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Takeuchi S, Tanaka-Kagawa T, Saito I, Kojima H, Jin K, Satoh M, Kobayashi S, Jinno H. Differential determination of plasticizers and organophosphorus flame retardants in residential indoor air in Japan. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:7113-7120. [PMID: 26099596 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4858-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A variety of chemicals have been used in a wide range of indoor materials, such as wallpaper and furniture, and some of them are released into the indoor air. The level of consumption as well as the diversity of these chemicals has been increasing. The particle size of the materials in the air is known to affect the depth of human exposure, e.g., particles >10 μm can only reach the nasal cavity, whereas particles 2.5-10 μm can reach the respiratory tract and particles <2.5 μm can reach the bottom of the lungs. However, information on the concentrations and form of these chemicals in indoor air is very limited. In this study, we measured 54 compounds, including plasticizers (phthalates, adipates, and others) and organophosphorus flame retardants, in indoor air samples from the living rooms of 21 dwellings in 11 prefectures across Japan. For sampling, we used a four-stage air sampler (multi-nozzle cascade impactor) equipped with three quartz fiber filters to capture chemical particulates in three size ranges (<2.5, 2.5-10, and >10 μm) and a C18 solid-phase extraction disk to capture chemicals that exist in a gas phase in indoor air. Each of the chemicals in the three particulate phases and single gas phase was extracted by acetone and measured separately using GC/MS. Of the 54 compounds tested, 37 were detected in the indoor air samples. The highest concentration observed was that of 2-ethyl-1-hexanol (5.1 μg/m3), which was detected in samples from all 21 houses. The 37 compounds were captured in the four fractions at different rates roughly based on their molecular sizes. Compounds with a smaller molecular size were commonly detected as a gas phase, whereas compounds with a larger molecular size were detected as one or more of the three particulate phases in the indoor air samples. Among the three particulate phases, many of the compounds were detected from the filter capturing the smallest (<2.5 μm) particles. Therefore, these results suggest that the chemicals measured in this study might penetrate deeply into the lungs as many of them tend to exist as a gas and/or as particles smaller than 2.5 μm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Takeuchi
- Hokkaido Institute of Public Health, Kita-19, Nishi-12, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0819, Japan.
| | - Toshiko Tanaka-Kagawa
- National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1, Kami-yoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 158-8501, Japan
| | - Ikue Saito
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 3-24-1, Hyakunin-cho, Shinjyuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-0073, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kojima
- Hokkaido Institute of Public Health, Kita-19, Nishi-12, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0819, Japan
| | - Kazuo Jin
- Hokkaido Institute of Public Health, Kita-19, Nishi-12, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0819, Japan
| | - Masayuki Satoh
- Hokkaido Institute of Public Health, Kita-19, Nishi-12, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0819, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kobayashi
- Hokkaido Institute of Public Health, Kita-19, Nishi-12, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0819, Japan
| | - Hideto Jinno
- National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1, Kami-yoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 158-8501, Japan
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102
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Araki A, Ait Bamai Y, Ketema RM, Kishi R. [House Dust and Its Adverse Health Effects]. Nihon Eiseigaku Zasshi 2018; 73:130-137. [PMID: 29848863 DOI: 10.1265/jjh.73.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we examine house dust and its effect on inhabitants' health. Residential house dust includes components from plants, pollens, microorganisms, insects, skin flakes, hairs and fibers. It also includes materials contaminated with chemicals from combustion, furniture, interior materials, electronics, cleaning agents, personal care products. Nowadays, most people spend their time indoors. Thus, dust is an important medium of exposure to pollutions. According to United States Environmental Protection Agency Exposure Factors Handbook, the estimated amount of dust ingestion is 30 mg/day for adults, and 60 mg/day for children over 1 year of age. Since 2003, we have been conducting epidemiological studies to find the association between the indoor environment and the inhabitants' health. The levels of mite allergens, endotoxins, and β-1,3-d-glucan in house dust were measured as biological factors. Semi volatile organic compounds (SVOC) such as phthalates and phosphate flame retardants (PFRs) in dust were also analyzed. As a result, we found that the ORs (95%CI) of nasal and optical symptoms of sick building syndrome (SBS) were 1.45 (1.01-2.10) and 1.47 (1.14-1.88), respectively, when there was a 10-fold increase in the levels of mite allergens. There was no association of mite allergens with allergies. Endotoxins and β-1,3-d-glucan did not show any association with SBS. Regarding SVOC, increased levels of phthalates and PFR increased the risk of allergies. The association between phthalates and increased risk of allergies was clearer among children than adults. There were no gold standards of dust sampling and pretreatment methods. Thus, caution is needed when comparing findings of various studies. Methods should accurately reflect exposure levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuko Araki
- Hokkaido University Center for Environmental and Health Sciences
| | - Yu Ait Bamai
- Hokkaido University Center for Environmental and Health Sciences
| | | | - Reiko Kishi
- Hokkaido University Center for Environmental and Health Sciences
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Touqi FA, Sulaiman H, Babu SPS, Al-Reasi H. Concentrations of Selected Phthalate Esters in Surface Dust in Omani Houses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.18178/ijesd.2018.9.11.1127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Li Y, Yang C, Zha D, Wang L, Lu G, Sun Q, Wu D. In situ calibration of polar organic chemical integrative samplers to monitor organophosphate flame retardants in river water using polyethersulfone membranes with performance reference compounds. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 610-611:1356-1363. [PMID: 28851155 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Passive sampler is an innovative way of monitoring chemicals in different environmental. A modified polar organic chemical integrative sampler (m-POCIS) with a performance reference compound (PRC) was used to evaluate the concentrations of 8 organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) under field conditions. The m-POCIS was deployed for 15days under laboratory conditions and 21days under in situ conditions to determine the concentrations of OPFRs. The analytes were trapped in the sorbent and the microporous polyethersulfone (PES) membrane of the m-POCIS. Sampling rates (Rs) were determined for the studied compounds and ranged from 0.02±0.0003L/d (triphenylphosphine oxide, TPPO) to 0.24±0.021L/d (tripropyl phosphate, TPrP) in the laboratory. The membranes accumulation increased with usage and was correlated to the logKow. Among the tested compounds, tripentylphosphate (TPeP) and triphenylphosphate (TPhP) had the highest logKow values and were mostly detected in the membranes. This behavior resulted in a lag-phase, which was measured by extrapolating the data from the last third of the uptake phase (quasilinear) to the x-axis using a linear regression, before the compounds transferred into the sorbent. TPhP was the only compound with a lag-phase of 3.9days during the 15days experiment. Deuteratedtributyl phosphate (TBP-d27) and desisopropyl atrazine-d5 (DIA-d5) were identified through specific experiments as potential PRC. The results from the PRC calibrations suggested that DIA-d5 (ke (in situ)=0.075±0.0048day-1) can be used as a PRC for the evaluation of OPFRs using m-POCISs. The time-weighted average (TWA) concentrations estimated by the m-POCIS with or without a PRC were significantly correlated with the corresponding values determined from the grab samples. After the PRC calibration, the TWA concentrations of the tested OPFRs in an aquatic environment were lower than those estimated using the laboratory sampling rates (Rs). The m-POCIS with a PRC correction was a suitable tool for estimating OPFRs TWA concentrations in the Yangtze River.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, HoHai University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210098, China.
| | - Cunman Yang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, HoHai University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210098, China
| | - Daoping Zha
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, HoHai University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210098, China
| | - Li Wang
- Jiangsu Province Hydrology and Water Resources Investigation Bureau, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210029, China
| | - Guanghua Lu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, HoHai University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210098, China.
| | - Qin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, HoHai University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210098, China
| | - Donghai Wu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, HoHai University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210098, China
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105
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Isomers of tris(chloropropyl) phosphate (TCPP) in technical mixtures and environmental samples. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:6989-6997. [PMID: 29147747 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0572-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Tris(chloropropyl) phosphate (TCPP) is an environmentally abundant organophosphate ester (OPE). TCPP is comprised of four isomers with seven possible structures, eight CAS numbers, and even more common names. A review of 54 studies reporting one or more TCPP isomers confirmed that the most abundant and most often reported TCPP isomer was tris(2-chloro-1-methylethyl) phosphate, also known as tris(chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCiPP, referred to hereafter as TCPP1). Full-scan gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to identify the other three isomers numbered here according to their elution order on a non-polar GC column (DB-5): bis(2-chloro-1-methylethyl) (2-chloropropyl) phosphate (TCPP2), bis(2-chloropropyl)(2-chloro-1-methylethyl) phosphate (TCPP3), and tris(2-chloropropyl) phosphate (TCPP4). GC with a flame ionization detector (FID) was used to identify the relative abundances of the isomers in commercially available standards with unknown isomer composition. In technical TCPP, TCPP1-4 isomers averaged 71 ± 1, 26 ± 0.4, 3 ± 0.5, and 0.1 ± 0.02%, respectively. When these percent masses are incorporated into GC-MS quantification, response factors (RFs) for TCPP1 and TCPP2 are significantly different from TCPP3 and TCPP4, indicating that the multiple RF approach is more accurate than the commonly employed single RF method. Samples from urban streams and wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent from Toronto, Canada, had isomeric ratios of TCPP1/2 that were not significantly different from a technical mixture whereas rain had a significantly different ratio indicating enrichment in the more volatile TCPP1 isomer. Reporting TCPP isomers can provide insight into sources, transport, and fate of TCPP in the environment. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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106
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Zhou L, Hiltscher M, Püttmann W. Occurrence and human exposure assessment of organophosphate flame retardants in indoor dust from various microenvironments of the Rhine/Main region, Germany. INDOOR AIR 2017; 27:1113-1127. [PMID: 28556503 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We analyzed organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) in 74 indoor dust samples collected from seven microenvironments (building material markets, private cars, daycare centers, private homes, floor/carpet stores, offices, and schools) in the Rhine/Main region of Germany. Ten of 11 target OPFRs were ubiquitously detected, some with more than 97% detection frequency, including tris(1,3-dichloroisopropyl)phosphate (TCIPP), tris(2-butoxyethyl)phosphate (TBOEP), triphenyl phosphate (TPHP), and tris(isobutyl) phosphate (TIBP). Total concentrations (∑OPFRs) ranged from 5.9 to 4800 μg/g, with TBOEP and TCIPP being the most abundant congeners. The ∑OPFRs in schools, private cars, offices, and daycare centers were significantly (P<.05) higher than in private homes. The ∑OPFRs for building material markets (19 μg/g) and floor/carpet stores (20 μg/g) showed no significant difference to the other microenvironments, likely because of forced ventilation. The profiles of OPFRs in dust samples from offices and private homes were highly similar, while profiles from the other five microenvironments were substantially different. Comparison of our results with previous studies indicates a significant global variation in OPFR concentrations and their profiles, reflecting distinct fire safety regulations in different countries and/or different sampling strategies. Dust ingestion constitutes the major exposure pathway to OPFRs for toddlers, while air inhalation is the major pathway for adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Zhou
- Department of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, J. W. Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - M Hiltscher
- Department of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, J. W. Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - W Püttmann
- Department of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, J. W. Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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107
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Subedi B, Sullivan KD, Dhungana B. Phthalate and non-phthalate plasticizers in indoor dust from childcare facilities, salons, and homes across the USA. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 230:701-708. [PMID: 28728088 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The quality of indoor environment has received considerable attention owing to the declining outdoor human activities and the associated public health issues. The prolonged exposure of children in childcare facilities or the occupational exposure of adults to indoor environmental triggers can be a culprit of the pathophysiology of several commonly observed idiopathic syndromes. In this study, concentrations of potentially toxic plasticizers (phthalates as well as non-phthalates) were investigated in 28 dust samples collected from three different indoor environments across the USA. The mean concentrations of non-phthalate plasticizers [acetyl tri-n-butyl citrate (ATBC), di-(2-ethylhexyl) adipate (DEHA), and di-isobutyl adipate (DIBA)] were found at 0.51-880 μg/g for the first time in indoor dust samples from childcare facilities, homes, and salons across the USA. The observed concentrations of these replacement non-phthalate plasticizer were as high as di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, the most frequently detected phthalate plasticizer at highest concentration worldwide, in most of indoor dust samples. The estimated daily intakes of total phthalates (n = 7) by children and toddlers through indoor dust in childcare facilities were 1.6 times higher than the non-phthalate plasticizers (n = 3), whereas estimated daily intake of total non-phthalates for all age groups at homes were 1.9 times higher than the phthalate plasticizers. This study reveals, for the first time, a more elevated (∼3 folds) occupational intake of phthalate and non-phthalate plasticizers through the indoor dust at salons (214 and 285 ng/kg-bw/day, respectively) than at homes in the USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bikram Subedi
- Department of Chemistry, Murray State University, Murray, KY, 42071, United States.
| | - Kenneth D Sullivan
- Department of Chemistry, Murray State University, Murray, KY, 42071, United States
| | - Birendra Dhungana
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX, 76798, United States
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108
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Yadav IC, Devi NL, Zhong G, Li J, Zhang G, Covaci A. Occurrence and fate of organophosphate ester flame retardants and plasticizers in indoor air and dust of Nepal: Implication for human exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 229:668-678. [PMID: 28704803 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.06.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 05/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The present study was carried out in Nepal, a landlocked country located between world's two most populous countries i.e. India and China. In this study, the occurrence, profiles, spatial distributions and fate of eight organophosphate ester flame retardants (OPFRs) were investigated in indoor air and house dust. Overall, the concentrations of ∑OPFR were in the range of 153-12100 ng/g (median732 ng/g) and 0.32-64 ng/m3 (median 5.2 ng/m3) in house dust and indoor air, respectively. The sources of high OPFR in the indoor environment could be from locally used wide variety of consumer products and building materials in Nepalese houses. Significantly, high concentration of tri-cresyl phosphate (TMPP) was found both in air and dust, while tri (2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (TEHP) had the highest concentration in air samples. It might be due to fact that the high concentrations of TMPP are related to intense traffic and/or nearby airports. On the other hand, significantly high concentration of TEHP could be due to anthropogenic activities. Only TEHP showed positive correlation between indoor air and house dust (Rho = 0.517, p < 0.01), while rest of compounds were either less correlated or not correlated at all. The estimated human exposure to ∑OPFR via different pathway of intake suggested dermal absorption via indoor dust as major pathway of human exposure to both children and adult population. However, other pathways of OPFR intake such as dietary or dermal absorption via soil may still be significant in case of Nepal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishwar Chandra Yadav
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China.
| | | | - Guangcai Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
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He MJ, Yang T, Yang ZH, Li Q, Wei SQ. Occurrence and Distribution of Organophosphate Esters in Surface Soil and Street Dust from Chongqing, China: Implications for Human Exposure. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2017; 73:349-361. [PMID: 28689326 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-017-0432-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the occurrence, concentrations, and distribution of organophosphate esters (OPEs) were studied in surface soil and street dust samples collected from different sites of Chongqing, a metropolitan city in western China. Furthermore, nondietary daily intakes (DIs) of OPEs only through dust ingestion absorption were assessed between toddlers and adults. The ∑OPEs contents ranged from 10.1 to 315 ng/g dw and from 348 to 1369 ng/g dw in surface soil and street dust samples, respectively, with tris (2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP), the predominant OPEs in surface soil, whereas tris (chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) occupied a relatively high proportion in street dust samples. The mobility of TCEP and tris (2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP) to deeper soil zones with seepage water may play a role in decreasing contents of both compounds in surface soil. Considerably different patterns of pairwise correlations of six OPEs congeners were observed between surface soil and street dust, which could largely relate to the complicated environmental process for tris (1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) and TCIPP in surface soil. Analogous sources between surface soil and street dust have been identified through principal component analysis. Compared with adults, the toddlers were more vulnerable to OPEs intake, according to the estimated DI values. For both toddler and adult groups, the estimated exposure values for all OPEs were several orders of magnitude lower than the reference dose (RfD), not suggesting the potential risk to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Jing He
- College of Resources and Environment Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China.
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Chongqing, 400716, China.
| | - Ting Yang
- College of Resources and Environment Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Zhi-Hao Yang
- College of Resources and Environment Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Qi Li
- College of Resources and Environment Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Shi-Qiang Wei
- College of Resources and Environment Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Chongqing, 400716, China
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Been F, Bastiaensen M, Lai FY, van Nuijs ALN, Covaci A. Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Biomarkers of Exposure to Phosphorus Flame Retardants in Wastewater to Monitor Community-Wide Exposure. Anal Chem 2017; 89:10045-10053. [PMID: 28836434 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b02705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Phosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers (PFRs) are increasingly used in consumer goods, from which they can leach and pose potential threats to human health. Monitoring human exposure to these compounds is thus highly relevant. Current assessment of exposure through analysis of biological matrices is, however, tedious as well as logistically and financially demanding. Analysis of selected biomarkers of exposure to PFRs in wastewater could be a simple and complementary approach to monitoring, over space and time, exposure at the population level. An analytical procedure, based on solid-phase extraction (SPE) and liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry, was developed and validated to monitor the occurrence in wastewater of human exposure biomarkers of 2-ethylhexyldiphenyl phosphate (EHDPHP), tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP), triphenyl phosphate (TPHP), tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP), and tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP). Various SPE sorbents and extraction protocols were evaluated, and for the optimized method, absolute extraction recoveries ranged between 46% and 100%. Accuracy and precision were satisfactory for the selected compounds. Method detection limits ranged from 1.6 to 19 ng L-1. Biomarkers of exposure to PFRs were measured for the first time in influent wastewater. Concentrations in samples collected in Belgium ranged from below the limit of quantitation to 1072 ng L-1, with 2-ethylhexyl phenyl phosphate (EHPHP) and TCEP being the most abundant. Per capita loads of target biomarkers varied greatly, suggesting potential differences in exposure between the investigated communities. The developed method allowed implementation of the concepts of human biomonitoring at the community scale, opening the possibility to assess population-wide exposure to PFRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederic Been
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp , Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Michiel Bastiaensen
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp , Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Foon Yin Lai
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp , Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | | | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp , Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
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111
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Castorina R, Butt C, Stapleton HM, Avery D, Harley KG, Holland N, Eskenazi B, Bradman A. Flame retardants and their metabolites in the homes and urine of pregnant women residing in California (the CHAMACOS cohort). CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 179:159-166. [PMID: 28365501 PMCID: PMC5491392 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.03.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate flame retardants (PFRs), used in consumer products since the 1970s, persist in the environment. Restrictions on penta-polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants resulted in increased use of Firemaster® 550 (FM® 550), and the organophosphate triesters: tris(1,3- dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP); tris(chloropropyl) phosphate (TCIPP); tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP); and triphenyl phosphate (TPHP). The objectives of this study were to (1) identify determinants of flame retardants (4 PFRs, PentaBDEs and FM® 550) in house dust, (2) measure urinary PFR metabolites in pregnant women, and (3) estimate health risks from PFR exposure. We measured flame retardants in house dust (n = 125) and metabolites in urine (n = 310) collected in 2000-2001 from Mexican American women participating in the CHAMACOS birth cohort study in California. We detected FM® 550 and PFRs, including two (TCEP and TDCIPP) known to the state of California to cause cancer, in most dust samples. The maximum TCEP and TDCIPP dust levels were among the highest ever reported although the median levels were generally lower compared to other U.S. cohorts. Metabolites of TDCIPP (BDCIPP: bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate) and TPHP (DPHP: diphenyl phosphate) were detected in 78% and 79% of prenatal urine samples, respectively. We found a weak but positive correlation between TPHP in dust and DPHP in 124 paired prenatal urine samples (Spearman rho = 0.17; p = 0.06). These results provide information on PFR exposure and risk in pregnant women from the early 2000's and are also valuable to assess trends in exposure and risk given changing fire safety regulations and concomitant changes in chemical flame retardant use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary Castorina
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, 1995 University Avenue, Suite 265, Berkeley, CA, 94704, USA.
| | - Craig Butt
- Duke University, Nicholas School of the Environment, 450 Research Drive, Durham, NC, 27519, USA
| | - Heather M Stapleton
- Duke University, Nicholas School of the Environment, 450 Research Drive, Durham, NC, 27519, USA
| | - Dylan Avery
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, 1995 University Avenue, Suite 265, Berkeley, CA, 94704, USA
| | - Kim G Harley
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, 1995 University Avenue, Suite 265, Berkeley, CA, 94704, USA
| | - Nina Holland
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, 1995 University Avenue, Suite 265, Berkeley, CA, 94704, USA
| | - Brenda Eskenazi
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, 1995 University Avenue, Suite 265, Berkeley, CA, 94704, USA
| | - Asa Bradman
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, 1995 University Avenue, Suite 265, Berkeley, CA, 94704, USA
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Smedje G, Wang J, Norbäck D, Nilsson H, Engvall K. SBS symptoms in relation to dampness and ventilation in inspected single-family houses in Sweden. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2017. [PMID: 28624972 PMCID: PMC5583400 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-017-1233-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the relationships between symptoms compatible with the sick building syndrome (SBS) in adults and building dampness and ventilation in single-family houses. Methods Within the Swedish BETSI study, a national sample of single-family houses were inspected by professional building experts, and adults living in the houses answered a questionnaire on SBS. Relationships between building factors and SBS were analysed using logistic regression. Results Of the respondents, 23% reported having had weekly SBS symptoms during the last three months. A large proportion of houses exhibited building or construction problems. In total, 40% of houses had dampness problems in the foundation, and this was related to a higher prevalence of both mucous and dermal symptoms, and any SBS symptoms. Furthermore, high air humidity was related to more symptoms, with the relationship with absolute humidity being stronger than that with relative humidity or moisture load. Symptoms were also more prevalent in houses with a high U value, reflecting a poor thermal insulation. Compared to natural ventilation, living in a house with mechanical supply and exhaust ventilation was related to a lower prevalence of general symptoms and any SBS symptoms, but there were only weak associations between measured air exchange rate and symptoms. Conclusions A large proportion of single-family houses have dampness problems in the foundation, and pollutants may enter the living space of the house and affect the health of the occupants. Furthermore, absolute air humidity should be measured more often in indoor air studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Smedje
- Department of Medical Sciences/Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Uppsala University, SE-751 85, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Juan Wang
- Department of Medical Sciences/Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Uppsala University, SE-751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Dan Norbäck
- Department of Medical Sciences/Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Uppsala University, SE-751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Håkan Nilsson
- School of Architecture and Built Environment/Division of Building Service and Energy, KTH Royal Inst of Technology, SE-100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karin Engvall
- Department of Medical Sciences/Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Uppsala University, SE-751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
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Kademoglou K, Xu F, Padilla-Sanchez JA, Haug LS, Covaci A, Collins CD. Legacy and alternative flame retardants in Norwegian and UK indoor environment: Implications of human exposure via dust ingestion. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2017; 102:48-56. [PMID: 28190611 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Indoor dust has been acknowledged as a major source of flame retardants (FRs) and dust ingestion is considered a major route of exposure for humans. In the present study, we investigated the presence of PBDEs and alternative FRs such as emerging halogenated FRs (EHFRs) and organophosphate flame retardants (PFRs) in indoor dust samples from British and Norwegian houses as well as British stores and offices. BDE209 was the most abundant PBDE congener with median concentrations of 4700ngg-1 and 3400ngg-1 in UK occupational and house dust, respectively, 30 and 20 fold higher than in Norwegian house dust. Monomeric PFRs (m-PFRs), including triphenyl phosphate (TPHP), tris(chloropropyl) phosphate (TCPP) and tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) dominated all the studied environments. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of isodecyldiphenyl phosphate (iDPP) and trixylenyl phosphate (TXP) in indoor environments. iDPP was the most abundant oligomeric PFR (o-PFR) in all dust samples, with median concentrations one order of magnitude higher than TXP and bisphenol A bis(diphenyl phosphate (BDP). iDPP and TXP worst-case scenario exposures for British workers during an 8h exposure in the occupational environment were equal to 34 and 1.4ngkgbw-1day-1, respectively. The worst-case scenario for BDE209 estimated exposure for British toddlers (820ngkgbw-1day-1) did not exceeded the proposed reference dose (RfD) (7000ngkgbw-1day-1), while exposures for sum of m-PFRs (Σm-PFRs) in British toddlers and adults (17,900 and 785ngkgbw-1day-1 respectively) were an order of magnitude higher than for Norwegian toddlers and adults (1600 and 70ngkgbw-1day-1).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fuchao Xu
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk-Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Line Småstuen Haug
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NIPH), P.O. Box 4404, Nydalen, 0403 Oslo, Norway
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk-Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Chris D Collins
- Soil Research Centre, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6DW, UK.
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114
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Chi C, Xia M, Zhou C, Wang X, Weng M, Shen X. Determination of 15 phthalate esters in air by gas-phase and particle-phase simultaneous sampling. J Environ Sci (China) 2017; 55:137-145. [PMID: 28477807 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2016.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Based on previous research, the sampling and analysis methods for phthalate esters (PAEs) were improved by increasing the sampling flow of indoor air from 1 to 4L/min, shortening the sampling duration from 8 to 2hr. Meanwhile, through the optimization of chromatographic conditions, the concentrations of 9 additional PAE pollutants in indoor air were measured. The optimized chromatographic conditions required a similar amount of time for analysis as before, but gave high responsivity, the capability of simultaneously distinguishing 15 kinds of PAEs, and a high level of discrimination between individual sample peaks, as well as stable peak generation. The recovery rate of all gas-phase and particle-phase samples of the 15 kinds of PAEs ranged from 91.26% to 109.42%, meeting the quantitative analysis requirements for indoor and outdoor air sampling and analysis. For the first time, investigation of the concentration levels as well as characteristics of 15 kinds of PAEs in the indoor air from four different traffic micro-environments (private vehicles, busses, taxis and subways) was carried out, along with validation of the optimized sampling and analytical method. The results show that all the 9 additional PAEs could be detected at relatively high pollution levels in the indoor air from the four traffic micro-environments. As none of the pollution levels of the 15 kinds of PAEs in the indoor air from the 4 traffic micro-environments should be neglected, it is of great significance to increase the types of PAEs able to be detected in indoor air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenchen Chi
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Meng Xia
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Chen Zhou
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xueqing Wang
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang National Radiation Environmental Technology Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 310011, China
| | - Mili Weng
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; School of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xueyou Shen
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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115
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Albar HMSA, Ali N, Shahzad K, Ismail IMI, Rashid MI, Wang W, Ali LN, Eqani SAMAS. Phthalate esters in settled dust of different indoor microenvironments; source of non-dietary human exposure. Microchem J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2017.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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116
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Zhou L, Hiltscher M, Gruber D, Püttmann W. Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) in indoor and outdoor air in the Rhine/Main area, Germany: comparison of concentrations and distribution profiles in different microenvironments. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:10992-11005. [PMID: 27230144 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6902-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations of 9 organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) were determined in 56 indoor and 9 outdoor air samples in the Rhine/Main area in Germany. The indoor samples were collected from seven different indoor microenvironments including private cars, private homes, floor/carpet stores, building material markets, schools, offices, and day care centers, while outdoor samples were simultaneously collected close to the indoor sampling locations. The total OPFR concentrations (∑OPFRs) in indoor air ranged from 3.30 to 751.0 ng/m3 with a median of 40.23 ng/m3, which was approximately eight times higher than those in outdoor air (median 5.38 ng/m3), indicating that sources of OPFRs predominate in the indoor environment. Tris(2-chloroisopropyl)phosphate (TCPP), tris(isobutyl)phosphate (TiBP), and tributyl phosphate (TnBP) were the dominating compounds both in indoor and outdoor air. The median concentration of ∑OPFRs in private cars (180.3 ng/m3) was significantly higher than that in private homes (12.51 ng/m3), schools (36.23 ng/m3), day care centers (31.80 ng/m3), and building material markets (31.17 ng/m3) (p < 0.05). Distribution profiles of OPFRs varied among different indoor microenvironments, which are evidenced by dominating indoor air concentrations of non-Cl-OPFRs in day care centers, floor/carpet stores, schools, and of Cl-OPFRs in other indoor microenvironments. Multivariate analyses revealed three distinct groups for OPFRs, i.e., TiBP/TnBP, TEP/TCEP/TDCPP, and TCPP, whose concentrations were closely associated with the distribution profiles and pollution characteristics of materials predominating in different indoor microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingli Zhou
- Department of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, J. W. Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Altenhöferallee 1, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Marco Hiltscher
- Department of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, J. W. Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Altenhöferallee 1, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Daniel Gruber
- Department of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, J. W. Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Altenhöferallee 1, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Püttmann
- Department of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, J. W. Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Altenhöferallee 1, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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117
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Tokumura M, Hatayama R, Tatsu K, Naito T, Takeda T, Raknuzzaman M, -Al-Mamun MH, Masunaga S. Organophosphate flame retardants in the indoor air and dust in cars in Japan. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2017; 189:48. [PMID: 28054199 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-016-5725-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations of organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) in the indoor air and dust were measured in 25 unoccupied cars in Japan. In the indoor air of the cars, most OPFRs were neither detected nor found at a concentration lower than the method quantification limit. The highest concentration (1500 ng m-3) was obtained for tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCIPP). By contrast, many OPFRs were detected in the dust samples collected from the interior of the cars. TCIPP and tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (TEHP) were present at the highest concentrations at 390 μg g-1 (in dust from car seats) and 640 μg g-1 (in dust from car floor mats), respectively. The highest median concentrations (35 μg g-1 for car seats, 53 μg g-1 for car floor mats) were obtained for tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP). According to the results of our exposure assessment, the typical exposures to OPFRs via inhalation in car cabins ranged from 9.0×10-4 to 7.8×10-1 ng kg-bw-1 day-1. The typical exposures to OPFRs via dust ingestion ranged from 9.2×10-4 to 8.8×10-1 ng kg-bw-1 day-1. We compared these results with the ref-erence doses for OPFRs and found that, based on cur-rent information about the toxicities of OPFRs, exposure to OPFRs in car cabins via inhalation and dust ingestion is unlikely to have adverse human health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Tokumura
- Faculty of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, Kanagawa, 240-8501, Japan.
| | - Rurika Hatayama
- Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, Kanagawa, 240-8501, Japan
| | - Kouichi Tatsu
- Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, Kanagawa, 240-8501, Japan
- Isuzu Advanced Engineering Center, LTD., Kanagawa, 252-8501, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Naito
- Isuzu Advanced Engineering Center, LTD., Kanagawa, 252-8501, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Takeda
- Isuzu Advanced Engineering Center, LTD., Kanagawa, 252-8501, Japan
| | - Mohammad Raknuzzaman
- Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, Kanagawa, 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Fisheries, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Md Habibullah -Al-Mamun
- Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, Kanagawa, 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Fisheries, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Shigeki Masunaga
- Faculty of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, Kanagawa, 240-8501, Japan
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118
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Yang C, Li Y, Zha D, Lu G, Sun Q, Wu D. A passive sampling method for assessing the occurrence and risk of organophosphate flame retardants in aquatic environments. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 167:1-9. [PMID: 27705807 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.09.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A modified polar organic chemical integrative sampler (m-POCIS) was used to determine the occurrence of and risk posed by organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) in the Yangtze River in Nanjing. Laboratory calibrations were performed to determine sampling rates (Rs) in different situations. Rs values increased with the flow rate, but the effect of dissolved organic matter (DOM) on Rs was relatively small. The validation of Rs in the m-POCIS for 15 days at the Yangtze River in 2015 showed that the Rs values for most of the test compounds are considerably larger than those obtained in the laboratory. The aqueous concentrations of OPFRs were estimated by using Rs values obtained in the field. OPFRs were widely distributed in the Yangtze River, with total concentrations as determined by the m-POCIS ranging from 44.95 ng/L to 118.38 ng/L. These suggest their widespread use and persistence in the river. This study also provided a protocol for the assessment of risk posed by OPFRs. It showed that tripentyl phosphate (TPeP) could pose medium risk to daphnia in the Yangtze River.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cunman Yang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, HoHai University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210098, China
| | - Ying Li
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, HoHai University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210098, China.
| | - Daoping Zha
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, HoHai University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210098, China
| | - Guanghua Lu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, HoHai University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210098, China
| | - Qin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, HoHai University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210098, China
| | - Donghai Wu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, HoHai University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210098, China
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119
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Raffy G, Mercier F, Blanchard O, Derbez M, Dassonville C, Bonvallot N, Glorennec P, Le Bot B. Semi-volatile organic compounds in the air and dust of 30 French schools: a pilot study. INDOOR AIR 2017; 27:114-127. [PMID: 26880519 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The contamination of indoor environments with chemical compounds released by materials and furniture, such as semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs), is less documented in schools than in dwellings-yet children spend 16% of their time in schools, where they can also be exposed. This study is one of the first to describe the contamination of the air and dust of 90 classrooms from 30 nursery and primary schools by 55 SVOCs, including pesticides, phosphoric esters, musks, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs), phthalates, and polybromodiphenylethers (PBDEs). Air samples were collected using an active sampling method, and dust samples were collected via two sampling methods (wiping and vacuum cleaning). In air, the highest concentrations (median >100 ng/m3 ) were measured for diisobutyl phthalate (DiBP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), and galaxolide. In dust, the highest concentrations (median >30 μg/g) were found for DEHP, diisononyl phthalate (DiNP), DiBP, and DBP. An attempt to compare two floor dust sampling methods using a single unit (ng/m²) was carried out. SVOC concentrations were higher in wiped dust, but frequencies of quantification were greater in vacuumed dust.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Raffy
- EHESP - School of Public Health Sorbonne Paris Cité, Rennes, France
- Irset-Inserm UMR 1085 - Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health, Rennes, France
- LERES - Environment and Health Research Laboratory, Rennes, France
| | - F Mercier
- EHESP - School of Public Health Sorbonne Paris Cité, Rennes, France
- Irset-Inserm UMR 1085 - Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health, Rennes, France
- LERES - Environment and Health Research Laboratory, Rennes, France
| | - O Blanchard
- EHESP - School of Public Health Sorbonne Paris Cité, Rennes, France
- Irset-Inserm UMR 1085 - Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health, Rennes, France
| | - M Derbez
- CSTB - Scientific and Technical Centre for Building, OQAI - French Indoor Air Quality Observatory, Université Paris Est, Marne-la-Vallée, France
| | - C Dassonville
- CSTB - Scientific and Technical Centre for Building, OQAI - French Indoor Air Quality Observatory, Université Paris Est, Marne-la-Vallée, France
| | - N Bonvallot
- EHESP - School of Public Health Sorbonne Paris Cité, Rennes, France
- Irset-Inserm UMR 1085 - Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health, Rennes, France
| | - P Glorennec
- EHESP - School of Public Health Sorbonne Paris Cité, Rennes, France
- Irset-Inserm UMR 1085 - Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health, Rennes, France
| | - B Le Bot
- EHESP - School of Public Health Sorbonne Paris Cité, Rennes, France
- Irset-Inserm UMR 1085 - Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health, Rennes, France
- LERES - Environment and Health Research Laboratory, Rennes, France
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120
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Xu T, Li P, Wu S, Lei L, He D. Tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) and tris(2-chloropropyl) phosphate (TCPP) induce locomotor deficits and dopaminergic degeneration in Caenorhabditis elegans. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2017; 6:63-72. [PMID: 30090477 PMCID: PMC6060632 DOI: 10.1039/c6tx00306k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Organophosphate flame retardants (PFRs) are a new class of flame retardants. The health risks of PFRs have received attention recently. However, little is known about the potential toxicity of PFRs on the nervous system. Herein, we evaluated the neurotoxic effects of two typical PFRs, tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) and tris(2-chloropropyl) phosphate (TCPP), using Caenorhabditis elegans. Median lethal concentrations of chronic exposure (3 d) were 1578 and 857 mg L-1 for TCEP and TCPP, respectively. The sublethal dose of TCEP or TCPP significantly inhibited the body length and reduced the lifespans of nematodes. 500 mg L-1 and above of TCEP/TCPP led to a significant decline in the locomotor frequency of body bending and head thrashing. Furthermore, their exposure reduced the crawling speed and the frequency of bending oscillation of nematodes. This indicates that TCEP/TCPP induces locomotor deficits, along with Parkinsonian-like movement impairment including bradykinesia and hypokinesia. Using transgenic worms, we found that TCEP/TCPP could induce down-expression of P dat-1 and resulted in the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons, especially PDE neurons. Moreover, TCEP/TCPP induced over-expression of unc-54, which indicates the aggregation of α-synuclein in the process of degeneration. These findings suggest the neurotoxicity risks of organophosphorus flame retardants, which are associated with the locomotor deficits and dopaminergic degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Xu
- Lab of Toxicology , School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences , East China Normal University , 500# DongChuang RD , Shanghai , 200241 , China . ; Tel: +86 189 1786 4019
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration , East China Normal University , Shanghai , 200241 , China
| | - Ping Li
- Lab of Toxicology , School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences , East China Normal University , 500# DongChuang RD , Shanghai , 200241 , China . ; Tel: +86 189 1786 4019
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration , East China Normal University , Shanghai , 200241 , China
| | - Siyu Wu
- Lab of Toxicology , School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences , East China Normal University , 500# DongChuang RD , Shanghai , 200241 , China . ; Tel: +86 189 1786 4019
| | - Lili Lei
- Lab of Toxicology , School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences , East China Normal University , 500# DongChuang RD , Shanghai , 200241 , China . ; Tel: +86 189 1786 4019
| | - Defu He
- Lab of Toxicology , School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences , East China Normal University , 500# DongChuang RD , Shanghai , 200241 , China . ; Tel: +86 189 1786 4019
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration , East China Normal University , Shanghai , 200241 , China
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121
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Ait Bamai Y, Araki A, Kawai T, Tsuboi T, Saito I, Yoshioka E, Cong S, Kishi R. Exposure to phthalates in house dust and associated allergies in children aged 6-12years. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2016; 96:16-23. [PMID: 27588698 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates are widely used as plasticizers in household products. Several studies have reported an association between phthalate exposure and an increased risk of allergies. The present study estimated phthalate exposure in children aged 6-12years and assessed potential correlations with allergies. House dust samples were collected from floors and multi-surface objects >35cm above the floor. Urine samples were collected from the first morning void of the day. Daily phthalate intake (DIdust and DI) was estimated using both house dust and urinary metabolite concentrations. Exposure to di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) in floor dust was associated with parental-reported rhino-conjunctivitis. After stratification by gender, this trend was found to only occur in boys. Furthermore, urinary mono-isobutyl phthalate was inversely associated with parental-reported wheeze in boys. DIdust of benzyl butyl phthalate (BBzP) and DEHP were significantly correlated with DI_BBzP and DI_DEHP, respectively. These correlations were stronger with floor than with multi-surface dust. Our results suggest that, among Japanese children, house dust from low surfaces, such as living room floors, might play a meaningful role in the indoor environmental exposure pathway for BBzP and DEHP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ait Bamai
- Hokkaido University Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Kita 12, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Atsuko Araki
- Hokkaido University Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Kita 12, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Toshio Kawai
- Osaka Occupational Health Service Center, Japan Industrial Safety and Health Association, 2-3-8, Tosabori, Nishi-ku, Osaka 550-0001, Japan
| | - Tazuru Tsuboi
- Osaka Occupational Health Service Center, Japan Industrial Safety and Health Association, 2-3-8, Tosabori, Nishi-ku, Osaka 550-0001, Japan
| | - Ikue Saito
- Department of Environmental Health and Toxicology, Division of Environment Health, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 3-24-1 Hyakunincho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-0073, Japan
| | - Eiji Yoshioka
- Hokkaido University Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Kita 12, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan; Asahikawa Medical University for Department of Health Science, E2-1-1-1, Midorigaoka, Asahikawa, Hokkaido 078-8510, Japan
| | - Shi Cong
- Hokkaido University Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Kita 12, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Reiko Kishi
- Hokkaido University Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Kita 12, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan.
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122
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Ali N, Eqani SAMAS, Ismail IMI, Malarvannan G, Kadi MW, Albar HMS, Rehan M, Covaci A. Brominated and organophosphate flame retardants in indoor dust of Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: Implications for human exposure. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 569-570:269-277. [PMID: 27343946 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.06.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 06/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Different flame retardants (FRs) namely polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), emerging brominated/chlorinated flame retardants (Br/Cl FRs), and organophosphate FRs (OPFRs) were analyzed in cars, air conditioner (AC) filters and floor dust of different households from Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). To the best of our knowledge, this is first study in literature reporting emerging Br/Cl FRs and OPFRs in AC filter dust and also first to report on their occurrence in dust from KSA. Chlorinated alkyl phosphate, penta-BDEs, BDE-209, and decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE) were the major chemicals in dust samples from all microenvironments. ΣOPFRs occurred at median concentrations (ng/g dust) of 15,400, 10,500, and 3750 in AC filter, car and house floor dust, respectively. For all analyzed chemicals, relatively lower levels were observed in floor dust than car and AC filter dust. The profiles of FRs in car dust were different from AC filter and floor dust, which reflected their wider application as FR and plasticizer in variety of household and commercial products. For toddlers, assuming high dust intake and 95th percentile concentrations, the computed exposure estimation for BDE-99 was higher than RfD values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadeem Ali
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Studies, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Syed Ali Musstjab Akber Shah Eqani
- Public Health and Environment Division, Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Park Road, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Iqbal Mohammad Ibrahim Ismail
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Studies, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Govindan Malarvannan
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Mohammad W Kadi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Mohammad Rehan
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Studies, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
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Khan MU, Li J, Zhang G, Malik RN. New insight into the levels, distribution and health risk diagnosis of indoor and outdoor dust-bound FRs in colder, rural and industrial zones of Pakistan. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 216:662-674. [PMID: 27346442 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
This is the first robust study designed to probe selected flame retardants (FRs) in the indoor and outdoor dust of industrial, rural and background zones of Pakistan with special emphasis upon their occurrence, distribution and associated health risk. For this purpose, we analyzed FRs such as polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs), dechlorane plus (DP), novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) and organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) in the total of 82 dust samples (indoor and outdoor) collected three from each zone: industrial, rural and background. We found higher concentrations of FRs (PBDEs, DP, NBFRs and OPFRs) in industrial zones as compared to the rural and background zones. Our results reveal that the concentrations of studied FRs are relatively higher in the indoor dust samples being compared with the outdoor dust and they are ranked as: ∑OPFRs > ∑NBFRs > ∑PBDEs > ∑DP. A significant correlation in the FRs levels between the indoor and outdoor dust suggest the potential intermixing of these compounds between them. The principal component analysis/multiple linear regression predicts the percent contribution of FRs from different consumer products in the indoor and outdoor dust of industrial, rural and background zones to trace their source origin. The FRs detected in the background zones reveal the dust-bound FRs suspended in the air might be shifted from different warmer zones or consumers products available/used in the same zones. Hazard quotient (HQ) for FRs via indoor and outdoor dust intake at mean and high dust scenarios to the exposed populations (adults and toddlers) are found free of risk (HQ < 1) in the target zones. Furthermore, our nascent results will provide a baseline record of FRs (PBDEs, DP, NBFRs and OPFRs) concentrations in the indoor and outdoor dust of Pakistan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Usman Khan
- Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, PO 45320, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Riffat Naseem Malik
- Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, PO 45320, Islamabad, Pakistan.
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Lu C, Deng Q, Li Y, Sundell J, Norbäck D. Outdoor air pollution, meteorological conditions and indoor factors in dwellings in relation to sick building syndrome (SBS) among adults in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 560-561:186-196. [PMID: 27101454 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Indoor environment is associated with the sick building syndrome (SBS), but little is known about the contribution of outdoor air pollution and meteorological conditions to SBS. We studied associations between outdoor air pollution, meteorological parameters and selected indoor exposure and building characteristics at home and weekly SBS symptoms in a standardized questionnaire study among 3485 randomly selected adults in China. Outdoor factors included particulate matters with diameter <10μm (PM10), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), outdoor temperature (T), relative air humidity (RH), and wind speed (WS) during last three months. Multiple logistic regression was applied calculating odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence interval (95% CI). Asthma or allergic rhinitis (atopy) was associated with all types of SBS symptoms except fatigue. Indoor factors played a major role in SBS symptoms. Mold/dampness on the floor/ceiling was associated with fatigue OR=1.60 (1.11-2.30) and headache OR=1.80 (1.07-3.04). Moldy odor was associated with fatigue OR=1.59 (1.07-2.37) and dermal symptoms OR=1.91 (1.21-3.02). Window pane condensation in winter was associated with fatigue OR=1.73 (1.30-2.31) and throat symptoms OR=1.53 (1.01-2.31). Damp bed clothing was related with throat symptom OR=1.62 (1.09-2.40). Home redecoration was associated with fatigue OR=1.49 (1.07-2.06). Frequent window opening was associated with less nose symptoms OR=0.54 (0.36-0.82) and mechanical ventilation in the bathroom reduced dermal symptoms OR=0.66 (0.44-0.99). Females were more susceptible to redecoration and window pane condensation than men. No associations with SBS were observed for outdoor air pollutants or meteorological parameters in the final models combining indoor and outdoor factors, although SO2, T, and RH were associated with some SBS symptoms (fatigue, eyes and nose symptoms) in the separate outdoor models. In conclusion, indoor mold/dampness, air pollution from redecoration and poorer ventilation conditions in dwellings can be risk factors for SBS symptoms in an adult Chinese population, especially among females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Lu
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qihong Deng
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Yuguo Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jan Sundell
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Norbäck
- Department of Medical Sciences/Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Huo CY, Liu LY, Zhang ZF, Ma WL, Song WW, Li HL, Li WL, Kannan K, Wu YK, Han YM, Peng ZX, Li YF. Phthalate Esters in Indoor Window Films in a Northeastern Chinese Urban Center: Film Growth and Implications for Human Exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:7743-7751. [PMID: 27322908 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b06371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Indoor window film samples were collected in buildings during 2014-2015 for the determination of six phthalate diesters (PAEs). Linear regression analysis suggested that the film mass was positively and significantly correlated with the duration of film growth (from 7 to 77 days). PAEs were detected in all window film samples (n = 64). For all the samples with growth days ranged from 7 to 77 days, the median concentrations of total six PAEs (∑6PAEs) in winter and summer window film samples were 9900 ng/m(2) film (2000 μg/g film) and 4700 ng/m(2) film (650 μg/g film), respectively. Among PAEs analyzed, di-2-ethyl-hexyl phthalate (DEHP) was the major compound (71 ± 9.7%), followed by di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP; 20 ± 7.4%) and diisobutyl phthalate (DiBP; 5.1 ± 2.2%). Positive correlations among PAEs suggested their common sources in the window film samples. Room temperature and relative humidity were negatively and significantly correlated with PAEs concentations (in ng/m(2)). Poor ventilation in cold winter in Noreastern China significantly influenced the concentrations of PAEs in window film which suggested higher inhalation exposure dose in winter. The median hazard quotient (HQ) values from PAEs exposure were below 1, suggesting that the intake of PAEs via three exposure pathways was considered as acceptable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yan Huo
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150090, China
- School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University , Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Li-Yan Liu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150090, China
| | - Zi-Feng Zhang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150090, China
| | - Wan-Li Ma
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150090, China
| | - Wei-Wei Song
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150090, China
| | - Hai-Ling Li
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150090, China
| | - Wen-Long Li
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150090, China
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany , Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, New York 12201-0509, United States
| | - Yong-Kai Wu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150090, China
| | - Ya-Meng Han
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150090, China
| | - Zhi-Xiang Peng
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150090, China
| | - Yi-Fan Li
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150090, China
- School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University , Shenyang 110036, China
- IJRC-PTS-NA, Toronto, M2N 6X9, Canada
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Qiao L, Zheng XB, Zheng J, Lei WX, Li HF, Wang MH, He CT, Chen SJ, Yuan JG, Luo XJ, Yu YJ, Yang ZY, Mai BX. Analysis of human hair to assess exposure to organophosphate flame retardants: Influence of hair segments and gender differences. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 148:177-183. [PMID: 27078091 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Hair is a promising, non-invasive, human biomonitoring matrix that can provide insight into retrospective and integral exposure to organic pollutants. In the present study, we measured the concentrations of organophosphate flame retardants (PFRs) in hair and serum samples from university students in Guangzhou, China, and compared the PFR concentrations in the female hair segments using paired distal (5~10cm from the root) and proximal (0~5cm from the root) samples. PFRs were not detected in the serum samples. All PFRs except tricresyl phosphate (TMPP) and tri-n-propyl phosphate (TPP) were detected in more than half of all hair samples. The concentrations of total PFRs varied from 10.1 to 604ng/g, with a median of 148ng/g. Tris(chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP) and tri(2-ethylexyl) phosphate (TEHP) were the predominant PFRs in hair. The concentrations of most PFRs in the distal segments were 1.5~8.6 times higher than those in the proximal segments of the hair (t-test, p<0.05), which may be due to the longer exposure time of the distal segments to external sources. The values of log (PFR concentrations-distal/PFR concentrations-proximal) were positively and significantly correlated with log KOA of PFRs (p<0.05, r=0.68), indicating that PFRs with a higher log KOA tend to accumulate in hair at a higher rate than PFRs with a lower log KOA. Using combined segments of female hair, significantly higher PFR concentrations were observed in female hair than in male hair. In contrast, female hair exhibited significantly lower PFR concentrations than male hair when using the same hair position for both genders (0-5cm from the scalp). The controversial results regarding gender differences in PFRs in hair highlight the importance of segmental analysis when using hair as an indicator of human exposure to PFRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Qiao
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; Center for Environmental Health Research, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Xiao-Bo Zheng
- College of Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jing Zheng
- Center for Environmental Health Research, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou 510655, China.
| | - Wei-Xiang Lei
- Center for Environmental Health Research, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Hong-Fang Li
- Department of Neonatology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Mei-Huan Wang
- Center for Environmental Health Research, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Chun-Tao He
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - She-Jun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jian-Gang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yun-Jiang Yu
- Center for Environmental Health Research, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Zhong-Yi Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| | - Bi-Xian Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Langer S, Fredricsson M, Weschler CJ, Bekö G, Strandberg B, Remberger M, Toftum J, Clausen G. Organophosphate esters in dust samples collected from Danish homes and daycare centers. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 154:559-566. [PMID: 27085316 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphates are used in a wide range of materials and consumer products and are ubiquitous in indoor environments. Certain organophosphates have been associated with various adverse health effects. The present paper reports mass fractions of organophosphates in dust samples collected from 500 bedrooms and 151 daycare centers of children living in Odense, Denmark. The identified compounds include: tris(isobutyl) phosphate (TIBP), tri-n-butyl phosphate (TNBP), tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP), tris(1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate (TDCIPP), tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP), triphenylphosphate (TPHP), 2-ethylhexyl-diphenyl phosphate (EHDPP), tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (TEHP) and tris(methylphenyl) phosphate (TMPP). Both the number of organophosphates with median values above the limit of detection and the median values were higher for samples from daycare centers than for samples from homes. Organophosphates with median mass fractions above the limit of detection were: TCEP from homes (6.9 μg g(-1)), and TCEP (16 μg g(-1)), TCIPP (5.6 μg g(-1)), TDCIPP (7.1 μg g(-1)), TBOEP (26 μg g(-1)), TPHP (2.0 μg g(-1)) and EHDPP (2.1 μg g(-1)) from daycare centers. When present, TBOEP was typically the most abundant of the identified OPs. The sum of the organophosphate dust mass fractions measured in this study was roughly in the mid-range of summed mass fractions reported for dust samples collected in other countries. On a global scale, the geographical distribution of organophosphates in indoor dust is quite variable, with higher concentrations in industrialized countries. This trend differs from that for phthalate esters, whose geographic distribution is more homogeneous. Exposure to organophosphates via dust ingestion is relatively low, although there is considerable uncertainly in this assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarka Langer
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute Ltd., P.O. Box 53021, SE-400 14 Göteborg, Sweden.
| | - Malin Fredricsson
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute Ltd., P.O. Box 53021, SE-400 14 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Charles J Weschler
- International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark; Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States
| | - Gabriel Bekö
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States
| | - Bo Strandberg
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Box 414, SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Mikael Remberger
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute Ltd., P.O. Box 210 60, SE-100 31 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jørn Toftum
- International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Geo Clausen
- International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark
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128
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Dallongeville A, Costet N, Zmirou-Navier D, Le Bot B, Chevrier C, Deguen S, Annesi-Maesano I, Blanchard O. Volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds of respiratory health relevance in French dwellings. INDOOR AIR 2016; 26:426-438. [PMID: 26010323 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decades, the prevalence of childhood respiratory conditions has dramatically increased worldwide. Considering the time spent in enclosed spaces, indoor air pollutants are of major interest to explain part of this increase. This study aimed to measure the concentrations of pollutants known or suspected to affect respiratory health that are present in dwellings in order to assess children's exposure. Measurements were taken in 150 homes with at least one child, in Brittany (western France), to assess the concentrations of 18 volatile organic compounds (among which four aldehydes and four trihalomethanes) and nine semi-volatile organic compounds (seven phthalates and two synthetic musks). In addition to descriptive statistics, a principal component analysis (PCA) was used to investigate grouping of contaminants. Formaldehyde was highly present and above 30 μg/m(3) in 40% of the homes. Diethyl phthalate, diisobutyl phthalate, and dimethylphthalate were quantified in all dwellings, as well as Galaxolide and Tonalide. For each chemical family, the groups appearing in the PCA could be interpreted in term of sources. The high prevalence and the levels of these compounds, with known or suspected respiratory toxicity, should question regulatory agencies to trigger prevention and mitigation actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Dallongeville
- EHESP School of Public Health, Rennes, France
- Inserm UMR1085-IRSET, Rennes, France
- French Environment and Energy Management Agency, Angers, France
| | - N Costet
- Inserm UMR1085-IRSET, Rennes, France
- Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - D Zmirou-Navier
- EHESP School of Public Health, Rennes, France
- Inserm UMR1085-IRSET, Rennes, France
- Lorraine University Medical School, Nancy, France
| | - B Le Bot
- EHESP School of Public Health, Rennes, France
- Inserm UMR1085-IRSET, Rennes, France
| | - C Chevrier
- Inserm UMR1085-IRSET, Rennes, France
- Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - S Deguen
- EHESP School of Public Health, Rennes, France
- Inserm UMR1085-IRSET, Rennes, France
| | - I Annesi-Maesano
- EPAR, UMR S 1136, i-PLESP, Pierre et Marie Curie University Medical School, Paris, France
- EPAR, UMR S 1136, i-PLESP, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - O Blanchard
- EHESP School of Public Health, Rennes, France
- Inserm UMR1085-IRSET, Rennes, France
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129
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Canbaz D, van Velzen MJM, Hallner E, Zwinderman AH, Wickman M, Leonards PEG, van Ree R, van Rijt LS. Exposure to organophosphate and polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants via indoor dust and childhood asthma. INDOOR AIR 2016; 26:403-413. [PMID: 25952720 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Although the ubiquitous detection of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) and organophosphate flame retardants (PFRs) in indoor dust has raised health concerns, only very few epidemiological studies have assessed their impact on human health. Inhalation of dust is one of the exposure routes of FRs, especially in children and can be hazardous for the respiratory health. Moreover, PFRs are structurally similar to organophosphate pesticides, which have been associated with allergic asthma. Thus, we investigated whether the concentrations of PFRs and PBDEs in indoor dust are associated with the development of childhood asthma. We selected 110 children who developed asthma at 4 or at 8 years old and 110 matched controls from a large prospective birth cohort (BAMSE - Barn, Allergy, Milieu Stockholm Epidemiology). We analyzed the concentrations of 7 PFRs and 21 PBDEs in dust collected around 2 months after birth from the mother's mattress. The abundance rank in dust was as follows: TBOEP⪢TPHP>mmp-TMPP>EHDPHP~TDCIPP>TCEP~TCIPP~BDE-209⪢BDE-99>BDE-47>BDE-153>BDE-183>BDE-100. There was no positive association between the FRs in mattress dust and the development of childhood asthma. In contrast, dust collected from mattresses of the mothers of children who would develop asthma contained significant lower levels of TPHP and mmp-TMPP. This study provides data on a wide range of PFRs and PBDEs in dust samples and development of asthma in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Canbaz
- Department Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M J M van Velzen
- Institute for Environmental Studies, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - E Hallner
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A H Zwinderman
- Department Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M Wickman
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Occupational and Environmental Health, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Sachs's Children's Hospital, Institute of Sodersjukhuset, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - P E G Leonards
- Institute for Environmental Studies, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R van Ree
- Department Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department Otorhinolaryngology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - L S van Rijt
- Department Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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130
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Luongo G, Östman C. Organophosphate and phthalate esters in settled dust from apartment buildings in Stockholm. INDOOR AIR 2016; 26:414-25. [PMID: 25929991 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the occurrence of nine phthalate diesters (phthalates) and 14 organophosphorus flame retardants (PFRs) was investigated in 62 house dust samples collected from 19 buildings in Stockholm area during the year 2008. Eight phthalates were detected in almost all samples, with median concentrations ranging from 0.47 μg/g to 449 μg/g with di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate being the most abundant compound. Twelve PFRs were detected with median concentrations ranging from 0.19 μg/g to 11 μg/g. Within this class of compounds, the most abundant were tris(2-chloroisopropyl) and tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate. Both classes of compounds were also measured in the air of the apartments, but no correlation between air and dust concentrations could be found. Based on these measurements, exposure, via house dust ingestion and air inhalation, was calculated for adults and toddlers, and compared to published limit values in order to estimate potential health risks. In an extreme exposure scenario for toddlers, di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate, tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate, and tributyl phosphate were close to the reference dose for chronic oral exposure or the tolerable daily intake. Standard Reference Material SRM 2585 was used as a quality control sample, and the levels of diisononyl and diisodecyl phthalates were determined in this material.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Luongo
- Division of Analytical and Toxicological Chemistry, Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - C Östman
- Division of Analytical and Toxicological Chemistry, Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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131
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Wu M, Yu G, Cao Z, Wu D, Liu K, Deng S, Huang J, Wang B, Wang Y. Characterization and human exposure assessment of organophosphate flame retardants in indoor dust from several microenvironments of Beijing, China. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 150:465-471. [PMID: 26796586 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.12.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Ten target organophosphate flame retardants (PFRs) were measured from floor dust samples collected from homes (n = 21), offices (n = 23) and daycare centers (room n = 16) located in Beijing, China, and paired elevated surface dust and floor dust from the same daycare centers (room n = 9) were analyzed in this study. Most PFRs were detected in analyzed dust samples, and detection frequency up to 100% was observed on tris (2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris (2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP), triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) and tris (2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP). Among studied microenvironments, office samples showed significantly (p < 0.05) higher PFRs contamination level (1687-200,489 ng/g), followed by homes (4571-67,450 ng/g), and daycare centers (1489-33,316 ng/g). TCEP was the predominant PFR in both home and daycare center samples, while TCIPP was dominant in floor dust from offices. TCEP, TCIPP and TBOEP showed positive correlations (p < 0.05) between their levels in elevated surface dust and corresponding floor dust, and the mean concentrations of TPHP (1116 ng/g) and tricresyl phosphate (TMPP) (336 ng/g) were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in floor dust than those in elevated surface dust (269 and 93 ng/g, respectively). Estimated exposures of toddlers, average adults and the elderly to PFRs via dust ingestion were 38, 6 and 5 ng/kg bw/day, respectively (assuming the average daily time spent are 62.5% home and 37.5% daycare center for toddlers, 62.5% home and 37.5% office for average adults, and 100% home for the elderly; assuming median concentrations and average dust ingestion rate).
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wu
- School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Gang Yu
- School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Zhiguo Cao
- School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Dongkui Wu
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Kai Liu
- School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shubo Deng
- School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jun Huang
- School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Bin Wang
- School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yujue Wang
- School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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132
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Guo X, Mu T, Xian Y, Luo D, Wang C. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry for the rapid simultaneous analysis of nine organophosphate esters in milk powder. Food Chem 2016; 196:673-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.09.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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133
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Tan XX, Luo XJ, Zheng XB, Li ZR, Sun RX, Mai BX. Distribution of organophosphorus flame retardants in sediments from the Pearl River Delta in South China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 544:77-84. [PMID: 26657357 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.11.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Twelve organophosphorus flame retardants (PFRs) were identified in the sediments and the sediment core collected from the rivers and the estuary in the Pearl River Delta, with the aim of investigating their spatial and vertical distributions. The concentrations of PFRs ranged from 8.3 to 470 ng/g dry weight with high levels of PFRs in the urban area and the e-waste recycling region. Generally, TPhP, TCPP, TEHP, TCEP, and TBEP were the dominant compounds of the PFRs, the composition of which varied across the different regions, reflecting the different sources of PFRs. In the estuary, the PFRs mainly derived from the Xijiang River and the Shunde sections. Increased concentrations of halogen-containing PFRs have been observed in the upper layers of the sediment core. Conversely, relatively high concentrations of halogen-free PFRs were observed in the lower layers of the sediment core, indicating different usage patterns or environmental behaviors between the halogen and the non-halogen PFRs in the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xin Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Xiao-Bo Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zong-Rui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Run-Xia Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bi-Xian Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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134
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KIM H, TANABE SI. FIELD MEASURMENT OF SVOC IN INDOOR AIR AND HOUSE DUST IN RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.3130/aije.81.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyuntae KIM
- Assist. Prof., Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Dr.Eng
| | - Shin-ichi TANABE
- Prof., School of Creative Science and Engineering, Dept. of Architecture, Waseda University, Dr.Eng
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135
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KAGI N, YOSHINO H, HASEGAWA K, YANAGI U, AZUMA K, OSAWA H. FIELD INVESTIGATION ON INDOOR CHEMICAL POLLUTION IN TEMPORARY HOUSES IN SENDAI CITY. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.3130/aije.81.979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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136
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Ding J, Shen X, Liu W, Covaci A, Yang F. Occurrence and risk assessment of organophosphate esters in drinking water from Eastern China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 538:959-965. [PMID: 26363608 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.08.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are ubiquitous in the environment and may pose potential health risks to humans. Drinking water is suspected as one possible exposure pathway of OPEs to humans. In this study, we investigated the residues of 9 OPEs in five types of drinking water in Eastern China. The median concentrations of Σ9OPEs were determined to be 3.99, 4.50, 27.6, 59.2 and 192ng/L in the bottled, well, barreled, direct drinking and tap waters, respectively. Triethyl phosphate (TEP) was the most abundant OPE in the tap water and filtered drinking water with median concentrations of 50.2 and 30.2ng/L, respectively. The mixture of tri(chloropropyl) phosphate (TCPP) and tri(chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP), named here as TCPP, dominated in the barreled and well water with median concentrations of 8.04 and 2.49ng/L, respectively. The calculated average daily doses of OPEs ranged from 0.14 to 7.07ng/kgbw/day for people consuming the five different types of drinking water. Among the drinking water, the tap water exhibited the highest exposure doses of OPEs. The calculated non-cancer hazard quotients (10(-4)-10(-7)) from OPEs were much lower than the theoretical threshold of risk. The carcinogenic risks posed by TCEP were very low (<10(-7)) for all types of drinking water. The results revealed that there was currently low risk to human health from exposure to OPEs through drinking water in Eastern China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjian Ding
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiaoli Shen
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Quzhou University, Quzhou 324000, China
| | - Weiping Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Fangxing Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Department of Effect-Directed Analysis, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, 04318, Germany.
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137
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Hendriks HS, Westerink RH. Neurotoxicity and risk assessment of brominated and alternative flame retardants. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2015; 52:248-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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138
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Brommer S, Harrad S. Sources and human exposure implications of concentrations of organophosphate flame retardants in dust from UK cars, classrooms, living rooms, and offices. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2015; 83:202-7. [PMID: 26232632 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of a number of organophosphate flame retardants (PFRs) were measured in floor dust collected from UK living rooms (n = 32), cars (n = 21), school and child daycare centre classrooms (n = 28), and offices (n = 61). While concentrations were overall broadly within the range of those reported previously for North America, Japan, and other European countries, median concentrations of TCIPP in all UK microenvironments exceeded those reported elsewhere in the world. Moreover, concentrations of TCIPP and TDCIPP in 2 UK car dust samples were--at 370 μg g(-1) and 740 μg g(-1) respectively--amongst the highest reported globally in indoor dust to date. Consistent with this, concentrations of TDCIPP in dust from UK cars exceed significantly those detected in the other microenvironments studied. Concentrations of EHDPP were shown for the first time to be significantly higher in classroom dust than in samples from other microenvironments. When compared to concentrations of PBDEs determined previously in the classroom dust samples; concentrations of all target PFRs exceeded substantially those of those PBDEs that are the principal constituents of the Penta- and Octa-BDE formulations. Moreover, while mass-based concentrations of BDE-209 exceeded those of most of our target PFRs, they still fell below those of TCIPP and EHDPP. In line with a previous observation in Sweden that indoor air contamination with TNBP was significantly lower in newer buildings; concentrations of TNBP in classroom dust were significantly higher in older compared to more recently-constructed schools. Consistent with the reported extensive use of TCIPP and TDCIPP in polyurethane foam, the highest concentrations of both TCIPP and TDCIPP in the classrooms studied, were observed in rooms containing the highest numbers of foam chairs (n = 31 and 18 respectively). Exposure to PFRs of both adults and young children via ingestion of indoor dust was estimated. While even our high-end exposure estimate for young children was ~100 times lower than one previously reported health-based limit (HBLV) value for TCIPP; the margin of safety was only 5-fold when compared to another HBLV for this contaminant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Brommer
- School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart Harrad
- School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom.
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139
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Azuma K, Ikeda K, Kagi N, Yanagi U, Osawa H. Prevalence and risk factors associated with nonspecific building-related symptoms in office employees in Japan: relationships between work environment, Indoor Air Quality, and occupational stress. INDOOR AIR 2015; 25:499-511. [PMID: 25244340 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A nationwide cross-sectional study of 3335 employees was conducted in 320 offices in Japan to estimate the prevalence of building-related symptoms (BRSs) and determine the risk factors related to work environment, Indoor Air Quality, and occupational stress. Data were collected through self-administered questionnaires. The prevalences of general symptoms, eye irritation, and upper respiratory symptoms were 14.4%, 12.1%, and 8.9%, respectively. Multiple logistic regression analyses revealed that eye irritation was significantly associated with carpeting [odds ratio (OR), 1.73; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.24-2.41], coldness perception (OR, 1.28; 95% CI, 1.13-1.45), and air dryness perception (OR, 1.61; 95% CI, 1.42-1.82). General symptoms were significantly associated with unpleasant odors (OR, 1.37; 95% CI, 1.13-1.65), amount of work (OR, 1.24; 95% CI, 1.06-1.45), and interpersonal conflicts (OR, 1.44; 95% CI, 1.23-1.69). Upper respiratory symptoms were significantly associated with crowded workspaces (OR, 1.36; 95% CI, 1.13-1.63), air dryness perception (OR, 2.07; 95% CI, 1.79-2.38), and reported dustiness on the floor (OR, 1.39; 95% CI, 1.16-1.67). Although psychosocial support is important to reduce and control BRSs, maintaining appropriate air-conditioning and a clean and uncrowded workspace is of equal importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Azuma
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Behavioral Science, Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, Osakasayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - K Ikeda
- Department of Architecture, College of Science and Technology, Nihon University, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - N Kagi
- Department of Mechanical and Environmental Informatics, Graduate School of Information Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - U Yanagi
- Department of Architecture, School of Architecture, Kogakuin University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - H Osawa
- National Institute of Public Health, Wako, Saitama, Japan
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140
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Tran TM, Kannan K. Occurrence of phthalate diesters in particulate and vapor phases in indoor air and implications for human exposure in Albany, New York, USA. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2015; 68:489-99. [PMID: 25702083 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-015-0140-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Phthalate diesters are used as plasticizers in a wide range of consumer products. Because phthalates have been shown in laboratory animal studies to be toxic, human exposure to these chemicals is a matter of concern. Nevertheless, little is known about inhalation exposure to phthalates in the United States. In this study, occurrence of nine phthalates was determined in 60 indoor air samples collected in 2014 in Albany, New York, USA. Airborne particulate and vapor phase samples were collected from various sampling locations by use of a low-volume air sampler. The median concentrations of nine phthalates in air samples collected from homes, offices, laboratories, schools, salons (hair and nail salons), and public places were 732, 143, 170, 371, 2600, and 354 ng/m(3), respectively. Diethyl phthalate (DEP) was found at the highest concentrations, which ranged from 4.83 to 2250 ng/m(3) (median 152) followed by di-n-butyl phthalate, which ranged from 4.05 to 1170 ng/m(3) (median 63.3). The median inhalation exposure dose to phthalates was estimated at 0.845, 0.423, 0.203, 0.089, and 0.070 µg/kg-bw/d for infants, toddlers, children, teenagers, and adults, respectively. Inhalation is an important pathway of human exposure to DEP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tri Manh Tran
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, NY, 12201-0509, USA
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141
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Kim S, Jung J, Lee I, Jung D, Youn H, Choi K. Thyroid disruption by triphenyl phosphate, an organophosphate flame retardant, in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos/larvae, and in GH3 and FRTL-5 cell lines. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2015; 160:188-96. [PMID: 25646720 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2015.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Triphenyl phosphate (TPP), one of the most widely used organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs), has frequently been detected in the environment and biota. However, knowledge of its toxicological effects is limited. The present study was conducted to determine the adverse effects of TPP on the thyroid endocrine system of embryonic/larval zebrafish, and the underlying mechanisms for these effects were studied using rat pituitary (GH3) and thyroid follicular (FRTL-5) cell lines. In the GH3 cells, TPP up-regulated the expression of the tshβ, trα, and trβ genes, while T3, a positive control, down-regulated the expression of these genes. In the FRTL-5 cells, the expression of the nis and tpo genes was significantly up-regulated, suggesting that TPP stimulates thyroid hormone synthesis in the thyroid gland. In zebrafish larvae at 7 days post-fertilization (dpf), TPP exposure led to significant increases in both T3 and T4 concentrations and expression of the genes involved in thyroid hormone synthesis. Exposure to TPP also significantly up-regulated the expression of the genes related to the metabolism (dio1), transport (ttr), and elimination (ugt1ab) of thyroid hormones. The down-regulation of the crh and tshβ genes in the zebrafish larvae suggests the activation of a central regulatory feedback mechanism induced by the increased T3 levels in vivo. Taken together, our observations show that TPP could increase the thyroid hormone concentrations in the early life stages of zebrafish by disrupting the central regulation and hormone synthesis pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujin Kim
- School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Joeun Jung
- School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Inae Lee
- School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Dawoon Jung
- School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyewon Youn
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Cancer Imaging Center, Seoul National University Hospital, 110-744, Republic of Korea; Tumor Microenvironment Global Core Research Center, Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, 110-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungho Choi
- School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea.
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142
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Mizouchi S, Ichiba M, Takigami H, Kajiwara N, Takamuku T, Miyajima T, Kodama H, Someya T, Ueno D. Exposure assessment of organophosphorus and organobromine flame retardants via indoor dust from elementary schools and domestic houses. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 123:17-25. [PMID: 25532762 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/08/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
To assess the exposure of flame retardants (FRs) for school-children, organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers (PFRs) and organobromine flame retardants (BFRs) were determined in the indoor dust samples collected from elementary schools and domestic houses in Japan in 2009 and 2010. PFRs were detected in all the dust samples analyzed and the highest concentration of total PFRs was thousand-fold higher than that of BFRs. Among the PFRs, tris(butoxyethyl)phosphate (TBOEP) showed the highest concentration with a median (med.) of 270,000 ng g(-1) dry weight (3700-5,500,000 ng g(-1) dry weight), followed by tris(methylphenyl)phosphate (TMPPs)>triphenyl phosphate (TPHP)=tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate (TDCIPP)=tris(2-chloroisopropyl)phosphate (TCIPP)=tris(2chloroethyl)phosphate (TCEP)>ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDPP). Significantly higher concentrations of TBOEP, tri-n-butyl phosphate (TNBP), TPHP, TMPPs, and total-PFRs were found in dust samples from elementary schools than from domestic houses. It might be due to that higher concentrations of TBOEP (as leveling agent) were detected from the floor polisher/wax products collected in those elementary schools. On the other hand, significantly higher concentrations of TCEP, TCIPPs, and total chloroalkyl-PFRs were found in domestic houses than in elementary schools. Exposure assessments of PFRs via indoor dust from elementary schools and domestic houses were conducted by calculating the hazard quotient (HQ). Among PFRs, HQs for TBOEP exceeded 1 (higher than reference dose: RfD) and its highest value was 1.9. To reduce the intake of TBOEP by school-children, it is recommended that the use of floor polisher/wax containing TBOEP be reduced in schools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigekazu Mizouchi
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saga University, 1 Honjyo, Saga, Saga 840-8502, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Ichiba
- Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, Saga, Saga 849-8501, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Takigami
- Research Center for Material Cycles and Waste Management, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onokawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
| | - Natsuko Kajiwara
- Research Center for Material Cycles and Waste Management, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onokawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Takamuku
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saga University, 1 Honjyo, Saga, Saga 840-8502, Japan
| | - Toru Miyajima
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saga University, 1 Honjyo, Saga, Saga 840-8502, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kodama
- Analytical Research Center for Experimental Sciences, Saga University, 1 Honjyo, Saga, Saga 840-8502, Japan
| | - Takashi Someya
- Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, 1 Honjyo, Saga, Saga 840-8502, Japan
| | - Daisuke Ueno
- Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, 1 Honjyo, Saga, Saga 840-8502, Japan.
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143
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Brandsma SH, Leonards PEG, Leslie HA, de Boer J. Tracing organophosphorus and brominated flame retardants and plasticizers in an estuarine food web. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 505:22-31. [PMID: 25306092 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.08.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Revised: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Nine organophosphorus flame retardants (PFRs) were detected in a pelagic and benthic food web of the Western Scheldt estuary, The Netherlands. Concentrations of several PFRs were an order of magnitude higher than those of the brominated flame retardants (BFRs). However, the detection frequency of the PFRs (6-56%) was lower than that of the BFRs (50-97%). Tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP), tris(isobutyl) phosphate (TIBP) and tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP) were the dominant PFRs in sediment with median concentrations of 7.0, 8.1 and 1.8 ng/g dry weight (dw), respectively. PFR levels in the suspended particular matter (SPM) were 2-12 times higher than that in sediment. TBOEP, TCIPP, TIBP, tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) and tris(phenyl) phosphate (TPHP) were found in organisms higher in the estuarine food web. The highest PFR concentrations in the benthic food web were found in sculpin, goby and lugworm with median concentrations of 17, 7.4, 4.6 and 2.0 ng/g wet weight (ww) for TBOEP, TIBP, TCIPP and TPHP, respectively. Comparable levels were observed in the pelagic food web, BDE209 was the predominant PBDE in sediment and SPM with median concentrations up to 9.7 and 385 ng/g dw, respectively. BDE47 was predominant in the biotic compartment of the food web with highest median levels observed in sculpin and common tern eggs of 79 ng/g lipid weight (lw) (2.5 ng/g ww) and 80 ng/g lw (11 ng/g ww), respectively. Trophic magnification was observed for all PBDEs with the exception of BDE209. Indications of trophic magnification of PFRs were observed in the benthic food web for TBOEP, TCIPP and TCEP with tentative trophic magnification factors of 3.5, 2.2 and 2.6, respectively (p<0.05). Most of the other PFRs showed trophic dilution in both food webs. The relative high PFR levels in several fish species suggest high emissions and substantial exposure of organisms to PFRs in the Western Scheldt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sicco H Brandsma
- Institute for Environmental Studies, VU University, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Pim E G Leonards
- Institute for Environmental Studies, VU University, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Heather A Leslie
- Institute for Environmental Studies, VU University, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jacob de Boer
- Institute for Environmental Studies, VU University, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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144
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Wei GL, Li DQ, Zhuo MN, Liao YS, Xie ZY, Guo TL, Li JJ, Zhang SY, Liang ZQ. Organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers: sources, occurrence, toxicity and human exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2015; 196:29-46. [PMID: 25290907 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2014.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 776] [Impact Index Per Article: 86.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Due to the restricted use and ban of brominated flame retardants, organophosphorus compounds (OPs), extensively used as flame retardants and plasticizers, are ubiquitous in various environmental compartments worldwide. The present study shows that the release of OPs from a wide variety of commercial products and wastewater discharge might be considered as primary emission sources and that high potential of long-range atmospheric transport and persistence of OPs would be responsible for their presence in various matrices on a global scale. The occurrence and environmental behaviors of OPs in diverse matrices (e.g., dust, air, water, sediment, soil and biota) are reviewed. Human exposures to OPs via dermal contact, dust ingestion, inhalation and dietary intake are comprehensively evaluated. Finally, this study identifies gaps in the existing issues and generates a future agenda for the emerging contaminants OPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gao-Ling Wei
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment Pollution Integrated Control, Guangdong Institute of Eco-Environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Ding-Qiang Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment Pollution Integrated Control, Guangdong Institute of Eco-Environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; Guangzhou Branch, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510075, China.
| | - Mu-Ning Zhuo
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment Pollution Integrated Control, Guangdong Institute of Eco-Environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Yi-Shan Liao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment Pollution Integrated Control, Guangdong Institute of Eco-Environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Zhen-Yue Xie
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment Pollution Integrated Control, Guangdong Institute of Eco-Environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Tai-Long Guo
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment Pollution Integrated Control, Guangdong Institute of Eco-Environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Jun-Jie Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment Pollution Integrated Control, Guangdong Institute of Eco-Environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Si-Yi Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment Pollution Integrated Control, Guangdong Institute of Eco-Environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Zhi-Quan Liang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment Pollution Integrated Control, Guangdong Institute of Eco-Environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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145
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Dodson RE, Van den Eede N, Covaci A, Perovich LJ, Brody JG, Rudel RA. Urinary biomonitoring of phosphate flame retardants: levels in California adults and recommendations for future studies. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:13625-33. [PMID: 25388620 PMCID: PMC4255275 DOI: 10.1021/es503445c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Phosphate flame retardants (PFRs) are abundant and found at the highest concentrations relative to other flame retardant chemicals in house dust; however, little is known about the biological levels of PFRs and their relationship with house dust concentrations. These relationships provide insight into major exposure pathways and potential health risks. We analyzed urine samples from 16 California residents in 2011 for 6 chlorinated and nonchlorinated dialkyl or diaryl phosphates (DAPs), the expected major metabolites of the most prominent PFRs, and qualitatively screened for 18 other metabolites predicted from in vitro studies. We detected all 6 DAPs within the range of previously reported levels, although very few comparisons are available. We found weakly positive nonsignificant correlations between urine and dust concentrations and maxima urine corresponding to maxima dust for the pairs bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCIPP)-tris(1,3-dichloro-isopropyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) and bis(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (BCEP)-tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP). Metabolite levels of PFRs were correlated for many PFR combinations, suggesting they commonly co-occur. As far as we know, this is the first study to measure these 6 DAP metabolites simultaneously and to detect other PFR metabolites in US urine samples. We recommend biomonitoring studies include these 6 DAPs as well as several additional compounds detected through qualitative screening and previous ADME studies. PFRs represent a class of poorly studied commercial chemicals with widespread exposure and raise concerns for health effects including carcinogenicity and neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin E Dodson
- Silent Spring Institute, 29 Crafts Street, Newton, Massachusetts 02458, United States.
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146
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Brandsma SH, de Boer J, van Velzen MJM, Leonards PEG. Organophosphorus flame retardants (PFRs) and plasticizers in house and car dust and the influence of electronic equipment. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 116:3-9. [PMID: 24703013 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Revised: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
All nine PFRs studied were detected in house and car dust from the Netherlands with the exception of tris(butyl) phosphate (TNBP) and tris(isobutyl) phosphate (TIBP) in car dust. Tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP, median 22 μg g(-1)) was dominant in house dust collected around and on electronics followed by tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP, median 1.3 μg g(-1)), tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP, median 1.3 μg g(-1)) and tris(phenyl) phosphate (TPHP, median 0.8 μg g(-1)). Levels of TPHP and tris(methylphenyl) phosphate (TMPP, also known as TCP) in house dust on electronics were significantly higher than in house dust collected around electronics, suggesting that electronic equipment has limited contribution to the PFR levels in house dust, with the exception of TPHP and TMPP. Car dust was dominated by tris(1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) with the highest levels found in dust collected from the car seats (1100 μg g(-1)). The mean TDCIPP and TCIPP levels observed in car dust were significantly higher than the levels observed in dust collected around electronics. Significantly higher mean TMPP levels in dust taken from car seats were found compared to dust collected around the equipment (p<0.05). This is probably influenced by the use of TDCIPP, TCIPP in polyurethane foam (car seats) and the use of TMPP as plasticizer in car interiors. Worldwide four PFR patterns were observed in house dust. The PFR pattern in the Netherlands of TDCIPP, TMPP, TCEP, TCIPP and TPHP in house dust is comparable to the pattern found in six other countries, which may point to identical sources of these PFRs in the indoor environment. However, the PFR levels between the countries and within countries showed high variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sicco H Brandsma
- Institute for Environmental Studies, VU University, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Jacob de Boer
- Institute for Environmental Studies, VU University, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martin J M van Velzen
- Institute for Environmental Studies, VU University, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pim E G Leonards
- Institute for Environmental Studies, VU University, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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147
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Fromme H, Lahrz T, Kraft M, Fembacher L, Mach C, Dietrich S, Burkardt R, Völkel W, Göen T. Organophosphate flame retardants and plasticizers in the air and dust in German daycare centers and human biomonitoring in visiting children (LUPE 3). ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2014; 71:158-163. [PMID: 25033099 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2014.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Revised: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate (OP) flame retardants and plasticizers are chemicals that have been used in large quantities in diverse consumer and building-related products for decades. In the present study, OPs were measured in paired indoor air and dust samples from 63 daycare centers in Germany. Moreover, the urine of 312 children between 22 and 80 months old who attend these facilities was analyzed for the presence of eight OP metabolites. Tri-(2-butoxyethyl)-phosphate (TBEP), tris-(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCPP), and tri-n-butyl-phosphate (TnBP) were present in low concentrations in indoor air, with median values of 49 ng/m(3), 2.7 ng/m(3), and 2.2 ng/m(3), respectively. In dust, median values of 225 mg/kg for TBEP, 2.7 mg/kg for TCPP, 1.1mg/kg for diphenyl(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate, and 0.5mg/kg for tri-phenyl-phosphate (TPhP) were found. In the urine samples, the metabolites di-phenyl-phosphate, di-n-butyl-phosphate, and di-(2-butoxyethyl)-phosphate had median values (95th percentiles) of 0.8 μg/l (4.0 μg/l), 0.2 μg/l (0.9 μg/l), and 2.0 μg/l (10.7 μg/l), respectively. A significant correlation was found between the dust and air samples in the levels of TnBP, tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), and TBEP. For TCEP and TBEP, significant correlations were also observed between the levels in dust and the respective metabolite levels in urine. For TCEP, there was also a significant correlation between the concentration in indoor air and metabolite levels in urine. Based on the 95th percentile in dust and air in our study and data from residences in a previously published study, the daily intake of the most abundant OP (TBEP) is high (i.e., 3.2 μg/kg b.w.). This level is approximately 6.4% of the reference dose (RfD) established by the NSF, U.S.A. Overall, our study shows that daycare centers are indoor environments that contribute to OP exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Fromme
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Department of Chemical Safety and Toxicology, D-80538 Munich, Germany.
| | - T Lahrz
- Berlin-Brandenburg State Laboratory, Department of Environmental Health Protection, Invalidenstr. 60, D-10557 Berlin, Germany
| | - M Kraft
- North Rhine-Westphalia State Agency for Nature, Environment and Consumer Protection, D-45659 Recklinghausen, Germany
| | - L Fembacher
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Department of Chemical Safety and Toxicology, D-80538 Munich, Germany
| | - C Mach
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - S Dietrich
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Department of Chemical Safety and Toxicology, D-80538 Munich, Germany
| | - R Burkardt
- Berlin-Brandenburg State Laboratory, Department of Environmental Health Protection, Invalidenstr. 60, D-10557 Berlin, Germany
| | - W Völkel
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Department of Chemical Safety and Toxicology, D-80538 Munich, Germany
| | - T Göen
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
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148
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A high-throughput method for determination of metabolites of organophosphate flame retardants in urine by ultra performance liquid chromatography–high resolution mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 845:98-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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149
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Ali N, Mehdi T, Malik RN, Eqani SAMAS, Kamal A, Dirtu AC, Neels H, Covaci A. Levels and profile of several classes of organic contaminants in matched indoor dust and serum samples from occupational settings of Pakistan. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2014; 193:269-276. [PMID: 25069086 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2014.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Revised: 06/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Dust ingestion is an important route of human exposure to organic contaminants, especially for flame retardants (FRs) in occupational settings. Several classes of organic contaminants were analyzed in matched dust and serum samples from academics and workers in electronics and clothing stores of Faisalabad, Pakistan. The concentrations of contaminants varied in dust as follow: organophosphate FRs (∑PFRs) > novel brominated FRs (∑NBFRs) > polybrominated diphenyl ethers (∑PBDEs) > organochlorine pesticides (∑OCPs) > polychlorinated biphenyls (∑PCBs), while, in serum, concentration varied: ∑OCPs > bromophenols (∑BPs) > ∑PCBs > ∑HO-PCBs ≈ ∑PBDEs. Two NBFRs, namely 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)-ethane (BTBPE) and bis(2-ethylhexyl) tetrabromophthalate (TBPH), were detected in <10% of the serum samples. p,p'-DDE was the major contaminant in serum contributing to ∼75% of the total contaminant burden. Levels of Penta-BDE congeners in serum and dust were significantly correlated (r = 0.64, p < 0.01) for the academics, suggesting dust ingestion as an important determinant for their serum levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadeem Ali
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; Center of Excellence in Environmental Studies, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Toufeer Mehdi
- Microbiology Division, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe, Alberta, Canada
| | - Riffat N Malik
- Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Quiad-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Syed A M A S Eqani
- Department of BioSciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Park Road, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Atif Kamal
- Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Quiad-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Alin C Dirtu
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Hugo Neels
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
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150
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Qian TT, Li DC, Jiang H. Thermochemical behavior of tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP) during co-pyrolysis with biomass. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:10734-10742. [PMID: 25154038 DOI: 10.1021/es502669s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Co-pyrolysis of plastic waste and wood biomass to recover valuable chemicals is a cost-effective waste-recycling technology. However, widely used organophosphate ester additives in plastic, such as tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP), can form diverse phosphorus (P)-containing species. These P-containing compounds can pose new environmental challenges when the biochar is reused. In this study, a mixture of TBEP and lignin was used to simulate the feedstock of plastic waste and wood biomass, and the thermochemical behavior of TBEP in slow pyrolysis (20 K min(-1)) and fast pyrolysis at 400-600 °C was investigated. The results show that low temperature in fast pyrolysis favors the enrichment of P in char. Up to 76.6% of initial P in the feedstock is retained in the char resulting from 400 °C, while only 51% is retained in the char from 600 °C. Slow pyrolysis favors the formation of stable P species regardless of the temperature; only 7% of the P retained in the char is extractable from char from slow pyrolysis, while 20-40% of P can be extracted from char resulting from fast pyrolysis. The addition of CaCl2 and MgCl2 can significantly increase the fraction of P retained in the char by the formation of Ca, Mg-P compounds. Online TG-FTIR-MS analysis suggests that TBEP undergoes decomposition through different temperature-dependent pathways. The P-containing radicals react with the aromatic rings produced by the pyrolysis of lignin to form Ar-P species, which is an important factor influencing the distribution and stabilization of P in char.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ting Qian
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
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