are defective in starch phosphorylase. However, we find no significant change in the accumulation or profile of fatty acids in these mutants compared to the wild-type, suggesting that a failure to accumulate starch per se is not sufficient for the hyper-accumulation of lipid, and that more subtle regulatory steps underlie the partitioning of carbon to the two storage products. We have isolated a collection of starch deficient mutants of Chlorella sorokiniana. We have characterized mutants defective in isoamylase and starch phosphorylase. Mutants show no increase in storage lipids as seen for other algal starch mutants.
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128
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Fettke J, Fernie AR. Intracellular and cell-to-apoplast compartmentation of carbohydrate metabolism. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 20:490-497. [PMID: 26008154 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2015.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In most plants, carbohydrates represent the major energy store as well as providing the building blocks for essential structural polymers. Although the major pathways for carbohydrate biosynthesis, degradation, and transport are well characterized, several key steps have only recently been discovered. In addition, several novel minor metabolic routes have been uncovered in the past few years. Here we review current studies of plant carbohydrate metabolism detailing the expanding compendium of functionally characterized transport proteins as well as our deeper comprehension of more minor and conditionally activated metabolic pathways. We additionally explore the pertinent questions that will allow us to enhance our understanding of the response of both major and minor carbohydrate fluxes to changing cellular circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joerg Fettke
- Biopolymer Analytics, University of Potsdam, Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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129
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Crofts N, Abe N, Oitome NF, Matsushima R, Hayashi M, Tetlow IJ, Emes MJ, Nakamura Y, Fujita N. Amylopectin biosynthetic enzymes from developing rice seed form enzymatically active protein complexes. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:4469-82. [PMID: 25979995 PMCID: PMC4507757 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Amylopectin is a highly branched, organized cluster of glucose polymers, and the major component of rice starch. Synthesis of amylopectin requires fine co-ordination between elongation of glucose polymers by soluble starch synthases (SSs), generation of branches by branching enzymes (BEs), and removal of misplaced branches by debranching enzymes (DBEs). Among the various isozymes having a role in amylopectin biosynthesis, limited numbers of SS and BE isozymes have been demonstrated to interact via protein-protein interactions in maize and wheat amyloplasts. This study investigated whether protein-protein interactions are also found in rice endosperm, as well as exploring differences between species. Gel permeation chromatography of developing rice endosperm extracts revealed that all 10 starch biosynthetic enzymes analysed were present at larger molecular weights than their respective monomeric sizes. SSIIa, SSIIIa, SSIVb, BEI, BEIIb, and PUL co-eluted at mass sizes >700kDa, and SSI, SSIIa, BEIIb, ISA1, PUL, and Pho1 co-eluted at 200-400kDa. Zymogram analyses showed that SSI, SSIIIa, BEI, BEIIa, BEIIb, ISA1, PUL, and Pho1 eluted in high molecular weight fractions were active. Comprehensive co-immunoprecipitation analyses revealed associations of SSs-BEs, and, among BE isozymes, BEIIa-Pho1, and pullulanase-type DBE-BEI interactions. Blue-native-PAGE zymogram analyses confirmed the glucan-synthesizing activity of protein complexes. These results suggest that some rice starch biosynthetic isozymes are physically associated with each other and form active protein complexes. Detailed analyses of these complexes will shed light on the mechanisms controlling the unique branch and cluster structure of amylopectin, and the physicochemical properties of starch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Crofts
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, 241-438 Kaidobata-Nishi, Shimoshinjo-Nakano, Akita city, Akita 010-0195, Japan
| | - Natsuko Abe
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, 241-438 Kaidobata-Nishi, Shimoshinjo-Nakano, Akita city, Akita 010-0195, Japan
| | - Naoko F Oitome
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, 241-438 Kaidobata-Nishi, Shimoshinjo-Nakano, Akita city, Akita 010-0195, Japan
| | - Ryo Matsushima
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Resources, Okayama University, Chuo 2-20-1, Kurashiki city, Okayama 710-0046, Japan
| | - Mari Hayashi
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, 241-438 Kaidobata-Nishi, Shimoshinjo-Nakano, Akita city, Akita 010-0195, Japan
| | - Ian J Tetlow
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Biological Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Michael J Emes
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Biological Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Yasunori Nakamura
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, 241-438 Kaidobata-Nishi, Shimoshinjo-Nakano, Akita city, Akita 010-0195, Japan
| | - Naoko Fujita
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, 241-438 Kaidobata-Nishi, Shimoshinjo-Nakano, Akita city, Akita 010-0195, Japan
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Miguel A, de Vega-Bartol J, Marum L, Chaves I, Santo T, Leitão J, Varela MC, Miguel CM. Characterization of the cork oak transcriptome dynamics during acorn development. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 15:158. [PMID: 26109289 PMCID: PMC4479327 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-015-0534-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cork oak (Quercus suber L.) has a natural distribution across western Mediterranean regions and is a keystone forest tree species in these ecosystems. The fruiting phase is especially critical for its regeneration but the molecular mechanisms underlying the biochemical and physiological changes during cork oak acorn development are poorly understood. In this study, the transcriptome of the cork oak acorn, including the seed, was characterized in five stages of development, from early development to acorn maturation, to identify the dominant processes in each stage and reveal transcripts with important functions in gene expression regulation and response to water. RESULTS A total of 80,357 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) were de novo assembled from RNA-Seq libraries representative of the several acorn developmental stages. Approximately 7.6 % of the total number of transcripts present in Q. suber transcriptome was identified as acorn specific. The analysis of expression profiles during development returned 2,285 differentially expressed (DE) transcripts, which were clustered into six groups. The stage of development corresponding to the mature acorn exhibited an expression profile markedly different from other stages. Approximately 22 % of the DE transcripts putatively code for transcription factors (TF) or transcriptional regulators, and were found almost equally distributed among the several expression profile clusters, highlighting their major roles in controlling the whole developmental process. On the other hand, carbohydrate metabolism, the biological pathway most represented during acorn development, was especially prevalent in mid to late stages as evidenced by enrichment analysis. We further show that genes related to response to water, water deprivation and transport were mostly represented during the early (S2) and the last stage (S8) of acorn development, when tolerance to water desiccation is possibly critical for acorn viability. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge this work represents the first report of acorn development transcriptomics in oaks. The obtained results provide novel insights into the developmental biology of cork oak acorns, highlighting transcripts putatively involved in the regulation of the gene expression program and in specific processes likely essential for adaptation. It is expected that this knowledge can be transferred to other oak species of great ecological value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia Miguel
- Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2781-901, Oeiras, Portugal.
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da República, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal.
| | - José de Vega-Bartol
- Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2781-901, Oeiras, Portugal.
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da República, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal.
- The Genome Analysis Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK.
| | - Liliana Marum
- Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2781-901, Oeiras, Portugal.
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da República, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal.
- KLÓN, Innovative Technologies from Cloning, Biocant Park, Núcleo 4, Lote 4A, 3060-197, Cantanhede, Portugal.
| | - Inês Chaves
- Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2781-901, Oeiras, Portugal.
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da República, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal.
| | - Tatiana Santo
- Laboratory of Genomics and Genetic Improvement, BioFIG, FCT, Universidade do Algarve, E.8, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, 8300, Portugal.
| | - José Leitão
- Laboratory of Genomics and Genetic Improvement, BioFIG, FCT, Universidade do Algarve, E.8, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, 8300, Portugal.
| | - Maria Carolina Varela
- INIAV- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, IP, Quinta do, Marquês, Oeiras, 2780-159, Portugal.
| | - Célia M Miguel
- Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2781-901, Oeiras, Portugal.
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da República, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal.
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131
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Transitory and storage starch metabolism: two sides of the same coin? Curr Opin Biotechnol 2015; 32:143-148. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2014.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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132
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Morita R, Sugino M, Hatanaka T, Misoo S, Fukayama H. CO2-responsive CONSTANS, CONSTANS-like, and time of chlorophyll a/b binding protein Expression1 protein is a positive regulator of starch synthesis in vegetative organs of rice. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 167:1321-31. [PMID: 25717036 PMCID: PMC4378175 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
A unique CO2-Responsive CONSTANS, CONSTANS-like, and Time of Chlorophyll a/b Binding Protein1 (CCT) Protein (CRCT) containing a CCT domain but not a zinc finger motif is described, which is up-regulated under elevated CO2 in rice (Oryza sativa). The expression of CRCT showed diurnal oscillation peaked at the end of the light period and was also increased by sugars such as glucose and sucrose. Promoter β-glucuronidase analysis showed that CRCT was highly expressed in the phloem of various tissues such as leaf blade and leaf sheath. Overexpression or RNA interference knockdown of CRCT had no appreciable effect on plant growth and photosynthesis except that tiller angle was significantly increased by the overexpression. More importantly, starch content in leaf sheath, which serves as a temporary storage organ for photoassimilates, was markedly increased in overexpression lines and decreased in knockdown lines. The expressions of several genes related to starch synthesis, such as ADP-glucose pyrophospholylase and α-glucan phospholylase, were significantly changed in transgenic lines and positively correlated with the expression levels of CRCT. Given these observations, we suggest that CRCT is a positive regulator of starch accumulation in vegetative tissues, regulating coordinated expression of starch synthesis genes in response to the levels of photoassimilates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryutaro Morita
- Laboratory of Crop Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Miho Sugino
- Laboratory of Crop Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Tomoko Hatanaka
- Laboratory of Crop Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Shuji Misoo
- Laboratory of Crop Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Fukayama
- Laboratory of Crop Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
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133
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Kang G, Peng X, Wang L, Yang Y, Shao R, Xie Y, Ma D, Wang C, Guo T, Zhu Y. Ultrastructural observation of mesophyll cells and temporal expression profiles of the genes involved in transitory starch metabolism in flag leaves of wheat after anthesis. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2015; 153:12-29. [PMID: 24853500 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Transitory starch in cereal plant leaves is synthesized during the day and remobilized at night to provide a carbon source for growth and grain filling, but its mechanistic basis is still poorly understood. The objective of this study is to explore the regulatory mechanism for starch biosynthesis and degradation in plant source organs. Using transmission electron microscopy, we observed that during the day after anthesis, starch granules in mesophyll cells of wheat flag leaves accumulated in chloroplasts and the number of starch granules gradually decreased with wheat leaf growth. During the night, starch granules synthesized in chloroplasts during the day were completely or partially degraded. The transcript levels of 26 starch synthesis-related genes and 16 starch breakdown-related genes were further measured using quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Expression profile analysis revealed that starch metabolism genes were clustered into two groups based on their temporal expression patterns. The genes in the first group were highly expressed and presumed to play crucial roles in starch metabolism. The genes in the other group were not highly expressed in flag leaves and may have minor functions in starch metabolism in leaf tissue. The functions of most of these genes in leaves were further discussed. The starch metabolism-related genes that are predominantly expressed in wheat flag leaves differ from those expressed in wheat grain, indicating that two different pathways for starch metabolism operate in these tissues. This provides specific information on the molecular mechanisms of transitory starch metabolism in higher plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guozhang Kang
- The Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Food Crops, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
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134
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Aoki N, Umemoto T, Okamoto K, Suzuki Y, Tanaka J. Mutants that have shorter amylopectin chains are promising materials for slow-hardening rice bread. J Cereal Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2014.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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135
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136
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Zheng Y, Wang Z. The cereal starch endosperm development and its relationship with other endosperm tissues and embryo. PROTOPLASMA 2015; 252:33-40. [PMID: 25123370 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-014-0687-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The cereal starch endosperm is the central part of endosperm, and it is rich in starch and protein which are the important resources for human food. The starch and protein are separately accumulated in starch granules and protein bodies. Content and configuration of starch granules and protein bodies affect the quality of the starch endosperm. The development of starch endosperm is mediated by genes, enzymes, and hormones, and it also has a close relationship with other endosperm tissues and embryo. This paper reviews the latest investigations on the starch endosperm and will provide some useful information for the future researches on the development of cereal endosperm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yankun Zheng
- College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
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137
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Ambavaram MMR, Basu S, Krishnan A, Ramegowda V, Batlang U, Rahman L, Baisakh N, Pereira A. Coordinated regulation of photosynthesis in rice increases yield and tolerance to environmental stress. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5302. [PMID: 25358745 PMCID: PMC4220491 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants capture solar energy and atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) through photosynthesis, which is the primary component of crop yield, and needs to be increased considerably to meet the growing global demand for food. Environmental stresses, which are increasing with climate change, adversely affect photosynthetic carbon metabolism (PCM) and limit yield of cereals such as rice (Oryza sativa) that feeds half the world. To study the regulation of photosynthesis, we developed a rice gene regulatory network and identified a transcription factor HYR (HIGHER YIELD RICE) associated with PCM, which on expression in rice enhances photosynthesis under multiple environmental conditions, determining a morpho-physiological programme leading to higher grain yield under normal, drought and high-temperature stress conditions. We show HYR is a master regulator, directly activating photosynthesis genes, cascades of transcription factors and other downstream genes involved in PCM and yield stability under drought and high-temperature environmental stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madana M R Ambavaram
- Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA
| | - Supratim Basu
- Department of Crop, Soil, and Environmental Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, USA
| | - Arjun Krishnan
- Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA
| | - Venkategowda Ramegowda
- Department of Crop, Soil, and Environmental Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, USA
| | - Utlwang Batlang
- Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA
| | - Lutfor Rahman
- Department of Crop, Soil, and Environmental Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, USA
| | - Niranjan Baisakh
- School of Plant, Environmental, and Soil Sciences, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - Andy Pereira
- 1] Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA [2] Department of Crop, Soil, and Environmental Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, USA
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138
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Wang W, Feng B, Xiao J, Xia Z, Zhou X, Li P, Zhang W, Wang Y, Møller BL, Zhang P, Luo MC, Xiao G, Liu J, Yang J, Chen S, Rabinowicz PD, Chen X, Zhang HB, Ceballos H, Lou Q, Zou M, Carvalho LJCB, Zeng C, Xia J, Sun S, Fu Y, Wang H, Lu C, Ruan M, Zhou S, Wu Z, Liu H, Kannangara RM, Jørgensen K, Neale RL, Bonde M, Heinz N, Zhu W, Wang S, Zhang Y, Pan K, Wen M, Ma PA, Li Z, Hu M, Liao W, Hu W, Zhang S, Pei J, Guo A, Guo J, Zhang J, Zhang Z, Ye J, Ou W, Ma Y, Liu X, Tallon LJ, Galens K, Ott S, Huang J, Xue J, An F, Yao Q, Lu X, Fregene M, López-Lavalle LAB, Wu J, You FM, Chen M, Hu S, Wu G, Zhong S, Ling P, Chen Y, Wang Q, Liu G, Liu B, Li K, Peng M. Cassava genome from a wild ancestor to cultivated varieties. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5110. [PMID: 25300236 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cassava is a major tropical food crop in the Euphorbiaceae family that has high carbohydrate production potential and adaptability to diverse environments. Here we present the draft genome sequences of a wild ancestor and a domesticated variety of cassava and comparative analyses with a partial inbred line. We identify 1,584 and 1,678 gene models specific to the wild and domesticated varieties, respectively, and discover high heterozygosity and millions of single-nucleotide variations. Our analyses reveal that genes involved in photosynthesis, starch accumulation and abiotic stresses have been positively selected, whereas those involved in cell wall biosynthesis and secondary metabolism, including cyanogenic glucoside formation, have been negatively selected in the cultivated varieties, reflecting the result of natural selection and domestication. Differences in microRNA genes and retrotransposon regulation could partly explain an increased carbon flux towards starch accumulation and reduced cyanogenic glucoside accumulation in domesticated cassava. These results may contribute to genetic improvement of cassava through better understanding of its biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenquan Wang
- Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Haikou 571101, China
| | - Binxiao Feng
- 1] Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Haikou 571101, China [2] Tropical Crop Genetic Resources Institute, CATAS, Danzhou 571700, China
| | - Jingfa Xiao
- Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zhiqiang Xia
- Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Haikou 571101, China
| | - Xincheng Zhou
- Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Haikou 571101, China
| | - Pinghua Li
- Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Haikou 571101, China
| | - Weixiong Zhang
- 1] Department of Computer Science and Engineering and Department of Genetics, Washington University, Saint Louis, Missouri 63130, USA [2] Institute for Systems Biology, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Ying Wang
- South China Botanical Garden, CAS, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Birger Lindberg Møller
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 1165, Denmark
| | - Peng Zhang
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences of CAS, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ming-Cheng Luo
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Gong Xiao
- South China Botanical Garden, CAS, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Jingxing Liu
- Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences of CAS, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Songbi Chen
- Tropical Crop Genetic Resources Institute, CATAS, Danzhou 571700, China
| | - Pablo D Rabinowicz
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
| | - Xin Chen
- Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Haikou 571101, China
| | - Hong-Bin Zhang
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Henan Ceballos
- International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), Cali 6713, Colombia
| | - Qunfeng Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Meiling Zou
- Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Haikou 571101, China
| | - Luiz J C B Carvalho
- Brazilian Enterprise for Agricultural Research (EMBRAPA), Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasilia 70770, Brazil
| | - Changying Zeng
- Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Haikou 571101, China
| | - Jing Xia
- 1] Department of Computer Science and Engineering and Department of Genetics, Washington University, Saint Louis, Missouri 63130, USA [2] Institute for Systems Biology, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Shixiang Sun
- Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yuhua Fu
- Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Haikou 571101, China
| | - Haiyan Wang
- Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Haikou 571101, China
| | - Cheng Lu
- Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Haikou 571101, China
| | - Mengbin Ruan
- Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Haikou 571101, China
| | - Shuigeng Zhou
- Shanghai Key Lab of Intelligent Information Processing, and School of Computer Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zhicheng Wu
- Shanghai Key Lab of Intelligent Information Processing, and School of Computer Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Shanghai Key Lab of Intelligent Information Processing, and School of Computer Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Rubini Maya Kannangara
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 1165, Denmark
| | - Kirsten Jørgensen
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 1165, Denmark
| | - Rebecca Louise Neale
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 1165, Denmark
| | - Maya Bonde
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 1165, Denmark
| | - Nanna Heinz
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 1165, Denmark
| | - Wenli Zhu
- Tropical Crop Genetic Resources Institute, CATAS, Danzhou 571700, China
| | - Shujuan Wang
- Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Haikou 571101, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Haikou 571101, China
| | - Kun Pan
- Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Haikou 571101, China
| | - Mingfu Wen
- Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Haikou 571101, China
| | - Ping-An Ma
- Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Haikou 571101, China
| | - Zhengxu Li
- Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Haikou 571101, China
| | - Meizhen Hu
- Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Haikou 571101, China
| | - Wenbin Liao
- Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Haikou 571101, China
| | - Wenbin Hu
- Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Haikou 571101, China
| | - Shengkui Zhang
- Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Haikou 571101, China
| | - Jinli Pei
- Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Haikou 571101, China
| | - Anping Guo
- Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Haikou 571101, China
| | - Jianchun Guo
- Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Haikou 571101, China
| | - Jiaming Zhang
- Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Haikou 571101, China
| | - Zhengwen Zhang
- Tropical Crop Genetic Resources Institute, CATAS, Danzhou 571700, China
| | - Jianqiu Ye
- Tropical Crop Genetic Resources Institute, CATAS, Danzhou 571700, China
| | - Wenjun Ou
- Tropical Crop Genetic Resources Institute, CATAS, Danzhou 571700, China
| | - Yaqin Ma
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Xinyue Liu
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
| | - Luke J Tallon
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
| | - Kevin Galens
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
| | - Sandra Ott
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
| | - Jie Huang
- Tropical Crop Genetic Resources Institute, CATAS, Danzhou 571700, China
| | - Jingjing Xue
- Tropical Crop Genetic Resources Institute, CATAS, Danzhou 571700, China
| | - Feifei An
- Tropical Crop Genetic Resources Institute, CATAS, Danzhou 571700, China
| | - Qingqun Yao
- Tropical Crop Genetic Resources Institute, CATAS, Danzhou 571700, China
| | - Xiaojing Lu
- Tropical Crop Genetic Resources Institute, CATAS, Danzhou 571700, China
| | - Martin Fregene
- International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), Cali 6713, Colombia
| | | | - Jiajie Wu
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Frank M You
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Meili Chen
- Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China
| | - Songnian Hu
- Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China
| | - Guojiang Wu
- South China Botanical Garden, CAS, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Silin Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Peng Ling
- Citrus Research and Education Center (CREC), University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
| | - Yeyuan Chen
- Tropical Crop Genetic Resources Institute, CATAS, Danzhou 571700, China
| | - Qinghuang Wang
- Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Haikou 571101, China
| | - Guodao Liu
- Tropical Crop Genetic Resources Institute, CATAS, Danzhou 571700, China
| | - Bin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Key Laboratory of Biogeography and Bioresources in Arid Land, Center of Systematic Genomics, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Kaimian Li
- Tropical Crop Genetic Resources Institute, CATAS, Danzhou 571700, China
| | - Ming Peng
- Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Haikou 571101, China
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139
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Wang W, Feng B, Xiao J, Xia Z, Zhou X, Li P, Zhang W, Wang Y, Møller BL, Zhang P, Luo MC, Xiao G, Liu J, Yang J, Chen S, Rabinowicz PD, Chen X, Zhang HB, Ceballos H, Lou Q, Zou M, Carvalho LJCB, Zeng C, Xia J, Sun S, Fu Y, Wang H, Lu C, Ruan M, Zhou S, Wu Z, Liu H, Kannangara RM, Jørgensen K, Neale RL, Bonde M, Heinz N, Zhu W, Wang S, Zhang Y, Pan K, Wen M, Ma PA, Li Z, Hu M, Liao W, Hu W, Zhang S, Pei J, Guo A, Guo J, Zhang J, Zhang Z, Ye J, Ou W, Ma Y, Liu X, Tallon LJ, Galens K, Ott S, Huang J, Xue J, An F, Yao Q, Lu X, Fregene M, López-Lavalle LAB, Wu J, You FM, Chen M, Hu S, Wu G, Zhong S, Ling P, Chen Y, Wang Q, Liu G, Liu B, Li K, Peng M. Cassava genome from a wild ancestor to cultivated varieties. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5110. [PMID: 25300236 PMCID: PMC4214410 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Cassava is a major tropical food crop in the Euphorbiaceae family that has high carbohydrate production potential and adaptability to diverse environments. Here we present the draft genome sequences of a wild ancestor and a domesticated variety of cassava and comparative analyses with a partial inbred line. We identify 1,584 and 1,678 gene models specific to the wild and domesticated varieties, respectively, and discover high heterozygosity and millions of single-nucleotide variations. Our analyses reveal that genes involved in photosynthesis, starch accumulation and abiotic stresses have been positively selected, whereas those involved in cell wall biosynthesis and secondary metabolism, including cyanogenic glucoside formation, have been negatively selected in the cultivated varieties, reflecting the result of natural selection and domestication. Differences in microRNA genes and retrotransposon regulation could partly explain an increased carbon flux towards starch accumulation and reduced cyanogenic glucoside accumulation in domesticated cassava. These results may contribute to genetic improvement of cassava through better understanding of its biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenquan Wang
- Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Haikou 571101, China
| | - Binxiao Feng
- 1] Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Haikou 571101, China [2] Tropical Crop Genetic Resources Institute, CATAS, Danzhou 571700, China
| | - Jingfa Xiao
- Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zhiqiang Xia
- Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Haikou 571101, China
| | - Xincheng Zhou
- Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Haikou 571101, China
| | - Pinghua Li
- Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Haikou 571101, China
| | - Weixiong Zhang
- 1] Department of Computer Science and Engineering and Department of Genetics, Washington University, Saint Louis, Missouri 63130, USA [2] Institute for Systems Biology, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Ying Wang
- South China Botanical Garden, CAS, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Birger Lindberg Møller
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 1165, Denmark
| | - Peng Zhang
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences of CAS, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ming-Cheng Luo
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Gong Xiao
- South China Botanical Garden, CAS, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Jingxing Liu
- Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences of CAS, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Songbi Chen
- Tropical Crop Genetic Resources Institute, CATAS, Danzhou 571700, China
| | - Pablo D Rabinowicz
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
| | - Xin Chen
- Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Haikou 571101, China
| | - Hong-Bin Zhang
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Henan Ceballos
- International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), Cali 6713, Colombia
| | - Qunfeng Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Meiling Zou
- Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Haikou 571101, China
| | - Luiz J C B Carvalho
- Brazilian Enterprise for Agricultural Research (EMBRAPA), Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasilia 70770, Brazil
| | - Changying Zeng
- Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Haikou 571101, China
| | - Jing Xia
- 1] Department of Computer Science and Engineering and Department of Genetics, Washington University, Saint Louis, Missouri 63130, USA [2] Institute for Systems Biology, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Shixiang Sun
- Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yuhua Fu
- Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Haikou 571101, China
| | - Haiyan Wang
- Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Haikou 571101, China
| | - Cheng Lu
- Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Haikou 571101, China
| | - Mengbin Ruan
- Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Haikou 571101, China
| | - Shuigeng Zhou
- Shanghai Key Lab of Intelligent Information Processing, and School of Computer Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zhicheng Wu
- Shanghai Key Lab of Intelligent Information Processing, and School of Computer Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Shanghai Key Lab of Intelligent Information Processing, and School of Computer Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Rubini Maya Kannangara
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 1165, Denmark
| | - Kirsten Jørgensen
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 1165, Denmark
| | - Rebecca Louise Neale
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 1165, Denmark
| | - Maya Bonde
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 1165, Denmark
| | - Nanna Heinz
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 1165, Denmark
| | - Wenli Zhu
- Tropical Crop Genetic Resources Institute, CATAS, Danzhou 571700, China
| | - Shujuan Wang
- Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Haikou 571101, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Haikou 571101, China
| | - Kun Pan
- Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Haikou 571101, China
| | - Mingfu Wen
- Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Haikou 571101, China
| | - Ping-An Ma
- Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Haikou 571101, China
| | - Zhengxu Li
- Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Haikou 571101, China
| | - Meizhen Hu
- Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Haikou 571101, China
| | - Wenbin Liao
- Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Haikou 571101, China
| | - Wenbin Hu
- Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Haikou 571101, China
| | - Shengkui Zhang
- Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Haikou 571101, China
| | - Jinli Pei
- Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Haikou 571101, China
| | - Anping Guo
- Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Haikou 571101, China
| | - Jianchun Guo
- Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Haikou 571101, China
| | - Jiaming Zhang
- Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Haikou 571101, China
| | - Zhengwen Zhang
- Tropical Crop Genetic Resources Institute, CATAS, Danzhou 571700, China
| | - Jianqiu Ye
- Tropical Crop Genetic Resources Institute, CATAS, Danzhou 571700, China
| | - Wenjun Ou
- Tropical Crop Genetic Resources Institute, CATAS, Danzhou 571700, China
| | - Yaqin Ma
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Xinyue Liu
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
| | - Luke J Tallon
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
| | - Kevin Galens
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
| | - Sandra Ott
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
| | - Jie Huang
- Tropical Crop Genetic Resources Institute, CATAS, Danzhou 571700, China
| | - Jingjing Xue
- Tropical Crop Genetic Resources Institute, CATAS, Danzhou 571700, China
| | - Feifei An
- Tropical Crop Genetic Resources Institute, CATAS, Danzhou 571700, China
| | - Qingqun Yao
- Tropical Crop Genetic Resources Institute, CATAS, Danzhou 571700, China
| | - Xiaojing Lu
- Tropical Crop Genetic Resources Institute, CATAS, Danzhou 571700, China
| | - Martin Fregene
- International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), Cali 6713, Colombia
| | | | - Jiajie Wu
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Frank M You
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Meili Chen
- Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China
| | - Songnian Hu
- Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China
| | - Guojiang Wu
- South China Botanical Garden, CAS, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Silin Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Peng Ling
- Citrus Research and Education Center (CREC), University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
| | - Yeyuan Chen
- Tropical Crop Genetic Resources Institute, CATAS, Danzhou 571700, China
| | - Qinghuang Wang
- Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Haikou 571101, China
| | - Guodao Liu
- Tropical Crop Genetic Resources Institute, CATAS, Danzhou 571700, China
| | - Bin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Key Laboratory of Biogeography and Bioresources in Arid Land, Center of Systematic Genomics, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Kaimian Li
- Tropical Crop Genetic Resources Institute, CATAS, Danzhou 571700, China
| | - Ming Peng
- Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Haikou 571101, China
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140
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Subasinghe RM, Liu F, Polack UC, Lee EA, Emes MJ, Tetlow IJ. Multimeric states of starch phosphorylase determine protein-protein interactions with starch biosynthetic enzymes in amyloplasts. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2014; 83:168-79. [PMID: 25151633 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2014.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/20/2014] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions between starch phosphorylase (SP) and other starch biosynthetic enzymes were investigated using isolated maize endosperm amyloplasts and a recombinant maize enzyme. Plastidial SP is a stromal enzyme existing as a multimeric protein in amyloplasts. Biochemical analysis of the recombinant maize SP indicated that the tetrameric form was catalytically active in both glucan-synthetic and phosphorolytic directions. Protein-protein interaction experiments employing the recombinant SP as an affinity ligand with amyloplast extracts showed that the multimeric state of SP determined interactions with other enzymes of the starch biosynthetic pathway. The monomeric form of SP interacts with starch branching enzyme I (SBEI) and SBEIIb, whereas only SBEI interacts with the tetrameric form of SP. In all cases, protein-protein interactions were broken when amyloplast lysates were dephosphorylated in vitro, and enhanced following pre-treatment with ATP, suggesting a mechanism of protein complex formation regulated by protein phosphorylation. In vitro protein phosphorylation experiments with [γ-(32)P]-ATP show that SP is phosphorylated by a plastidial protein kinase. Evidence is presented which suggests SBEIIb modulates the catalytic activity of SP through the formation of a heteromeric protein complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renuka M Subasinghe
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Science Complex, College of Biological Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Fushan Liu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Science Complex, College of Biological Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Ursula C Polack
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Science Complex, College of Biological Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Elizabeth A Lee
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Michael J Emes
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Science Complex, College of Biological Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Ian J Tetlow
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Science Complex, College of Biological Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada.
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141
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Comparative proteome analysis of A- and B-type starch granule-associated proteins in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and Aegilops crassa. J Proteomics 2014; 112:95-112. [PMID: 25154053 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Revised: 07/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Starch is the main component in the wheat endosperm and exists in two forms including A- and B-type granules. A bread wheat line CB037A and an Aegilops line Aegilops crassa were studied for the underlying starch biosynthesis mechanism in relation to granule types. The wheat line contains both types of starch granules while the Aegilops line only has the A-type. Differential starch granule development patterns of these two species were observed at the morphological level. A total of 190 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were detected between the two lines based on 2-D electrophoresis, among which 119 DEPs were identified, representing 13 unique proteins. Gene ontology annotation analysis indicated that both molecular functions and biological processes of the identified proteins are highly conserved. Different phosphorylation modification levels between the A- and B-type starch granules were found. Real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR analysis revealed that a number of key genes including starch synthase I-1, pullulanase, isoamylase and starch branching enzyme IIa were differentially expressed between the two species. Our results demonstrated that the large granule size is associated with higher activities of multiple starch biosynthesis enzymes. The phosphorylation of starch biosynthesis enzymes is related with the formation of B-type starch granules. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE Analyzed the proteome, transcriptome and phosphorylation of core starch granule biosynthesis enzymes and provided new insights into the differential mechanisms underlying the A- and B-type starch granule biosyntheses.
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142
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Nakamura Y, Aihara S, Crofts N, Sawada T, Fujita N. In vitro studies of enzymatic properties of starch synthases and interactions between starch synthase I and starch branching enzymes from rice. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 224:1-8. [PMID: 24908500 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2014.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The present study was conducted to characterize the functions of the major starch synthase (SS) isozymes SSI, SSIIa, and SSIIIa in rice endosperm and their functional interaction with starch branching enzyme (BE), by using their purified recombinant proteins. All the SS isozymes had similarly significant activities toward branched glucans such as amylopecin and glycogen whereas they scarcely showed activities toward maltohexaose. In vitro studies indicate that SSI mainly attacked A and B chains with degree of polymerization (DP) of 6 and 7 in their external segments and elongated them to DP8. It is likely that SSIIa and SSIIIa produced wider ranges of intermediate chains and long chains, respectively. This study also revealed that without addition of exogenous primer, the glucan synthesis of SSI in the presence of ≧0.3 M citrate was accelerated by the addition of any of the rice BE isozymes- BEI, BEIIa, or BEIIb, whereas no such interaction occurred between SSIIa or SSIIIa with any of the BEs. The SSI-BE unprimed glucan synthesis absolutely required citrate. The interaction between SSI and BE was established by stimulation of SSI activity with BE and by activation of the BE activity by SSI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunori Nakamura
- Faculty of Bioresource Science, Akita Prefectural University, Shimoshinjo-Nakano, Akita-City 010-0195, Japan.
| | - Satomi Aihara
- Faculty of Bioresource Science, Akita Prefectural University, Shimoshinjo-Nakano, Akita-City 010-0195, Japan
| | - Naoko Crofts
- Faculty of Bioresource Science, Akita Prefectural University, Shimoshinjo-Nakano, Akita-City 010-0195, Japan
| | - Takayuki Sawada
- Faculty of Bioresource Science, Akita Prefectural University, Shimoshinjo-Nakano, Akita-City 010-0195, Japan
| | - Naoko Fujita
- Faculty of Bioresource Science, Akita Prefectural University, Shimoshinjo-Nakano, Akita-City 010-0195, Japan
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143
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Tuncel A, Kawaguchi J, Ihara Y, Matsusaka H, Nishi A, Nakamura T, Kuhara S, Hirakawa H, Nakamura Y, Cakir B, Nagamine A, Okita TW, Hwang SK, Satoh H. The rice endosperm ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase large subunit is essential for optimal catalysis and allosteric regulation of the heterotetrameric enzyme. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 55:1169-83. [PMID: 24747952 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcu057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Although an alternative pathway has been suggested, the prevailing view is that starch synthesis in cereal endosperm is controlled by the activity of the cytosolic isoform of ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase). In rice, the cytosolic AGPase isoform is encoded by the OsAGPS2b and OsAGPL2 genes, which code for the small (S2b) and large (L2) subunits of the heterotetrameric enzyme, respectively. In this study, we isolated several allelic missense and nonsense OsAGPL2 mutants by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) treatment of fertilized egg cells and by TILLING (Targeting Induced Local Lesions in Genomes). Interestingly, seeds from three of the missense mutants (two containing T139I and A171V) were severely shriveled and had seed weight and starch content comparable with the shriveled seeds from OsAGPL2 null mutants. Results from kinetic analysis of the purified recombinant enzymes revealed that the catalytic and allosteric regulatory properties of these mutant enzymes were significantly impaired. The missense heterotetramer enzymes and the S2b homotetramer had lower specific (catalytic) activities and affinities for the activator 3-phosphoglycerate (3-PGA). The missense heterotetramer enzymes showed more sensitivity to inhibition by the inhibitor inorganic phosphate (Pi) than the wild-type AGPase, while the S2b homotetramer was profoundly tolerant to Pi inhibition. Thus, our results provide definitive evidence that starch biosynthesis during rice endosperm development is controlled predominantly by the catalytic activity of the cytoplasmic AGPase and its allosteric regulation by the effectors. Moreover, our results show that the L2 subunit is essential for both catalysis and allosteric regulatory properties of the heterotetramer enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aytug Tuncel
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USAThese authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Joe Kawaguchi
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8581 JapanThese authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Yasuharu Ihara
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8581 Japan
| | | | - Aiko Nishi
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8581 Japan
| | | | - Satoru Kuhara
- Department of Genetic Resources Technology, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8581 Japan
| | - Hideki Hirakawa
- Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Department of Plant Genome Research, Kisarazu, Japan
| | - Yasunori Nakamura
- Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Akita City, 010-0195 Japan
| | - Bilal Cakir
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Ai Nagamine
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USAFaculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8581 Japan
| | - Thomas W Okita
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Seon-Kap Hwang
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Hikaru Satoh
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8581 Japan
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144
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FASAHAT PARVIZ, RAHMAN SADEQUR, RATNAM WICKNESWARI. Genetic controls on starch amylose content in wheat and rice grains. J Genet 2014; 93:279-92. [DOI: 10.1007/s12041-014-0325-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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145
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Abe N, Asai H, Yago H, Oitome NF, Itoh R, Crofts N, Nakamura Y, Fujita N. Relationships between starch synthase I and branching enzyme isozymes determined using double mutant rice lines. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 14:80. [PMID: 24670252 PMCID: PMC3976638 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-14-80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Starch is the most important carbohydrate in plant storage tissues. Multiple isozymes in at least four enzyme classes are involved in starch biosynthesis. Some of these isozymes are thought to interact and form complexes for efficient starch biosynthesis. Of these enzyme classes, starch synthases (SSs) and branching enzymes (BEs) play particularly central roles. RESULTS We generated double mutant lines (ss1/be1 and ss1L/be2b) between SSI (the largest component of total soluble SS activity) and BEI or BEIIb (major BEs in developing rice endosperm) to explore the relationships among these isozymes. The seed weight of ss1/be1 was comparable to that of wild type, although most ss1/be2b seeds were sterile and no double recessive plants were obtained. The seed weight of the double recessive mutant line ss1L/be2b, derived from the leaky ss1 mutant (ss1L) and be2b, was higher than that of the single be2b mutant. Analyses of the chain-length distribution of amylopectin in ss1/be1 endosperm revealed additive effects of SSI and BEI on amylopectin structure. Chain-length analysis indicated that the BEIIb deficiency significantly reduced the ratio of short chains in amylopectin of ss1L/be2b. The amylose content of endosperm starch of ss1/be1 and ss1L/be2b was almost the same as that of wild type, whereas the endosperm starch of be2b contained more amylose than did that of wild type. SSI, BEI, and BEIIb deficiency also affected the extent of binding of other isozymes to starch granules. CONCLUSIONS Analysis of the chain-length distribution in amylopectin of the double mutant lines showed that SSI and BEI or BEIIb primarily function independently, and branching by BEIIb is followed by SSI chain elongation. The increased amylose content in be2b was because of reduced amylopectin biosynthesis; however, the lower SSI activity in this background may have enhanced amylopectin biosynthesis as a result of a correction of imbalance between the branching and elongation found in the single mutant. The fact that a deficiency of SSI, BEI, or BEIIb affected the affinity of other starch biosynthetic isozymes for the starch granule implies that there is a close interaction among SSI, BEI and BEIIb during amylopectin biosynthesis in rice endosperm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsuko Abe
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita City, Akita 010-0195, Japan
| | - Hiroki Asai
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita City, Akita 010-0195, Japan
| | - Hikari Yago
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita City, Akita 010-0195, Japan
| | - Naoko F Oitome
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita City, Akita 010-0195, Japan
| | - Rumiko Itoh
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita City, Akita 010-0195, Japan
| | - Naoko Crofts
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita City, Akita 010-0195, Japan
| | - Yasunori Nakamura
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita City, Akita 010-0195, Japan
| | - Naoko Fujita
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita City, Akita 010-0195, Japan
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146
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Peng C, Wang Y, Liu F, Ren Y, Zhou K, Lv J, Zheng M, Zhao S, Zhang L, Wang C, Jiang L, Zhang X, Guo X, Bao Y, Wan J. FLOURY ENDOSPERM6 encodes a CBM48 domain-containing protein involved in compound granule formation and starch synthesis in rice endosperm. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 77:917-30. [PMID: 24456533 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2013] [Revised: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Starch is the most widespread form of energy storage in the plant kingdom. Although many enzymes and related factors have been identified for starch biosynthesis, unknown players remain to be identified, given that it is a complicated and sophisticated process. The endosperm of rice (Oryza sativa) has been used for the study of starch synthesis. Here, we report the cloning and characterization of the FLOURY ENDOSPERM6 (FLO6) gene in rice. In the flo6 mutant, the starch content is decreased and the normal physicochemical features of starch are changed. Significantly, flo6 mutant endosperm cells show obvious defects in compound granule formation. Map-based cloning showed that FLO6 encodes a protein of unknown function. It harbors an N-terminal transit peptide that ensures its correct localization and functions in the plastid, and a C-terminal carbohydrate-binding module 48 (CBM48) domain that binds to starch. Furthermore, FLO6 can interact with isoamylase1 (ISA1) both in vitro and in vivo, whereas ISA1 does not bind to starch directly. We thus propose that FLO6 may act as a starch-binding protein involved in starch synthesis and compound granule formation through a direct interaction with ISA1 in developing rice seeds. Our data provide a novel insight into the role of proteins with the CBM48 domain in plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
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147
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Matsushima R, Maekawa M, Kusano M, Kondo H, Fujita N, Kawagoe Y, Sakamoto W. Amyloplast-localized SUBSTANDARD STARCH GRAIN4 protein influences the size of starch grains in rice endosperm. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 164:623-36. [PMID: 24335509 PMCID: PMC3912094 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.229591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Starch is a biologically and commercially important polymer of glucose and is synthesized to form starch grains (SGs) inside amyloplasts. Cereal endosperm accumulates starch to levels that are more than 90% of the total weight, and most of the intracellular space is occupied by SGs. The size of SGs differs depending on the plant species and is one of the most important factors for industrial applications of starch. However, the molecular machinery that regulates the size of SGs is unknown. In this study, we report a novel rice (Oryza sativa) mutant called substandard starch grain4 (ssg4) that develops enlarged SGs in the endosperm. Enlargement of SGs in ssg4 was also observed in other starch-accumulating tissues such as pollen grains, root caps, and young pericarps. The SSG4 gene was identified by map-based cloning. SSG4 encodes a protein that contains 2,135 amino acid residues and an amino-terminal amyloplast-targeted sequence. SSG4 contains a domain of unknown function490 that is conserved from bacteria to higher plants. Domain of unknown function490-containing proteins with lengths greater than 2,000 amino acid residues are predominant in photosynthetic organisms such as cyanobacteria and higher plants but are minor in proteobacteria. The results of this study suggest that SSG4 is a novel protein that influences the size of SGs. SSG4 will be a useful molecular tool for future starch breeding and biotechnology.
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148
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Biselli C, Cavalluzzo D, Perrini R, Gianinetti A, Bagnaresi P, Urso S, Orasen G, Desiderio F, Lupotto E, Cattivelli L, Valè G. Improvement of marker-based predictability of Apparent Amylose Content in japonica rice through GBSSI allele mining. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2014; 7:1. [PMID: 26055995 PMCID: PMC3904453 DOI: 10.1186/1939-8433-7-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 12/26/2013] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apparent Amylose Content (AAC), regulated by the Waxy gene, represents the key determinant of rice cooking properties. In occidental countries high AAC rice represents the most requested market class but the availability of molecular markers allowing specific selection of high AAC varieties is limited. RESULTS In this study, the effectiveness of available molecular markers in predicting AAC was evaluated in a collection of 127 rice accessions (125 japonica ssp. and 2 indica ssp.) characterized by AAC values from glutinous to 26%. The analyses highlighted the presence of several different allelic patterns identifiable by a few molecular markers, and two of them, i.e., the SNPs at intron1 and exon 6, were able to explain a maximum of 79.5% of AAC variation. However, the available molecular markers haplotypes did not provide tools for predicting accessions with AAC higher than 24.5%. To identify additional polymorphisms, the re-sequencing of the Waxy gene and 1kbp of the putative upstream regulatory region was performed in 21 genotypes representing all the AAC classes identified. Several previously un-characterized SNPs were identified and four of them were used to develop dCAPS markers. CONCLUSIONS The addition of the SNPs newly identified slightly increased the AAC explained variation and allowed the identification of a haplotype almost unequivocally associated to AAC higher than 24.5%. Haplotypes at the waxy locus were also associated to grain length and length/width (L/W) ratio. In particular, the SNP at the first intron, which identifies the Wxa and Wxb alleles, was associated with differences in the width of the grain, the L/W ratio and the length of the kernel, most likely as a result of human selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Biselli
- Rice Research Unit, CRA-Consiglio per la Ricerca e la Sperimentazione in Agricoltura, S.S. 11 to Torino, Km 2,5, 13100 Vercelli, Italy
- Genomics Research Centre, CRA-Consiglio per la Ricerca e la Sperimentazione in Agricoltura, Via S. Protaso 302, 29017 Fiorenzuola d’Arda, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Daniela Cavalluzzo
- Rice Research Unit, CRA-Consiglio per la Ricerca e la Sperimentazione in Agricoltura, S.S. 11 to Torino, Km 2,5, 13100 Vercelli, Italy
| | - Rosaria Perrini
- Rice Research Unit, CRA-Consiglio per la Ricerca e la Sperimentazione in Agricoltura, S.S. 11 to Torino, Km 2,5, 13100 Vercelli, Italy
| | - Alberto Gianinetti
- Genomics Research Centre, CRA-Consiglio per la Ricerca e la Sperimentazione in Agricoltura, Via S. Protaso 302, 29017 Fiorenzuola d’Arda, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Paolo Bagnaresi
- Genomics Research Centre, CRA-Consiglio per la Ricerca e la Sperimentazione in Agricoltura, Via S. Protaso 302, 29017 Fiorenzuola d’Arda, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Simona Urso
- Genomics Research Centre, CRA-Consiglio per la Ricerca e la Sperimentazione in Agricoltura, Via S. Protaso 302, 29017 Fiorenzuola d’Arda, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Gabriele Orasen
- Rice Research Unit, CRA-Consiglio per la Ricerca e la Sperimentazione in Agricoltura, S.S. 11 to Torino, Km 2,5, 13100 Vercelli, Italy
| | - Francesca Desiderio
- Genomics Research Centre, CRA-Consiglio per la Ricerca e la Sperimentazione in Agricoltura, Via S. Protaso 302, 29017 Fiorenzuola d’Arda, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Lupotto
- Department of Plant Biology and Crop Production, CRA-Consiglio per la Ricerca e la Sperimentazione in Agricoltura, Roma, Italy
| | - Luigi Cattivelli
- Genomics Research Centre, CRA-Consiglio per la Ricerca e la Sperimentazione in Agricoltura, Via S. Protaso 302, 29017 Fiorenzuola d’Arda, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Giampiero Valè
- Rice Research Unit, CRA-Consiglio per la Ricerca e la Sperimentazione in Agricoltura, S.S. 11 to Torino, Km 2,5, 13100 Vercelli, Italy
- Genomics Research Centre, CRA-Consiglio per la Ricerca e la Sperimentazione in Agricoltura, Via S. Protaso 302, 29017 Fiorenzuola d’Arda, Piacenza, Italy
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149
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Busi MV, Gomez-Casati DF, Martín M, Barchiesi J, Grisolía MJ, Hedín N, Carrillo JB. Starch Metabolism in Green Plants. POLYSACCHARIDES 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-03751-6_78-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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150
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Ma J, Jiang QT, Zhang XW, Lan XJ, Pu ZE, Wei YM, Liu C, Lu ZX, Zheng YL. Structure and expression of barley starch phosphorylase genes. PLANTA 2013; 238:1081-93. [PMID: 24002549 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-013-1953-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The function of starch phosphorylase has long been debated on the regulation of starch metabolism during the growth and development of plants. In this study, we isolated starch phosphorylase genes (Pho1 and Pho2) from barley, characterized their gene and protein structures, predicated their promoter's cis-elements and analyzed expression patterns. Multiple alignments of these genes showed that (1) both Pho1 and Pho2 genes possess 15 exons and 14 introns in all but three of the species analyzed, Aegilops tauschii (for Pho1 which contains 16 exons and 15 introns), potato (for Pho1b which contains 14 exons and 13 introns), and Triticum uraru (for Pho2 which contains 15 exons and 14 introns); (2) the exon-intron junctions of Pho1 and Pho2 flanking the ligand-binding sites are more conservative than the other regions. Analysis of protein sequences revealed that Pho1 and Pho2 were highly homologous except for two regions, the N terminal domain and the L78 insertion region. The results of real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) indicated that Pho2 is mainly expressed in germinating seeds, and the expression of Pho1 is similar to that of starch synthesis genes during seed development in barley. Microarray-based analysis indicated that the accumulation of Pho1 or Pho2 transcripts exhibited uniform pattern both in various tissues and various stages of seed development among species of barley, rice, and Arabidopsis. Pho1 of barley was significantly down-regulated under cold and drought treatments, and up-regulated under stem rust infection. Pho2 exhibited similar expression to Pho1 in barley. However, significant difference in expression was not detected for either Pho1 or Pho2 under any of the investigated abiotic stresses. In Arabidopsis, significant down-regulation was detected for Pho1 (PHS1) under abscisic acid (ABA) and for Pho2 (PHS2) under cold, salt, and ABA. Our results provide valuable information to genetically manipulate phosphorylase genes and to further elucidate their regulatory mechanism in the starch biosynthetic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Ma
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
- CSIRO Plant Industry, 306 Carmody Road, St Lucia, QLD, 4067, Australia
| | - Qian-Tao Jiang
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiao-Wei Zhang
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiu-Jin Lan
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhi-En Pu
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Yu-Ming Wei
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Chunji Liu
- CSIRO Plant Industry, 306 Carmody Road, St Lucia, QLD, 4067, Australia.
| | - Zhen-Xiang Lu
- Lethbridge Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - You-Liang Zheng
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.
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