101
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Wu L, Guan Y, Wu Z, Yang K, Lv J, Converse R, Huang Y, Mao J, Zhao Y, Wang Z, Min H, Kan D, Zhang Y. OsABCG15 encodes a membrane protein that plays an important role in anther cuticle and pollen exine formation in rice. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2014; 33:1881-99. [PMID: 25138437 PMCID: PMC4197380 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-014-1666-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
An ABC transporter gene ( OsABCG15 ) was proven to be involved in pollen development in rice. The corresponding protein was localized on the plasma membrane using subcellular localization. Wax, cutin, and sporopollenin are important for normal development of the anther cuticle and pollen exine, respectively. Their lipid soluble precursors, which are produced in the tapetum, are then secreted and transferred to the anther and microspore surface for polymerization. However, little is known about the mechanisms underlying the transport of these precursors. Here, we identified and characterized a member of the G subfamily of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, OsABCG15, which is required for the secretion of these lipid-soluble precursors in rice. Using map-based cloning, we found a spontaneous A-to-C transition in the fourth exon of OsABCG15 that caused an amino acid substitution of Thr-to-Pro in the predicted ATP-binding domain of the protein sequence. This osabcg15 mutant failed to produce any viable pollen and was completely male sterile. Histological analysis indicated that osabcg15 exhibited an undeveloped anther cuticle, enlarged middle layer, abnormal Ubisch body development, tapetum degeneration with a falling apart style, and collapsed pollen grains without detectable exine. OsABCG15 was expressed preferentially in the tapetum, and the fused GFP-OsABCG15 protein was localized to the plasma membrane. Our results suggested that OsABCG15 played an essential role in the formation of the rice anther cuticle and pollen exine. This role may include the secretion of the lipid precursors from the tapetum to facilitate the transfer of precursors to the surface of the anther epidermis as well as to microspores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Wu
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715 China
| | - Yusheng Guan
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715 China
| | - Zigang Wu
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715 China
| | - Kun Yang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715 China
- Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715 China
| | - Jun Lv
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715 China
- Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715 China
| | - Richard Converse
- Cincinnati State Technical and Community College, 3520 Central Parkway, Cincinnati, OH 45223 USA
| | - Yuanxin Huang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715 China
- Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715 China
| | - Jinxiong Mao
- Nanchong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchong, 637000 Sichuan China
| | - Yong Zhao
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715 China
- Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715 China
| | - Zhongwei Wang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715 China
| | - Hengqi Min
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715 China
| | - Dongyang Kan
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715 China
| | - Yi Zhang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715 China
- Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715 China
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102
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Nazemof N, Couroux P, Rampitsch C, Xing T, Robert LS. Proteomic profiling reveals insights into Triticeae stigma development and function. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:6069-80. [PMID: 25170101 PMCID: PMC4203142 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
To our knowledge, this study represents the first high-throughput characterization of a stigma proteome in the Triticeae. A total of 2184 triticale mature stigma proteins were identified using three different gel-based approaches combined with mass spectrometry. The great majority of these proteins are described in a Triticeae stigma for the first time. These results revealed many proteins likely to play important roles in stigma development and pollen-stigma interactions, as well as protection against biotic and abiotic stresses. Quantitative comparison of the triticale stigma transcriptome and proteome showed poor correlation, highlighting the importance of having both types of analysis. This work makes a significant contribution towards the elucidation of the Triticeae stigma proteome and provides novel insights into its role in stigma development and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazila Nazemof
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0C6 Carleton University, Department of Biology, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1S 5B6
| | - Philippe Couroux
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0C6
| | - Christof Rampitsch
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Cereal Research Centre, 101 Route 100, Morden, MB, Canada R6M 1Y5
| | - Tim Xing
- Carleton University, Department of Biology, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1S 5B6
| | - Laurian S Robert
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0C6
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103
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Yadav V, Molina I, Ranathunge K, Castillo IQ, Rothstein SJ, Reed JW. ABCG transporters are required for suberin and pollen wall extracellular barriers in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2014; 26:3569-88. [PMID: 25217507 PMCID: PMC4213157 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.114.129049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Revised: 08/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Effective regulation of water balance in plants requires localized extracellular barriers that control water and solute movement. We describe a clade of five Arabidopsis thaliana ABCG half-transporters that are required for synthesis of an effective suberin barrier in roots and seed coats (ABCG2, ABCG6, and ABCG20) and for synthesis of an intact pollen wall (ABCG1 and ABCG16). Seed coats of abcg2 abcg6 abcg20 triple mutant plants had increased permeability to tetrazolium red and decreased suberin content. The root system of triple mutant plants was more permeable to water and salts in a zone complementary to that affected by the Casparian strip. Suberin of mutant roots and seed coats had distorted lamellar structure and reduced proportions of aliphatic components. Root wax from the mutant was deficient in alkylhydroxycinnamate esters. These mutant plants also had few lateral roots and precocious secondary growth in primary roots. abcg1 abcg16 double mutants defective in the other two members of the clade had pollen with defects in the nexine layer of the tapetum-derived exine pollen wall and in the pollen-derived intine layer. Mutant pollen collapsed at the time of anther desiccation. These mutants reveal transport requirements for barrier synthesis as well as physiological and developmental consequences of barrier deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vandana Yadav
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3280
| | - Isabel Molina
- Department of Biology, Algoma University, Sault Ste Marie, Ontario P6A 2G4, Canada
| | - Kosala Ranathunge
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | | | - Steven J Rothstein
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Jason W Reed
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3280
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104
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Nguyen VNT, Moon S, Jung KH. Genome-wide expression analysis of rice ABC transporter family across spatio-temporal samples and in response to abiotic stresses. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 171:1276-88. [PMID: 25014263 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2014.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2013] [Revised: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Although the super family of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) proteins plays key roles in the physiology and development of plants, the functions of members of this interesting family mostly remain to be clarified, especially in crop plants. Thus, systematic analysis of this family in rice (Oryza sativa), a major model crop plant, will be helpful in the design of effective strategies for functional analysis. Phylogenomic analysis that integrates anatomy and stress meta-profiling data based on a large collection of rice Affymetrix array data into the phylogenic context provides useful clues into the functions for each of the ABC transporter family members in rice. Using anatomy data, we identified 17 root-preferred and 16-shoot preferred genes at the vegetative stage, and 3 pollen, 2 embryo, 2 ovary, 2 endosperm, and 1 anther-preferred gene at the reproductive stage. The stress data revealed significant up-regulation or down-regulation of 47 genes under heavy metal treatment, 16 genes under nutrient deficient conditions, and 51 genes under abiotic stress conditions. Of these, we confirmed the differential expression patterns of 14 genes in root samples exposed to drought stress using quantitative real-time PCR. Network analysis using RiceNet suggests a functional gene network involving nine rice ABC transporters that are differentially regulated by drought stress in root, further enhancing the prediction of biological function. Our analysis provides a molecular basis for the study of diverse biological phenomena mediated by the ABC family in rice and will contribute to the enhancement of crop yield and stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van Ngoc Tuyet Nguyen
- Department of Plant Molecular Systems Biotechnology & Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sunok Moon
- Department of Plant Molecular Systems Biotechnology & Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ki-Hong Jung
- Department of Plant Molecular Systems Biotechnology & Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701, Republic of Korea.
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105
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Martin LBB, Rose JKC. There's more than one way to skin a fruit: formation and functions of fruit cuticles. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:4639-51. [PMID: 25028557 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
As with all aerial plant organs, fleshy fruits are encased in a hydrophobic cuticle that must fulfil multiple functions, including limiting desiccation and preventing microbial infection, which in the case of fruits maintains palatability and promotes seed dispersal. Fruit cuticles have many features in common with those of vegetative organs, but also have unique characteristics, including the fact that they are often astomatous, thicker than those of most leaves, and can be relatively easily isolated. These attributes provide a valuable experimental system to address questions related to cuticle structure, function, and the relationships between composition, architecture, permeability, and biomechanical properties. Here we provide an overview of insights into cuticle biology that have resulted from studies of those of fleshy fruits, as well as the diversity and dynamic nature of fruit cuticle composition and architecture, the environmental factors that influence those features, and the roles that they play in fruit ontogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jocelyn K C Rose
- Department of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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106
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Landgraf R, Smolka U, Altmann S, Eschen-Lippold L, Senning M, Sonnewald S, Weigel B, Frolova N, Strehmel N, Hause G, Scheel D, Böttcher C, Rosahl S. The ABC transporter ABCG1 is required for suberin formation in potato tuber periderm. THE PLANT CELL 2014; 26:3403-15. [PMID: 25122151 PMCID: PMC4371835 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.114.124776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The lipid biopolymer suberin plays a major role as a barrier both at plant-environment interfaces and in internal tissues, restricting water and nutrient transport. In potato (Solanum tuberosum), tuber integrity is dependent on suberized periderm. Using microarray analyses, we identified ABCG1, encoding an ABC transporter, as a gene responsive to the pathogen-associated molecular pattern Pep-13. Further analyses revealed that ABCG1 is expressed in roots and tuber periderm, as well as in wounded leaves. Transgenic ABCG1-RNAi potato plants with downregulated expression of ABCG1 display major alterations in both root and tuber morphology, whereas the aerial part of the ABCG1-RNAi plants appear normal. The tuber periderm and root exodermis show reduced suberin staining and disorganized cell layers. Metabolite analyses revealed reduction of esterified suberin components and hyperaccumulation of putative suberin precursors in the tuber periderm of RNA interference plants, suggesting that ABCG1 is required for the export of suberin components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona Landgraf
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Department of Stress and Developmental Biology, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Ulrike Smolka
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Department of Stress and Developmental Biology, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Simone Altmann
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Department of Stress and Developmental Biology, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Lennart Eschen-Lippold
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Department of Stress and Developmental Biology, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Melanie Senning
- Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Department of Biology, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sophia Sonnewald
- Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Department of Biology, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Benjamin Weigel
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Nadezhda Frolova
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Department of Stress and Developmental Biology, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Nadine Strehmel
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Department of Stress and Developmental Biology, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Gerd Hause
- Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Biocenter, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Dierk Scheel
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Department of Stress and Developmental Biology, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Christoph Böttcher
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Department of Stress and Developmental Biology, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Sabine Rosahl
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Department of Stress and Developmental Biology, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
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107
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Nuruzzaman M, Zhang R, Cao HZ, Luo ZY. Plant pleiotropic drug resistance transporters: transport mechanism, gene expression, and function. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 56:729-40. [PMID: 24645852 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Pleiotropic drug resistance (PDR) transporters belonging to the ABCG subfamily of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are identified only in fungi and plants. Members of this family are expressed in plants in response to various biotic and abiotic stresses and transport a diverse array of molecules across membranes. Although their detailed transport mechanism is largely unknown, they play important roles in detoxification processes, preventing water loss, transport of phytohormones, and secondary metabolites. This review provides insights into transport mechanisms of plant PDR transporters, their expression profiles, and multitude functions in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Nuruzzaman
- Molecular Biology Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China
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108
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Hurlock AK, Roston RL, Wang K, Benning C. Lipid trafficking in plant cells. Traffic 2014; 15:915-32. [PMID: 24931800 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Plant cells contain unique organelles such as chloroplasts with an extensive photosynthetic membrane. In addition, specialized epidermal cells produce an extracellular cuticle composed primarily of lipids, and storage cells accumulate large amounts of storage lipids. As lipid assembly is associated only with discrete membranes or organelles, there is a need for extensive lipid trafficking within plant cells, more so in specialized cells and sometimes also in response to changing environmental conditions such as phosphate deprivation. Because of the complexity of plant lipid metabolism and the inherent recalcitrance of membrane lipid transporters, the mechanisms of lipid transport within plant cells are not yet fully understood. Recently, several new proteins have been implicated in different aspects of plant lipid trafficking. While these proteins provide only first insights into limited aspects of lipid transport phenomena in plant cells, they represent exciting opportunities for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K Hurlock
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA; Department of Energy-Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
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109
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Bodenhausen N, Bortfeld-Miller M, Ackermann M, Vorholt JA. A synthetic community approach reveals plant genotypes affecting the phyllosphere microbiota. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004283. [PMID: 24743269 PMCID: PMC3990490 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The identity of plant host genetic factors controlling the composition of the plant microbiota and the extent to which plant genes affect associated microbial populations is currently unknown. Here, we use a candidate gene approach to investigate host effects on the phyllosphere community composition and abundance. To reduce the environmental factors that might mask genetic factors, the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana was used in a gnotobiotic system and inoculated with a reduced complexity synthetic bacterial community composed of seven strains representing the most abundant phyla in the phyllosphere. From a panel of 55 plant mutants with alterations in the surface structure, cell wall, defense signaling, secondary metabolism, and pathogen recognition, a small number of single host mutations displayed an altered microbiota composition and/or abundance. Host alleles that resulted in the strongest perturbation of the microbiota relative to the wild-type were lacs2 and pec1. These mutants affect cuticle formation and led to changes in community composition and an increased bacterial abundance relative to the wild-type plants, suggesting that different bacteria can benefit from a modified cuticle to different extents. Moreover, we identified ein2, which is involved in ethylene signaling, as a host factor modulating the community's composition. Finally, we found that different Arabidopsis accessions exhibited different communities, indicating that plant host genetic factors shape the associated microbiota, thus harboring significant potential for the identification of novel plant factors affecting the microbiota of the communities. The leaves of plants are inhabited by a diverse community of microorganisms. These leaf inhabitants influence their hosts with respect to growth and resistance to abiotic and biotic stresses. Recent studies revealed that the bacterial communities associated with leaves undergo selection, resulting in conserved microbial communities. However, the factors that are involved in structuring of bacterial communities are not well understood. In order to uncover host genetic factors that determine the community composition and to exclude confounding environmental effects, we inoculated Arabidopsis thaliana with a synthetic bacterial community under controlled conditions We screened a panel of Arabidopsis mutants defective in various traits for alterations in community structure and abundance and were able to show that cuticle synthesis and ethylene perception affect the bacterial community. In addition, we identified plant ecotypes with drastic differences in the community composition. Our system can thus be used to identify additional host genes and to broaden insights into plant microbe interactions, potentially providing a basis for applied plant protection through the identification of traits that enhance growth of plant probiotic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Martin Ackermann
- Department of Environmental Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Eawag, Dubendorf, Switzerland
| | - Julia A. Vorholt
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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110
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Borisjuk N, Hrmova M, Lopato S. Transcriptional regulation of cuticle biosynthesis. Biotechnol Adv 2014; 32:526-40. [PMID: 24486292 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2014.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Revised: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Plant cuticle is the hydrophobic protection layer that covers aerial plant organs and plays a pivotal role during plant development and interactions of plants with the environment. The mechanical structure and chemical composition of cuticle lipids and other secondary metabolites vary considerably between plant species, and in response to environmental stimuli and stresses. As the cuticle plays an important role in responses of plants to major abiotic stresses such as drought and high salinity, close attention has been paid to molecular processes underlying the stress-induced biosynthesis of cuticle components. This review addresses the genetic networks responsible for cuticle formation and in particular highlights the role of transcription factors that regulate cuticle formation in response to abiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai Borisjuk
- Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia.
| | - Maria Hrmova
- Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia.
| | - Sergiy Lopato
- Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia.
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111
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Wang YZ, Dai MS, Zhang SJ, Shi ZB. Exploring candidate genes for pericarp russet pigmentation of sand pear (Pyrus pyrifolia) via RNA-Seq data in two genotypes contrasting for pericarp color. PLoS One 2014; 9:e83675. [PMID: 24400075 PMCID: PMC3882208 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sand pear (Pyrus pyrifolia) russet pericarp is an important trait affecting both the quality and stress tolerance of fruits. This trait is controlled by a relative complex genetic process, with some fundamental biological questions such as how many and which genes are involved in the process remaining elusive. In this study, we explored differentially expressed genes between the russet- and green-pericarp offspring from the sand pear (Pyrus pyrifolia) cv. 'Qingxiang' × 'Cuiguan' F1 group by RNA-seq-based bulked segregant analysis (BSA). A total of 29,100 unigenes were identified and 206 of which showed significant differences in expression level (log2fold values>1) between the two types of pericarp pools. Gene Ontology (GO) analyses detected 123 unigenes in GO terms related to 'cellular_component' and 'biological_process', suggesting developmental and growth differentiations between the two types. GO categories associated with various aspects of 'lipid metabolic processes', 'transport', 'response to stress', 'oxidation-reduction process' and more were enriched with genes with divergent expressions between the two libraries. Detailed examination of a selected set of these categories revealed repressed expressions of candidate genes for suberin, cutin and wax biosynthesis in the russet pericarps.Genes encoding putative cinnamoyl-CoA reductase (CCR), cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) and peroxidase (POD) that are involved in the lignin biosynthesis were suggested to be candidates for pigmentation of sand pear russet pericarps. Nine differentially expressed genes were analyzed for their expressions using qRT-PCR and the results were consistent with those obtained from Illumina RNA-sequencing. This study provides a comprehensive molecular biology insight into the sand pear pericarp pigmentation and appearance quality formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-zhi Wang
- Institute of Horticulture, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Mei-song Dai
- Institute of Horticulture, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Shu-jun Zhang
- Institute of Horticulture, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ze-bin Shi
- Institute of Horticulture, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
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112
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ATP-Binding Cassette and Multidrug and Toxic Compound Extrusion Transporters in Plants. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 309:303-46. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800255-1.00006-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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113
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Choi H, Ohyama K, Kim YY, Jin JY, Lee SB, Yamaoka Y, Muranaka T, Suh MC, Fujioka S, Lee Y. The role of Arabidopsis ABCG9 and ABCG31 ATP binding cassette transporters in pollen fitness and the deposition of steryl glycosides on the pollen coat. THE PLANT CELL 2014; 26:310-24. [PMID: 24474628 PMCID: PMC3963578 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.113.118935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Revised: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The pollen coat protects pollen grains from harmful environmental stresses such as drought and cold. Many compounds in the pollen coat are synthesized in the tapetum. However, the pathway by which they are transferred to the pollen surface remains obscure. We found that two Arabidopsis thaliana ATP binding cassette transporters, ABCG9 and ABCG31, were highly expressed in the tapetum and are involved in pollen coat deposition. Upon exposure to dry air, many abcg9 abcg31 pollen grains shriveled up and collapsed, and this phenotype was restored by complementation with ABCG9pro:GFP:ABCG9. GFP-tagged ABCG9 or ABCG31 localized to the plasma membrane. Electron microscopy revealed that the mutant pollen coat resembled the immature coat of the wild type, which contained many electron-lucent structures. Steryl glycosides were reduced to about half of wild-type levels in the abcg9 abcg31 pollen, but no differences in free sterols or steryl esters were observed. A mutant deficient in steryl glycoside biosynthesis, ugt80A2 ugt80B1, exhibited a similar phenotype. Together, these results indicate that steryl glycosides are critical for pollen fitness, by supporting pollen coat maturation, and that ABCG9 and ABCG31 contribute to the accumulation of this sterol on the surface of pollen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunju Choi
- Pohang University of Science and Technology–University of Zurich Cooperative Laboratory, Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - Kiyoshi Ohyama
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 244-0045, Japan
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
| | - Yu-Young Kim
- Pohang University of Science and Technology–University of Zurich Cooperative Laboratory, Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - Jun-Young Jin
- Pohang University of Science and Technology–University of Zurich Cooperative Laboratory, Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - Saet Buyl Lee
- Department of Bioenergy Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Korea
| | - Yasuyo Yamaoka
- Pohang University of Science and Technology–University of Zurich Cooperative Laboratory, Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - Toshiya Muranaka
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 244-0045, Japan
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita-shi, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Mi Chung Suh
- Department of Bioenergy Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Korea
| | - Shozo Fujioka
- RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Youngsook Lee
- Pohang University of Science and Technology–University of Zurich Cooperative Laboratory, Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Korea
- Address correspondence to
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Serrano M, Coluccia F, Torres M, L’Haridon F, Métraux JP. The cuticle and plant defense to pathogens. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:274. [PMID: 24982666 PMCID: PMC4056637 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The cuticle provides a physical barrier against water loss and protects against irradiation, xenobiotics, and pathogens. Components of the cuticle are perceived by invading fungi and activate developmental processes during pathogenesis. In addition, cuticle alterations of various types induce a syndrome of reactions that often results in resistance to necrotrophs. This article reviews the current knowledge on the role of the cuticle in relation to the perception of pathogens and activation of defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jean-Pierre Métraux
- *Correspondence: Jean-Pierre Métraux, Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 10, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland e-mail:
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115
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ABCG Transporters and Their Role in the Biotic Stress Response. SIGNALING AND COMMUNICATION IN PLANTS 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-06511-3_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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116
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Jarzyniak KM, Jasiński M. Membrane transporters and drought resistance - a complex issue. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:687. [PMID: 25538721 PMCID: PMC4255493 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Land plants have evolved complex adaptation strategies to survive changes in water status in the environment. Understanding the molecular nature of such adaptive changes allows the development of rapid innovations to improve crop performance. Plant membrane transport systems play a significant role when adjusting to water scarcity. Here we put proteins participating in transmembrane allocations of various molecules in the context of stomatal, cuticular, and root responses, representing a part of the drought resistance strategy. Their role in the transport of signaling molecules, ions or osmolytes is summarized and the challenge of the forthcoming research, resulting from the recent discoveries, is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina M. Jarzyniak
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Department of Natural Products Biochemistry, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Polish Academy of SciencesPoznań, Poland
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Life SciencesPoznań, Poland
| | - Michał Jasiński
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Department of Natural Products Biochemistry, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Polish Academy of SciencesPoznań, Poland
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Life SciencesPoznań, Poland
- *Correspondence: Michał Jasiński, Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Department of Natural Products Biochemistry, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, Poznań 61-704, Poland e-mail:
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117
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Nawrath C, Schreiber L, Franke RB, Geldner N, Reina-Pinto JJ, Kunst L. Apoplastic diffusion barriers in Arabidopsis. THE ARABIDOPSIS BOOK 2013; 11:e0167. [PMID: 24465172 PMCID: PMC3894908 DOI: 10.1199/tab.0167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
During the development of Arabidopsis and other land plants, diffusion barriers are formed in the apoplast of specialized tissues within a variety of plant organs. While the cuticle of the epidermis is the primary diffusion barrier in the shoot, the Casparian strips and suberin lamellae of the endodermis and the periderm represent the diffusion barriers in the root. Different classes of molecules contribute to the formation of extracellular diffusion barriers in an organ- and tissue-specific manner. Cutin and wax are the major components of the cuticle, lignin forms the early Casparian strip, and suberin is deposited in the stage II endodermis and the periderm. The current status of our understanding of the relationships between the chemical structure, ultrastructure and physiological functions of plant diffusion barriers is discussed. Specific aspects of the synthesis of diffusion barrier components and protocols that can be used for the assessment of barrier function and important barrier properties are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Nawrath
- University of Lausanne, Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Biophore Building, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Schreiber
- University of Bonn, Department of Ecophysiology of Plants, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany (IZMB), Kirschallee 1, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Rochus Benni Franke
- University of Bonn, Department of Ecophysiology of Plants, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany (IZMB), Kirschallee 1, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Niko Geldner
- University of Lausanne, Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Biophore Building, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - José J. Reina-Pinto
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea ‘La Mayora’ (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Department of Plant Breeding, Estación Experimental ‘La Mayora’. 29750 Algarrobo-Costa. Málaga. Spain
| | - Ljerka Kunst
- University of British Columbia, Department of Botany, Vancouver, B.C. V6T 1Z4, Canada
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Li L, Li D, Liu S, Ma X, Dietrich CR, Hu HC, Zhang G, Liu Z, Zheng J, Wang G, Schnable PS. The maize glossy13 gene, cloned via BSR-Seq and Seq-walking encodes a putative ABC transporter required for the normal accumulation of epicuticular waxes. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82333. [PMID: 24324772 PMCID: PMC3855708 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aerial plant surfaces are covered by epicuticular waxes that among other purposes serve to control water loss. Maize glossy mutants originally identified by their "glossy" phenotypes exhibit alterations in the accumulation of epicuticular waxes. By combining data from a BSR-Seq experiment and the newly developed Seq-Walking technology, GRMZM2G118243 was identified as a strong candidate for being the glossy13 gene. The finding that multiple EMS-induced alleles contain premature stop codons in GRMZM2G118243, and the one knockout allele of gl13, validates the hypothesis that gene GRMZM2G118243 is gl13. Consistent with this, GRMZM2G118243 is an ortholog of AtABCG32 (Arabidopsis thaliana), HvABCG31 (barley) and OsABCG31 (rice), which encode ABCG subfamily transporters involved in the trans-membrane transport of various secondary metabolites. We therefore hypothesize that gl13 is involved in the transport of epicuticular waxes onto the surfaces of seedling leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- College of Agronomy, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Delin Li
- Department of Plant Genetics & Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, Hebei, China
| | - Sanzhen Liu
- Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Xiaoli Ma
- Department of Plant Genetics & Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, Hebei, China
| | - Charles R. Dietrich
- Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Heng-Cheng Hu
- Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Gaisheng Zhang
- College of Agronomy, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhiyong Liu
- Department of Plant Genetics & Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, Hebei, China
| | - Jun Zheng
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, Hebei, China
| | - Guoying Wang
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, Hebei, China
| | - Patrick S. Schnable
- Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Plant Genetics & Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, Hebei, China
- Center for Plant Genomics, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
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119
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ATP-binding cassette transporter controls leaf surface secretion of anticancer drug components in Catharanthus roseus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:15830-5. [PMID: 24019465 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1307504110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The Madagascar periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus) is highly specialized for the biosynthesis of many different monoterpenoid indole alkaloids (MIAs), many of which have powerful biological activities. Such MIAs include the commercially important chemotherapy drugs vinblastine, vincristine, and other synthetic derivatives that are derived from the coupling of catharanthine and vindoline. However, previous studies have shown that biosynthesis of these MIAs involves extensive movement of metabolites between specialized internal leaf cells and the leaf epidermis that require the involvement of unknown secretory processes for mobilizing catharanthine to the leaf surface and vindoline to internal leaf cells. Spatial separation of vindoline and catharanthine provides a clear explanation for the low levels of dimers that accumulate in intact plants. The present work describes the molecular cloning and functional identification of a unique catharanthine transporter (CrTPT2) that is expressed predominantly in the epidermis of young leaves. CrTPT2 gene expression is activated by treatment with catharanthine, and its in planta silencing redistributes catharanthine to increase the levels of catharanthine-vindoline drug dimers in the leaves. Phylogenetic analysis shows that CrTPT2 is closely related to a key transporter involved in cuticle assembly in plants and that may be unique to MIA-producing plant species, where it mediates secretion of alkaloids to the plant surface.
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120
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Yeats TH, Rose JK. The formation and function of plant cuticles. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 163:5-20. [PMID: 23893170 PMCID: PMC3762664 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.222737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 705] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The plant cuticle is an extracellular hydrophobic layer that covers the aerial epidermis of all land plants, providing protection against desiccation and external environmental stresses. The past decade has seen considerable progress in assembling models for the biosynthesis of its two major components, the polymer cutin and cuticular waxes. Most recently, two breakthroughs in the long-sought molecular bases of alkane formation and polyester synthesis have allowed construction of nearly complete biosynthetic pathways for both waxes and cutin. Concurrently, a complex regulatory network controlling the synthesis of the cuticle is emerging. It has also become clear that the physiological role of the cuticle extends well beyond its primary function as a transpiration barrier, playing important roles in processes ranging from development to interaction with microbes. Here, we review recent progress in the biochemistry and molecular biology of cuticle synthesis and function and highlight some of the major questions that will drive future research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jocelyn K.C. Rose
- Department of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
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121
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Yeats TH, Rose JKC. The formation and function of plant cuticles. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 163:5-20. [PMID: 23893170 DOI: 10.2307/23598549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The plant cuticle is an extracellular hydrophobic layer that covers the aerial epidermis of all land plants, providing protection against desiccation and external environmental stresses. The past decade has seen considerable progress in assembling models for the biosynthesis of its two major components, the polymer cutin and cuticular waxes. Most recently, two breakthroughs in the long-sought molecular bases of alkane formation and polyester synthesis have allowed construction of nearly complete biosynthetic pathways for both waxes and cutin. Concurrently, a complex regulatory network controlling the synthesis of the cuticle is emerging. It has also become clear that the physiological role of the cuticle extends well beyond its primary function as a transpiration barrier, playing important roles in processes ranging from development to interaction with microbes. Here, we review recent progress in the biochemistry and molecular biology of cuticle synthesis and function and highlight some of the major questions that will drive future research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor H Yeats
- Department of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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122
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Mazurek S, Mucciolo A, Humbel BM, Nawrath C. Transmission Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy allows simultaneous assessment of cutin and cell-wall polysaccharides of Arabidopsis petals. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 74:880-91. [PMID: 23461282 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Revised: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
A procedure for the simultaneous analysis of cell-wall polysaccharides, amides and aliphatic polyesters by transmission Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy (FTIR) has been established for Arabidopsis petals. The combination of FTIR imaging with spectra derivatization revealed that petals, in contrast to other organs, have a characteristic chemical zoning with high amount of aliphatic compounds and esters in the lamina and of polysaccharides in the stalk of the petal. The hinge region of petals was particular rich in amides as well as in vibrations potentially associated with hemicellulose. In addition, a number of other distribution patterns have been identified. Analyses of mutants in cutin deposition confirmed that vibrations of aliphatic compounds and esters present in the lamina were largely associated with the cuticular polyester. Calculation of spectrotypes, including the standard deviation of intensities, allowed detailed comparison of the spectral features of various mutants. The spectrotypes not only revealed differences in the amount of polyesters in cutin mutants, but also changes in other compound classes. For example, in addition to the expected strong deficiencies in polyester content, the long-chain acyl CoA synthase 2 mutant showed increased intensities of vibrations in a wavelength range that is typical for polysaccharides. Identical spectral features were observed in quasimodo2, a cell-wall mutant of Arabidopsis with a defect in pectin formation that exhibits increased cellulose synthase activity. FTIR thus proved to be a convenient method for the identification and characterization of mutants affected in the deposition of cutin in petals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwester Mazurek
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, CH -1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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123
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Tran F, Penniket C, Patel RV, Provart NJ, Laroche A, Rowland O, Robert LS. Developmental transcriptional profiling reveals key insights into Triticeae reproductive development. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 74:971-88. [PMID: 23581995 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Revised: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Despite their importance, there remains a paucity of large-scale gene expression-based studies of reproductive development in species belonging to the Triticeae. As a first step to address this deficiency, a gene expression atlas of triticale reproductive development was generated using the 55K Affymetrix GeneChip(®) wheat genome array. The global transcriptional profiles of the anther/pollen, ovary and stigma were analyzed at concurrent developmental stages, and co-expressed as well as preferentially expressed genes were identified. Data analysis revealed both novel and conserved regulatory factors underlying Triticeae floral development and function. This comprehensive resource rests upon detailed gene annotations, and the expression profiles are readily accessible via a web browser.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances Tran
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada
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Takeda S, Iwasaki A, Matsumoto N, Uemura T, Tatematsu K, Okada K. Physical interaction of floral organs controls petal morphogenesis in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 161:1242-50. [PMID: 23314942 PMCID: PMC3585593 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.212084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Flowering plants bear beautiful flowers to attract pollinators. Petals are the most variable organs in flowering plants, with their color, fragrance, and shape. In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), petal primordia arise at a similar time to stamen primordia and elongate at later stages through the narrow space between anthers and sepals. Although many of the genes involved in regulating petal identity and primordia growth are known, the molecular mechanism for the later elongation process remains unknown. We found a mutant, folded petals1 (fop1), in which normal petal development is inhibited during their growth through the narrow space between sepals and anthers, resulting in formation of folded petals at maturation. During elongation, the fop1 petals contact the sepal surface at several sites. The conical-shaped petal epidermal cells are flattened in the fop1 mutant, as if they had been pressed from the top. Surgical or genetic removal of sepals in young buds restores the regular growth of petals, suggesting that narrow space within a bud is the cause of petal folding in the fop1 mutant. FOP1 encodes a member of the bifunctional wax ester synthase/diacylglycerol acyltransferase family, WSD11, which is expressed in elongating petals and localized to the plasma membrane. These results suggest that the FOP1/WSD11 products synthesized in the petal epidermis may act as a lubricant, enabling uninhibited growth of the petals as they extend between the sepals and the anthers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiji Takeda
- Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606–8502, Japan (S.T., A.I., N.M., K.O.); Laboratory of Plant Organ Development, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi 444–8585, Japan (A.I., K.T., K.O.); Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University and Kyoto Prefectural Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seika, Kyoto 619–0244, Japan (S.T.); and Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113–0033, Japan (T.U.)
| | - Akira Iwasaki
- Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606–8502, Japan (S.T., A.I., N.M., K.O.); Laboratory of Plant Organ Development, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi 444–8585, Japan (A.I., K.T., K.O.); Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University and Kyoto Prefectural Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seika, Kyoto 619–0244, Japan (S.T.); and Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113–0033, Japan (T.U.)
| | - Noritaka Matsumoto
- Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606–8502, Japan (S.T., A.I., N.M., K.O.); Laboratory of Plant Organ Development, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi 444–8585, Japan (A.I., K.T., K.O.); Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University and Kyoto Prefectural Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seika, Kyoto 619–0244, Japan (S.T.); and Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113–0033, Japan (T.U.)
| | - Tomohiro Uemura
- Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606–8502, Japan (S.T., A.I., N.M., K.O.); Laboratory of Plant Organ Development, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi 444–8585, Japan (A.I., K.T., K.O.); Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University and Kyoto Prefectural Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seika, Kyoto 619–0244, Japan (S.T.); and Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113–0033, Japan (T.U.)
| | - Kiyoshi Tatematsu
- Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606–8502, Japan (S.T., A.I., N.M., K.O.); Laboratory of Plant Organ Development, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi 444–8585, Japan (A.I., K.T., K.O.); Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University and Kyoto Prefectural Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seika, Kyoto 619–0244, Japan (S.T.); and Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113–0033, Japan (T.U.)
| | - Kiyotaka Okada
- Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606–8502, Japan (S.T., A.I., N.M., K.O.); Laboratory of Plant Organ Development, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi 444–8585, Japan (A.I., K.T., K.O.); Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University and Kyoto Prefectural Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seika, Kyoto 619–0244, Japan (S.T.); and Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113–0033, Japan (T.U.)
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125
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Li C, Wang A, Ma X, Pourkheirandish M, Sakuma S, Wang N, Ning S, Nevo E, Nawrath C, Komatsuda T, Chen G. An eceriferum locus, cer-zv, is associated with a defect in cutin responsible for water retention in barley (Hordeum vulgare) leaves. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2013; 126:637-46. [PMID: 23124432 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-012-2007-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Accepted: 10/13/2012] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Drought limits plant growth and threatens crop productivity. A barley (Hordeum vulgare) ethylene imine-induced monogenic recessive mutant cer-zv, which is sensitive to drought, was characterized and genetically mapped in the present study. Detached leaves of cer-zv lost 34.2 % of their initial weight after 1 h of dehydration. The transpiration was much higher in cer-zv leaves than in wild-type leaves under both light and dark conditions. The stomata of cer-zv leaves functioned normally, but the cuticle of cer-zv leaves showed increased permeability to ethanol and toluidine blue dye. There was a 50-90 % reduction in four major cutin monomers, but no reduction in wax loads was found in the cer-zv mutant as compared with the wild type. Two F(2) mapping populations were established by the crosses of 23-19 × cer-zv and cer-zv × OUH602. More polymorphisms were found in EST sequences between cer-zv and OUH602 than between cer-zv and 23-19. cer-zv was located in a pericentromeric region on chromosome 4H in a 10.8 cM interval in the 23-19 × cer-zv map based on 186 gametes tested and a 1.7 cM interval in the cer-zv × OUH602 map based on 176 gametes tested. It co-segregated with EST marker AK251484 in both maps. The results indicated that the cer-zv mutant is defective in cutin, which might be responsible for the increased transpiration rate and drought sensitivity, and that the F(2) of cer-zv × OUH602 might better facilitate high resolution mapping of cer-zv.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- Laboratory of Plant Stress Ecophysiology and Biotechnology, Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Donggang West Road 320, Lanzhou, 730000, China
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126
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Krattinger SG, Jordan DR, Mace ES, Raghavan C, Luo MC, Keller B, Lagudah ES. Recent emergence of the wheat Lr34 multi-pathogen resistance: insights from haplotype analysis in wheat, rice, sorghum and Aegilops tauschii. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2013; 126:663-72. [PMID: 23117720 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-012-2009-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 10/13/2012] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Spontaneous sequence changes and the selection of beneficial mutations are driving forces of gene diversification and key factors of evolution. In highly dynamic co-evolutionary processes such as plant-pathogen interactions, the plant's ability to rapidly adapt to newly emerging pathogens is paramount. The hexaploid wheat gene Lr34, which encodes an ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter, confers durable field resistance against four fungal diseases. Despite its extensive use in breeding and agriculture, no increase in virulence towards Lr34 has been described over the last century. The wheat genepool contains two predominant Lr34 alleles of which only one confers disease resistance. The two alleles, located on chromosome 7DS, differ by only two exon-polymorphisms. Putatively functional homoeologs and orthologs of Lr34 are found on the B-genome of wheat and in rice and sorghum, but not in maize, barley and Brachypodium. In this study we present a detailed haplotype analysis of homoeologous and orthologous Lr34 genes in genetically and geographically diverse selections of wheat, rice and sorghum accessions. We found that the resistant Lr34 haplotype is unique to the wheat D-genome and is not found in the B-genome of wheat or in rice and sorghum. Furthermore, we only found the susceptible Lr34 allele in a set of 252 Ae. tauschii genotypes, the progenitor of the wheat D-genome. These data provide compelling evidence that the Lr34 multi-pathogen resistance is the result of recent gene diversification occurring after the formation of hexaploid wheat about 8,000 years ago.
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127
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Banasiak J, Biala W, Staszków A, Swarcewicz B, Kepczynska E, Figlerowicz M, Jasinski M. A Medicago truncatula ABC transporter belonging to subfamily G modulates the level of isoflavonoids. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2013; 64:1005-15. [PMID: 23314816 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ers380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Full-sized ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters of the G subfamily (ABCG) are considered to be essential components of the plant immune system. These proteins have been proposed to be implicated in the active transmembrane transport of various secondary metabolites. Despite the importance of ABCG-based transport for plant-microbe interactions, these proteins are still poorly recognized in legumes. The experiments described here demonstrated that the level of Medicago truncatula ABCG10 (MtABCG10) mRNA was elevated following application of fungal oligosaccharides to plant roots. Spatial expression pattern analysis with a reporter gene revealed that the MtABCG10 promoter was active in various organs, mostly within their vascular tissues. The corresponding protein was located in the plasma membrane. Silencing of MtABCG10 in hairy roots resulted in lower accumulation of the phenylpropanoid pathway-derived medicarpin and its precursors. PCR-based experiments indicated that infection with Fusarium oxysporum, a root-infecting pathogen, progressed faster in MtABCG10-silenced composite plants (consisting of wild-type shoots on transgenic roots) than in the corresponding controls. Based on the presented data, it is proposed that in Medicago, full-sized ABCG transporters might modulate isoflavonoid levels during the defence response associated with de novo synthesis of phytoalexins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Banasiak
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry PAS, Noskowskiego 12/14, Poznań, Poland
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128
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Li-Beisson Y, Shorrosh B, Beisson F, Andersson MX, Arondel V, Bates PD, Baud S, Bird D, DeBono A, Durrett TP, Franke RB, Graham IA, Katayama K, Kelly AA, Larson T, Markham JE, Miquel M, Molina I, Nishida I, Rowland O, Samuels L, Schmid KM, Wada H, Welti R, Xu C, Zallot R, Ohlrogge J. Acyl-lipid metabolism. THE ARABIDOPSIS BOOK 2013; 11:e0161. [PMID: 23505340 PMCID: PMC3563272 DOI: 10.1199/tab.0161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 707] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Acyl lipids in Arabidopsis and all other plants have a myriad of diverse functions. These include providing the core diffusion barrier of the membranes that separates cells and subcellular organelles. This function alone involves more than 10 membrane lipid classes, including the phospholipids, galactolipids, and sphingolipids, and within each class the variations in acyl chain composition expand the number of structures to several hundred possible molecular species. Acyl lipids in the form of triacylglycerol account for 35% of the weight of Arabidopsis seeds and represent their major form of carbon and energy storage. A layer of cutin and cuticular waxes that restricts the loss of water and provides protection from invasions by pathogens and other stresses covers the entire aerial surface of Arabidopsis. Similar functions are provided by suberin and its associated waxes that are localized in roots, seed coats, and abscission zones and are produced in response to wounding. This chapter focuses on the metabolic pathways that are associated with the biosynthesis and degradation of the acyl lipids mentioned above. These pathways, enzymes, and genes are also presented in detail in an associated website (ARALIP: http://aralip.plantbiology.msu.edu/). Protocols and methods used for analysis of Arabidopsis lipids are provided. Finally, a detailed summary of the composition of Arabidopsis lipids is provided in three figures and 15 tables.
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129
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Li-Beisson Y, Shorrosh B, Beisson F, Andersson MX, Arondel V, Bates PD, Baud S, Bird D, Debono A, Durrett TP, Franke RB, Graham IA, Katayama K, Kelly AA, Larson T, Markham JE, Miquel M, Molina I, Nishida I, Rowland O, Samuels L, Schmid KM, Wada H, Welti R, Xu C, Zallot R, Ohlrogge J. Acyl-lipid metabolism. THE ARABIDOPSIS BOOK 2013. [PMID: 23505340 DOI: 10.1199/tab.0161m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Acyl lipids in Arabidopsis and all other plants have a myriad of diverse functions. These include providing the core diffusion barrier of the membranes that separates cells and subcellular organelles. This function alone involves more than 10 membrane lipid classes, including the phospholipids, galactolipids, and sphingolipids, and within each class the variations in acyl chain composition expand the number of structures to several hundred possible molecular species. Acyl lipids in the form of triacylglycerol account for 35% of the weight of Arabidopsis seeds and represent their major form of carbon and energy storage. A layer of cutin and cuticular waxes that restricts the loss of water and provides protection from invasions by pathogens and other stresses covers the entire aerial surface of Arabidopsis. Similar functions are provided by suberin and its associated waxes that are localized in roots, seed coats, and abscission zones and are produced in response to wounding. This chapter focuses on the metabolic pathways that are associated with the biosynthesis and degradation of the acyl lipids mentioned above. These pathways, enzymes, and genes are also presented in detail in an associated website (ARALIP: http://aralip.plantbiology.msu.edu/). Protocols and methods used for analysis of Arabidopsis lipids are provided. Finally, a detailed summary of the composition of Arabidopsis lipids is provided in three figures and 15 tables.
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130
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Qin P, Tu B, Wang Y, Deng L, Quilichini TD, Li T, Wang H, Ma B, Li S. ABCG15 encodes an ABC transporter protein, and is essential for post-meiotic anther and pollen exine development in rice. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 54:138-54. [PMID: 23220695 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcs162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
In flowering plants, anther and pollen development is critical for male reproductive success. The anther cuticle and pollen exine play an essential role, and in many cereals, such as rice, orbicules/ubisch bodies are also thought to be important for pollen development. The formation of the anther cuticle, exine and orbicules is associated with the biosynthesis and transport of wax, cutin and sporopollenin components. Recently, progress has been made in understanding the biosynthesis of sporopollenin and cutin components in Arabidopsis and rice, but less is known about the mechanisms by which they are transported to the sites of deposition. Here, we report that the rice ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter, ABCG15, is essential for post-meiotic anther and pollen development, and is proposed to play a role in the transport of rice anther cuticle and sporopollenin precursors. ABCG15 is highly expressed in the tapetum at the young microspore stage, and the abcg15 mutant exhibits small, white anthers lacking mature pollen, lipidic cuticle, orbicules and pollen exine. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of the abcg15 anther cuticle revealed significant reductions in a number of wax components and aliphatic cutin monomers. The expression level of genes involved in lipid metabolism in the abcg15 mutant was significantly different from their levels in the wild type, possibly due to perturbations in the homeostasis of anther lipid metabolism. Our study provides new insights for understanding the molecular mechanism of the formation of the anther cuticle, orbicules and pollen wall, as well as the machinery for lipid metabolism in rice anthers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Qin
- Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu Wenjiang, Sichuan, 611130, PR China
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131
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Bienert MD, Siegmund SEG, Drozak A, Trombik T, Bultreys A, Baldwin IT, Boutry M. A pleiotropic drug resistance transporter in Nicotiana tabacum is involved in defense against the herbivore Manduca sexta. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 72:745-57. [PMID: 22804955 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2012.05108.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Pleiotropic drug resistance (PDR) transporters are a group of membrane proteins belonging to the ABCG sub-family of ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporters. There is clear evidence for the involvement of plant ABC transporters in resistance to fungal and bacterial pathogens, but not in the biotic stress response to insect or herbivore attack. Here, we describe a PDR transporter, ABCG5/PDR5, from Nicotiana tabacum. GFP fusion and subcellular fractionation studies revealed that ABCG5/PDR5 is localized to the plasma membrane. Staining of transgenic plants expressing the GUS reporter gene under the control of the ABCG5/PDR5 transcription promoter and immunoblotting of wild-type plants showed that, under standard growth conditions, ABCG5/PDR5 is highly expressed in roots, stems and flowers, but is only expressed at marginal levels in leaves. Interestingly, ABCG5/PDR5 expression is induced in leaves by methyl jasmonate, wounding, pathogen infiltration, or herbivory by Manduca sexta. To address the physiological role of ABCG5/PDR5, N. tabacum plants silenced for the expression of ABCG5/PDR5 were obtained. No phenotypic modification was observed under standard conditions. However, a small increase in susceptibility to the fungus Fusarium oxysporum was observed. A stronger effect was observed in relation to herbivory: silenced plants allowed better growth and faster development of M. sexta larvae than wild-type plants, indicating an involvement of this PDR transporter in resistance to M. sexta herbivory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela D Bienert
- Institut des Sciences de la Vie, Université Catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 4-15, 1348 Louvain la Neuve, Belgium
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132
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Buschhaus C, Jetter R. Composition and physiological function of the wax layers coating Arabidopsis leaves: β-amyrin negatively affects the intracuticular water barrier. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 160:1120-9. [PMID: 22885935 PMCID: PMC3461534 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.198473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plants prevent dehydration by coating their aerial, primary organs with waxes. Wax compositions frequently differ between species, organs, and developmental stages, probably to balance limiting nonstomatal water loss with various other ecophysiological roles of surface waxes. To establish structure-function relationships, we quantified the composition and transpiration barrier properties of the gl1 mutant leaf waxes of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) to the necessary spatial resolution. The waxes coating the upper and lower leaf surfaces had distinct compositions. Moreover, within the adaxial wax, the epicuticular layer contained more wax and a higher relative quantity of alkanes, whereas the intracuticular wax had a higher percentage of alcohols. The wax formed a barrier against nonstomatal water loss, where the outer layer contributed twice as much resistance as the inner layer. Based on this detailed description of Arabidopsis leaf waxes, structure-function relationships can now be established by manipulating one cuticle component and assessing the effect on cuticle functions. Next, we ectopically expressed the triterpenoid synthase gene AtLUP4 (for lupeol synthase4 or β-amyrin synthase) to compare water loss with and without added cuticular triterpenoids in Arabidopsis leaf waxes. β-Amyrin accumulated solely in the intracuticular wax, constituting up to 4% of this wax layer, without other concomitant changes of wax composition. This triterpenoid accumulation caused a significant reduction in the water barrier effectiveness of the intracuticular wax.
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133
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Fasoli M, Dal Santo S, Zenoni S, Tornielli GB, Farina L, Zamboni A, Porceddu A, Venturini L, Bicego M, Murino V, Ferrarini A, Delledonne M, Pezzotti M. The grapevine expression atlas reveals a deep transcriptome shift driving the entire plant into a maturation program. THE PLANT CELL 2012; 24:3489-505. [PMID: 22948079 PMCID: PMC3480284 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.112.100230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Revised: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We developed a genome-wide transcriptomic atlas of grapevine (Vitis vinifera) based on 54 samples representing green and woody tissues and organs at different developmental stages as well as specialized tissues such as pollen and senescent leaves. Together, these samples expressed ∼91% of the predicted grapevine genes. Pollen and senescent leaves had unique transcriptomes reflecting their specialized functions and physiological status. However, microarray and RNA-seq analysis grouped all the other samples into two major classes based on maturity rather than organ identity, namely, the vegetative/green and mature/woody categories. This division represents a fundamental transcriptomic reprogramming during the maturation process and was highlighted by three statistical approaches identifying the transcriptional relationships among samples (correlation analysis), putative biomarkers (O2PLS-DA approach), and sets of strongly and consistently expressed genes that define groups (topics) of similar samples (biclustering analysis). Gene coexpression analysis indicated that the mature/woody developmental program results from the reiterative coactivation of pathways that are largely inactive in vegetative/green tissues, often involving the coregulation of clusters of neighboring genes and global regulation based on codon preference. This global transcriptomic reprogramming during maturation has not been observed in herbaceous annual species and may be a defining characteristic of perennial woody plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Fasoli
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Silvia Dal Santo
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Sara Zenoni
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | | | - Lorenzo Farina
- Dipartimento di Informatica e Sistemistica Antonio Ruberti, Università degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Anita Zamboni
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Andrea Porceddu
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agronomiche e Genetica Vegetale Agraria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Luca Venturini
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Manuele Bicego
- Dipartimento di Informatica, Università degli Studi di Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | | | - Alberto Ferrarini
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Massimo Delledonne
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Mario Pezzotti
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
- Address correspondence to
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134
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Girard AL, Mounet F, Lemaire-Chamley M, Gaillard C, Elmorjani K, Vivancos J, Runavot JL, Quemener B, Petit J, Germain V, Rothan C, Marion D, Bakan B. Tomato GDSL1 is required for cutin deposition in the fruit cuticle. THE PLANT CELL 2012; 24:3119-34. [PMID: 22805434 PMCID: PMC3426136 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.112.101055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Revised: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The plant cuticle consists of cutin, a polyester of glycerol, hydroxyl, and epoxy fatty acids, covered and filled by waxes. While the biosynthesis of cutin building blocks is well documented, the mechanisms underlining their extracellular deposition remain unknown. Among the proteins extracted from dewaxed tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) peels, we identified GDSL1, a member of the GDSL esterase/acylhydrolase family of plant proteins. GDSL1 is strongly expressed in the epidermis of growing fruit. In GDSL1-silenced tomato lines, we observed a significant reduction in fruit cuticle thickness and a decrease in cutin monomer content proportional to the level of GDSL1 silencing. A significant decrease of wax load was observed only for cuticles of the severely silenced transgenic line. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis of isolated cutins revealed a reduction in cutin density in silenced lines. Indeed, FTIR-attenuated total reflectance spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy imaging showed that drastic GDSL1 silencing leads to a reduction in ester bond cross-links and to the appearance of nanopores in tomato cutins. Furthermore, immunolabeling experiments attested that GDSL1 is essentially entrapped in the cuticle proper and cuticle layer. These results suggest that GDSL1 is specifically involved in the extracellular deposition of the cutin polyester in the tomato fruit cuticle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Laure Girard
- Unité Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, F-44316 Nantes cedex 3, France
| | - Fabien Mounet
- Unité Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, F-44316 Nantes cedex 3, France
| | - Martine Lemaire-Chamley
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, F-33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France
- Université de Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, F-33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Cédric Gaillard
- Unité Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, F-44316 Nantes cedex 3, France
| | - Khalil Elmorjani
- Unité Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, F-44316 Nantes cedex 3, France
| | - Julien Vivancos
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, F-33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Jean-Luc Runavot
- Unité Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, F-44316 Nantes cedex 3, France
| | - Bernard Quemener
- Unité Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, F-44316 Nantes cedex 3, France
| | - Johann Petit
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, F-33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France
- Université de Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, F-33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Véronique Germain
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, F-33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France
- Université de Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, F-33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Christophe Rothan
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, F-33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France
- Université de Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, F-33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Didier Marion
- Unité Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, F-44316 Nantes cedex 3, France
| | - Bénédicte Bakan
- Unité Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, F-44316 Nantes cedex 3, France
- Address correspondence to
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135
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Beisson F, Li-Beisson Y, Pollard M. Solving the puzzles of cutin and suberin polymer biosynthesis. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 15:329-37. [PMID: 22465132 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2012.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 03/04/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Cutin and suberin are insoluble lipid polymers that provide critical barrier functions to the cell wall of certain plant tissues, including the epidermis, endodermis and periderm. Genes that are specific to the biosynthesis of cutins and/or aliphatic suberins have been identified, mainly in Arabidopsis thaliana. They notably encode acyltransferases, oxidases and transporters, which may have either well-defined or more debatable biochemical functions. However, despite these advances, important aspects of cutin and suberin synthesis remain obscure. Central questions include whether fatty acyl monomers or oligomers are exported, and the extent of extracellular assembly and attachment to the cell wall. These issues are reviewed. Greater emphasis on chemistry and biochemistry will be required to solve these unknowns and link structure with function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred Beisson
- Department of Environmental Plant Biology and Microbiology, CEA/CNRS/Aix-Marseille University, IBEB/UMR, Cadarache, France.
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136
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Gutjahr C, Radovanovic D, Geoffroy J, Zhang Q, Siegler H, Chiapello M, Casieri L, An K, An G, Guiderdoni E, Kumar CS, Sundaresan V, Harrison MJ, Paszkowski U. The half-size ABC transporters STR1 and STR2 are indispensable for mycorrhizal arbuscule formation in rice. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 69:906-20. [PMID: 22077667 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2011.04842.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The central structure of the symbiotic association between plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi is the fungal arbuscule that delivers minerals to the plant. Our earlier transcriptome analyses identified two half-size ABCG transporters that displayed enhanced mRNA levels in mycorrhizal roots. We now show specific transcript accumulation in arbusculated cells of both genes during symbiosis. Presently, arbuscule-relevant factors from monocotyledons have not been reported. Mutation of either of the Oryza sativa (rice) ABCG transporters blocked arbuscule growth of different AM fungi at a small and stunted stage, recapitulating the phenotype of Medicago truncatula stunted arbuscule 1 and 2 (str1 and str2) mutants that are deficient in homologous ABCG genes. This phenotypic resemblance and phylogenetic analysis suggest functional conservation of STR1 and STR2 across the angiosperms. Malnutrition of the fungus underlying limited arbuscular growth was excluded by the absence of complementation of the str1 phenotype by wild-type nurse plants. Furthermore, plant AM signaling was found to be intact, as arbuscule-induced marker transcript accumulation was not affected in str1 mutants. Strigolactones have previously been hypothesized to operate as intracellular hyphal branching signals and possible substrates of STR1 and STR2. However, full arbuscule development in the strigolactone biosynthesis mutants d10 and d17 suggested strigolactones to be unlikely substrates of STR1/STR2. Interestingly, rice STR1 is associated with a cis-natural antisense transcript (antiSTR1). Analogous to STR1 and STR2, at the root cortex level, the antiSTR1 transcript is specifically detected in arbusculated cells, suggesting unexpected modes of STR1 regulation in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Gutjahr
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
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137
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Kang J, Park J, Choi H, Burla B, Kretzschmar T, Lee Y, Martinoia E. Plant ABC Transporters. THE ARABIDOPSIS BOOK 2011; 9:e0153. [PMID: 22303277 PMCID: PMC3268509 DOI: 10.1199/tab.0153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
ABC transporters constitute one of the largest protein families found in all living organisms. ABC transporters are driven by ATP hydrolysis and can act as exporters as well as importers. The plant genome encodes for more than 100 ABC transporters, largely exceeding that of other organisms. In Arabidopsis, only 22 out of 130 have been functionally analyzed. They are localized in most membranes of a plant cell such as the plasma membrane, the tonoplast, chloroplasts, mitochondria and peroxisomes and fulfill a multitude of functions. Originally identified as transporters involved in detoxification processes, they have later been shown to be required for organ growth, plant nutrition, plant development, response to abiotic stresses, pathogen resistance and the interaction of the plant with its environment. To fulfill these roles they exhibit different substrate specifies by e.g. depositing surface lipids, accumulating phytate in seeds, and transporting the phytohormones auxin and abscisic acid. The aim of this review is to give an insight into the functions of plant ABC transporters and to show their importance for plant development and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joohyun Kang
- POSTECH-UZH Global Research Laboratory, Division of Molecular Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 790-784, Korea
| | - Jiyoung Park
- POSTECH-UZH Global Research Laboratory, Division of Molecular Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 790-784, Korea
| | - Hyunju Choi
- POSTECH-UZH Global Research Laboratory, Division of Molecular Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 790-784, Korea
| | - Bo Burla
- Institute of Plant Biology, University Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Kretzschmar
- Institute of Plant Biology, University Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Youngsook Lee
- POSTECH-UZH Global Research Laboratory, Division of Molecular Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 790-784, Korea
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, World Class University Program, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 790-784, Korea
| | - Enrico Martinoia
- POSTECH-UZH Global Research Laboratory, Division of Molecular Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 790-784, Korea
- Institute of Plant Biology, University Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
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138
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Wu R, Li S, He S, Waßmann F, Yu C, Qin G, Schreiber L, Qu LJ, Gu H. CFL1, a WW domain protein, regulates cuticle development by modulating the function of HDG1, a class IV homeodomain transcription factor, in rice and Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2011; 23:3392-411. [PMID: 21954461 PMCID: PMC3203440 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.111.088625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2011] [Revised: 08/18/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plants have a chemically heterogeneous lipophilic layer, the cuticle, which protects them from biotic and abiotic stresses. The mechanisms that regulate cuticle development are poorly understood. We identified a rice (Oryza sativa) dominant curly leaf mutant, curly flag leaf1 (cfl1), and cloned CFL1, which encodes a WW domain protein. We overexpressed both rice and Arabidopsis CFL1 in Arabidopsis thaliana; these transgenic plants showed severely impaired cuticle development, similar to that in cfl1 rice. Reduced expression of At CFL1 resulted in reinforcement of cuticle structure. At CFL1 was predominantly expressed in specialized epidermal cells and in regions where dehiscence and abscission occur. Biochemical evidence showed that At CFL1 interacts with HDG1, a class IV homeodomain-leucine zipper transcription factor. Suppression of HDG1 function resulted in similar defective cuticle phenotypes in wild-type Arabidopsis but much alleviated phenotypes in At cfl1-1 mutants. The expression of two cuticle development-associated genes, BDG and FDH, was downregulated in At CFL1 overexpressor and HDG1 suppression plants. HDG1 binds to the cis-element L1 box, which exists in the regulatory regions of BDG and FDH. Our results suggest that rice and Arabidopsis CFL1 negatively regulate cuticle development by affecting the function of HDG1, which regulates the downstream genes BDG and FDH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renhong Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shibai Li
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shan He
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People’s Republic of China
| | - Friedrich Waßmann
- Institut für Zelluläre and Molekulare Botanik, Universität Bonn, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Caihong Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People’s Republic of China
| | - Genji Qin
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lukas Schreiber
- Institut für Zelluläre and Molekulare Botanik, Universität Bonn, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Li-Jia Qu
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People’s Republic of China
- The National Plant Gene Research Center (Beijing), Beijing 100101, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongya Gu
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People’s Republic of China
- The National Plant Gene Research Center (Beijing), Beijing 100101, People’s Republic of China
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139
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Chen G, Komatsuda T, Ma JF, Li C, Yamaji N, Nevo E. A functional cutin matrix is required for plant protection against water loss. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2011; 6:1297-9. [PMID: 22019635 PMCID: PMC3258056 DOI: 10.4161/psb.6.9.17507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Accepted: 07/27/2011] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The plant cuticle, a cutin matrix embedded with and covered by wax, seals the aerial organ's surface to protect the plant against uncontrolled water loss. The cutin matrix is essential for the cuticle to function as a barrier to water loss. Recently, we identified from wild barley a drought supersensitive mutant, eibi1, which is caused by a defective cutin matrix as the result of the loss of function of HvABCG31, an ABCG full transporter. Here, we report that eibi1 epidermal cells contain lipid-like droplets, which are supposed to consist of cutin monomers that have not been transported out of the cells. The eibi1 cuticle is fragile due to a defective cutin matrix. The rice ortholog of the EIBI1 gene has a similar pattern of expression, young shoot but not flag leaf blade, as the barley gene. The model of the function of Eibi1 is discussed. The HvABCG31 full transporter functions in the export of cutin components and contributed to land plant colonization, hence also to terrestrial life evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoxiong Chen
- Laboratory of Plant Stress Ecophysiology and Biotechnology, Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China.
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An ATP-binding cassette subfamily G full transporter is essential for the retention of leaf water in both wild barley and rice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:12354-9. [PMID: 21737747 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1108444108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Land plants have developed a cuticle preventing uncontrolled water loss. Here we report that an ATP-binding cassette (ABC) subfamily G (ABCG) full transporter is required for leaf water conservation in both wild barley and rice. A spontaneous mutation, eibi1.b, in wild barley has a low capacity to retain leaf water, a phenotype associated with reduced cutin deposition and a thin cuticle. Map-based cloning revealed that Eibi1 encodes an HvABCG31 full transporter. The gene was highly expressed in the elongation zone of a growing leaf (the site of cutin synthesis), and its gene product also was localized in developing, but not in mature tissue. A de novo wild barley mutant named "eibi1.c," along with two transposon insertion lines of rice mutated in the ortholog of HvABCG31 also were unable to restrict water loss from detached leaves. HvABCG31 is hypothesized to function as a transporter involved in cutin formation. Homologs of HvABCG31 were found in green algae, moss, and lycopods, indicating that this full transporter is highly conserved in the evolution of land plants.
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