101
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Bucharova A, Frenzel M, Mody K, Parepa M, Durka W, Bossdorf O. Plant ecotype affects interacting organisms across multiple trophic levels. Basic Appl Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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102
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Duarte LFDA, Souza CAD, Nobre CR, Pereira CDS, Pinheiro MAA. Multi-level biological responses in Ucides cordatus (Linnaeus, 1763) (Brachyura, Ucididae) as indicators of conservation status in mangrove areas from the western atlantic. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2016; 133:176-187. [PMID: 27448958 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
There is a global lack of knowledge on tropical ecotoxicology, particularly in terms of mangrove areas. These areas often serve as nurseries or homes for several animal species, including Ucides cordatus (the uçá crab). This species is widely distributed, is part of the diet of human coastal communities, and is considered to be a sentinel species due to its sensitivity to toxic xenobiotics in natural environments. Sublethal damages to benthic populations reveal pre-pathological conditions, but discussions of the implications are scarce in the literature. In Brazil, the state of São Paulo offers an interesting scenario for ecotoxicology and population studies: it is easy to distinguish between mangroves that are well preserved and those which are significantly impacted by human activity. The objectives of this study were to provide the normal baseline values for the frequency of Micronucleated cells (MN‰) and for neutral red retention time (NRRT) in U. cordatus at pristine locations, as well to indicate the conservation status of different mangrove areas using a multi-level biological response approach in which these biomarkers and population indicators (condition factor and crab density) are applied in relation to environmental quality indicators (determined via information in the literature and solid waste volume). A mangrove area with no effects of impact (areas of reference or pristine areas) presented a mean value of MN‰<3 and NRRT>120min, values which were assumed as baseline values representing genetic and physiological normality. A significant correlation was found between NRRT and MN, with both showing similar and effective results for distinguishing between different mangrove areas according to conservation status. Furthermore, crab density was lower in more impacted mangrove areas, a finding which also reflects the effects of sublethal damage; this finding was not determined by condition factor measurements. Multi-level biological responses were able to reflect the conservation status of the mangrove areas studied using information on guideline values of MN‰, NRRT, and density of the uçá crab in order to categorize three levels of human impacts in mangrove areas: PNI (probable null impact); PLI (probable low impact); and PHI (probable high impact). Results confirm the success of U. cordatus species' multi-level biological responses in diagnosing threats to mangrove areas. Therefore, this species represents an effective tool in studies on mangrove conservation statuses in the Western Atlantic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Felipe de Almeida Duarte
- UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Instituto de Biociências (IB), Campus do Litoral Paulista (CLP), Laboratório de Biologia de Crustáceos/CRUSTA, Praça Infante Dom Henrique, s/n, Par - Grupo de Pesquisa em Biologia Laboratório de Biologia de Crustáceos-Praça, Infante D. Henrique, Campus Experimental do Litoral Paulista (CLP), s/n, Parque Bitaru, 11330-900 São Vicente, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Caroline Araújo de Souza
- UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Instituto de Biociências (IB), Campus do Litoral Paulista (CLP), Laboratório de Biologia de Crustáceos/CRUSTA, Praça Infante Dom Henrique, s/n, Par - Grupo de Pesquisa em Biologia Laboratório de Biologia de Crustáceos-Praça, Infante D. Henrique, Campus Experimental do Litoral Paulista (CLP), s/n, Parque Bitaru, 11330-900 São Vicente, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Caio Rodrigues Nobre
- UNISANTA - Univ Santa Cecília, Laboratório de Ecotoxicologia, Oswaldo Cruz 266, 11045-907 Santos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Camilo Dias Seabra Pereira
- UNIFESP - Univ Federal de São Paulo, Departamento de Ciências do Mar, Campus Baixada Santista, Avenida Almirante Saldanha da Gama 89, Ponta da Praia, 11030400 Santos, SP, Brasil.
| | - Marcelo Antonio Amaro Pinheiro
- UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Instituto de Biociências (IB), Campus do Litoral Paulista (CLP), Laboratório de Biologia de Crustáceos/CRUSTA, Praça Infante Dom Henrique, s/n, Par - Grupo de Pesquisa em Biologia Laboratório de Biologia de Crustáceos-Praça, Infante D. Henrique, Campus Experimental do Litoral Paulista (CLP), s/n, Parque Bitaru, 11330-900 São Vicente, São Paulo, Brazil.
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103
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Bani L, Orioli V, Pisa G, Fagiani S, Dondina O, Fabbri E, Randi E, Sozio G, Mortelliti A. Population genetic structure and sex-biased dispersal of the hazel dormouse (Muscardinus avellanarius) in a continuous and in a fragmented landscape in central Italy. CONSERV GENET 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-016-0898-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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104
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Inostroza PA, Vera-Escalona I, Wicht AJ, Krauss M, Brack W, Norf H. Anthropogenic Stressors Shape Genetic Structure: Insights from a Model Freshwater Population along a Land Use Gradient. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:11346-11356. [PMID: 27643810 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b04629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Environmental pollution including mutagens from wastewater effluents and discontinuity by man-made barriers are considered typical anthropogenic pressures on microevolutionary processes that are responsible for the loss of biodiversity in aquatic ecosystems. Here, we tested for the effects of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), weirs and other stressors on the invertebrate species Gammarus pulex at the population genetic level combining evolutionary ecotoxicology, body burden analysis and testing for exposure to mutagens. Exposure to chemical pollution alone and in combination with the presence of weirs resulted in a depression of allelic richness in native G. pulex populations. Our results suggest that the input of a mutagenic effluent from a WWTP resulted in a strong increase in private alleles over the affected populations. In addition, the presence of weirs along the river disrupted the migration across the river and thus the gene flow between G. pulex upstream and downstream. This study provides strong evidence that the assessment of genetic variation including private alleles together with the contamination of mutagenic and nonmutagenic chemical pollution offers new insights into the regulation of genetic population structure and highlights the relevance of emerging anthropogenic pressures at the genetic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro A Inostroza
- Department of Effect-Directed Analysis, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ , Permoserstraße 15, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Ecosystem Analyses, RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Environmental Research , Worringerweg 1, Aachen, Germany
| | - Iván Vera-Escalona
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University , 1355 Oxford St., Halifax, Canada
| | - Anna-Jorina Wicht
- Department of Effect-Directed Analysis, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ , Permoserstraße 15, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Ecosystem Analyses, RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Environmental Research , Worringerweg 1, Aachen, Germany
| | - Martin Krauss
- Department of Effect-Directed Analysis, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ , Permoserstraße 15, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Werner Brack
- Department of Effect-Directed Analysis, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ , Permoserstraße 15, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Ecosystem Analyses, RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Environmental Research , Worringerweg 1, Aachen, Germany
| | - Helge Norf
- Department of Aquatic Ecosystem Analysis and Management, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ , Brückstraße 3A, Magdeburg, Germany
- Department of River Ecology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ , Brückstraße 3A, Magdeburg, Germany
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105
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Smallbone W, van Oosterhout C, Cable J. The effects of inbreeding on disease susceptibility: Gyrodactylus turnbulli infection of guppies, Poecilia reticulata. Exp Parasitol 2016; 167:32-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2016.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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106
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Anderson JT. Plant fitness in a rapidly changing world. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 210:81-7. [PMID: 26445400 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Modern reliance on fossil fuels has ushered in extreme temperatures globally and abnormal precipitation patterns in many regions. Although the climate is changing rapidly, other agents of natural selection such as photoperiod remain constant. This decoupling of previously reliable environmental cues shifts adaptive landscapes, favors novel suites of traits and likely increases the extinction risk of local populations. Here, I examine the fitness consequences of changing climates. Meta-analyses demonstrate that simulated future climates depress viability and fecundity components of fitness for native plant species in the short term, which could reduce population growth rates. Contracting populations that cannot adapt or adjust plastically to new climates might not be capable of producing sufficient migrants to track changing conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill T Anderson
- Department Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
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107
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Santos CHA, Santana GX, Sá Leitão CS, Paula-Silva MN, Almeida-Val VMF. Loss of genetic diversity in farmed populations ofColossoma macropomumestimated by microsatellites. Anim Genet 2016; 47:373-6. [DOI: 10.1111/age.12422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. H. A. Santos
- Laboratório de Genética Aplicada à Aquicultura & Biologia Molecular; Universidade Nilton Lins; Avenida Professor Nilton Lins Flores Manaus 69058-030 Brasil
- Laboratório de Ecofisiologia e Evolução Molecular; Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia; Avenida André Araújo Aleixo Manaus 69060-001 Brasil
| | - G. X. Santana
- Centro de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Leopoldo Américo Miguez de Mello; Rio de Janeiro 20031-000 Brasil
| | - C. S. Sá Leitão
- Laboratório de Ecofisiologia e Evolução Molecular; Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia; Avenida André Araújo Aleixo Manaus 69060-001 Brasil
| | - M. N. Paula-Silva
- Laboratório de Ecofisiologia e Evolução Molecular; Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia; Avenida André Araújo Aleixo Manaus 69060-001 Brasil
| | - V. M. F. Almeida-Val
- Laboratório de Genética Aplicada à Aquicultura & Biologia Molecular; Universidade Nilton Lins; Avenida Professor Nilton Lins Flores Manaus 69058-030 Brasil
- Laboratório de Ecofisiologia e Evolução Molecular; Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia; Avenida André Araújo Aleixo Manaus 69060-001 Brasil
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108
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Predictable allele frequency changes due to habitat fragmentation in the Glanville fritillary butterfly. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:2678-83. [PMID: 26903642 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1600951113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Describing the evolutionary dynamics of now extinct populations is challenging, as their genetic composition before extinction is generally unknown. The Glanville fritillary butterfly has a large extant metapopulation in the Åland Islands in Finland, but declined to extinction in the nearby fragmented southwestern (SW) Finnish archipelago in the 20th century. We genotyped museum samples for 222 SNPs across the genome, including SNPs from candidate genes and neutral regions. SW Finnish populations had significantly reduced genetic diversity before extinction, and their allele frequencies gradually diverged from those in contemporary Åland populations over 80 y. We identified 15 outlier loci among candidate SNPs, mostly related to flight, in which allele frequencies have changed more than the neutral expectation. At outlier loci, allele frequencies in SW Finland shifted in the same direction as newly established populations deviated from old local populations in contemporary Åland. Moreover, outlier allele frequencies in SW Finland resemble those in fragmented landscapes as opposed to continuous landscapes in the Baltic region. These results indicate selection for genotypes associated with good colonization capacity in the highly fragmented landscape before the extinction of the populations. Evolutionary response to habitat fragmentation may have enhanced the viability of the populations, but it did not save the species from regional extinction in the face of severe habitat loss and fragmentation. These results highlight a potentially common situation in changing environments: evolutionary changes are not strong enough to fully compensate for the direct adverse effects of environmental change and thereby rescue populations from extinction.
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109
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Roth S, Jehle R. High genetic diversity of common toad (Bufo bufo) populations under strong natural fragmentation on a Northern archipelago. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:1626-36. [PMID: 27087930 PMCID: PMC4801968 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The last decades have shown a surge in studies focusing on the interplay between fragmented habitats, genetic variation, and conservation. In the present study, we consider the case of a temperate pond-breeding anuran (the common toad Bufo bufo) inhabiting a naturally strongly fragmented habitat at the Northern fringe of the species' range: islands offshore the Norwegian coast. A total of 475 individuals from 19 populations (three mainland populations and 16 populations on seven adjacent islands) were genetically characterized using nine microsatellite markers. As expected for a highly fragmented habitat, genetic distances between populations were high (pairwise F st values ranging between 0.06 and 0.33), with however little differences between populations separated by ocean and populations separated by terrestrial habitat (mainland and on islands). Despite a distinct cline in genetic variation from mainland populations to peripheral islands, the study populations were characterized by overall high genetic variation, in line with effective population sizes derived from single-sample estimators which were on average about 20 individuals. Taken together, our results reinforce the notion that spatial and temporal scales of fragmentation need to be considered when studying the interplay between landscape fragmentation and genetic erosion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Roth
- The Natural History Collections University Museum of Bergen Bergen N-5020 Norway
| | - Robert Jehle
- School of Environment and Life Sciences University of Salford Salford M5 4WT UK
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110
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Vanthournout B, Greve M, Bruun A, Bechsgaard J, Overgaard J, Bilde T. Benefits of Group Living Include Increased Feeding Efficiency and Lower Mass Loss during Desiccation in the Social and Inbreeding Spider Stegodyphus dumicola. Front Physiol 2016; 7:18. [PMID: 26869936 PMCID: PMC4735397 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Group living carries a price: it inherently entails increased competition for resources and reproduction, and may also be associated with mating among relatives, which carries costs of inbreeding. Nonetheless, group living and sociality is found in many animals, and understanding the direct and indirect benefits of cooperation that override the inherent costs remains a challenge in evolutionary ecology. Individuals in groups may benefit from more efficient management of energy or water reserves, for example in the form of reduced water or heat loss from groups of animals huddling, or through reduced energy demands afforded by shared participation in tasks. We investigated the putative benefits of group living in the permanently social spider Stegodyphus dumicola by comparing the effect of group size on standard metabolic rate, lipid/protein content as a body condition measure, feeding efficiency, per capita web investment, and weight/water loss and survival during desiccation. Because energetic expenditure is temperature sensitive, some assays were performed under varying temperature conditions. We found that feeding efficiency increased with group size, and the rate of weight loss was higher in solitary individuals than in animals in groups of various sizes during desiccation. Interestingly, this was not translated into differences in survival or in standard metabolic rate. We did not detect any group size effects for other parameters, and group size effects did not co-vary with experimental temperature in a predictive manner. Both feeding efficiency and mass loss during desiccation are relevant ecological factors as the former results in lowered predator exposure time, and the latter benefits social spiders which occupy arid, hot environments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michelle Greve
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus UniversityAarhus, Denmark; Department of Plant Science, University of PretoriaHatfield, South Africa
| | - Anne Bruun
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | | | - Trine Bilde
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University Aarhus, Denmark
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111
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Hamilton JA, Miller JM. Adaptive introgression as a resource for management and genetic conservation in a changing climate. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2016; 30:33-41. [PMID: 26096581 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.12574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Current rates of climate change require organisms to respond through migration, phenotypic plasticity, or genetic changes via adaptation. We focused on questions regarding species' and populations' ability to respond to climate change through adaptation. Specifically, the role adaptive introgression, movement of genetic material from the genome of 1 species into the genome of another through repeated interbreeding, may play in increasing species' ability to respond to a changing climate. Such interspecific gene flow may mediate extinction risk or consequences of limited adaptive potential that result from standing genetic variation and mutation alone, enabling a quicker demographic recovery in response to changing environments. Despite the near dismissal of the potential benefits of hybridization by conservation practitioners, we examined a number of case studies across different taxa that suggest gene flow between sympatric or parapatric sister species or within species that exhibit strong ecotypic differentiation may represent an underutilized management option to conserve evolutionary potential in a changing environment. This will be particularly true where advanced-generation hybrids exhibit adaptive traits outside the parental phenotypic range, a phenomenon known as transgressive segregation. The ideas presented in this essay are meant to provoke discussion regarding how we maintain evolutionary potential, the conservation value of natural hybrid zones, and consideration of their important role in adaptation to climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill A Hamilton
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, U.S.A..
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58102, U.S.A..
| | - Joshua M Miller
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E9, Canada
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112
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Antognazza CM, Andreou D, Zaccara S, Britton RJ. Loss of genetic integrity and biological invasions result from stocking and introductions of Barbus barbus: insights from rivers in England. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:1280-92. [PMID: 26843923 PMCID: PMC4729780 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthropogenic activities, including the intentional releases of fish for enhancing populations (stocking), are recognized as adversely impacting the adaptive potential of wild populations. Here, the genetic characteristics of European barbel Barbus barbus were investigated using 18 populations in England, where it is indigenous to eastern‐flowing rivers and where stocking has been used to enhance these populations. Invasive populations are also present in western‐flowing rivers following introductions of translocated fish. Two genetic clusters were evident in the indigenous range, centered on catchments in northeast and southeast England. However, stocking activities, including the release of hatchery‐reared fish, have significantly reduced the genetic differentiation across the majority of this range. In addition, in smaller indigenous rivers, populations appeared to mainly comprise fish of hatchery origin. In the nonindigenous range, genetic data largely aligned to historical stocking records, corroborating information that one particular river (Kennet) in southeast England was the original source of most invasive B. barbus in England. It is recommended that these genetic outputs inform management measures to either restore or maintain the original genetic diversity of the indigenous rivers, as this should help ensure populations can maintain their ability to adapt to changing environmental conditions. Where stocking is considered necessary, it is recommended that only broodstock from within the catchment is used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Maria Antognazza
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences Bournemouth University BH12 5BB Poole Dorset UK; Dipartimento di Scienze Teoriche e Applicate Università degli Studi de ll'Insubria 21100 Varese Italy
| | - Demetra Andreou
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences Bournemouth University BH12 5BB Poole Dorset UK
| | - Serena Zaccara
- Dipartimento di Scienze Teoriche e Applicate Università degli Studi dell'Insubria 21100 Varese Italy
| | - Robert J Britton
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences Bournemouth University BH12 5BB Poole Dorset UK
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113
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Effect of lead pollution on fitness and its dependence on heterozygosity in Drosophila subobscura. J Genet 2015; 94:643-9. [PMID: 26690519 DOI: 10.1007/s12041-015-0569-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Lead is one of the most present contaminants in the environment, and different species respond differently to this type of polution. If combined with genomic stress, lead may act synergistically, causing significant decrease of fitness components. We used two genetically diverse Drosophila subobscura populations (regarding both putatively adaptive inversion and microsatellite loci polymorphisms) originating from two ecologically distinct habitats. To establish different levels of genome heterozygosity, series of intraline, intrapopulation and interpopulation crosses were made. The progeny were reared on a standard medium and a medium with 200 μg/mL of lead acetate. Development time was significantly extended to all groups reared on lead. The progeny of intraline crosses showed significantly extended development time compared to all other groups. The obtained results suggest that genome heterozygosity reduces the effect of lead pollution.
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114
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Enders LS, Nunney L. Reduction in the cumulative effect of stress-induced inbreeding depression due to intragenerational purging in Drosophila melanogaster. Heredity (Edinb) 2015; 116:304-13. [PMID: 26604190 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2015.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental stress generally exacerbates the harmful effects of inbreeding and it has been proposed that this could be exploited in purging deleterious alleles from threatened inbred populations. However, understanding what factors contribute to variability in the strength of inbreeding depression (ID) observed across adverse environmental conditions remains a challenge. Here, we examined how the nature and timing of stress affects ID and the potential for purging using inbred and outbred Drosophila melanogaster larvae exposed to biotic (larval competition, bacteria infection) and abiotic (ethanol, heat) stressors compared with unstressed controls. ID was measured during (larval survival) and after (male mating success) stress exposure. The level of stress imposed by each stressor was approximately equal, averaging a 42% reduction in outbred larval survival relative to controls. All stressors induced on average the same ID, causing a threefold increase in lethal equivalents for larval survival relative to controls. However, stress-induced ID in larval success was followed by a 30% reduction in ID in mating success of surviving males. We propose that this fitness recovery is due to 'intragenerational purging' whereby fitness correlations facilitate stress-induced purging that increases the average fitness of survivors in later life history stages. For biotic stressors, post-stress reductions in ID are consistent with intragenerational purging, whereas for abiotic stressors, there appeared to be an interaction between purging and stress-induced physiological damage. For all stressors, there was no net effect of stress on lifetime ID compared with unstressed controls, undermining the prediction that stress enhances the effectiveness of population-level purging across generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- L S Enders
- Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA.,Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - L Nunney
- Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
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115
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Fraser DJ, Debes PV, Bernatchez L, Hutchings JA. Population size, habitat fragmentation, and the nature of adaptive variation in a stream fish. Proc Biol Sci 2015; 281:rspb.2014.0370. [PMID: 25056619 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2014.0370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Whether and how habitat fragmentation and population size jointly affect adaptive genetic variation and adaptive population differentiation are largely unexplored. Owing to pronounced genetic drift, small, fragmented populations are thought to exhibit reduced adaptive genetic variation relative to large populations. Yet fragmentation is known to increase variability within and among habitats as population size decreases. Such variability might instead favour the maintenance of adaptive polymorphisms and/or generate more variability in adaptive differentiation at smaller population size. We investigated these alternative hypotheses by analysing coding-gene, single-nucleotide polymorphisms associated with different biological functions in fragmented brook trout populations of variable sizes. Putative adaptive differentiation was greater between small and large populations or among small populations than among large populations. These trends were stronger for genetic population size measures than demographic ones and were present despite pronounced drift in small populations. Our results suggest that fragmentation affects natural selection and that the changes elicited in the adaptive genetic composition and differentiation of fragmented populations vary with population size. By generating more variable evolutionary responses, the alteration of selective pressures during habitat fragmentation may affect future population persistence independently of, and perhaps long before, the effects of demographic and genetic stochasticity are manifest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan J Fraser
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H4B 1R6
| | - Paul V Debes
- Thünen-Institute of Fisheries Ecology, Palmaille 9, Hamburg 22765, Germany
| | - Louis Bernatchez
- Departement de Biologie, Institut de Biologie Integrative et des Systemes (IBIS), Université Laval, Pavillon Charles-Eugene-Marchand 1030, Avenue de la Medecine Local 1145, Quebec, QC, Canada G1V 0A6
| | - Jeffrey A Hutchings
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 4R2 Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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116
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De Kort H, Vander Mijnsbrugge K, Vandepitte K, Mergeay J, Ovaskainen O, Honnay O. Evolution, plasticity and evolving plasticity of phenology in the tree species Alnus glutinosa. J Evol Biol 2015; 29:253-64. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. De Kort
- Plant Conservation and Population Biology; Biology Department; University of Leuven; Heverlee Belgium
| | - K. Vander Mijnsbrugge
- Research Institute for Nature and Forest; Geraardsbergen Belgium
- Agency for Nature and Forest; Brussels Belgium
| | - K. Vandepitte
- Plant Conservation and Population Biology; Biology Department; University of Leuven; Heverlee Belgium
| | - J. Mergeay
- Research Institute for Nature and Forest; Geraardsbergen Belgium
| | - O. Ovaskainen
- Department of Biosciences; University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
| | - O. Honnay
- Plant Conservation and Population Biology; Biology Department; University of Leuven; Heverlee Belgium
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117
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Côte J, Bouétard A, Pronost Y, Besnard AL, Coke M, Piquet F, Caquet T, Coutellec MA. Genetic variation of Lymnaea stagnalis tolerance to copper: A test of selection hypotheses and its relevance for ecological risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2015; 205:209-217. [PMID: 26074162 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2015] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The use of standardized monospecific testing to assess the ecological risk of chemicals implicitly relies on the strong assumption that intraspecific variation in sensitivity is negligible or irrelevant in this context. In this study, we investigated genetic variation in copper sensitivity of the freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis, using lineages stemming from eight natural populations or strains found to be genetically differentiated at neutral markers. Copper-induced mortality varied widely among populations, as did the estimated daily death rate and time to 50% mortality (LT50). Population genetic divergence in copper sensitivity was compared to neutral differentiation using the QST-FST approach. No evidence for homogenizing selection could be detected. This result demonstrates that species-level extrapolations from single population studies are highly unreliable. The study provides a simple example of how evolutionary principles could be incorporated into ecotoxicity testing in order to refine ecological risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Côte
- INRA, UMR0985 INRA/Agrocampus-Ouest ESE Ecology and Ecosystem Health, Rennes, France
| | - Anthony Bouétard
- INRA, UMR0985 INRA/Agrocampus-Ouest ESE Ecology and Ecosystem Health, Rennes, France
| | | | - Anne-Laure Besnard
- INRA, UMR0985 INRA/Agrocampus-Ouest ESE Ecology and Ecosystem Health, Rennes, France
| | - Maïra Coke
- INRA, Experimental Unit U3E, Rennes, France
| | | | - Thierry Caquet
- INRA, UMR0985 INRA/Agrocampus-Ouest ESE Ecology and Ecosystem Health, Rennes, France
| | - Marie-Agnès Coutellec
- INRA, UMR0985 INRA/Agrocampus-Ouest ESE Ecology and Ecosystem Health, Rennes, France.
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118
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Rolshausen G, Phillip DAT, Beckles DM, Akbari A, Ghoshal S, Hamilton PB, Tyler CR, Scarlett AG, Ramnarine I, Bentzen P, Hendry AP. Do stressful conditions make adaptation difficult? Guppies in the oil-polluted environments of southern Trinidad. Evol Appl 2015; 8:854-70. [PMID: 26495039 PMCID: PMC4610383 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of populations to rapidly adapt to new environments will determine their future in an increasingly human-modified world. Although meta-analyses do frequently uncover signatures of local adaptation, they also reveal many exceptions. We suggest that particular constraints on local adaptation might arise when organisms are exposed to novel stressors, such as anthropogenic pollution. To inform this possibility, we studied the extent to which guppies (Poecilia reticulata) show local adaptation to oil pollution in southern Trinidad. Neutral genetic markers revealed that paired populations in oil-polluted versus not-polluted habitats diverged independently in two different watersheds. Morphometrics revealed some divergence (particularly in head shape) between these environments, some of which was parallel between rivers. Reciprocal transplant experiments in nature, however, found little evidence of local adaptation based on survival and growth. Moreover, subsequent laboratory experiments showed that the two populations from oil-polluted sites showed only weak local adaptation even when compared to guppies from oil-free northern Trinidad. We conclude that guppies show little local adaptation to oil pollution, which might result from the challenges associated with adaptation to particularly stressful environments. It might also reflect genetic drift owing to small population sizes and/or high gene flow between environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Rolshausen
- Redpath Museum and Department of Biology, McGill University Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Dawn A T Phillip
- Department of Life Sciences, The University of the West Indies St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Denise M Beckles
- Department of Chemistry, The University of the West Indies St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Ali Akbari
- Department of Civil Engineering and Applied Mechanics, McGill University Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Subhasis Ghoshal
- Department of Civil Engineering and Applied Mechanics, McGill University Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | | | - Alan G Scarlett
- Biochemistry Research Center, University of Plymouth Drake Circus, Plymouth, UK
| | - Indar Ramnarine
- Department of Life Sciences, The University of the West Indies St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Paul Bentzen
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Andrew P Hendry
- Redpath Museum and Department of Biology, McGill University Montreal, QC, Canada
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119
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Fasola E, Ribeiro R, Lopes I. Microevolution due to pollution in amphibians: A review on the genetic erosion hypothesis. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2015; 204:181-190. [PMID: 25969378 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 04/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The loss of genetic diversity, due to exposure to chemical contamination (genetic erosion), is a major threat to population viability. Genetic erosion is the loss of genetic variation: the loss of alleles determining the value of a specific trait or set of traits. Almost a third of the known amphibian species is considered to be endangered and a decrease of genetic variability can push them to the verge of extinction. This review indicates that loss of genetic variation due to chemical contamination has effects on: 1) fitness, 2) environmental plasticity, 3) co-tolerance mechanisms, 4) trade-off mechanisms, and 5) tolerance to pathogens in amphibian populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Fasola
- Department of Biology & CESAM (Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar), University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - R Ribeiro
- CFE - Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - I Lopes
- Department of Biology & CESAM (Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar), University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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120
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Johnson LC, Olsen JT, Tetreault H, DeLaCruz A, Bryant J, Morgan TJ, Knapp M, Bello NM, Baer SG, Maricle BR. Intraspecific variation of a dominant grass and local adaptation in reciprocal garden communities along a US Great Plains' precipitation gradient: implications for grassland restoration with climate change. Evol Appl 2015; 8:705-23. [PMID: 26240607 PMCID: PMC4516422 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Identifying suitable genetic stock for restoration often employs a 'best guess' approach. Without adaptive variation studies, restoration may be misguided. We test the extent to which climate in central US grasslands exerts selection pressure on a foundation grass big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii), widely used in restorations, and resulting in local adaptation. We seeded three regional ecotypes of A. gerardii in reciprocal transplant garden communities across 1150 km precipitation gradient. We measured ecological responses over several timescales (instantaneous gas exchange, medium-term chlorophyll absorbance, and long-term responses of establishment and cover) in response to climate and biotic factors and tested if ecotypes could expand range. The ecotype from the driest region exhibited greatest cover under low rainfall, suggesting local adaptation under abiotic stress. Unexpectedly, no evidence for cover differences between ecotypes exists at mesic sites where establishment and cover of all ecotypes were low, perhaps due to strong biotic pressures. Expression of adaptive differences is strongly environment specific. Given observed adaptive variation, the most conservative restoration strategy would be to plant the local ecotype, especially in drier locations. With superior performance of the most xeric ecotype under dry conditions and predicted drought, this ecotype may migrate eastward, naturally or with assistance in restorations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jacob T Olsen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Fort Hays State UniversityHays, KS, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Mary Knapp
- Department of Agronomy, Kansas State UniversityManhattan, KS, USA
| | - Nora M Bello
- Statistics, Kansas State UniversityManhattan, KS, USA
| | - Sara G Baer
- Plant Biology and Center for Ecology, Southern Illinois UniversityCarbondale, IL, USA
| | - Brian R Maricle
- Department of Biological Sciences, Fort Hays State UniversityHays, KS, USA
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121
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Swillen I, Vanoverbeke J, De Meester L. Inbreeding and adaptive plasticity: an experimental analysis on predator-induced responses in the water flea Daphnia. Ecol Evol 2015; 5:2712-21. [PMID: 26257883 PMCID: PMC4523366 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have emphasized that inbreeding depression (ID) is enhanced under stressful conditions. Additionally, one might imagine a loss of adaptively plastic responses which may further contribute to a reduction in fitness under environmental stress. Here, we quantified ID in inbred families of the cyclical parthenogen Daphnia magna in the absence and presence of fish predation risk. We test whether predator stress affects the degree of ID and if inbred families have a reduced capacity to respond to predator stress by adaptive phenotypic plasticity. We obtained two inbred families through clonal selfing within clones isolated from a fish pond. After mild purging under standardized conditions, we compared life history traits and adaptive plasticity between inbred and outbred lineages (directly hatched from the natural dormant egg bank of the same pond). Initial purging of lineages under standardized conditions differed among inbred families and exceeded that in outbreds. The least purged inbred family exhibited strong ID for most life history traits. Predator-induced stress hardly affected the severity of ID, but the degree to which the capacity for adaptive phenotypic plasticity was retained varied strongly among the inbred families. The least purged family overall lacked the capacity for adaptive phenotypic plasticity, whereas the family that suffered only mild purging exhibited a potential for adaptive plasticity that was comparable to the outbred population. We thus found that inbred offspring may retain the capacity to respond to the presence of fish by adaptive phenotypic plasticity, but this strongly depends on the parental clone engaging in selfing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ine Swillen
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, University of Leuven Charles Deberiotstraat 32, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joost Vanoverbeke
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, University of Leuven Charles Deberiotstraat 32, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Luc De Meester
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, University of Leuven Charles Deberiotstraat 32, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
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122
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Szűcs M, Melbourne BA, Tuff T, Hufbauer RA. The roles of demography and genetics in the early stages of colonization. Proc Biol Sci 2015; 281:rspb.2014.1073. [PMID: 25143033 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2014.1073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Colonization success increases with the size of the founding group. Both demographic and genetic factors underlie this relationship, yet because genetic diversity normally increases with numbers of individuals, their relative importance remains unclear. Furthermore, their influence may depend on the environment and may change as colonization progresses from establishment through population growth and then dispersal. We tested the roles of genetics, demography and environment in the founding of Tribolium castaneum populations. Using three genetic backgrounds (inbred to outbred), we released individuals of four founding sizes (2-32) into two environments (natal and novel), and measured establishment success, initial population growth and dispersal. Establishment increased with founding size, whereas population growth was shaped by founding size, genetic background and environment. Population growth was depressed by inbreeding at small founding sizes, but growth rates were similar across genetic backgrounds at large founding size, an interaction indicating that the magnitude of the genetic effects depends upon founding population size. Dispersal rates increased with genetic diversity. These results suggest that numbers of individuals may drive initial establishment, but that subsequent population growth and spread, even in the first generation of colonization, can be driven by genetic processes, including both reduced growth owing to inbreeding depression, and increased dispersal with increased genetic diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Szűcs
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1177, USA
| | - Brett A Melbourne
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Ty Tuff
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Ruth A Hufbauer
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1177, USA
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123
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Contemporary and historic factors influence differently genetic differentiation and diversity in a tropical palm. Heredity (Edinb) 2015; 115:216-24. [PMID: 25873150 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2015.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Population genetics theory predicts loss in genetic variability because of drift and inbreeding in isolated plant populations; however, it has been argued that long-distance pollination and seed dispersal may be able to maintain gene flow, even in highly fragmented landscapes. We tested how historical effective population size, historical migration and contemporary landscape structure, such as forest cover, patch isolation and matrix resistance, affect genetic variability and differentiation of seedlings in a tropical palm (Euterpe edulis) in a human-modified rainforest. We sampled 16 sites within five landscapes in the Brazilian Atlantic forest and assessed genetic variability and differentiation using eight microsatellite loci. Using a model selection approach, none of the covariates explained the variation observed in inbreeding coefficients among populations. The variation in genetic diversity among sites was best explained by historical effective population size. Allelic richness was best explained by historical effective population size and matrix resistance, whereas genetic differentiation was explained by matrix resistance. Coalescence analysis revealed high historical migration between sites within landscapes and constant historical population sizes, showing that the genetic differentiation is most likely due to recent changes caused by habitat loss and fragmentation. Overall, recent landscape changes have a greater influence on among-population genetic variation than historical gene flow process. As immediate restoration actions in landscapes with low forest amount, the development of more permeable matrices to allow the movement of pollinators and seed dispersers may be an effective strategy to maintain microevolutionary processes.
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124
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Schou MF, Loeschcke V, Kristensen TN. Inbreeding depression across a nutritional stress continuum. Heredity (Edinb) 2015; 115:56-62. [PMID: 26059969 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2015.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Many natural populations experience inbreeding and genetic drift as a consequence of nonrandom mating or low population size. Furthermore, they face environmental challenges that may interact synergistically with deleterious consequences of increased homozygosity and further decrease fitness. Most studies on inbreeding-environment (I-E) interactions use one or two stress levels, whereby the resolution of the possible stress and inbreeding depression interaction is low. Here we produced Drosophila melanogaster replicate populations, maintained at three different population sizes (10, 50 and a control size of 500) for 25 generations. A nutritional stress gradient was imposed on the replicate populations by exposing them to 11 different concentrations of yeast in the developmental medium. We assessed the consequences of nutritional stress by scoring egg-to-adult viability and body mass of emerged flies. We found: (1) unequivocal evidence for I-E interactions in egg-to-adult viability and to a lesser extent in dry body mass, with inbreeding depression being more severe under higher levels of nutritional stress; (2) a steeper increase in inbreeding depression for replicate populations of size 10 with increasing nutritional stress than for replicate populations of size 50; (3) a nonlinear norm of reaction between inbreeding depression and nutritional stress; and (4) a faster increase in number of lethal equivalents in replicate populations of size 10 compared with replicate populations of size 50 with increasing nutritional stress levels. Our data provide novel and strong evidence that deleterious fitness consequences of I-E interactions are more pronounced at higher nutritional stress and at higher inbreeding levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Schou
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - V Loeschcke
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - T N Kristensen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
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125
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Dispersal constraints for the conservation of the grassland herb Thymus pulegioides L. in a highly fragmented agricultural landscape. CONSERV GENET 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-015-0698-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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126
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Mergeay J, Santamaria L. Evolution and Biodiversity: the evolutionary basis of biodiversity and its potential for adaptation to global change. Evol Appl 2015; 5:103-6. [PMID: 25568033 PMCID: PMC3353341 DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-4571.2011.00232.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Mergeay
- Research Institute for Nature and Forest Geraardsbergen, Belgium e-mail:
| | - Luis Santamaria
- Laboratory of Spatial Ecology, Mediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies (IMEDEA, CSIC-UIB) Balearic Islands, Spain e-mail:
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127
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Schou MF, Kristensen TN, Loeschcke V. Trait-specific consequences of inbreeding on adaptive phenotypic plasticity. Ecol Evol 2014; 5:1-6. [PMID: 25628859 PMCID: PMC4298428 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Revised: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmental changes may stress organisms and stimulate an adaptive phenotypic response. Effects of inbreeding often interact with the environment and can decrease fitness of inbred individuals exposed to stress more so than that of outbred individuals. Such an interaction may stem from a reduced ability of inbred individuals to respond plastically to environmental stress; however, this hypothesis has rarely been tested. In this study, we mimicked the genetic constitution of natural inbred populations by rearing replicate Drosophila melanogaster populations for 25 generations at a reduced population size (10 individuals). The replicate inbred populations, as well as control populations reared at a population size of 500, were exposed to a benign developmental temperature and two developmental temperatures at the lower and upper margins of their viable range. Flies developed at the three temperatures were assessed for traits known to vary across temperatures, namely abdominal pigmentation, wing size, and wing shape. We found no significant difference in phenotypic plasticity in pigmentation or in wing size between inbred and control populations, but a significantly higher plasticity in wing shape across temperatures in inbred compared to control populations. Given that the norms of reaction for the noninbred control populations are adaptive, we conclude that a reduced ability to induce an adaptive phenotypic response to temperature changes is not a general consequence of inbreeding and thus not a general explanation of inbreeding–environment interaction effects on fitness components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mads F Schou
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University Aarhus C, DK-8000, Denmark
| | - Torsten N Kristensen
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Aalborg University Aalborg East, DK-9220, Denmark
| | - Volker Loeschcke
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University Aarhus C, DK-8000, Denmark
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128
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Population genetics and the effects of a severe bottleneck in an ex situ population of critically endangered Hawaiian tree snails. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114377. [PMID: 25470182 PMCID: PMC4255004 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
As wild populations decline, ex situ propagation provides a potential bank of genetic diversity and a hedge against extinction. These programs are unlikely to succeed if captive populations do not recover from the severe bottleneck imposed when they are founded with a limited number of individuals from remnant populations. In small captive populations allelic richness may be lost due to genetic drift, leading to a decline in fitness. Wild populations of the Hawaiian tree snail Achatinella lila, a hermaphroditic snail with a long life history, have declined precipitously due to introduced predators and other human impacts. A captive population initially thrived after its founding with seven snails, exceeding 600 captive individuals in 2009, but drastically declined in the last five years. Measures of fitness were examined from 2,018 captive snails that died between 1998 and 2012, and compared with genotypic data for six microsatellite loci from a subset of these deceased snails (N = 335), as well as live captive snails (N = 198) and wild snails (N = 92). Surprisingly, the inbreeding coefficient (Fis) declined over time in the captive population, and is now approaching values observed in the 2013 wild population, despite a significant decrease in allelic richness. However, adult annual survival and fecundity significantly declined in the second generation. These measures of fitness were positively correlated with heterozygosity. Snails with higher measures of heterozygosity had more offspring, and third generation offspring with higher measures of heterozygosity were more likely to reach maturity. These results highlight the importance of maintaining genetic diversity in captive populations, particularly those initiated with a small number of individuals from wild remnant populations. Genetic rescue may allow for an increase in genetic diversity in the captive population, as measures of heterozygosity and rarified allelic richness were higher in wild tree snails.
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129
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Harrisson KA, Pavlova A, Telonis-Scott M, Sunnucks P. Using genomics to characterize evolutionary potential for conservation of wild populations. Evol Appl 2014; 7:1008-25. [PMID: 25553064 PMCID: PMC4231592 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomics promises exciting advances towards the important conservation goal of maximizing evolutionary potential, notwithstanding associated challenges. Here, we explore some of the complexity of adaptation genetics and discuss the strengths and limitations of genomics as a tool for characterizing evolutionary potential in the context of conservation management. Many traits are polygenic and can be strongly influenced by minor differences in regulatory networks and by epigenetic variation not visible in DNA sequence. Much of this critical complexity is difficult to detect using methods commonly used to identify adaptive variation, and this needs appropriate consideration when planning genomic screens, and when basing management decisions on genomic data. When the genomic basis of adaptation and future threats are well understood, it may be appropriate to focus management on particular adaptive traits. For more typical conservations scenarios, we argue that screening genome-wide variation should be a sensible approach that may provide a generalized measure of evolutionary potential that accounts for the contributions of small-effect loci and cryptic variation and is robust to uncertainty about future change and required adaptive response(s). The best conservation outcomes should be achieved when genomic estimates of evolutionary potential are used within an adaptive management framework.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexandra Pavlova
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash UniversityMelbourne, Vic., Australia
| | | | - Paul Sunnucks
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash UniversityMelbourne, Vic., Australia
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130
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Alexander HK, Martin G, Martin OY, Bonhoeffer S. Evolutionary rescue: linking theory for conservation and medicine. Evol Appl 2014; 7:1161-79. [PMID: 25558278 PMCID: PMC4275089 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Evolutionary responses that rescue populations from extinction when drastic environmental changes occur can be friend or foe. The field of conservation biology is concerned with the survival of species in deteriorating global habitats. In medicine, in contrast, infected patients are treated with chemotherapeutic interventions, but drug resistance can compromise eradication of pathogens. These contrasting biological systems and goals have created two quite separate research communities, despite addressing the same central question of whether populations will decline to extinction or be rescued through evolution. We argue that closer integration of the two fields, especially of theoretical understanding, would yield new insights and accelerate progress on these applied problems. Here, we overview and link mathematical modelling approaches in these fields, suggest specific areas with potential for fruitful exchange, and discuss common ideas and issues for empirical testing and prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen K Alexander
- Institute for Integrative Biology, D-USYS, ETH Zürich Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Guillaume Martin
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, UMR 5554, Université Montpellier 2 - CNRS - IRD Montpellier Cedex, France
| | - Oliver Y Martin
- Institute for Integrative Biology, D-USYS, ETH Zürich Zürich, Switzerland
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131
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Bouétard A, Côte J, Besnard AL, Collinet M, Coutellec MA. Environmental versus anthropogenic effects on population adaptive divergence in the freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106670. [PMID: 25207985 PMCID: PMC4160221 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Repeated pesticide contaminations of lentic freshwater systems located within agricultural landscapes may affect population evolution in non-target organisms, especially in species with a fully aquatic life cycle and low dispersal ability. The issue of evolutionary impact of pollutants is therefore conceptually important for ecotoxicologists. The impact of historical exposure to pesticides on genetic divergence was investigated in the freshwater gastropod Lymnaea stagnalis, using a set of 14 populations from contrasted environments in terms of pesticide and other anthropogenic pressures. The hypothesis of population adaptive divergence was tested on 11 life-history traits, using Q(ST)-F(ST) comparisons. Despite strong neutral differentiation (mean F(ST) = 0.291), five adult traits or parameters were found to be under divergent selection. Conversely, two early expressed traits showed a pattern consistent with uniform selection or trait canalization, and four adult traits appeared to evolve neutrally. Divergent selection patterns were mostly consistent with a habitat effect, opposing pond to ditch and channel populations. Comparatively, pesticide and other human pressures had little correspondence with evolutionary patterns, despite hatching rate impairment associated with global anthropogenic pressure. Globally, analyses revealed high genetic variation both at neutral markers and fitness-related traits in a species used as model in ecotoxicology, providing empirical support for the need to account for genetic and evolutionary components of population response in ecological risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Bouétard
- INRA, UMR 0985 ESE, Ecology and Ecosystem Health, INRA – Agrocampus Ouest, CS84215, Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Jessica Côte
- INRA, UMR 0985 ESE, Ecology and Ecosystem Health, INRA – Agrocampus Ouest, CS84215, Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Anne-Laure Besnard
- INRA, UMR 0985 ESE, Ecology and Ecosystem Health, INRA – Agrocampus Ouest, CS84215, Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Marc Collinet
- INRA, UMR 0985 ESE, Ecology and Ecosystem Health, INRA – Agrocampus Ouest, CS84215, Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Marie-Agnès Coutellec
- INRA, UMR 0985 ESE, Ecology and Ecosystem Health, INRA – Agrocampus Ouest, CS84215, Rennes Cedex, France
- * E-mail:
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132
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Yates MC, Fraser DJ. Does source population size affect performance in new environments? Evol Appl 2014; 7:871-82. [PMID: 25469166 PMCID: PMC4211717 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Small populations are predicted to perform poorly relative to large populations when experiencing environmental change. To explore this prediction in nature, data from reciprocal transplant, common garden, and translocation studies were compared meta-analytically. We contrasted changes in performance resulting from transplantation to new environments among individuals originating from different sized source populations from plants and salmonids. We then evaluated the effect of source population size on performance in natural common garden environments and the relationship between population size and habitat quality. In 'home-away' contrasts, large populations exhibited reduced performance in new environments. In common gardens, the effect of source population size on performance was inconsistent across life-history stages (LHS) and environments. When transplanted to the same set of new environments, small populations either performed equally well or better than large populations, depending on life stage. Conversely, large populations outperformed small populations within native environments, but only at later life stages. Population size was not associated with habitat quality. Several factors might explain the negative association between source population size and performance in new environments: (i) stronger local adaptation in large populations and antagonistic pleiotropy, (ii) the maintenance of genetic variation in small populations, and (iii) potential environmental differences between large and small populations.
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133
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Hansen MM, Limborg MT, Ferchaud AL, Pujolar JM. The effects of Medieval dams on genetic divergence and demographic history in brown trout populations. BMC Evol Biol 2014; 14:122. [PMID: 24903056 PMCID: PMC4106231 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-14-122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Habitat fragmentation has accelerated within the last century, but may have been ongoing over longer time scales. We analyzed the timing and genetic consequences of fragmentation in two isolated lake-dwelling brown trout populations. They are from the same river system (the Gudenå River, Denmark) and have been isolated from downstream anadromous trout by dams established ca. 600–800 years ago. For reference, we included ten other anadromous populations and two hatchery strains. Based on analysis of 44 microsatellite loci we investigated if the lake populations have been naturally genetically differentiated from anadromous trout for thousands of years, or have diverged recently due to the establishment of dams. Results Divergence time estimates were based on 1) Approximate Bayesian Computation and 2) a coalescent-based isolation-with-gene-flow model. Both methods suggested divergence times ca. 600–800 years bp, providing strong evidence for establishment of dams in the Medieval as the factor causing divergence. Bayesian cluster analysis showed influence of stocked trout in several reference populations, but not in the focal lake and anadromous populations. Estimates of effective population size using a linkage disequilibrium method ranged from 244 to > 1,000 in all but one anadromous population, but were lower (153 and 252) in the lake populations. Conclusions We show that genetic divergence of lake-dwelling trout in two Danish lakes reflects establishment of water mills and impassable dams ca. 600–800 years ago rather than a natural genetic population structure. Although effective population sizes of the two lake populations are not critically low they may ultimately limit response to selection and thereby future adaptation. Our results demonstrate that populations may have been affected by anthropogenic disturbance over longer time scales than normally assumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael M Hansen
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
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134
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Jalvingh KM, Chang PL, Nuzhdin SV, Wertheim B. Genomic changes under rapid evolution: selection for parasitoid resistance. Proc Biol Sci 2014; 281:20132303. [PMID: 24500162 PMCID: PMC3924063 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2013.2303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we characterize changes in the genome during a swift evolutionary adaptation, by combining experimental selection with high-throughput sequencing. We imposed strong experimental selection on an ecologically relevant trait, parasitoid resistance in Drosophila melanogaster against Asobara tabida. Replicated selection lines rapidly evolved towards enhanced immunity. Larval survival after parasitization increased twofold after just five generations of selection. Whole-genome sequencing revealed that the fast and strong selection response in innate immunity produced multiple, highly localized genomic changes. We identified narrow genomic regions carrying a significant signature of selection, which were present across all chromosomes and covered in total less than 5% of the whole D. melanogaster genome. We identified segregating sites with highly significant changes in frequency between control and selection lines that fell within these narrow 'selected regions'. These segregating sites were associated with 42 genes that constitute possible targets of selection. A region on chromosome 2R was highly enriched in significant segregating sites and may be of major effect on parasitoid defence. The high genetic variability and small linkage blocks in our base population are likely responsible for allowing this complex trait to evolve without causing widespread erosive effects in the genome, even under such a fast and strong selective regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten M. Jalvingh
- Evolutionary Genetics Group, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Theoretical Biology Group, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Studies, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter L. Chang
- Molecular and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Sergey V. Nuzhdin
- Molecular and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Bregje Wertheim
- Evolutionary Genetics Group, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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135
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Jensen P, Overgaard J, Loeschcke V, Schou MF, Malte H, Kristensen TN. Inbreeding effects on standard metabolic rate investigated at cold, benign and hot temperatures in Drosophila melanogaster. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 62:11-20. [PMID: 24456661 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2014.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Revised: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Inbreeding increases homozygosity, which is known to affect the mean and variance of fitness components such as growth, fecundity and mortality rate. Across inbred lines inbreeding depression is typically observed and the variance between lines is increased in inbred compared to outbred lines. It has been suggested that damage incurred from increased homozygosity entails energetic cost associated with cellular repair. However, little is known about the effects of inbreeding on standard metabolic rate. Using stop-flow respirometry we performed repeated measurements of metabolic rate in replicated lines of inbred and outbred Drosophila melanogaster at stressful low, benign and stressful high temperatures. The lowest measurements of metabolic rate in our study are always associated with the low activity period of the diurnal cycle and these measurements therefore serve as good estimates of standard metabolic rate. Due to the potentially added costs of genetic stress in inbred lines we hypothesized that inbred individuals have increased metabolic rate compared to outbred controls and that this is more pronounced at stressful temperatures due to synergistic inbreeding by environment interactions. Contrary to our hypothesis we found no significant difference in metabolic rate between inbred and outbred lines and no interaction between inbreeding and temperature. Inbreeding however effected the variance; the variance in metabolic rate was higher between the inbred lines compared to the outbred control lines with some inbred lines having very high or low standard metabolic rate. Thus genetic drift and not inbreeding per se seem to explain variation in metabolic rate in populations of different size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palle Jensen
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 116, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark.
| | - Johannes Overgaard
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 116, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Volker Loeschcke
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 116, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Mads Fristrup Schou
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 116, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Hans Malte
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 116, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Torsten Nygaard Kristensen
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Section of Biology and Environmental Science, Aalborg University, Sohngaardsholmsvej 57, DK-9000 Aalborg, Denmark
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136
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Fietz J, Tomiuk J, Loeschcke V, Weis-Dootz T, Segelbacher G. Genetic consequences of forest fragmentation for a highly specialized arboreal mammal--the edible dormouse. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88092. [PMID: 24505390 PMCID: PMC3913767 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Habitat loss and fragmentation represent the most serious extinction threats for many species and have been demonstrated to be especially detrimental for mammals. Particularly, highly specialized species with low dispersal abilities will encounter a high risk of extinction in fragmented landscapes. Here we studied the edible dormouse (Glis glis), a small arboreal mammal that is distributed throughout Central Europe, where forests are mostly fragmented at different spatial scales. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of habitat fragmentation on genetic population structures using the example of edible dormouse populations inhabiting forest fragments in south western Germany. We genotyped 380 adult individuals captured between 2001 and 2009 in four different forest fragments and one large continuous forest using 14 species-specific microsatellites. We hypothesised, that populations in small forest patches have a lower genetic diversity and are more isolated compared to populations living in continuous forests. In accordance with our expectations we found that dormice inhabiting forest fragments were isolated from each other. Furthermore, their genetic population structure was more unstable over the study period than in the large continuous forest. Even though we could not detect lower genetic variability within individuals inhabiting forest fragments, strong genetic isolation and an overall high risk to mate with close relatives might be precursors to a reduced genetic variability and the onset of inbreeding depression. Results of this study highlight that connectivity among habitat fragments can already be strongly hampered before genetic erosion within small and isolated populations becomes evident.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Fietz
- Animal Husbandry and Animal Breeding, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Jürgen Tomiuk
- Department of Biosciences, Integrative Ecology and Evolution, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Volker Loeschcke
- Department of Biosciences, Integrative Ecology and Evolution, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Tanja Weis-Dootz
- Institute of Experimental Ecology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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137
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Jueterbock A, Kollias S, Smolina I, Fernandes JMO, Coyer JA, Olsen JL, Hoarau G. Thermal stress resistance of the brown alga Fucus serratus along the North-Atlantic coast: acclimatization potential to climate change. Mar Genomics 2014; 13:27-36. [PMID: 24393606 DOI: 10.1016/j.margen.2013.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Seaweed-dominated communities are predicted to disappear south of 45° latitude on North-Atlantic rocky shores by 2200 because of climate change. The extent of predicted habitat loss, however, could be mitigated if the seaweeds' physiology is sufficiently plastic to rapidly acclimatize to the warmer temperatures. The main objectives of this study were to identify whether the thermal tolerance of the canopy-forming seaweed Fucus serratus is population-specific and where temperatures are likely to exceed its tolerance limits in the next 200 years. We measured the stress response of seaweed samples from four populations (Norway, Denmark, Brittany and Spain) to common-garden heat stress (20 °C-36 °C) in both photosynthetic performance and transcriptomic upregulation of heat shock protein genes. The two stress indicators did not correlate and likely measured different cellular components of the stress response, but both indicators revealed population-specific differences, suggesting ecotypic differentiation. Our results confirmed that thermal extremes will regularly reach physiologically stressful levels in Brittany (France) and further south by the end of the 22nd century. Although heat stress resilience in photosynthetic performance was higher at the species' southern distributional edge in Spain, the hsp expression pattern suggested that this edge-population experienced reduced fitness and limited responsiveness to further stressors. Thus, F. serratus may be unable to mitigate its predicted northward shift and may be at high risk to lose its center of genetic diversity and adaptability in Brittany (France). As it is an important intertidal key species, the disappearance of this seaweed will likely trigger major ecological changes in the entire associated ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Jueterbock
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, University of Nordland, 8049 Bodø, Norway.
| | - Spyros Kollias
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, University of Nordland, 8049 Bodø, Norway
| | - Irina Smolina
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, University of Nordland, 8049 Bodø, Norway
| | - Jorge M O Fernandes
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, University of Nordland, 8049 Bodø, Norway
| | - James A Coyer
- Shoals Marine Laboratory, Cornell University, Portsmouth, NH 03801, USA
| | - Jeanine L Olsen
- Marine Benthic Ecology and Evolution Group, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Studies, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Galice Hoarau
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, University of Nordland, 8049 Bodø, Norway
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138
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Scriber JM. Climate-Driven Reshuffling of Species and Genes: Potential Conservation Roles for Species Translocations and Recombinant Hybrid Genotypes. INSECTS 2013; 5:1-61. [PMID: 26462579 PMCID: PMC4592632 DOI: 10.3390/insects5010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Comprising 50%-75% of the world's fauna, insects are a prominent part of biodiversity in communities and ecosystems globally. Biodiversity across all levels of biological classifications is fundamentally based on genetic diversity. However, the integration of genomics and phylogenetics into conservation management may not be as rapid as climate change. The genetics of hybrid introgression as a source of novel variation for ecological divergence and evolutionary speciation (and resilience) may generate adaptive potential and diversity fast enough to respond to locally-altered environmental conditions. Major plant and herbivore hybrid zones with associated communities deserve conservation consideration. This review addresses functional genetics across multi-trophic-level interactions including "invasive species" in various ecosystems as they may become disrupted in different ways by rapid climate change. "Invasive genes" (into new species and populations) need to be recognized for their positive creative potential and addressed in conservation programs. "Genetic rescue" via hybrid translocations may provide needed adaptive flexibility for rapid adaptation to environmental change. While concerns persist for some conservationists, this review emphasizes the positive aspects of hybrids and hybridization. Specific implications of natural genetic introgression are addressed with a few examples from butterflies, including transgressive phenotypes and climate-driven homoploid recombinant hybrid speciation. Some specific examples illustrate these points using the swallowtail butterflies (Papilionidae) with their long-term historical data base (phylogeographical diversity changes) and recent (3-decade) climate-driven temporal and genetic divergence in recombinant homoploid hybrids and relatively recent hybrid speciation of Papilio appalachiensis in North America. Climate-induced "reshuffling" (recombinations) of species composition, genotypes, and genomes may become increasingly ecologically and evolutionarily predictable, but future conservation management programs are more likely to remain constrained by human behavior than by lack of academic knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Mark Scriber
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, MI 48824, USA.
- McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
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139
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Richter SC, Nunziata SO. Survival to metamorphosis is positively related to genetic variability in a critically endangered amphibian species. Anim Conserv 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/acv.12088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. C. Richter
- Department of Biological Sciences; Eastern Kentucky University; Richmond KY USA
| | - S. O. Nunziata
- Department of Biological Sciences; Eastern Kentucky University; Richmond KY USA
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140
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Pinheiro MAA, Duarte LFA, Toledo TR, Adam ML, Torres RA. Habitat monitoring and genotoxicity in Ucides cordatus (Crustacea: Ucididae), as tools to manage a mangrove reserve in southeastern Brazil. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2013; 185:8273-85. [PMID: 23584824 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-013-3172-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In Brazil, the state of São Paulo contains both preserved areas (Juréia-Itatins Ecological Station) and extremely impacted ones (Cubatão Municipality). This study evaluated the concentrations of five metals (Cu, Cd, Cr, Pb, and Hg) in two mangroves with different levels of anthropogenic impact and the apparent genotoxicity to Ucides cordatus. Water and sediment samples were obtained, and metal concentrations were determined with an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The genotoxic impact was quantified based on the number of micronucleated cells per 1,000 analyzed (MN‰), using hemolymph slides stained with Giemsa. Metal concentrations in water were below the detection limit, except for lead, although no significant difference was observed between the areas (P > 0.05). Sediment from Cubatão had higher concentrations of Cd, Pb, Cr, and Cu than sediment from Juréia-Itatins (P < 0.05), but no significant differences in metal concentrations were detected among depth strata of the sediment (P > 0.05). Crabs from Cubatão had a 2.6 times higher mean frequency of micronucleated cells (5.2 ± 1.8 MN‰) than those from Juréia-Itatins (2.0 ± 1.0 MN‰; P < 0.0001). The more-polluted conditions found in the mangrove sediments of Cubatão were reflected in the micronucleus assay, demonstrating their genotoxic effect; however, genetic damage should be attributed to a synergistic effect with other kinds of pollutants previously recorded in different environments of Cubatão. U. cordatus proved to be an excellent bioindicator of mangrove pollution. This study established, for the first time, the normal frequency of MN‰ in a population of this species within an ecological station.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A A Pinheiro
- Laboratório de Biologia de Crustáceos-Praça Infante D. Henrique, UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista, Campus Experimental do Litoral Paulista (CLP), s/n, Parque Bitaru, 11330-900, São Vicente, São Paulo, Brazil.
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141
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Hammerly SC, Morrow ME, Johnson JA. A comparison of pedigree- and DNA-based measures for identifying inbreeding depression in the critically endangered Attwater's Prairie-chicken. Mol Ecol 2013; 22:5313-28. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.12482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Revised: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susan C. Hammerly
- Department of Biological Sciences; Institute of Applied Sciences; University of North Texas; 1155 Union Circle, #310559 Denton TX 76203 USA
| | - Michael E. Morrow
- United States Fish and Wildlife Service; Attwater Prairie Chicken National Wildlife Refuge; PO Box 519 Eagle Lake TX 77434 USA
| | - Jeff A. Johnson
- Department of Biological Sciences; Institute of Applied Sciences; University of North Texas; 1155 Union Circle, #310559 Denton TX 76203 USA
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142
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Haanes H, Markussen SS, Herfindal I, Røed KH, Solberg EJ, Heim M, Midthjell L, Sæther BE. Effects of inbreeding on fitness-related traits in a small isolated moose population. Ecol Evol 2013; 3:4230-42. [PMID: 24324873 PMCID: PMC3853567 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Revised: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Inbreeding can affect fitness-related traits at different life history stages and may interact with environmental variation to induce even larger effects. We used genetic parentage assignment based on 22 microsatellite loci to determine a 25 year long pedigree for a newly established island population of moose with 20–40 reproducing individuals annually. We used the pedigree to calculate individual inbreeding coefficients and examined for effects of individual inbreeding (f) and heterozygosity on fitness-related traits. We found negative effects of f on birth date, calf body mass and twinning rate. The relationship between f and calf body mass and twinning rate were found to be separate but weaker after accounting for birth date. We found no support for an inbreeding effect on the age-specific lifetime reproductive success of females. The influence of f on birth date was related to climatic conditions during the spring prior to birth, indicating that calves with a low f were born earlier after a cold spring than calves with high f. In years with a warm spring, calf f did not affect birth date. The results suggest that severe inbreeding in moose has both indirect effects on fitness through delayed birth and lower juvenile body mass, as well as separate direct effects, as there still was a significant relationship between f and twinning rate after accounting for birth date and body mass as calf. Consequently, severe inbreeding as found in the study population may have consequences for population growth and extinction risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hallvard Haanes
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology Trondheim, N-7491, Norway ; Departments of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science PO-8146 Dep, Oslo, N-0033, Norway
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143
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Living on a volcano's edge: genetic isolation of an extremophile terrestrial metazoan. Heredity (Edinb) 2013; 112:132-42. [PMID: 24045291 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2013.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Revised: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Communities of organisms inhabiting extreme terrestrial environments provide a unique opportunity to study evolutionary forces that drive population structure and genetic diversity under the combined challenges posed by multiple geogenic stressors. High abundance of an invasive pantropical earthworm (and the absence of indigenous lumbricid species) in the Furnas geothermal field (Sao Miguel Island, Azores) indicates its remarkable tolerance to high soil temperature, exceptionally high carbon dioxide and low oxygen levels, and elevated metal bioavailability, conditions which are lethal for the majority of terrestrial metazoans. Mitochondrial and nuclear markers were used to analyze the relationship between populations living inside and outside the geothermal field. Results showed that Pontoscolex corethrurus (Annelida, Oligochaeta, Glossoscolecidae) to be a genetically heterogeneous complex within the Sao Miguel landscape and is probably differentiated into cryptic species. The population exposed to the hostile soil conditions within the volcanic caldera possesses the lowest within-population mitochondrial diversity but an unexpectedly high degree of nuclear variability with several loci evidencing positive selection, parameters indicative of a genetically unique population only distantly related to conspecifics living outside the caldera. In conclusion, P. corethrurus inhabiting active volcanic soil is a discrete extremophile population that has evolved by tolerating a mixture of non-anthropogenic chemical and physical stressors.
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144
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Field IC, Tillett BJ, Charters R, Johnson GJ, Buckworth RC, Meekan MG, Bradshaw CJA. Distribution, relative abundance and risks from fisheries to threatened Glyphis sharks and sawfishes in northern Australia. ENDANGER SPECIES RES 2013. [DOI: 10.3354/esr00513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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145
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Coutellec MA, Barata C. Special issue on long-term ecotoxicological effects: an introduction. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2013; 22:763-766. [PMID: 23794188 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-013-1092-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
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146
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Jueterbock A, Tyberghein L, Verbruggen H, Coyer JA, Olsen JL, Hoarau G. Climate change impact on seaweed meadow distribution in the North Atlantic rocky intertidal. Ecol Evol 2013; 3:1356-73. [PMID: 23762521 PMCID: PMC3678489 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Revised: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The North-Atlantic has warmed faster than all other ocean basins and climate change scenarios predict sea surface temperature isotherms to shift up to 600 km northwards by the end of the 21st century. The pole-ward shift has already begun for many temperate seaweed species that are important intertidal foundation species. We asked the question: Where will climate change have the greatest impact on three foundational, macroalgal species that occur along North-Atlantic shores: Fucus serratus, Fucus vesiculosus, and Ascophyllum nodosum? To predict distributional changes of these key species under three IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) climate change scenarios (A2, A1B, and B1) over the coming two centuries, we generated Ecological Niche Models with the program MAXENT. Model predictions suggest that these three species will shift northwards as an assemblage or "unit" and that phytogeographic changes will be most pronounced in the southern Arctic and the southern temperate provinces. Our models predict that Arctic shores in Canada, Greenland, and Spitsbergen will become suitable for all three species by 2100. Shores south of 45° North will become unsuitable for at least two of the three focal species on both the Northwest- and Northeast-Atlantic coasts by 2200. If these foundational species are unable to adapt to the rising temperatures, they will lose their centers of genetic diversity and their loss will trigger an unpredictable shift in the North-Atlantic intertidal ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Jueterbock
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, University of Nordland 8049, Bodø, Norway
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147
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Local genetic structure of a montane herb among isolated grassland patches: implications for the preservation of genetic diversity under climate change. POPUL ECOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10144-013-0373-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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148
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Franke K, Fischer K. Effects of inbreeding and temperature stress on life history and immune function in a butterfly. J Evol Biol 2013; 26:517-28. [PMID: 23286274 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Revised: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Franke
- Zoological Institute and Museum; University of Greifswald; Greifswald Germany
| | - K. Fischer
- Zoological Institute and Museum; University of Greifswald; Greifswald Germany
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149
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Fox CW. The effect of inbreeding on natural selection in a seed-feeding beetle. J Evol Biol 2012; 26:88-93. [PMID: 23145780 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about how inbreeding alters selection on ecologically relevant traits. Inbreeding could affect selection by changing the distribution of traits and/or fitness, or by changing the causal effect of traits on fitness. Here, I test whether selection on egg size varies with the degree of inbreeding in the seed-feeding beetle, Stator limbatus. There was strong directional selection favoring large eggs for both inbred and outbred beetles; offspring from smaller eggs had lower survivorship on a resistant host. Inbreeding treatment had no effect on the magnitude of selection on egg size; all selection coefficients were between ~0.078 and 0.096, regardless of treatment. However, inbreeding depression declined with egg size; this is because the difference in fitness between inbreds and outbreds did not change, but average fitness increased, with egg size. A consequence of this is that populations that differ in mean egg size should experience different magnitudes of inbreeding depression (all else being equal) and thus should differ in the magnitude of selection on traits that affect mating, simply as a consequence of variation in egg size. Also, maternal traits (such as egg size) that mediate stressfulness of the environment for offspring can mediate the severity of inbreeding depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- C W Fox
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546-0091, USA.
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Pekkala N, Knott KE, Kotiaho JS, Nissinen K, Puurtinen M. The benefits of interpopulation hybridization diminish with increasing divergence of small populations. J Evol Biol 2012; 25:2181-3. [PMID: 22947037 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2012.02594.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Revised: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Interpopulation hybridization can increase the viability of small populations suffering from inbreeding and genetic drift, but it can also result in outbreeding depression. The outcome of hybridization can depend on various factors, including the level of genetic divergence between the populations, and the number of source populations. Furthermore, the effects of hybridization can change between generations following the hybridization. We studied the effects of population divergence (low vs. high level of divergence) and the number of source populations (two vs. four source populations) on the viability of hybrid populations using experimental Drosophila littoralis populations. Population viability was measured for seven generations after hybridization as proportion of populations facing extinction and as per capita offspring production. Hybrid populations established at the low level of population divergence were more viable than the inbred source populations and had higher offspring production than the large control population. The positive effects of hybridization lasted for the seven generations. In contrast, at the high level of divergence, the viability of the hybrid populations was not significantly different from the inbred source populations, and offspring production in the hybrid populations was lower than in the large control population. The number of source populations did not have a significant effect at either low or high level of population divergence. The study shows that the benefits of interpopulation hybridization may decrease with increasing divergence of the populations, even when the populations share identical environmental conditions. We discuss the possible genetic mechanisms explaining the results and address the implications for conservation of populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Pekkala
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.
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