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Conde-Agudelo A, Rosas-Bermudez A, Norton MH. Birth Spacing and Risk of Autism and Other Neurodevelopmental Disabilities: A Systematic Review. Pediatrics 2016; 137:peds.2015-3482. [PMID: 27244802 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2015-3482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Both short and long interpregnancy intervals (IPIs) have recently been associated with increased risk of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, this association has not been systematically evaluated. OBJECTIVE To examine the relationship between birth spacing and the risk of ASD and other neurodevelopmental disabilities. DATA SOURCES Electronic databases from their inception to December 2015, bibliographies, and conference proceedings. STUDY SELECTION Observational studies with results adjusted for potential confounding factors that reported on the association between IPIs or birth intervals and neurodevelopmental disabilities. DATA EXTRACTION Two reviewers independently extracted data on study characteristics, IPIs/birth intervals, and outcome measures. RESULTS Seven studies (1 140 210 children) reported an association between short IPIs and increased risk of ASD, mainly the former subtype autistic disorder. Compared with children born to women with IPIs of ≥36 months, children born to women with IPIs of <12 months had a significantly increased risk of any ASD (pooled adjusted odds ratio [OR] 1.90, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.16-3.09). This association was stronger for autistic disorder (pooled adjusted OR 2.62, 95% CI 1.53-4.50). Three of these studies also reported a significant association between long IPIs and increased risk of ASD. Short intervals were associated with a significantly increased risk of developmental delay (3 studies; 174 940 children) and cerebral palsy (2 studies; 19 419 children). LIMITATIONS Substantial heterogeneity, and few studies assessing neurodevelopmental disabilities other than ASD. CONCLUSIONS Short IPIs are associated with a significantly increased risk of ASD. Long IPIs also appear to increase the risk of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustín Conde-Agudelo
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre in Human Reproduction, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia; and
| | - Anyeli Rosas-Bermudez
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre in Human Reproduction, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia; and
| | - Maureen H Norton
- Office of Population and Reproductive Health, Bureau for Global Health, US Agency for International Development, Washington, District of Columbia
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102
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Say GN, Karabekiroğlu K, Babadağı Z, Yüce M. Maternal stress and perinatal features in autism and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Pediatr Int 2016; 58:265-9. [PMID: 26338105 DOI: 10.1111/ped.12822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigated the shared and non-shared perinatal risk factors for autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in a clinical sample. Additionally, we compared these groups regarding pre/postpartum maternal stress and the duration of breastfeeding. METHODS Children aged 3-18 years old with ASD (n = 100) were compared with age- and gender-matched children with ADHD (n = 100) and with age- and gender-matched healthy controls (n = 80). RESULTS Prematurity of the neonate and maternal stress/depressive mood in pregnancy were common risk factors shared by ASD and ADHD. Postpartum maternal depressive mood may be more specific to ASD, while shorter duration of breastfeeding may be related to ADHD. CONCLUSIONS ASD and ADHD may have some perinatal features in common. Identification of perinatal factors for ASD and ADHD carries clinical implications in terms of primary prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gökçe Nur Say
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Koray Karabekiroğlu
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Zehra Babadağı
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Murat Yüce
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
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103
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The two fold role of oxytocin in social developmental disorders: A cause and a remedy? Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 63:168-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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104
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Tweed EJ, Mackay DF, Nelson SM, Cooper SA, Pell JP. Five-minute Apgar score and educational outcomes: retrospective cohort study of 751,369 children. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2016; 101:F121-6. [PMID: 26297221 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2015-308483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Apgar score is used worldwide for assessing the clinical condition and short-term prognosis of newborn infants. Evidence for a relationship with long-term educational outcomes is conflicting. We investigated whether Apgar score at 5 min after birth was associated with additional support needs (ASN) and educational attainment. METHODS Data on pregnancy, delivery and later educational outcomes for children attending Scottish schools between 2006 and 2011 were collated by linking individual-level data from national educational and maternity databases. The relationship between Apgar score and overall ASN, type-specific ASN and educational attainment was assessed using binary, multinomial and generalised ordinal logistic regression models, respectively. Missing covariate data were imputed. RESULTS Of the 751,369 children eligible, 9741 (1.3%) had a low or intermediate Apgar score and 49,962 (6.6%) had ASN. Low Apgar score was independently associated with overall ASN status (adjusted OR for Apgar ≤3, OR 1.52 95% CI 1.35 to 1.70), as well as ASN due to cognitive (OR 1.26, 95% CI 1.09 to 1.47), sensory (OR 2.49 95% CI 1.66 to 3.73) and motor (OR 3.57, 95% CI 2.86 to 4.47) impairments. There was a dose-response relationship between Apgar score and overall ASN status: of those scoring 0-3, 10.1% had ASN, compared with 9.1% of those scoring 4-7 and 6.6% of those scoring 7-10. A low Apgar score was associated with lower educational attainment, but this was not robust to adjustment for confounders. CONCLUSIONS Apgar scores are associated with long-term as well as short-term prognoses, and with educational as well as clinical outcomes at the population level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Tweed
- Institute for Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Daniel F Mackay
- Institute for Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Sally-Ann Cooper
- Institute for Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jill P Pell
- Institute for Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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105
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Lv MN, Zhang H, Shu Y, Chen S, Hu YY, Zhou M. The neonatal levels of TSB, NSE and CK-BB in autism spectrum disorder from Southern China. Transl Neurosci 2016; 7:6-11. [PMID: 28123815 DOI: 10.1515/tnsci-2016-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background" Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a serious neurodevelopmental disorder that impairs a child's ability to communicate with others. It also includes restricted repetitive behaviors, interests and activities. Symptoms manifest before the age of 3. In the previous studies, we found structural abnormalities of the temporal lobe cortex. High spine densities were most commonly found in ASD subjects with lower levels of cognitive functioning. In the present study, we retrospectively analyzed medical records in relation to the neonatal levels of total serum bilirubin (TSB), neuron-specific enolase (NSE), creatine kinase brain band isoenzyme (CK-BB), and neonatal behavior in ASD patients from Southern China. METHODS A total of 80 patients with ASD (ASD group) were screened for this retrospective study. Among them, 34 were low-functioning ASD (L-ASD group) and 46 were high-functioning ASD (H-ASD group). Identification of the ASD cases was confirmed with a Revised Autism Diagnostic Inventory. For comparison with ASD cases, 80 normal neonates (control group) were selected from the same period. Biochemical parameters, including TSB, NSE and CK-BB in the neonatal period and medical records on neonatal behavior were collected. RESULTS The levels of serum TSB, NSE and CK-BB in the ASD group were significantly higher when compared with those from the control group (P < 0.01, or P < 0.05). The amounts of serum TSB, NSE and CK-BB in the L-ASD group were significantly higher when compared with those in the H-ASD group (P < 0.01, or P < 0.05). The Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS) scores in the ASD group were significantly lower than that in the control group (P < 0.05). Likewise, the NBAS scores in the L-ASD group were significantly lower than that in the H-ASD group (P < 0.05). There was no association between serum TSB, NSE, CK-BB and NBAS scores (P > 0.05) in the ASD group. CONCLUSIONS The neonatal levels of TSB, NSE and CK-BB in ASD from Southern China were significantly higher than those of healthy controls. These findings need to be investigated thoroughly by future studies with large sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Na Lv
- Department of Neurology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, P. R. China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, P. R. China; Teaching and research section of Neuropsychiatry, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, P. R. China
| | - Yi Shu
- Department of Neurology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, P. R. China
| | - Shan Chen
- Department of Pediatric, Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350001, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Hu
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States of America
| | - Min Zhou
- Joint Sino-US Food Safety Research Center and Bor Luh Food Safety Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
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106
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Hutton J. Does Rubella Cause Autism: A 2015 Reappraisal? Front Hum Neurosci 2016; 10:25. [PMID: 26869906 PMCID: PMC4734211 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In the 1970s, Stella Chess found a high prevalence of autism in children with congenital rubella syndrome (CRS), 200 times that of the general population at the time. Many researchers quote this fact to add proof to the current theory that maternal infection with immune system activation in pregnancy leads to autism in the offspring. This rubella and autism association is presented with the notion that rubella has been eliminated in today’s world. CRS cases are no longer typically seen; yet, autistic children often share findings of CRS including deafness, congenital heart defects, and to a lesser extent visual changes. Autistic children commonly have hyperactivity and spasticity, as do CRS children. Both autistic and CRS individuals may develop type 1 diabetes as young adults. Neuropathology of CRS infants may reveal cerebral vasculitis with narrowed lumens and cerebral necrosis. Neuroradiological findings of children with CRS show calcifications, periventricular leukomalacia, and dilated perivascular spaces. Neuroradiology of autism has also demonstrated hyperintensities, leukomalacia, and prominent perivascular spaces. PET studies of autistic individuals exhibit decreased perfusion to areas of the brain similarly affected by rubella. In both autism and CRS, certain changes in the brain have implicated the immune system. Several children with autism lack antibodies to rubella, as do children with CRS. These numerous similarities increase the probability of an association between rubella virus and autism. Rubella and autism cross many ethnicities in many countries. Contrary to current belief, rubella has not been eradicated and globally affects up to 5% of pregnant women. Susceptibility continues as vaccines are not given worldwide and are not fully protective. Rubella might still cause autism, even in vaccinated populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill Hutton
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Woman's Hospital of Texas , Houston, TX , USA
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107
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Risk of autistic disorder after exposure to general anaesthesia and surgery: a nationwide, retrospective matched cohort study. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2016; 32:303-10. [PMID: 25101714 DOI: 10.1097/eja.0000000000000130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deficits of learning, memory and cognition have been observed in newborn animals exposed to general anaesthetics. However, conclusions from clinical studies conducted in humans to investigate the relationship between anaesthesia and neurodevelopmental disorders have been inconsistent. Autistic disorder is typically recognised earlier than other neurobehavioural disorders. Although certain genes apparently contribute to autistic disorder susceptibility, other factors such as perinatal insults and exposure to neurotoxic agents may play a crucial role in gene-environmental interaction. OBJECTIVE This study was designed to investigate the association of exposure to general anaesthesia/surgery with autistic disorder. We hypothesised that exposure to general anaesthesia and surgery before 2 years of age is associated with an increased risk of developing autistic disorder. DESIGN A retrospective matched-cohort study. SETTING A medical university. Data from the National Health Insurance Research Database of Taiwan from 2001 to 2010 were analysed. PATIENTS The birth cohort included 114,435 children, among whom 5197 were exposed to general anaesthesia and surgery before the age of 2 years. The 1 : 4 matched controls comprised 20,788 children. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The primary endpoint was the diagnosis of autistic disorder after the first exposure to general anaesthesia and surgery. RESULTS No differences were found in the incidence of autistic disorder between the exposed group (0.96%) and the unexposed controls (0.89%) (P = 0.62). Cox proportional regression showed that the hazard ratio of exposure to general anaesthesia and surgery was 0.93 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.57 to 1.53] after adjusting for potential confounders. Age at first exposure did not influence the risk of autistic disorder. No relationship was found between the total number of exposures and the risk of autistic disorder. CONCLUSION Exposure to general anaesthesia and surgery before the age of 2 years age at first exposure and number of exposures were not associated with the development of autistic disorder.
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108
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Rosen BN, Lee BK, Lee NL, Yang Y, Burstyn I. Maternal Smoking and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Meta-analysis. J Autism Dev Disord 2015; 45:1689-98. [PMID: 25432101 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-014-2327-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We conducted a meta-analysis of 15 studies on maternal prenatal smoking and ASD risk in offspring. Using a random-effects model, we found no evidence of an association (summary OR 1.02, 95% CI 0.93-1.12). Stratifying by study design, birth year, type of healthcare system, and adjustment for socioeconomic status or psychiatric history did not alter the findings. There was evidence that ascertaining exposure at the time of birth produced a lower summary OR than when this information was gathered after birth. There was no evidence of publication bias. Non-differential exposure misclassification was shown to have the potential for negligible influence on the results. We found no evidence to support a measurable association between maternal prenatal smoking and ASD in offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany N Rosen
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Drexel University, Nesbitt Hall, Room 614, 3215 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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109
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Risk factors for autism spectrum disorder in the Thai population. Eur J Pediatr 2015; 174:1365-72. [PMID: 26226890 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-015-2544-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorder commonly prevalent in children worldwide including Thailand. However, there are very few studies thus far addressing risk factors for ASD in Thai children. This case-control study aims to investigate whether various risk factors especially socioeconomic status, advanced parental age (age >35 years), perinatal factors, maternal autoimmune diseases, and family history of neuropsychiatric illnesses were associated with the risk of having an offspring with ASD. There were 235 children with ASD (age 8.44 ± 3.37 years) and 235 controls (age 8.39 ± 3.37 years) enrolled in this study. The risk of developing ASD in these children included advanced paternal age (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 3.49, 95 % confidence interval (CI) = 2.05-5.96), family history of neuropsychiatric illnesses particularly if such disorders came from the paternal side of the child's family (AOR = 2.87, 95 % CI = 1.29-6.39), and having unemployed mothers (AOR = 1.65, 95 % CI = 1.08-2.54). CONCLUSION This study supports previous findings of Western countries where risk factors for ASD tend to occur in children whose fathers were of advanced paternal age and in the families with neuropsychiatric illnesses particularly if such disorders came from the paternal side of the child's family. WHAT IS KNOWN • Family history of neuropsychiatric disorders and advanced paternal age are risk factors for ASD in the offspring previously identified in the studies in Europe and North America. What is New: • To our knowledge, this is the first study documenting risk factors for ASD in the Asian population. • Our study supports previous findings of Western countries where risk factors for ASD tend to occur in the families with neuropsychiatric illnesses particularly if such disorders came from the paternal side of the child's family.
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110
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Zerbo O, Yoshida C, Gunderson EP, Dorward K, Croen LA. Interpregnancy Interval and Risk of Autism Spectrum Disorders. Pediatrics 2015; 136:651-7. [PMID: 26371204 PMCID: PMC4586728 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2015-1099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether subsequent births after short and long interpregnancy intervals (IPIs) are associated with risk of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). METHOD We assessed the association between IPI and ASD risk in a cohort of 45 261 children born at Kaiser Permanente Northern California (KPNC) between 2000 and 2009. Children with ASD were identified from International Classification of Diseases, Revision 9 diagnostic codes 299.0, 299.8, and 299.9 recorded in KPNC electronic medical records. IPI was defined as the time from the birth of the first child to the conception of the second child. Survival analysis and logistic regression models were used to evaluate the association between IPI and risk of ASD in second-born children. RESULTS Children born after an IPI of <12 months or ≥72 months had a 2- to 3-fold increased ASD risk compared with children born after an interval of 36 to 47 months. Respective adjusted hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) were as follows: <6 months, 3.0 (1.9-4.7); 6 to 8 months, 2.1 (1.4-3.3); 9 to 11 months, 1.9 (1.3-2.1); 12 to 23 months, 1.5 (1.1-2.1); and ≥72 months, 2.4 (1.5-3.7). The results are not explained by maternal BMI or change in BMI between pregnancies or by parental age, maternal antidepressant medication use, or unfavorable events occurring during the first or second pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS Children born after interpregnancy intervals <2 years or >6 years may be at increased risk of ASD. The mechanism explaining this association is unknown, and more research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ousseny Zerbo
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, California; and
| | - Cathleen Yoshida
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, California; and
| | - Erica P. Gunderson
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, California; and
| | - Kaht Dorward
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, San Francisco, California
| | - Lisa A. Croen
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, California; and
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111
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Obstetrical Mode of Delivery and Childhood Behavior and Psychological Development in a British Cohort. J Autism Dev Disord 2015; 46:603-14. [DOI: 10.1007/s10803-015-2616-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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112
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Lozada LE, Nylund CM, Gorman GH, Hisle-Gorman E, Erdie-Lalena CR, Kuehn D. Association of Autism Spectrum Disorders With Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia. Glob Pediatr Health 2015; 2:2333794X15596518. [PMID: 27335973 PMCID: PMC4784634 DOI: 10.1177/2333794x15596518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are a common neurodevelopmental disorder of unknown etiology. Studies suggest a link between autism and neonatal jaundice. A 1:3 matched case–control study was conducted with children enrolled in the Military Health System born between October 2002 and September 2009. Diagnostic and procedure codes were used for identifying ASD and hyperbilirubinemia. Two definitions for hyperbilirubinemia were evaluated: an inpatient admission with a diagnosis of jaundice and treatment with phototherapy. A total of 2917 children with ASD and 8751 matched controls were included in the study. After adjustment, there remained an association between ASD in children and an admission with a diagnosis of jaundice (odds ratio = 1.18; 95% confidence interval = 1.06-1.31; P = .001) and phototherapy treatment (odds ratio = 1.33; 95% confidence interval = 1.04-1.69; P = .008). Children who develop ASD are more likely to have an admission with a diagnosis of jaundice in the neonatal period and more likely to require treatment for this jaundice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis E Lozada
- Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA; Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Cade M Nylund
- Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gregory H Gorman
- Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Devon Kuehn
- Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA; East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
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113
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Chandna AR, Kuhlmann N, Bryce CA, Greba Q, Campanucci VA, Howland JG. Chronic maternal hyperglycemia induced during mid-pregnancy in rats increases RAGE expression, augments hippocampal excitability, and alters behavior of the offspring. Neuroscience 2015; 303:241-60. [PMID: 26151680 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.06.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Maternal diabetes during pregnancy may increase the risk of neurodevelopmental disorders in the offspring by increasing inflammation. A major source of inflammatory signaling observed in diabetes is activation of the receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE), and increased RAGE expression has been reported in psychiatric disorders. Thus, we sought to examine whether maternal diabetes creates a proinflammatory state, triggered largely by RAGE signaling, that alters normal brain development and behavior of the offspring. We tested this hypothesis in rats using the streptozotocin (STZ; 50mg/kg; i.p.) model of diabetes induced during mid-pregnancy. Following STZ treatment, we observed a significant increase in RAGE protein expression in the forebrain of the offspring (postnatal day 1). Data obtained from whole-cell patch clamping of hippocampal neurons in cultures from the offspring of STZ-treated dams revealed a striking increase in excitability. When tested in a battery of behavioral tasks in early adulthood, the offspring of STZ-treated dams had significantly lower prepulse inhibition, reduced anxiety-like behavior, and altered object-place preference when compared to control offspring. In an operant-based strategy set-shifting task, STZ offspring did not differ from controls on an initial visual discrimination or reversal learning but took significantly longer to shift to a new strategy (i.e., set-shift). Insulin replacement with an implantable pellet in the dams reversed the effects of maternal diabetes on RAGE expression, hippocampal excitability, prepulse inhibition and object-place memory, but not anxiety-like behavior or set-shifting. Taken together, these results suggest that chronic maternal hyperglycemia alters normal hippocampal development and behavior of the offspring, effects that may be mediated by increased RAGE signaling in the fetal brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Chandna
- Dept. of Physiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - N Kuhlmann
- Dept. of Physiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - C A Bryce
- Dept. of Physiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Q Greba
- Dept. of Physiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - V A Campanucci
- Dept. of Physiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - J G Howland
- Dept. of Physiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
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114
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Fang SY, Wang S, Huang N, Yeh HH, Chen CY. Prenatal Infection and Autism Spectrum Disorders in Childhood: A Population-Based Case-Control Study in Taiwan. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2015; 29:307-16. [PMID: 25989831 DOI: 10.1111/ppe.12194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infection in pregnancy has long been linked with negative postnatal development and health. This study aims to assess the association between prenatal infections and autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) across three trimesters and to probe possible sex heterogeneity in such link. METHOD A total of 4184 children with incident ASDs and 16,734 matched children were identified from the 2000-2007 National Health Insurance Research Database. For each child, information pertaining to the mother's infection during pregnancy, sociodemographics, and medical history was retrieved from healthcare records. Conditional logistic analyses were carried out to estimate the strength of associations with adjustment for multiple comparisons. RESULT Pooled analyses demonstrated that having two or more outpatient visits for genital infection [adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 1.34; 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.12, 1.60; false discovery rate (FDR) < 0.01] and bacterial infection (aOR: 1.24; 95% CI 1.06, 1.43; FDR < 0.05) in the third trimester were slightly associated with increased risk of ASDs. No statistically significant sex differences were found. CONCLUSION The present study contributes updated population-based evidence about the connection between prenatal infection and ASDs. Potential effect of bacterial and genital tract infections during the third trimester on risk of ASDs warrants further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-You Fang
- Institute of Public Health, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Center of Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Sabrina Wang
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Nicole Huang
- Institute of Public Health, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsueh-Han Yeh
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, MI
| | - Chuan-Yu Chen
- Institute of Public Health, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Center of Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan
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115
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Degnan AJ, Wisnowski JL, Choi S, Ceschin R, Bhushan C, Leahy RM, Corby P, Schmithorst VJ, Panigrahy A. Altered Structural and Functional Connectivity in Late Preterm Preadolescence: An Anatomic Seed-Based Study of Resting State Networks Related to the Posteromedial and Lateral Parietal Cortex. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130686. [PMID: 26098888 PMCID: PMC4476681 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Late preterm birth confers increased risk of developmental delay, academic difficulties and social deficits. The late third trimester may represent a critical period of development of neural networks including the default mode network (DMN), which is essential to normal cognition. Our objective is to identify functional and structural connectivity differences in the posteromedial cortex related to late preterm birth. METHODS Thirty-eight preadolescents (ages 9-13; 19 born in the late preterm period (≥32 weeks gestational age) and 19 at term) without access to advanced neonatal care were recruited from a low socioeconomic status community in Brazil. Participants underwent neurocognitive testing, 3-dimensional T1-weighted imaging, diffusion-weighted imaging and resting state functional MRI (RS-fMRI). Seed-based probabilistic diffusion tractography and RS-fMRI analyses were performed using unilateral seeds within the posterior DMN (posterior cingulate cortex, precuneus) and lateral parietal DMN (superior marginal and angular gyri). RESULTS Late preterm children demonstrated increased functional connectivity within the posterior default mode networks and increased anti-correlation with the central-executive network when seeded from the posteromedial cortex (PMC). Key differences were demonstrated between PMC components with increased anti-correlation with the salience network seen only with posterior cingulate cortex seeding but not with precuneus seeding. Probabilistic tractography showed increased streamlines within the right inferior longitudinal fasciculus and inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus within late preterm children while decreased intrahemispheric streamlines were also observed. No significant differences in neurocognitive testing were demonstrated between groups. CONCLUSION Late preterm preadolescence is associated with altered functional connectivity from the PMC and lateral parietal cortex to known distributed functional cortical networks despite no significant executive neurocognitive differences. Selective increased structural connectivity was observed in the setting of decreased posterior interhemispheric connections. Future work is needed to determine if these findings represent a compensatory adaptation employing alternate neural circuitry or could reflect subtle pathology resulting in emotional processing deficits not seen with neurocognitive testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Degnan
- Department of Pediatric Radiology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, 4401 Penn Avenue, Floor 2, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, United States of America
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC), 3950 Presby South Tower, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States of America
| | - Jessica L. Wisnowski
- Department of Pediatric Radiology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, 4401 Penn Avenue, Floor 2, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, United States of America
- Brain and Creativity Institute, University of Southern California, 3620A McClintock Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90089, United States of America
- Department of Radiology, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, United States of America
| | - SoYoung Choi
- Brain and Creativity Institute, University of Southern California, 3620A McClintock Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90089, United States of America
| | - Rafael Ceschin
- Department of Pediatric Radiology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, 4401 Penn Avenue, Floor 2, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Chitresh Bhushan
- Signal and Image Processing Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, United States of America
| | - Richard M. Leahy
- Signal and Image Processing Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, United States of America
| | - Patricia Corby
- Twins Institute for Genetics Research, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais 39400–115, Brazil
- New York University Bluestone Center for Clinical Research, 421 1st Ave, New York, NY 10010, United States of America
| | - Vincent J. Schmithorst
- Department of Pediatric Radiology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, 4401 Penn Avenue, Floor 2, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, United States of America
| | - Ashok Panigrahy
- Department of Pediatric Radiology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, 4401 Penn Avenue, Floor 2, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, United States of America
- Brain and Creativity Institute, University of Southern California, 3620A McClintock Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90089, United States of America
- Department of Radiology, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
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Hayward AD, Lummaa V, Bazykin GA. Fitness Consequences of Advanced Ancestral Age over Three Generations in Humans. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128197. [PMID: 26030274 PMCID: PMC4451146 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A rapid rise in age at parenthood in contemporary societies has increased interest in reports of higher prevalence of de novo mutations and health problems in individuals with older fathers, but the fitness consequences of such age effects over several generations remain untested. Here, we use extensive pedigree data on seven pre-industrial Finnish populations to show how the ages of ancestors for up to three generations are associated with fitness traits. Individuals whose fathers, grandfathers and great-grandfathers fathered their lineage on average under age 30 were ~13% more likely to survive to adulthood than those whose ancestors fathered their lineage at over 40 years. In addition, females had a lower probability of marriage if their male ancestors were older. These findings are consistent with an increase of the number of accumulated de novo mutations with male age, suggesting that deleterious mutations acquired from recent ancestors may be a substantial burden to fitness in humans. However, possible non-mutational explanations for the observed associations are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam D Hayward
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, Alfred Denny Building, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, United Kingdom; Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FL, United Kingdom
| | - Virpi Lummaa
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, Alfred Denny Building, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Georgii A Bazykin
- Institute for Information Transmission Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Kharkevich Institute), Bolshoy Karetny pereulok 19, Moscow, 127994, Russia; Department of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Vorbyevy Gory 1-73, Moscow, 119992, Russia; Belozersky Institute for Physical and Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Vorbyevy Gory 1-40, Moscow, 119992, Russia; Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ul. Ostrovityanova 1, Moscow, 117997, Russia
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Ornoy A, Weinstein-Fudim L, Ergaz Z. Prenatal factors associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Reprod Toxicol 2015; 56:155-69. [PMID: 26021712 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) affecting about 1% of all children is associated, in addition to complex genetic factors, with a variety of prenatal, perinatal and postnatal etiologies. We discuss the known associated prenatal factors affecting the fetus throughout pregnancy; whenever relevant, also summarize some animal data. Among the maternal diseases in pregnancy associated with ASD are pregestational and/or gestational diabetes mellitus (PGDM, GDM), maternal infections (i.e. rubella, cytomegalovirus (CMV)), prolonged fever and maternal inflammation, which cause changes in a variety of inflammatory cytokines. Among the drugs are valproic acid, thalidomide, and possibly misoprostol and serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Associations were described with ethanol, and possibly cocaine, heavy metals heavy smoking and Folic acid deficiency. Heavy exposure to pesticides and air pollution during pregnancy was recently associated with ASD. We need more epidemiologic data to establish many of these associations; if proven, they might be promising avenues for prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ornoy
- Laboratory of Teratology, Department of Medical Neurobiology, Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - L Weinstein-Fudim
- Laboratory of Teratology, Department of Medical Neurobiology, Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Z Ergaz
- Department of Neonatology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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Weisman O, Agerbo E, Carter CS, Harris JC, Uldbjerg N, Henriksen TB, Thygesen M, Mortensen PB, Leckman JF, Dalsgaard S. Oxytocin-augmented labor and risk for autism in males. Behav Brain Res 2015; 284:207-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Curran EA, O'Neill SM, Cryan JF, Kenny LC, Dinan TG, Khashan AS, Kearney PM. Research review: Birth by caesarean section and development of autism spectrum disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2015; 56:500-8. [PMID: 25348074 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Given the growing prevalence of birth by Caesarean section (CS) worldwide, it is important to understand any long-term effects CS delivery may have on a child's development. We assessed the impact of mode of delivery on autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). METHODS We conducted a systematic review of the literature in PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, PsycINFO and Web of Science up to 28 February 2014. No publication date, language, location or age restrictions were employed. RESULTS Thirteen studies reported an adjusted estimate for CS-ASD, producing a pooled odds ratio (OR) of 1.23 (95% CI: 1.07, 1.40). Two studies reported an adjusted estimate for CS-ADHD, producing a pooled OR of 1.07 (95% CI: 0.86, 1.33). CONCLUSIONS Delivery by CS is associated with a modest increased odds of ASD, and possibly ADHD, when compared to vaginal delivery. Although the effect may be due to residual confounding, the current and accelerating rate of CS implies that even a small increase in the odds of disorders, such as ASD or ADHD, may have a large impact on the society as a whole. This warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen A Curran
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Irish Centre for Fetal and Neonatal Translational Research (INFANT), University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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ACOG Committee Opinion no. 597: Committee on Obstetric Practice: Labor induction or augmentation and autism. Obstet Gynecol 2015; 123:1140-1142. [PMID: 24785879 DOI: 10.1097/01.aog.0000446827.54456.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Functional oxytocin deficiency and a faulty oxytocin signaling pathway have been observed in conjunction with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Because exogenous synthetic oxytocin commonly is administered for labor induction and augmentation, some have hypothesized that synthetic oxytocin used for these purposes may alter fetal oxytocin receptors and predispose exposed offspring to ASD. However, current evidence does not identify a causal relationship between labor induction or augmentation in general, or oxytocin labor induction specifically, and autism or ASD. Recognizing the limitations of available study design, conflicting data, and the potential consequences of limiting labor induction and augmentation, the Committee on Obstetric Practice recommends against a change in current guidance regarding counseling and indications for and methods of labor induction and augmentation.
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Guinchat V, Cravero C, Diaz L, Périsse D, Xavier J, Amiet C, Gourfinkel-An I, Bodeau N, Wachtel L, Cohen D, Consoli A. Acute behavioral crises in psychiatric inpatients with autism spectrum disorder (ASD): recognition of concomitant medical or non-ASD psychiatric conditions predicts enhanced improvement. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2015; 38:242-255. [PMID: 25575287 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2014.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
During adolescence, some individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) engage in severe challenging behaviors, such as aggression, self-injury, disruption, agitation and tantrums. We aimed to assess risk factors associated with very acute behavioral crises in adolescents with ASD admitted to a dedicated neurobehavioral unit. We included retrospectively in 2008 and 2009 29 adolescents and young adults with ASD hospitalized for severe challenging behaviors and proposed a guideline (Perisse et al., 2010) that we applied prospectively for 29 patients recruited for the same indications between 2010 and 2012. In total, 58 patients were admitted (n=70 hospitalizations, mean age=15.66 (±4.07) years, 76% male). We systematically collected data describing socio-demographic characteristics, clinical variables (severity, presence of language, cognitive level), comorbid organic conditions, etiologic diagnosis of the episode, and treatments. We explored predictors of Global Assessment Functioning Scale (GAFS) score and duration of hospitalization at discharge. All but 2 patients exhibited severe autistic symptoms and intellectual disability (ID), and two-thirds had no functional verbal language. During the inpatient stay (mean=84.3 (±94.9) days), patients doubled on average their GAFS scores (mean=17.66 (±9.05) at admission vs. mean=31.4 (±9.48) at discharge). Most common etiologies for acute behavioral crises were organic causes [n=20 (28%), including epilepsy: n=10 (14%) and painful medical conditions: n=10 (14%)], environmental causes [n=17 (25%) including lack of treatment: n=11 (16%) and adjustment disorder: n=6 (9%)], and non-ASD psychiatric condition [n=33 (48%) including catatonia: n=5 (7%), major depressive episode: n=6 (9%), bipolar disorder: n=4 (6%), schizophrenia: n=6 (9%), other/unknown diagnosis: n=12 (17%)]. We found no influence of age, gender, socio-economic status, migration, level of ID, or history of seizure on improvement of GAFS score at discharge. Severity of autism at admission was the only negative predictor (p<.001). Painful medical conditions (p=.04), non-ASD psychiatric diagnoses (p=.001), prior usage of specialized ASD care programs (p=.004), functional language (p=.007), as well as a higher number of challenging behaviors upon admission (p=.001) were associated with higher GAFS scores at discharge. Clinical severity at admission, based on the number of challenging behaviors (r=.35, p=.003) and GAFS score (r=-.32, p=.008) was correlated with a longer inpatient stay. Longer hospitalization was however correlated (r=.27, p=.03) with higher GAFS score at discharge even after adjustment for confounding factors. Challenging behaviors among adolescents with ASD may stem from diverse risk factors, including environmental problems, comorbid acute psychiatric conditions, or somatic illness such as epilepsy or acute pain. The management of these behavioral challenges requires a unified, multidisciplinary approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Guinchat
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 47 bd de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Cora Cravero
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 47 bd de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Lautaro Diaz
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 47 bd de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Didier Périsse
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 47 bd de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Jean Xavier
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 47 bd de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Claire Amiet
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 47 bd de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Gourfinkel-An
- Center of Epileptology, Reference Center for Rare Epilepsies and Department of Genetics, AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 47 bd de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Bodeau
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 47 bd de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Lee Wachtel
- Kennedy Krieger Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 707 North Broadway Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - David Cohen
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 47 bd de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France; Institut des Systèmes Intelligents et Robotiques, CNRS UMR 7222, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 1 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Angèle Consoli
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 47 bd de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France; INSERM U669, Maison de Solenn, 97 bd de Port Royal, 75014 Paris, France
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Guy A, Seaton SE, Boyle EM, Draper ES, Field DJ, Manktelow BN, Marlow N, Smith LK, Johnson S. Infants born late/moderately preterm are at increased risk for a positive autism screen at 2 years of age. J Pediatr 2015; 166:269-75.e3. [PMID: 25477165 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2014.10.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the prevalence of positive screens using the Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (M-CHAT) questionnaire and follow-up interview in late and moderately preterm (LMPT; 32-36 weeks) infants and term-born controls. STUDY DESIGN Population-based prospective cohort study of 1130 LMPT and 1255 term-born infants. Parents completed the M-CHAT questionnaire at 2-years corrected age. Parents of infants with positive questionnaire screens were followed up with a telephone interview to clarify failed items. The M-CHAT questionnaire was re-scored, and infants were classified as true or false positives. Neurosensory, cognitive, and behavioral outcomes were assessed using parent report. RESULTS Parents of 634 (57%) LMPT and 761 (62%) term-born infants completed the M-CHAT questionnaire. LMPT infants had significantly higher risk of a positive questionnaire screen compared with controls (14.5% vs 9.2%; relative risk [RR] 1.58; 95% CI 1.18, 2.11). After follow-up, significantly more LMPT infants than controls had a true positive screen (2.4% vs 0.5%; RR 4.52; 1.51, 13.56). This remained significant after excluding infants with neurosensory impairments (2.0% vs 0.5%; RR 3.67; 1.19, 11.3). CONCLUSIONS LMPT infants are at significantly increased risk for positive autistic screen. An M-CHAT follow-up interview is essential as screening for autism spectrum disorders is especially confounded in preterm populations. Infants with false positive screens are at risk for cognitive and behavioral problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa Guy
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom; School of Psychology, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah E Seaton
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Elaine M Boyle
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth S Draper
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - David J Field
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Bradley N Manktelow
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Neil Marlow
- Department of Academic Neonatology, Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy K Smith
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Samantha Johnson
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom.
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Uno Y, Uchiyama T, Kurosawa M, Aleksic B, Ozaki N. Early exposure to the combined measles-mumps-rubella vaccine and thimerosal-containing vaccines and risk of autism spectrum disorder. Vaccine 2015; 33:2511-6. [PMID: 25562790 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This case-control study investigated the relationship between the risk of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) onset, and early exposure to the combined Measles-Mumps-Rubella (MMR) vaccine and thimerosal consumption measured from vaccinations in the highly genetically homogenous Japanese population. METHODS Vaccination histories at 1, 3, 6, 12, 18, 24, and 36 months from birth were investigated in ASD cases (189 samples), and controls (224 samples) matching age and sex in each case. Crude odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated to determine relationship between MMR vaccination and ASD. The differences in mean values of the thimerosal dosage between cases and controls were analyzed using an unpaired t-test. MMR vaccination and thimerosal dosage were also investigated using a conditional multiple-regression model. RESULTS There were no significant differences in MMR vaccination and thimerosal dosage between cases and controls at any age. Furthermore, the ORs (95% CIs) of MMR vaccination and thimerosal dosage associated with ASD in the conditional multiple regression model were, respectively, 0.875 (0.345-2.222) and 1.205 (0.862-1.683) at age 18 months, 0.724 (0.421-1.243) and 1.343 (0.997-1.808) at 24 months, and 1.040 (0.648-1.668) and 0.844 (0.632-1.128) at 36 months. Thus, there were no significant differences. CONCLUSIONS No convincing evidence was found in this study that MMR vaccination and increasing thimerosal dose were associated with an increased risk of ASD onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yota Uno
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsurumai-cho 65, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan; Department of Psychiatry, Yokohama Psycho-Developmental Clinic, Chigasaki chuo 7-7-2F, Tsuzuki-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 224-0032, Japan.
| | - Tokio Uchiyama
- Department of Psychiatry, Yokohama Psycho-Developmental Clinic, Chigasaki chuo 7-7-2F, Tsuzuki-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 224-0032, Japan; Department of Faculty of Human Development, Fukushima University Graduate School, Kanayagawa 1, Fukushima, Fukushima 960-1248, Japan.
| | - Michiko Kurosawa
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Hongo 2-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan.
| | - Branko Aleksic
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsurumai-cho 65, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan.
| | - Norio Ozaki
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsurumai-cho 65, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan; Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsurumai-cho 65, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan.
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Kvestad E, Lie KK, Eskild A, Engdahl B. Sensorineural hearing loss in children: the association with Apgar score. A registry-based study of 392,371 children in Norway. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2014; 78:1940-4. [PMID: 25216808 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2014.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The causes of congenital permanent hearing loss in children are insufficiently understood. We studied the association of Apgar score 5 min after birth with sensorineural hearing loss diagnosed before the age of 5 years. METHODS We performed an epidemiological cohort study with data obtained by linkage between The Medical Birth Registry of Norway and the Norwegian County Registry of Children with Hearing Loss. Cases were 327 children born in Norway during the period 1978-1998 with sensorineural hearing loss. Controls were all children in Norway without sensorineural hearing loss born in the same counties and during the same period as the cases (n=392,044). The associations of Apgar score 5 min after birth with sensorineural hearing loss were estimated as odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) by applying logistic regression analyses. RESULTS Among children with sensorineural hearing loss 0.9% (3/327) had Apgar score<3, whereas that was true for 0.1% (304/392044) of children without hearing loss (p=0.001, chi square test). The aOR for sensorineural hearing loss was 7.5 [95% CI 2.3-, 24.2] comparing Apgar score<3 to Apgar score 10, after adjustment for birthweight and concurrent birth defects. Most children with sensorineural hearing loss (90%) had Apgar score>8 five minutes after birth. CONCLUSIONS Low Apgar score was associated with childhood sensorineural hearing loss. However, most children with sensorineural hearing loss, had Apgar score>8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Kvestad
- Division of Mental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, 0403 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Kari Kveim Lie
- Division of Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, 0403 Oslo, Norway
| | - Anne Eskild
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Institute of Clinical Medicine, Akershus University Hospital, 1478 Lørenskog, Norway; Division of Mental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, 0403 Oslo, Norway
| | - Bo Engdahl
- Division of Mental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, 0403 Oslo, Norway
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Xu G, Jing J, Bowers K, Liu B, Bao W. Maternal diabetes and the risk of autism spectrum disorders in the offspring: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Autism Dev Disord 2014; 44:766-75. [PMID: 24057131 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-013-1928-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We performed a systematic literature search regarding maternal diabetes before and during pregnancy and the risk of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) in the offspring. Of the 178 potentially relevant articles, 12 articles including three cohort studies and nine case-control studies were included in the meta-analysis. Both the meta-analyses of cohort studies and case-control studies showed significant associations. The pooled relative risk and 95% confidence interval (CI) among cohort studies was 1.48 (1.25-1.75, p < 0.001). For case-control studies, the pooled odds ratio and 95% CI was 1.72 (1.24-2.41, p = 0.001). No indication of significant heterogeneity across studies or publication bias was observed. In conclusion, maternal diabetes was significantly associated with a greater risk of ASD in the offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guifeng Xu
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
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Dhawan N, Emerson B, Popara R, Lin C, Rawji A, Zeiden R, Rashid L, Phyu P, Bahl J, Gupta V. Are Attributes of Pregnancy and the Delivery Room Experience Related to Development of Autism? A Review of the Perinatal and Labor Risk Factors and Autism. INTERNATIONAL SCHOLARLY RESEARCH NOTICES 2014; 2014:290837. [PMID: 27355027 PMCID: PMC4897523 DOI: 10.1155/2014/290837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder marked by severe deficits in social communication and interactions. It is a complex condition that lacks an established preventive method, warranting a need for research to identify possible environmental triggers. The identification of external factors particularly perinatal risk factors forms the initial critical step in preventing and alleviating risks. We conducted a literature review to assess evidence suggested in the worldwide literature. Perinatal risk factors that have a suggested association include β2 adrenergic receptor agonists, labor induction and augmentation, maternal infection and disease (i.e., antiphospholipid syndrome), antiepileptic drugs, cocaine use, and oral supplements. Smoking has not been found to have a direct association. Pollutants, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, artificial insemination, and fertility medications may have a link, but results are often conflicted. Factors related to the delivery room experience may be associated with meconium aspiration syndrome, birth weight, and labor time. Several risk factors during the pregnancy and labor periods have been associated with autism; yet further studies with large populations are needed to establish definitive associations. The fact that several risk factors during the prenatal and labor periods are implicated in autism should prompt the medical community to focus on the pregnancy and labor periods as preventive measures to curb the incidence of autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Dhawan
- Nova Southeastern University, Health Sciences Division, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33314, USA
| | - Blaze Emerson
- Nova Southeastern University, Health Sciences Division, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33314, USA
| | - Romana Popara
- Nova Southeastern University, Health Sciences Division, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33314, USA
| | - Catherine Lin
- Nova Southeastern University, Health Sciences Division, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33314, USA
| | - Adam Rawji
- Nova Southeastern University, Health Sciences Division, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33314, USA
| | - Rita Zeiden
- Nova Southeastern University, Health Sciences Division, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33314, USA
| | | | - Pwint Phyu
- Nova Southeastern University, Health Sciences Division, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33314, USA
| | - Jaya Bahl
- Nova Southeastern University, Health Sciences Division, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33314, USA
| | - Vineet Gupta
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego (UCSD), 200 West Arbor Drive, MC 8485, San Diego, CA 92103, USA
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Olza-Fernández I, Marín Gabriel MA, Gil-Sanchez A, Garcia-Segura LM, Arevalo MA. Neuroendocrinology of childbirth and mother-child attachment: the basis of an etiopathogenic model of perinatal neurobiological disorders. Front Neuroendocrinol 2014; 35:459-72. [PMID: 24704390 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2014.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on the neuroendocrine mechanisms in the mother and the newborn that are involved in the generation and consolidation of mother-child attachment. The role that different hormones and neurotransmitters play on the regulation of these mechanisms during parturition, the immediate postpartum period and lactation is discussed. Interferences in the initiation of mother-child attachment may have potential long-term effects for the behavior and affection of the newborn. Therefore, the possible consequences of alterations in the physiological neuroendocrine mechanisms of attachment, caused by elective Cesarean section, intrapartum hormonal manipulations, preterm delivery, mother-infant postpartum separation and bottle-feeding instead of breastfeeding are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibone Olza-Fernández
- Department of Psychiatry, Autonomous University of Madrid, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Alfonso Gil-Sanchez
- Unidad Docente de Salud Mental de la Región de Murcia, Hospital General Universitario Santa María del Rosell de Cartagena, Murcia, Spain
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128
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Increased risk of autism spectrum disorders at short and long interpregnancy intervals in Finland. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2014; 53:1074-81.e4. [PMID: 25245351 PMCID: PMC4174278 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2014.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 05/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Both short and long interpregnancy intervals (IPI) are believed to present possible adverse conditions for fetal development. Short IPI has recently been associated with increased risk of autism, but whether long IPI increases risk for autism spectrum disorders (ASD) has not been thoroughly investigated. We investigated the association between short and long IPI in a Finnish population-based study. METHOD This study was conducted in the Finnish Prenatal Study of Autism, which is based in a national birth cohort. Children born in Finland in 1987 to 2005 and diagnosed with ASD by 2007 were identified through the Finnish Hospital Discharge Register. A total of 2,208 non-firstborn patients with ASD and 5,163 matched controls identified from the Finnish Medical Birth Register were included in the primary analysis. The association between IPI and ASD was determined using conditional logistic regression and adjusted for potential confounders. RESULTS Relative to births with an IPI of 24 to 59 months, those with the shortest IPI (<12 months) had an increased risk of ASD (odds ratio [OR] = 1.50, 95% CI = 1.28, 1.74) in confounder-adjusted models, whereas the ORs for longer IPI births (60-119 months and ≥120 months) were 1.28 (95% CI = 1.08, 1.52) and 1.44 (95% CI = 1.12, 1.85), respectively. CONCLUSION This study provides evidence that risk of ASD is increased at long as well as short IPI.
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Kenkel WM, Yee JR, Carter CS. Is oxytocin a maternal-foetal signalling molecule at birth? Implications for development. J Neuroendocrinol 2014; 26:739-49. [PMID: 25059673 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2013] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The neuropeptide oxytocin was first noted for its capacity to promote uterine contractions and facilitate delivery in mammals. The study of oxytocin has grown to include awareness that this peptide is a neuromodulator with broad effects throughout the body. Accumulating evidence suggests that oxytocin is a powerful signal to the foetus, helping to prepare the offspring for the extrauterine environment. Concurrently, the use of exogenous oxytocin or other drugs to manipulate labour has become common practice. The use of oxytocin to expedite labour and minimise blood loss improves both infant and maternal survival under some conditions. However, further investigations are needed to assess the developmental consequences of changes in oxytocin, such as those associated with pre-eclampsia or obstetric manipulations associated with birth. This review focuses on the role of endogenous and exogenous oxytocin as a neurochemical signal to the foetal nervous system. We also examine the possible developmental consequences, including those associated with autism spectrum disorder, that arise from exogenous oxytocin supplementation during labour.
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Affiliation(s)
- W M Kenkel
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
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130
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Tordjman S, Somogyi E, Coulon N, Kermarrec S, Cohen D, Bronsard G, Bonnot O, Weismann-Arcache C, Botbol M, Lauth B, Ginchat V, Roubertoux P, Barburoth M, Kovess V, Geoffray MM, Xavier J. Gene × Environment interactions in autism spectrum disorders: role of epigenetic mechanisms. Front Psychiatry 2014; 5:53. [PMID: 25136320 PMCID: PMC4120683 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies support currently the hypothesis that autism etiology is based on a polygenic and epistatic model. However, despite advances in epidemiological, molecular and clinical genetics, the genetic risk factors remain difficult to identify, with the exception of a few chromosomal disorders and several single gene disorders associated with an increased risk for autism. Furthermore, several studies suggest a role of environmental factors in autism spectrum disorders (ASD). First, arguments for a genetic contribution to autism, based on updated family and twin studies, are examined. Second, a review of possible prenatal, perinatal, and postnatal environmental risk factors for ASD are presented. Then, the hypotheses are discussed concerning the underlying mechanisms related to a role of environmental factors in the development of ASD in association with genetic factors. In particular, epigenetics as a candidate biological mechanism for gene × environment interactions is considered and the possible role of epigenetic mechanisms reported in genetic disorders associated with ASD is discussed. Furthermore, the example of in utero exposure to valproate provides a good illustration of epigenetic mechanisms involved in ASD and innovative therapeutic strategies. Epigenetic remodeling by environmental factors opens new perspectives for a better understanding, prevention, and early therapeutic intervention of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Tordjman
- Laboratoire Psychologie de la Perception, Université Paris Descartes, CNRS UMR 8158, Paris, France
- Pôle Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie de l’Enfant et de l’Adolescent, Université de Rennes 1, Centre Hospitalier Guillaume Régnier, Rennes, France
| | - Eszter Somogyi
- Laboratoire Psychologie de la Perception, Université Paris Descartes, CNRS UMR 8158, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Coulon
- Laboratoire Psychologie de la Perception, Université Paris Descartes, CNRS UMR 8158, Paris, France
| | - Solenn Kermarrec
- Laboratoire Psychologie de la Perception, Université Paris Descartes, CNRS UMR 8158, Paris, France
- Pôle Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie de l’Enfant et de l’Adolescent, Université de Rennes 1, Centre Hospitalier Guillaume Régnier, Rennes, France
| | - David Cohen
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, AP-HP, GH Pitié-Salpétrière, CNRS FRE 2987, University Pierre and Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Bronsard
- Laboratoire de Santé Publique (EA3279), School of Medicine of La Timone, Marseille, France
| | - Olivier Bonnot
- Laboratoire Psychologie de la Perception, Université Paris Descartes, CNRS UMR 8158, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Weismann-Arcache
- Laboratoire Psychologie et Neurosciences de la Cognition et de l’Affectivité, Université de Rouen, Mont Saint Aignan, France
| | - Michel Botbol
- Laboratoire Psychologie de la Perception, Université Paris Descartes, CNRS UMR 8158, Paris, France
- Service Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie de l’Enfant et de l’Adolescent, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, CHU de Brest, Brest, France
| | - Bertrand Lauth
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Landspitali University Hospital, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Vincent Ginchat
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, AP-HP, GH Pitié-Salpétrière, CNRS FRE 2987, University Pierre and Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Roubertoux
- Laboratoire de Génétique Médicale, Génomique Fonctionnelle, INSERM U 910, Université d’Aix-Marseille 2, Marseille, France
| | - Marianne Barburoth
- Laboratoire Psychologie de la Perception, Université Paris Descartes, CNRS UMR 8158, Paris, France
| | - Viviane Kovess
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, EHESP School for Public Health, EA 4057 University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Maude Geoffray
- Service Universitaire de Psychiatrie de l’Enfant et de l’Adolescent Hospitalier Le Vinatier, Bron, France
| | - Jean Xavier
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, AP-HP, GH Pitié-Salpétrière, CNRS FRE 2987, University Pierre and Marie Curie, Paris, France
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Froehlich-Santino W, Tobon AL, Cleveland S, Torres A, Phillips J, Cohen B, Torigoe T, Miller J, Fedele A, Collins J, Smith K, Lotspeich L, Croen LA, Ozonoff S, Lajonchere C, Grether JK, O’Hara R, Hallmayer J. Prenatal and perinatal risk factors in a twin study of autism spectrum disorders. J Psychiatr Res 2014; 54:100-8. [PMID: 24726638 PMCID: PMC4072527 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2013] [Revised: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Multiple studies associate prenatal and perinatal complications with increased risks for autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). The objectives of this study were to utilize a twin study design to 1) Investigate whether shared gestational and perinatal factors increase concordance for ASDs in twins, 2) Determine whether individual neonatal factors are associated with the presence of ASDs in twins, and 3) Explore whether associated factors may influence males and females differently. METHODS Data from medical records and parent response questionnaires from 194 twin pairs, in which at least one twin had an ASD, were analyzed. RESULTS Shared factors including parental age, prenatal use of medications, uterine bleeding, and prematurity did not increase concordance risks for ASDs in twins. Among the individual factors, respiratory distress demonstrated the strongest association with increased risk for ASDs in the group as a whole (OR 2.11, 95% CI 1.27-3.51). Furthermore, respiratory distress (OR 2.29, 95% CI 1.12-4.67) and other markers of hypoxia (OR 1.99, 95% CI 1.04-3.80) were associated with increased risks for ASDs in males, while jaundice was associated with an increased risk for ASDs in females (OR 2.94, 95% CI 1.28-6.74). CONCLUSIONS Perinatal factors associated with respiratory distress and other markers of hypoxia appear to increase risk for autism in a subgroup of twins. Future studies examining potential gender differences and additional prenatal, perinatal and postnatal environmental factors are required for elucidating the etiology of ASDs and suggesting new methods for treatment and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amalia Londono Tobon
- Department of Psychiatry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sue Cleveland
- Department of Psychiatry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Andrea Torres
- Department of Psychiatry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer Phillips
- Department of Psychiatry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Brianne Cohen
- Autism Genetic Resource Exchange, Autism Speaks, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Tiffany Torigoe
- Autism Genetic Resource Exchange, Autism Speaks, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Janet Miller
- Autism Genetic Resource Exchange, Autism Speaks, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Angie Fedele
- Autism Genetic Resource Exchange, Autism Speaks, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jack Collins
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA, USA
| | | | - Linda Lotspeich
- Department of Psychiatry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Lisa A. Croen
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Sally Ozonoff
- University of California, Davis, MIND Institute, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Clara Lajonchere
- Autism Genetic Resource Exchange, Autism Speaks, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Judith K. Grether
- Dr. Grether was previously at the Environmental Health Investigations Branch, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA, USA – She is now retired
| | - Ruth O’Hara
- Department of Psychiatry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Joachim Hallmayer
- Department of Psychiatry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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Lamb JC, Boffetta P, Foster WG, Goodman JE, Hentz KL, Rhomberg LR, Staveley J, Swaen G, Van Der Kraak G, Williams AL. Critical comments on the WHO-UNEP State of the Science of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals – 2012. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2014; 69:22-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2014.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Revised: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Emberti Gialloreti L, Benvenuto A, Benassi F, Curatolo P. Are caesarean sections, induced labor and oxytocin regulation linked to Autism Spectrum Disorders? Med Hypotheses 2014; 82:713-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2014.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Mediators of the association between parental severe mental illness and offspring neurodevelopmental problems. Ann Epidemiol 2014; 24:629-34, 634.e1. [PMID: 25037304 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2014.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Revised: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Parental severe mental illness (SMI) is associated with an increased risk of offspring autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We conducted a study to examine the extent to which risk of preterm birth, low birth weight, and small for gestational age mediated this association. METHODS We obtained data on offspring born 1992-2001 in Sweden (n = 870,017) through the linkage of multiple population-based registers. We used logistic and Cox regression to assess the associations between parental SMI, adverse pregnancy outcomes, and offspring ASD and ADHD, as well as tested whether adverse pregnancy outcomes served as mediators. RESULTS After controlling for measured covariates, maternal and paternal SMI were associated with an increased risk for preterm birth, low birth weight, and gestational age, and for offspring ASD and ADHD. These pregnancy outcomes were also associated with an increased risk of ASD and ADHD. We found that pregnancy outcomes did not mediate the association between parental SMI and offspring ASD and ADHD, as there was no substantial change in magnitude of the risk estimates after controlling for pregnancy outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Parental SMI and adverse pregnancy outcomes appear to be independent risk factors for offspring ASD and ADHD.
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136
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Anderson G, Maes M. Redox Regulation and the Autistic Spectrum: Role of Tryptophan Catabolites, Immuno-inflammation, Autoimmunity and the Amygdala. Curr Neuropharmacol 2014; 12:148-67. [PMID: 24669209 PMCID: PMC3964746 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x11666131120223757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2013] [Revised: 08/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The autistic spectrum disorders (ASD) form a set of multi-faceted disorders with significant genetic, epigenetic and environmental determinants. Oxidative and nitrosative stress (O&NS), immuno-inflammatory pathways, mitochondrial dysfunction and dysregulation of the tryptophan catabolite (TRYCATs) pathway play significant interactive roles in driving the early developmental etiology and course of ASD. O&NS interactions with immuno-inflammatory pathways mediate their effects centrally via the regulation of astrocyte and microglia responses, including regional variations in TRYCATs produced. Here we review the nature of these interactions and propose an early developmental model whereby different ASD genetic susceptibilities interact with environmental and epigenetic processes, resulting in glia biasing the patterning of central interarea interactions. A role for decreased local melatonin and N-acetylserotonin production by immune and glia cells may be a significant treatment target.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Maes
- Department of Psychiatry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Psychiatry, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
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137
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Hövel H, Partanen E, Huotilainen M, Lindgren M, Rosén I, Fellman V. Auditory event-related potentials at preschool age in children born very preterm. Clin Neurophysiol 2014; 125:449-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2013.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Revised: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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138
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Zachor DA, Curatolo P. Recommendations for early diagnosis and intervention in autism spectrum disorders: an Italian-Israeli consensus conference. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2014; 18:107-18. [PMID: 24095105 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2013.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
On April 2013 experts in the field of autism from Italy and Israel convened in Jerusalem to discuss and finalize clinical recommendations for early diagnosis and intervention in Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs). In this paper, we summarize the results of this Italian-Israeli consensus conference. ASDs constitute a class of severe and heterogeneous neurodevelopmental conditions caused by atypical brain development beginning during early prenatal life, reflecting many genetic, neurobiological and environmental influences. The first clinical signs of ASDs begin to be evident in children between 12 and 18 months of age, often after a period of relatively typical postnatal development. Recent longitudinal studies reveal substantial diversity in developmental trajectories through childhood and adolescence. Some intervention approaches have been demonstrated to be effective in improving core symptoms of ASDs, even if the heterogeneity and developmental nature of the disorder make it implausible that only one specific treatment will be best for all children with ASDs. More randomized control trials (RCTs) on early intervention are needed to identify the most effective strategies and provide the most efficient allocation of resources during the critical early intervention time period. Future research should focus on linking biological phenotypes with specific genotypes, thus establishing a foundation for the development of diagnostic screening tools and individualization of treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ditza A Zachor
- Department of Pediatrics, The Autism Center, Assaf Harofe Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Paolo Curatolo
- Department of Neuroscience, Pediatric Neurology Unit, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Tor Vergata University, via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy.
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139
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W Zimmerman
- Department of Pediatrics (Neurology), Center for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
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140
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Halliday J, Wilson C, Hammarberg K, Doyle LW, Bruinsma F, McLachlan R, McBain J, Berg T, Fisher JR, Amor D. Comparing indicators of health and development of singleton young adults conceived with and without assisted reproductive technology. Fertil Steril 2014; 101:1055-63. [PMID: 24559723 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2014.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Revised: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare outcomes for young adults conceived by assisted reproductive technology (ART) with non-ART-conceived young adults. DESIGN Cohort study. SETTING Not applicable. PARTICIPANT(S) Mothers and their offspring (aged 18-28 years) conceived by ART; mothers and their non-ART-conceived offspring, randomly selected from the same source population. INTERVENTION(S) Structured telephone interviews, one with mothers and another with their young adult offspring. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Maternal report on young adult offspring hospitalizations and chronic illness accumulated over the first 18 years of their lives; young adult self-report on perceived current quality of life, body mass index, pubertal development, and educational achievement. RESULT(S) Of 1,480 eligible ART mothers, 80% were traced and contacted. Of those, 656 (55%) participated, reporting on 705 ART-conceived offspring; 269 (23%) declined participation and 262 (22%) did not respond. Of the participants, 84% consented to contact with their young adult offspring, of whom 547 (92%) participated. Random-digit dialing recruited 868 non-ART mothers and 549 offspring. Compared with non-ART young adults, the ART group had significant increases in three maternally reported outcomes: 1) hospital admissions, including those in the secondary school years; 2) atopic respiratory conditions; and 3) combined endocrine, nutritional, and metabolic disease ICD-10 category. Young adult reported outcomes were similar for both groups. CONCLUSION(S) This study addresses gaps in knowledge of outcomes beyond adolescence for those conceived by ART. Results show few adverse outcomes in this large cohort of young adults, but additional assessment through clinical review is required to address issues unable to be examined in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Halliday
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.
| | - Cate Wilson
- Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Cancer Council Victoria, Carlton, Australia
| | - Karin Hammarberg
- Jean Hailes Research Unit, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Lex W Doyle
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Australia
| | - Fiona Bruinsma
- Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Cancer Council Victoria, Carlton, Australia
| | - Robert McLachlan
- Monash IVF, Epworth Hospital, Richmond, Australia; Prince Henry's Institute and Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Clayton, Australia; Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Australia
| | - John McBain
- Reproductive Services, Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Australia; Melbourne IVF, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Turi Berg
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Australia
| | - Jane R Fisher
- School of Population Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Jean Hailes Research Unit, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David Amor
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
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Chao TK, Hu J, Pringsheim T. Prenatal risk factors for Tourette Syndrome: a systematic review. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2014; 14:53. [PMID: 24479407 PMCID: PMC4015943 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2393-14-53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tourette Syndrome (TS) appears to be an inherited disorder, although genetic abnormalities have been identified in less than 1% of patients, and the mode of inheritance is uncertain. Many studies have investigated environmental factors that might contribute to the onset and severity of tics and associated comorbidities such as obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) and attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD). A systematic review and qualitative analysis were performed to provide a broad view of the association between pre- and perinatal factors and TS. METHODS The Medline, Embase and PsycINFO databases were searched using terms specific to Tourette's syndrome and keywords such as "pregnancy", "prenatal", "perinatal", "birth" and "neonatal". Studies were limited to studies on human subjects published in English or French through October 2012. RESULTS 22 studies were included. Studies were of limited methodological quality, with most samples derived from specialty clinics, and most exposures ascertained retrospectively. The majority of the results for demographic factors of parents, including age, education, socioeconomic status, and marital status, revealed no significant association with the onset of TS, or the presence of comorbidity. Many factors were reported to be significantly associated with the onset of TS, the presence of comorbidity and symptom severity, but the most consistently reported factors were maternal smoking and low birth weight. CONCLUSIONS There are few studies evaluating the relationship between pre and perinatal events and TS, and existing studies have major limitations, including the use of clinic rather than epidemiologically derived samples, retrospective data collection on pre and perinatal events and multiple hypothesis testing without appropriate statistical correction. The mechanism by which prenatal and perinatal adversities could lead to TS onset or symptom severity is unknown, but may be related to changes in the dopaminergic system as a result of early brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tamara Pringsheim
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.
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Persico AM, Merelli S. Environmental Factors in the Onset of Autism Spectrum Disorder. CURRENT DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS REPORTS 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s40474-013-0002-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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143
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Wong HS, Huertas-Ceballos A, Cowan FM, Modi N. Evaluation of early childhood social-communication difficulties in children born preterm using the Quantitative Checklist for Autism in Toddlers. J Pediatr 2014; 164:26-33.e1. [PMID: 23972644 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2013.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Revised: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To characterize early childhood social-communication skills and autistic traits in children born very preterm using the Quantitative Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (Q-CHAT) and explore neonatal and sociodemographic factors associated with Q-CHAT scores. STUDY DESIGN Parents of children born before 30 weeks gestation and enrolled in a study evaluating routinely collected neurodevelopmental data between the post-menstrual ages of 20 and 28 months were invited to complete the Q-CHAT questionnaire. Children with severe neurosensory disabilities and cerebral palsy were excluded. Participants received neurodevelopmental assessments using the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, 3rd edition (Bayley-III). Q-CHAT scores of this preterm cohort were compared with published general population scores. The association between Bayley-III cognitive and language scores and neonatal and sociodemographic factors with Q-CHAT scores were examined. RESULTS Q-CHAT questionnaires were completed from 141 participants. At a mean post-menstrual age of 24 months, the Q-CHAT scores of the preterm cohort (mean 33.7, SD 8.3) were significantly higher than published general population scores (mean 26.7; SD 7.8), indicating greater social-communication difficulty and autistic behavior. Preterm children received higher scores, particularly in the categories of restricted, repetitive, stereotyped behavior, communication, and sensory abnormalities. Lower Bayley-III language scores and non-white ethnicity were associated with higher Q-CHAT scores. CONCLUSIONS Preterm children display greater social-communication difficulty and autistic behavior than the general population in early childhood as assessed by the Q-CHAT. The implications for longer-term outcome will be important to assess.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary S Wong
- Section of Neonatal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Angela Huertas-Ceballos
- Neonatal Service, University College London Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Frances M Cowan
- Section of Neonatal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Neena Modi
- Section of Neonatal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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Amiet C, Couchon E, Carr K, Carayol J, Cohen D. Are there cultural differences in parental interest in early diagnosis and genetic risk assessment for autism spectrum disorder? Front Pediatr 2014; 2:32. [PMID: 24795872 PMCID: PMC4006049 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2014.00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 03/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are many societal and cultural differences between healthcare systems and the use of genetic testing in the US and France. These differences may affect the diagnostic process for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in each country and influence parental opinions regarding the use of genetic screening tools for ASD. METHODS Using an internet-based tool, a survey of parents with at least one child with ASD was conducted. A total of 162 participants from the US completed an English version of the survey and 469 participants from France completed a French version of the survey. Respondents were mainly females (90%) and biological parents (94.3% in the US and 97.2% in France). RESULTS The mean age of ASD diagnosis reported was not significantly different between France (57.5 ± 38.4 months) and the US (56.5 ± 52.7 months) (p = 0.82) despite significant difference in the average age at which a difference in development was first suspected [29.7 months (±28.4) vs. 21.4 months (±18.1), respectively, p = 7 × 10(-4)]. Only 27.8% of US participants indicated that their child diagnosed with ASD had undergone diagnostic genetic testing, whereas 61.7% of the French participants indicated this was the case (p = 2.7 × 10(-12)). In both countries, the majority of respondents (69.3% and 80% from France and the US, respectively) indicated high interest in the use of a genetic screening test for autism. CONCLUSION Parents from France and the US report a persistent delay between the initial suspicion of a difference in development and the diagnosis of ASD. Significantly fewer US participants underwent genetic testing although this result should be regarded as exploratory given the limitations. The significance of these between country differences will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Amiet
- IntegraGen , Evry , France ; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Université Pierre et Marie Curie , Paris , France
| | | | - Kelly Carr
- University of Notre Dame , South Bend, IN , USA
| | | | - David Cohen
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Université Pierre et Marie Curie , Paris , France ; CNRS UMR 7222, Institut des Systèmes Intelligents et Robotiques, Université Pierre et Marie Curie , Paris , France
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Class QA, Abel KM, Khashan AS, Rickert ME, Dalman C, Larsson H, Hultman CM, Långström N, Lichtenstein P, D’Onofrio BM. Offspring psychopathology following preconception, prenatal and postnatal maternal bereavement stress. Psychol Med 2014; 44:71-84. [PMID: 23591021 PMCID: PMC3766407 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291713000780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preconception, prenatal and postnatal maternal stress is associated with increased offspring psychopathology, but findings are inconsistent and need replication. We estimated associations between maternal bereavement stress and offspring autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, suicide attempt and completed suicide. METHOD Using Swedish registers, we conducted the largest population-based study to date examining associations between stress exposure in 738,144 offspring born 1992-2000 for childhood outcomes and 2,155,221 offspring born 1973-1997 for adult outcomes with follow-up to 2009. Maternal stress was defined as death of a first-degree relative during (a) the 6 months before conception, (b) pregnancy or (c) the first two postnatal years. Cox proportional survival analyses were used to obtain hazard ratios (HRs) in unadjusted and adjusted analyses. RESULTS Marginal increased risk of bipolar disorder and schizophrenia following preconception bereavement stress was not significant. Third-trimester prenatal stress increased the risk of ASD [adjusted HR (aHR) 1.58, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.15-2.17] and ADHD (aHR 1.31, 95% CI 1.04-1.66). First postnatal year stress increased the risk of offspring suicide attempt (aHR 1.13, 95% CI 1.02-1.25) and completed suicide (aHR 1.51, 95% CI 1.08-2.11). Bereavement stress during the second postnatal year increased the risk of ASD (aHR 1.30, 95% CI 1.09-1.55). CONCLUSIONS Further research is needed regarding associations between preconception stress and psychopathological outcomes. Prenatal bereavement stress increases the risk of offspring ASD and ADHD. Postnatal bereavement stress moderately increases the risk of offspring suicide attempt, completed suicide and ASD. Smaller previous studies may have overestimated associations between early stress and psychopathological outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quetzal A. Class
- Indiana University, Bloomington, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Bloomington, IN, US
| | - Kathryn M. Abel
- Centre for Women’s Mental Health, Manchester Academic Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Ali S. Khashan
- Anu Research Centre, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Martin E. Rickert
- Indiana University, Bloomington, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Bloomington, IN, US
| | - Christina Dalman
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Public Health Sciences, Division of Public Health Epidemiology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Henrik Larsson
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christina M. Hultman
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Niklas Långström
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Paul Lichtenstein
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Brian M. D’Onofrio
- Indiana University, Bloomington, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Bloomington, IN, US
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Cheslack-Postava K, Jokiranta E, Suominen A, Lehti V, Sourander A, Brown AS. Variation by diagnostic subtype in risk for autism spectrum disorders associated with maternal parity among Finnish births. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2014; 28:58-66. [PMID: 24313668 PMCID: PMC3906718 DOI: 10.1111/ppe.12094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Associations between maternal parity and outcomes in offspring may provide evidence for involvement of prenatal exposures. The objective of this study was to determine whether risk for autism spectrum disorders (ASD) is associated with maternal parity. METHODS Diagnoses of childhood autism, Asperger syndrome, and pervasive developmental disorder, not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS) were examined separately and as a group. The study was conducted in the Finnish Prenatal Study of Autism, which is based in a national birth cohort. Children born in Finland in 1987-2005 and diagnosed with ASD by 2007 were identified through the Finnish Hospital Discharge Register. Four matched controls were selected for each case using the Finnish Medical Birth Register. The association between parity and each ASD was determined using conditional logistic regression and adjusted for number of children in the sibship and other potential confounders. RESULTS ASDs combined showed a pattern of decreasing risk with increasing parity (odds ratio OR for fourth or greater vs. first-born children, 0.43 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.35, 0.51]). For childhood autism, an adjusted OR of 1.51 [95% CI 1.27, 1.81] was observed for second vs. first-born children. Associations for Asperger syndrome and PDD-NOS were consistent with those for all ASDs. CONCLUSIONS Differences in patterns of association between maternal parity and ASD subtypes may indicate varying contributions of specific environmental factors to risk; however, differences in diagnosis or in treatment seeking for childhood behavioural problems cannot be ruled out, particularly for higher functioning cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keely Cheslack-Postava
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY
| | - Elina Jokiranta
- Department of Child Psychiatry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Auli Suominen
- Department of Child Psychiatry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Venla Lehti
- Department of Child Psychiatry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Andre Sourander
- Department of Child Psychiatry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland,University Hospital of Turku, Turku, Finland,Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY,RKBU, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromso, Tromso, Norway
| | - Alan S. Brown
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY,Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY
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Abstract
BACKGROUND There continues to be public concern that mercury exposure and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) may be associated. The primary source of exposure to organic mercury in humans is to methylmercury from fish consumption. We evaluated the association between prenatal methylmercury exposure and ASD phenotype in children and adolescents in the Republic of Seychelles, where fish consumption is high. METHODS We administered the Social Communication Questionnaire to parents of a cohort of 1784 children, adolescents, and young adults. The Social Responsiveness Scale was administered to teachers of 537 cohort subjects at about 10 years of age. Prenatal exposure to methylmercury was measured in maternal hair samples collected at or near the time of birth. Multivariable regression models evaluated the relationship between prenatal methylmercury exposure and ASD phenotypic scores, adjusting for relevant covariates. RESULTS The mean prenatal methylmercury exposure for subjects in the analysis was 8.4 ppm (standard deviation [SD] = 5.7). The mean Social Communication Questionnaire score was 8.0 (SD = 4.4). The mean prenatal methylmercury exposure for subjects with Social Responsiveness Scale scores was 6.7 ppm (SD = 4.4) and the mean Social Responsiveness Scale score was 57.6 (SD = 26.8). No consistent association between prenatal methylmercury exposure and ASD screening instrument was found, using linear and nonlinear regression analyses. CONCLUSIONS Prenatal exposure to methylmercury was not associated with ASD phenotypic behaviors in our cohort of high fish consumers. Our findings contribute to the growing literature suggesting that exposure to methylmercury does not play an important role in the development of ASD phenotypic behavior.
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Bond S. Epidemiologic study links induction and augmentation of labor to diagnosis of autism. J Midwifery Womens Health 2013; 58:709-11. [PMID: 24325141 DOI: 10.1111/jmwh.12143_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Vintzileos AM, Ananth CV. Does augmentation or induction of labor with oxytocin increase the risk for autism? Am J Obstet Gynecol 2013; 209:502-4. [PMID: 24071440 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2013.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Amiet C, Gourfinkel-An I, Laurent C, Bodeau N, Génin B, Leguern E, Tordjman S, Cohen D. Does epilepsy in multiplex autism pedigrees define a different subgroup in terms of clinical characteristics and genetic risk? Mol Autism 2013; 4:47. [PMID: 24289166 PMCID: PMC4176303 DOI: 10.1186/2040-2392-4-47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and epilepsy frequently occur together. Prevalence rates are variable, and have been attributed to age, gender, comorbidity, subtype of pervasive developmental disorder (PDD) and risk factors. Recent studies have suggested disparate clinical and genetic settings depending on simplex or multiplex autism. The aim of this study was to assess: 1) the prevalence of epilepsy in multiplex autism and its association with genetic and non-genetic risk factors of major effect, intellectual disability and gender; and 2) whether autism and epilepsy cosegregate within multiplex autism families. METHODS We extracted from the Autism Genetic Resource Exchange (AGRE) database (n = 3,818 children from 1,264 families) all families with relevant medical data (n = 664 children from 290 families). The sample included 478 children with ASD and 186 siblings without ASD. We analyzed the following variables: seizures, genetic and non-genetic risk factors, gender, and cognitive functioning as assessed by Raven's Colored Progressive Matrices (RCPM) and Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales (VABS). RESULTS The prevalence of epilepsy was 12.8% in cases with ASD and 2.2% in siblings without ASD (P <10-5). With each RCPM or VABS measure, the risk of epilepsy in multiplex autism was significantly associated with intellectual disability, but not with gender. Identified risk factors (genetic or non-genetic) of autism tended to be significantly associated with epilepsy (P = 0.052). When children with prematurity, pre- or perinatal insult, or cerebral palsy were excluded, a genetic risk factor was reported for 6/59 (10.2%) of children with epilepsy and 12/395 (3.0%) of children without epilepsy (P = 0.002). Finally, using a permutation test, there was significant evidence that the epilepsy phenotype co-segregated within families (P <10-4). CONCLUSIONS Epilepsy in multiplex autism may define a different subgroup in terms of clinical characteristics and genetic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - David Cohen
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 47 bd de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France.
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