101
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Janssens L, Cannaert A, Connolly MJ, Liu H, Stove CP. In vitro
activity profiling of Cumyl‐PEGACLONE variants at the CB
1
receptor: Fluorination
versus
isomer exploration. Drug Test Anal 2020; 12:1336-1343. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liesl Janssens
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Ghent University Ghent Belgium
| | - Annelies Cannaert
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Ghent University Ghent Belgium
| | | | | | - Christophe P. Stove
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Ghent University Ghent Belgium
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102
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Lee Y, Warne T, Nehmé R, Pandey S, Dwivedi-Agnihotri H, Chaturvedi M, Edwards PC, García-Nafría J, Leslie AGW, Shukla AK, Tate CG. Molecular basis of β-arrestin coupling to formoterol-bound β 1-adrenoceptor. Nature 2020; 583:862-866. [PMID: 32555462 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2419-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The β1-adrenoceptor (β1AR) is a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that couples1 to the heterotrimeric G protein Gs. G-protein-mediated signalling is terminated by phosphorylation of the C terminus of the receptor by GPCR kinases (GRKs) and by coupling of β-arrestin 1 (βarr1, also known as arrestin 2), which displaces Gs and induces signalling through the MAP kinase pathway2. The ability of synthetic agonists to induce signalling preferentially through either G proteins or arrestins-known as biased agonism3-is important in drug development, because the therapeutic effect may arise from only one signalling cascade, whereas the other pathway may mediate undesirable side effects4. To understand the molecular basis for arrestin coupling, here we determined the cryo-electron microscopy structure of the β1AR-βarr1 complex in lipid nanodiscs bound to the biased agonist formoterol5, and the crystal structure of formoterol-bound β1AR coupled to the G-protein-mimetic nanobody6 Nb80. βarr1 couples to β1AR in a manner distinct to that7 of Gs coupling to β2AR-the finger loop of βarr1 occupies a narrower cleft on the intracellular surface, and is closer to transmembrane helix H7 of the receptor when compared with the C-terminal α5 helix of Gs. The conformation of the finger loop in βarr1 is different from that adopted by the finger loop of visual arrestin when it couples to rhodopsin8. β1AR coupled to βarr1 shows considerable differences in structure compared with β1AR coupled to Nb80, including an inward movement of extracellular loop 3 and the cytoplasmic ends of H5 and H6. We observe weakened interactions between formoterol and two serine residues in H5 at the orthosteric binding site of β1AR, and find that formoterol has a lower affinity for the β1AR-βarr1 complex than for the β1AR-Gs complex. The structural differences between these complexes of β1AR provide a foundation for the design of small molecules that could bias signalling in the β-adrenoceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Lee
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Tony Warne
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rony Nehmé
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK.,Creoptix AG, Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Shubhi Pandey
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India
| | | | - Madhu Chaturvedi
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India
| | | | - Javier García-Nafría
- Institute for Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems (BIFI), University of Zaragoza, BIFI-IQFR (CSIC), Zaragoza, Spain.,Laboratorio de Microscopías Avanzadas, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | - Arun K Shukla
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India
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103
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Navarro G, Varani K, Lillo A, Vincenzi F, Rivas-Santisteban R, Raïch I, Reyes-Resina I, Ferreiro-Vera C, Borea PA, Sánchez de Medina V, Nadal X, Franco R. Pharmacological data of cannabidiol- and cannabigerol-type phytocannabinoids acting on cannabinoid CB 1, CB 2 and CB 1/CB 2 heteromer receptors. Pharmacol Res 2020; 159:104940. [PMID: 32470563 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent approved medicines whose active principles are Δ9Tetrahidrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) and/or cannabidiol (CBD) open novel perspectives for other phytocannabinoids also present in Cannabis sativa L. varieties. Furthermore, solid data on the potential benefits of acidic and varinic phytocannabinoids in a variety of diseases are already available. Mode of action of cannabigerol (CBG), cannabidiolic acid (CBDA), cannabigerolic acid (CBGA), cannabidivarin (CBDV) and cannabigerivarin (CBGV) is, to the very least, partial. HYPOTHESIS/PURPOSE Cannabinoid CB1 or CB2 receptors, which belong to the G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family, are important mediators of the action of those cannabinoids. Pure CBG, CBDA, CBGA, CBDV and CBGV from Cannabis sativa L. are differentially acting on CB1 or CB2 cannabinoid receptors. STUDY DESIGN Determination of the affinity of phytocannabinoids for cannabinoid receptors and functional assessment of effects promoted by these compounds when interacting with cannabinoid receptors. METHODS A heterologous system expressing the human versions of CB1 and/or CB2 receptors was used. Binding to membranes was measured using radioligands and binding to living cells using a homogenous time resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer (HTRF) assay. Four different functional outputs were assayed: determination of cAMP levels and of extracellular-signal-related-kinase phosphorylation, label-free dynamic mass redistribution (DMR) and ß-arrestin recruitment. RESULTS Affinity of cannabinoids depend on the ligand of reference and may be different in membranes and in living cells. All tested phytocannabinoids have agonist-like behavior but behaved as inverse-agonists in the presence of selective receptor agonists. CBGV displayed enhanced potency in many of the functional outputs. However, the most interesting result was a biased signaling that correlated with differential affinity, i.e. the overall results suggest that the binding mode of each ligand leads to specific receptor conformations underlying biased signaling outputs. CONCLUSION Results here reported and the recent elucidation of the three-dimensional structure of CB1 and CB2 receptors help understanding the mechanism of action that might be protective and the molecular drug-receptor interactions underlying biased signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Navarro
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology. School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CiberNed), Spain
| | - Katia Varani
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Ferrara University, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alejandro Lillo
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology. School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine. Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fabrizio Vincenzi
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Ferrara University, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Rafael Rivas-Santisteban
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CiberNed), Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine. Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Iu Raïch
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CiberNed), Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine. Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Irene Reyes-Resina
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CiberNed), Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine. Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - Rafael Franco
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CiberNed), Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine. Universitat de Barcelona, Spain.
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104
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Suomivuori CM, Latorraca NR, Wingler LM, Eismann S, King MC, Kleinhenz ALW, Skiba MA, Staus DP, Kruse AC, Lefkowitz RJ, Dror RO. Molecular mechanism of biased signaling in a prototypical G protein-coupled receptor. Science 2020; 367:881-887. [PMID: 32079767 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaz0326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Biased signaling, in which different ligands that bind to the same G protein-coupled receptor preferentially trigger distinct signaling pathways, holds great promise for the design of safer and more effective drugs. Its structural mechanism remains unclear, however, hampering efforts to design drugs with desired signaling profiles. Here, we use extensive atomic-level molecular dynamics simulations to determine how arrestin bias and G protein bias arise at the angiotensin II type 1 receptor. The receptor adopts two major signaling conformations, one of which couples almost exclusively to arrestin, whereas the other also couples effectively to a G protein. A long-range allosteric network allows ligands in the extracellular binding pocket to favor either of the two intracellular conformations. Guided by this computationally determined mechanism, we designed ligands with desired signaling profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl-Mikael Suomivuori
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Institute for Computational and Mathematical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Naomi R Latorraca
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Institute for Computational and Mathematical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Biophysics Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Laura M Wingler
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Stephan Eismann
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Institute for Computational and Mathematical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Matthew C King
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Institute for Computational and Mathematical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Alissa L W Kleinhenz
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Meredith A Skiba
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Dean P Staus
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Andrew C Kruse
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Robert J Lefkowitz
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Ron O Dror
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. .,Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Institute for Computational and Mathematical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Biophysics Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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105
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Wingler LM, Skiba MA, McMahon C, Staus DP, Kleinhenz ALW, Suomivuori CM, Latorraca NR, Dror RO, Lefkowitz RJ, Kruse AC. Angiotensin and biased analogs induce structurally distinct active conformations within a GPCR. Science 2020; 367:888-892. [PMID: 32079768 DOI: 10.1126/science.aay9813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Biased agonists of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) preferentially activate a subset of downstream signaling pathways. In this work, we present crystal structures of angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) (2.7 to 2.9 angstroms) bound to three ligands with divergent bias profiles: the balanced endogenous agonist angiotensin II (AngII) and two strongly β-arrestin-biased analogs. Compared with other ligands, AngII promotes more-substantial rearrangements not only at the bottom of the ligand-binding pocket but also in a key polar network in the receptor core, which forms a sodium-binding site in most GPCRs. Divergences from the family consensus in this region, which appears to act as a biased signaling switch, may predispose the AT1R and certain other GPCRs (such as chemokine receptors) to adopt conformations that are capable of activating β-arrestin but not heterotrimeric Gq protein signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Wingler
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Meredith A Skiba
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Conor McMahon
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Dean P Staus
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Alissa L W Kleinhenz
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Carl-Mikael Suomivuori
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Institute for Computational and Mathematical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Naomi R Latorraca
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Institute for Computational and Mathematical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Biophysics Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ron O Dror
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Institute for Computational and Mathematical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Biophysics Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Robert J Lefkowitz
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Andrew C Kruse
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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106
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Tobin AB, Bradley SJ. Editorial for Advances in G Protein-Coupled Receptor Signal Transduction Special Issue. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2020; 3:169-170. [PMID: 32296759 PMCID: PMC7155192 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.0c00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew B Tobin
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, U.K
| | - Sophie J Bradley
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, U.K
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107
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Gillis A, Gondin AB, Kliewer A, Sanchez J, Lim HD, Alamein C, Manandhar P, Santiago M, Fritzwanker S, Schmiedel F, Katte TA, Reekie T, Grimsey NL, Kassiou M, Kellam B, Krasel C, Halls ML, Connor M, Lane JR, Schulz S, Christie MJ, Canals M. Low intrinsic efficacy for G protein activation can explain the improved side effect profiles of new opioid agonists. Sci Signal 2020; 13:13/625/eaaz3140. [PMID: 32234959 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aaz3140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Biased agonism at G protein-coupled receptors describes the phenomenon whereby some drugs can activate some downstream signaling activities to the relative exclusion of others. Descriptions of biased agonism focusing on the differential engagement of G proteins versus β-arrestins are commonly limited by the small response windows obtained in pathways that are not amplified or are less effectively coupled to receptor engagement, such as β-arrestin recruitment. At the μ-opioid receptor (MOR), G protein-biased ligands have been proposed to induce less constipation and respiratory depressant side effects than opioids commonly used to treat pain. However, it is unclear whether these improved safety profiles are due to a reduction in β-arrestin-mediated signaling or, alternatively, to their low intrinsic efficacy in all signaling pathways. Here, we systematically evaluated the most recent and promising MOR-biased ligands and assessed their pharmacological profile against existing opioid analgesics in assays not confounded by limited signal windows. We found that oliceridine, PZM21, and SR-17018 had low intrinsic efficacy. We also demonstrated a strong correlation between measures of efficacy for receptor activation, G protein coupling, and β-arrestin recruitment for all tested ligands. By measuring the antinociceptive and respiratory depressant effects of these ligands, we showed that the low intrinsic efficacy of opioid ligands can explain an improved side effect profile. Our results suggest a possible alternative mechanism underlying the improved therapeutic windows described for new opioid ligands, which should be taken into account for future descriptions of ligand action at this important therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Gillis
- Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Arisbel B Gondin
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Andrea Kliewer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Julie Sanchez
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, VIC 3052, Australia.,Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors, Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham, Midlands, UK
| | - Herman D Lim
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Claudia Alamein
- Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Preeti Manandhar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Marina Santiago
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Sebastian Fritzwanker
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Frank Schmiedel
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Timothy A Katte
- School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Tristan Reekie
- School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Natasha L Grimsey
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Michael Kassiou
- School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Barrie Kellam
- School of Pharmacy, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Cornelius Krasel
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Philipps-University Marburg, D-35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Michelle L Halls
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Mark Connor
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - J Robert Lane
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors, Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham, Midlands, UK
| | - Stefan Schulz
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Macdonald J Christie
- Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Meritxell Canals
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, VIC 3052, Australia. .,Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors, Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham, Midlands, UK
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108
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Pottie E, Tosh DK, Gao ZG, Jacobson KA, Stove CP. Assessment of biased agonism at the A 3 adenosine receptor using β-arrestin and miniGα i recruitment assays. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 177:113934. [PMID: 32224136 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.113934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The A3 adenosine receptor (A3AR) is a G protein-coupled receptor that is involved in a wide variety of physiological and pathological processes, such as cancer. However, the use of compounds pharmacologically targeting this receptor remains limited in clinical practice, despite extensive efforts for compound synthesis. Moreover, the possible occurrence of biased agonism further complicates the interpretation of the functional characteristics of compounds. Hence the need for simple assays, which are comparable in terms of the used cell lines and read-out technique. We previously established a stable β-arrestin 2 (βarr2) bioassay, employing a simple, luminescent read-out via functional complementation of a split nanoluciferase enzyme. Here, we developed a complementary, new bioassay in which coupling of an engineered miniGαi protein to activated A3AR is monitored using a similar approach. Application of both bioassays for the concurrent determination of the potencies and efficacies of a set of 19 N6-substituted adenosine analogues not only allowed for the characterization of structure-activity relationships, but also for the quantification of biased agonism. Although a broad distribution in potency and efficacy values was obtained within the test panel, no significant bias was observed toward either the βarr2 or miniGαi pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eline Pottie
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Campus Heymans, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dilip K Tosh
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20802, USA
| | - Zhan-Guo Gao
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20802, USA
| | - Kenneth A Jacobson
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20802, USA
| | - Christophe P Stove
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Campus Heymans, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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109
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Assessment of structure-activity relationships and biased agonism at the Mu opioid receptor of novel synthetic opioids using a novel, stable bio-assay platform. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 177:113910. [PMID: 32179045 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.113910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Fentanyl and morphine are agonists of the Mu opioid receptor (MOR), which is a member of the GPCR family. Their analgesic effects are associated with unwanted side effects. On a signaling level downstream from MOR, it has been hypothesized that analgesia may be mediated through the G protein pathway, whereas the undesirable effects of opioids have been linked to the β-arrestin (βarr) pathway. Despite being an increasingly debated subject, little is known about a potential 'bias' (i.e. the preferential activation of one pathway over the other) of the novel synthetic opioids (NSO) - including fentanyl analogs - that have emerged on the illegal drug market. We have therefore developed and applied a novel, robust bio-assay platform to study the activity of 21 NSO, to evaluate to what extent these MOR agonists show biased agonism and to investigate the potential correlation with their structure. In addition, we evaluated the functional selectivity of TRV130, a purported G protein-biased agonist. We applied newly established stable bio-assays in HEK293T cells, based on the principle of functional complementation of a split nanoluciferase, to assess MOR activation via recruitment of a mini-Gi protein (GTPase domain of Gαi subunit) or βarr2. All but two of the tested NSO demonstrated a concentration-dependent response at MOR in both bio-assays. The developed bio-assays allow to gain insight into the βarr2 or G protein recruitment potential of NSO, which may eventually help to better understand why certain opioids are associated with higher toxicity. Adding to the recent discussion about the relevance of the biased agonism concept for opioids, we did not observe a significant bias for any of the evaluated compounds, including TRV130.
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110
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Berizzi AE, Goudet C. Strategies and considerations of G-protein-coupled receptor photopharmacology. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2020; 88:143-172. [PMID: 32416866 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2019.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) pharmacology tends to be complex and at times poorly understood. This has led to the development of GPCR-targeting agents that often demonstrate poor pharmacokinetic properties and poor selectivity for their target receptors. One approach that is emerging as a means of addressing these limitations is the use of molecules whose activity can be controlled by light. Photopharmacology involves the incorporation of a photoswitch into the structure of a given compound, cage or linker and following irradiation with light, undergoes a structural rearrangement, which changes its biological activity. The use of light-regulated ligands offers the opportunity to modulate and understand GPCR signaling in a more spatiotemporal manner than classical pharmacological approaches. In this chapter we will discuss some of the advancements that have been made in photopharmacology, particularly in developing photoswitchable ligands that target class A GPCRs, e.g., muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, class B GPCRs, e.g., glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor, and class C GPCRs, e.g., metabotrobic glutamate receptors. Given the intricacy of GPCR pharmacology, this chapter will also discuss some of the challenges the field faces when designing photopharmacological tools. Furthermore, it will propose that it is with a full appreciation of the spectrum of pharmacological and pharmacokinetic properties of photoswitchable ligands that research will be better placed to develop ligands with a reduced risk of failure during preclinical progression. This will likely enable photopharmacological approaches to continue to find novel applications and offer new perspectives in understanding (patho)physiology to ultimately inform future GPCR drug discovery efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice E Berizzi
- IGF, CNRS, INSERM, Univ. de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
| | - Cyril Goudet
- IGF, CNRS, INSERM, Univ. de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
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111
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Hoare SRJ, Tewson PH, Quinn AM, Hughes TE. A kinetic method for measuring agonist efficacy and ligand bias using high resolution biosensors and a kinetic data analysis framework. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1766. [PMID: 32019973 PMCID: PMC7000712 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58421-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The kinetics/dynamics of signaling are of increasing value for G-protein-coupled receptor therapeutic development, including spatiotemporal signaling and the kinetic context of biased agonism. Effective application of signaling kinetics to developing new therapeutics requires reliable kinetic assays and an analysis framework to extract kinetic pharmacological parameters. Here we describe a platform for measuring arrestin recruitment kinetics to GPCRs using a high quantum yield, genetically encoded fluorescent biosensor, and a data analysis framework to quantify the recruitment kinetics. The sensor enabled high temporal resolution measurement of arrestin recruitment to the angiotensin AT1 and vasopressin V2 receptors. The analysis quantified the initial rate of arrestin recruitment (kτ), a biologically-meaningful kinetic drug efficacy parameter, by fitting time course data using routine curve-fitting methods. Biased agonism was assessed by comparing kτ values for arrestin recruitment with those for Gq signaling via the AT1 receptor. The kτ ratio values were in good agreement with bias estimates from existing methods. This platform potentially improves and simplifies assessment of biased agonism because the same assay modality is used to compare pathways (potentially in the same cells), the analysis method is parsimonious and intuitive, and kinetic context is factored into the bias measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam R J Hoare
- Pharmechanics LLC, 14 Sunnyside Drive South, Owego, NY, 13827, USA.
| | - Paul H Tewson
- Montana Molecular, 366 Gallatin Park Dr. Suite A, Bozeman, MT, 59715, USA
| | - Anne Marie Quinn
- Montana Molecular, 366 Gallatin Park Dr. Suite A, Bozeman, MT, 59715, USA
| | - Thomas E Hughes
- Montana Molecular, 366 Gallatin Park Dr. Suite A, Bozeman, MT, 59715, USA.
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112
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Cell active and functionally-relevant small-molecule agonists of calcitonin receptor. Bioorg Chem 2020; 96:103596. [PMID: 32004895 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.103596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The natural calcitonin (CT) receptor and its peptide agonists are considered validated targets for drug discovery. A small molecule agonist, SUN-B8155, has previously been shown to efficiently activate cellular CTR. Herein, we report the synthesis of a series of compounds (S8155 1-9) derived from SUN-B8155, and investigate the structural-functional relationship, bias properties and their cellular activity profile. We discover that the N-hydroxyl group from the pyridone ring is required for G protein activity and its affinity to the CT receptor. Among the compounds studied, S8155-7 exhibits improved G protein activity while S8155-4 displays a significant β-arrestin-2 signaling bias. Finally, we show that both S8155-4 and S8155-7 inhibit tumour cell invasion through CTR activation. These two compounds are anticipated to find extensive applications in chemical biology research as well drug development efforts targeting CT receptor.
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113
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Brust TF. Biased Ligands at the Kappa Opioid Receptor: Fine-Tuning Receptor Pharmacology. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2020; 271:115-135. [PMID: 33140224 DOI: 10.1007/164_2020_395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The kappa opioid receptor (KOR) is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that can signal through multiple signaling pathways. KOR agonists are known to relieve pain and itch, as well as induce dysphoria, sedation, hallucinations, and diuresis. As is the case with many other GPCRs, specific signaling pathways downstream of the KOR have been linked to certain physiological responses induced by the receptor. Those studies motivated the search and discovery of a number of KOR ligands that preferentially activate one signaling pathway over another. Such compounds are termed functionally selective or biased ligands, and may present a way of inducing desired receptor effects with reduced adverse reactions. In this chapter, I review the molecular intricacies of KOR signaling and discuss the studies that have used biased signaling through the KOR as a way to selectively modulate in vivo physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarsis F Brust
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lloyd L. Gregory School of Pharmacy, Palm Beach Atlantic University, West Palm Beach, FL, USA.
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114
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Sniecikowska J, Newman-Tancredi A, Kolaczkowski M. From Receptor Selectivity to Functional Selectivity: The Rise of Biased Agonism in 5-HT1A Receptor Drug Discovery. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:2393-2420. [PMID: 31544717 DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666190911122040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite extensive efforts to design serotonin 5-HT1A receptor compounds, there are currently no clinically available selective agonists to explore the therapeutic potential of activating this receptor. Commonly used drugs targeting 5-HT1A receptors, such as buspirone or other azapirone compounds, possess only limited selectivity over cross-reacting sites, act as partial agonists for 5-HT1A receptor activation, and are metabolically labile, generating active metabolites. In addition, drug discovery has been hampered by the multiplicity of 5-HT1A receptor subpopulations, expressed in different brain regions, that are coupled to distinct molecular signaling mechanisms and mediate a wide variety of physiological responses, both desired and undesired. In this context, advances in 5-HT1A receptor drug discovery have attracted attention of novel 'biased agonists' that are selective, efficacious and preferentially target the brain regions that mediate therapeutic activity without triggering side effects. The prototypical first-in-class compound NLX-101 (a.k.a. F15599; 3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl-[4-fluoro-4-[[(5-methylpyrimidin-2-ylmethyl)amino]methyl]piperidin- 1-yl]methanone), preferentially activates 5-HT1A receptors in cortical regions and exhibits potent, rapidacting and sustained antidepressant-like and procognitive properties in animal models. Here the background has been reviewed that led to the discovery of the class of 1-(1-benzoylpiperidin-4- yl)methanamine derivatives, including NLX-101, as well as recent advances in discovery of novel 5-HT1A receptor biased agonists, notably aryloxyethyl derivatives of 1‑(1-benzoylpiperidin-4yl)methanamine which show promising pharmacological activity both in vitro and in vivo. Overall, the results suggest that opportunities exist for innovative drug discovery of selective 5-HT1A receptor biased agonists that may open new avenues for the treatment of CNS disorders involving dysfunction of serotonergic neurotransmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Sniecikowska
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Chair of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688 Krakow, Poland
| | | | - Marcin Kolaczkowski
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Chair of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688 Krakow, Poland
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115
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Terrón-Díaz ME, Wright SJ, Agosto MA, Lichtarge O, Wensel TG. Residues and residue pairs of evolutionary importance differentially direct signaling bias of D2 dopamine receptors. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:19279-19291. [PMID: 31676688 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.008068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The D2 dopamine receptor and the serotonin 5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptor (5-HT2A) are closely-related G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) from the class A bioamine subfamily. Despite structural similarity, they respond to distinct ligands through distinct downstream pathways, whose dysregulation is linked to depression, bipolar disorder, addiction, and psychosis. They are important drug targets, and it is important to understand how their bias toward G-protein versus β-arrestin signaling pathways is regulated. Previously, evolution-based computational approaches, difference Evolutionary Trace and Evolutionary Trace-Mutual information (ET-Mip), revealed residues and residue pairs that, when switched in the D2 receptor to the corresponding residues from 5-HT2A, altered ligand potency and G-protein activation efficiency. We have tested these residue swaps for their ability to trigger recruitment of β-arrestin2 in response to dopamine or serotonin. The results reveal that the selected residues modulate agonist potency, maximal efficacy, and constitutive activity of β-arrestin2 recruitment. Whereas dopamine potency for most variants was similar to that for WT and lower than for G-protein activation, potency in β-arrestin2 recruitment for N124H3.42 was more than 5-fold higher. T205M5.54 displayed high constitutive activity, enhanced dopamine potency, and enhanced efficacy in β-arrestin2 recruitment relative to WT, and L379F6.41 was virtually inactive. These striking differences from WT activity were largely reversed by a compensating mutation (T205M5.54/L379F6.41) at residues previously identified by ET-Mip as functionally coupled. The observation that the signs and relative magnitudes of the effects of mutations in several cases are at odds with their effects on G-protein activation suggests that they also modulate signaling bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- María E Terrón-Díaz
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030.,Graduate Program in Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Sara J Wright
- Verna and Marrs Mclean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Melina A Agosto
- Verna and Marrs Mclean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Olivier Lichtarge
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030.,Verna and Marrs Mclean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030.,Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Theodore G Wensel
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
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116
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Narayanan S, Vasukuttan V, Rajagopal S, Maitra R, Runyon SP. Identification of potent pyrazole based APELIN receptor (APJ) agonists. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 28:115237. [PMID: 31948845 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.115237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The apelinergic system comprises the apelin receptor and its cognate apelin and elabela peptide ligands of various lengths. This system has become an increasingly attractive target for pulmonary and cardiometabolic diseases. Small molecule regulators of this receptor with good drug-like properties are needed. Recently, we discovered a novel pyrazole based small molecule agonist 8 of the apelin receptor (EC50 = 21.5 µM, Ki = 5.2 µM) through focused screening which was further optimized to initial lead 9 (EC50 = 0.800 µM, Ki = 1.3 µM). In our efforts to synthesize more potent agonists and to explore the structural features important for apelin receptor agonism, we carried out structural modifications at N1 of the pyrazole core as well as the amino acid side-chain of 9. Systematic modifications at these two positions provided potent small molecule agonists exhibiting EC50 values of <100 nM. Recruitment of β-arrestin as a measure of desensitization potential of select compounds was also investigated. Functional selectivity was a feature of several compounds with a bias towards calcium mobilization over β-arrestin recruitment. These compounds may be suitable as tools for in vivo studies of apelin receptor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanju Narayanan
- Center for Drug Discovery, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Vineetha Vasukuttan
- Center for Drug Discovery, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Sudarshan Rajagopal
- Center for Pulmonary Vascular Disease, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, United States
| | - Rangan Maitra
- Center for Drug Discovery, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Scott P Runyon
- Center for Drug Discovery, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States.
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117
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Wouters E, Walraed J, Robertson MJ, Meyrath M, Szpakowska M, Chevigné A, Skiniotis G, Stove C. Assessment of Biased Agonism among Distinct Synthetic Cannabinoid Receptor Agonist Scaffolds. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2019; 3:285-295. [PMID: 32296768 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.9b00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) is a key drug target for a number of diseases, including metabolic syndromes and neuropathic pain. Most of the typical cannabinoid ligands provoke psychotropic side effects that impair their therapeutic utility. As of today, it is not yet clearly known which structural features of cannabinoid ligands determine a preference toward specific signaling pathways. Distinct bioassays are typically used to elucidate signaling preferences. However, these are often based on different cell lines and use different principles and/or read-outs, which makes straightforward assessment of "ligand bias" difficult. Within this context, this study is the first to investigate ligand bias among synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists (SCRAs) in as closely analogous conditions as possible, by applying a new functional complementation-based assay panel to assess the recruitment of Gαi protein or β-arrestin2 to CB1. In a panel of 21 SCRAs, chosen to cover a broad diversity in chemical structures, distinct, although often subtle, preferences toward specific signaling pathways were observed. Relative to CP55940, here considered as a "balanced" reference agonist, most of the selected SCRAs (e.g., 5F-APINACA, CUMYL-PEGACLONE, among others) displayed preferred signaling through the β-arrestin2 pathway, whereas MMB-CHMICA could serve as a potential "balanced" agonist. Interestingly, EG-018 was the only SCRA showing a significant (10-fold) preference toward G protein over β-arrestin2 recruitment. While it is currently unclear what this exactly means in terms of abuse potential and/or toxicity, the approach proposed here may allow construction of a knowledge base that in the end may allow better insight into the structure-"functional" activity relationship of these compounds. This may aid the development of new therapeutics with less unwanted psychoactive effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Wouters
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jolien Walraed
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Michael Joseph Robertson
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, 94305 California, United States.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, 94305 California, United States
| | - Max Meyrath
- Immuno-Pharmacology and Interactomics, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Strassen 1445, Luxembourg
| | - Martyna Szpakowska
- Immuno-Pharmacology and Interactomics, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Strassen 1445, Luxembourg
| | - Andy Chevigné
- Immuno-Pharmacology and Interactomics, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Strassen 1445, Luxembourg
| | - Georgios Skiniotis
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, 94305 California, United States.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, 94305 California, United States
| | - Christophe Stove
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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118
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Fonin AV, Darling AL, Kuznetsova IM, Turoverov KK, Uversky VN. Multi-functionality of proteins involved in GPCR and G protein signaling: making sense of structure-function continuum with intrinsic disorder-based proteoforms. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:4461-4492. [PMID: 31428838 PMCID: PMC11105632 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03276-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
GPCR-G protein signaling system recognizes a multitude of extracellular ligands and triggers a variety of intracellular signaling cascades in response. In humans, this system includes more than 800 various GPCRs and a large set of heterotrimeric G proteins. Complexity of this system goes far beyond a multitude of pair-wise ligand-GPCR and GPCR-G protein interactions. In fact, one GPCR can recognize more than one extracellular signal and interact with more than one G protein. Furthermore, one ligand can activate more than one GPCR, and multiple GPCRs can couple to the same G protein. This defines an intricate multifunctionality of this important signaling system. Here, we show that the multifunctionality of GPCR-G protein system represents an illustrative example of the protein structure-function continuum, where structures of the involved proteins represent a complex mosaic of differently folded regions (foldons, non-foldons, unfoldons, semi-foldons, and inducible foldons). The functionality of resulting highly dynamic conformational ensembles is fine-tuned by various post-translational modifications and alternative splicing, and such ensembles can undergo dramatic changes at interaction with their specific partners. In other words, GPCRs and G proteins exist as sets of conformational/basic, inducible/modified, and functioning proteoforms characterized by a broad spectrum of structural features and possessing various functional potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V Fonin
- Laboratory of structural Dynamics, Stability and Folding of Proteins, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, 194064, Russian Federation
| | - April L Darling
- Department of Molecular Medicine and USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Irina M Kuznetsova
- Laboratory of structural Dynamics, Stability and Folding of Proteins, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, 194064, Russian Federation
| | - Konstantin K Turoverov
- Laboratory of structural Dynamics, Stability and Folding of Proteins, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, 194064, Russian Federation
- Department of Biophysics, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, Polytechnicheskaya av. 29, St. Petersburg, 195251, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir N Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine and USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.
- Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow, Russian Federation.
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119
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Benredjem B, Gallion J, Pelletier D, Dallaire P, Charbonneau J, Cawkill D, Nagi K, Gosink M, Lukasheva V, Jenkinson S, Ren Y, Somps C, Murat B, Van Der Westhuizen E, Le Gouill C, Lichtarge O, Schmidt A, Bouvier M, Pineyro G. Exploring use of unsupervised clustering to associate signaling profiles of GPCR ligands to clinical response. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4075. [PMID: 31501422 PMCID: PMC6733853 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11875-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Signaling diversity of G protein-coupled (GPCR) ligands provides novel opportunities to develop more effective, better-tolerated therapeutics. Taking advantage of these opportunities requires identifying which effectors should be specifically activated or avoided so as to promote desired clinical responses and avoid side effects. However, identifying signaling profiles that support desired clinical outcomes remains challenging. This study describes signaling diversity of mu opioid receptor (MOR) ligands in terms of logistic and operational parameters for ten different in vitro readouts. It then uses unsupervised clustering of curve parameters to: classify MOR ligands according to similarities in type and magnitude of response, associate resulting ligand categories with frequency of undesired events reported to the pharmacovigilance program of the Food and Drug Administration and associate signals to side effects. The ability of the classification method to associate specific in vitro signaling profiles to clinically relevant responses was corroborated using β2-adrenergic receptor ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Besma Benredjem
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada
- CHU Sainte-Justine research center, Montréal, QC, H3T 1C5, Canada
| | | | | | - Paul Dallaire
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada
- CHU Sainte-Justine research center, Montréal, QC, H3T 1C5, Canada
| | | | - Darren Cawkill
- Pfizer Inc, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
- Apollo Therapeutics LLP, Stevenage Bioscience Catalyst, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, SG1, 2FX, UK
| | - Karim Nagi
- College of Medicine, Member of QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Viktoryia Lukasheva
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Stephen Jenkinson
- Pfizer Inc, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
- Pfizer Inc, La Jolla, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Yong Ren
- Pfizer Inc, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
- Decibel Therapeutics, 1325 Boylston Street, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | | | - Brigitte Murat
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Emma Van Der Westhuizen
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Christian Le Gouill
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | | | | | - Michel Bouvier
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada.
| | - Graciela Pineyro
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada.
- CHU Sainte-Justine research center, Montréal, QC, H3T 1C5, Canada.
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120
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Stephens OR, Weiss K, Frimel M, Rose JA, Sun Y, Asosingh K, Farha S, Highland KB, Prasad SVN, Erzurum SC. Interdependence of hypoxia and β-adrenergic receptor signaling in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2019; 317:L369-L380. [PMID: 31242023 PMCID: PMC6766716 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00015.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The β-adrenergic receptor (βAR) exists in an equilibrium of inactive and active conformational states, which shifts in response to different ligands and results in downstream signaling. In addition to cAMP, βAR signals to hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1). We hypothesized that a βAR-active conformation (R**) that leads to HIF-1 is separable from the cAMP-activating conformation (R*) and that pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) patients with HIF-biased conformations would not respond to a cAMP agonist. We compared two cAMP agonists, isoproterenol and salbutamol, in vitro. Isoproterenol increased cAMP and HIF-1 activity, while salbutamol increased cAMP and reduced HIF-1. Hypoxia blunted agonist-stimulated cAMP, consistent with receptor equilibrium shifting toward HIF-activating conformations. Similarly, isoproterenol increased HIF-1 and erythropoiesis in mice, while salbutamol decreased erythropoiesis. βAR overexpression in cells increased glycolysis, which was blunted by HIF-1 inhibitors, suggesting increased βAR leads to increased hypoxia-metabolic effects. Because PAH is also characterized by HIF-related glycolytic shift, we dichotomized PAH patients in the Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Treatment with Carvedilol for Heart Failure trial (NCT01586156) based on right ventricular (RV) glucose uptake to evaluate βAR ligands. Patients with high glucose uptake had more severe disease than those with low uptake. cAMP increased in response to isoproterenol in mononuclear cells from low-uptake patients but not in high-uptake patients' cells. When patients were treated with carvedilol for 1 wk, the low-uptake group decreased RV systolic pressures and pulmonary vascular resistance, but high-uptake patients had no physiologic responses. The findings expand the paradigm of βAR activation and uncover a novel PAH subtype that might benefit from β-blockers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia R Stephens
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Kelly Weiss
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Matthew Frimel
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Jonathan A Rose
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Yu Sun
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Kewal Asosingh
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Samar Farha
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | - Sathyamangla V Naga Prasad
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Serpil C Erzurum
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
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121
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Discovery of β-arrestin-biased β 2-adrenoceptor agonists from 2-amino-2-phenylethanol derivatives. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2019; 40:1095-1105. [PMID: 30643208 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-018-0200-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
β-Arrestins are a small family of proteins important for signal transduction at G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). β-Arrestins are involved in the desensitization of GPCRs. Recently, biased ligands possessing different efficacies in activating the G protein- versus the β-arrestin-dependent signals downstream of a single GPCR have emerged, which can be used to selectively modulate GPCR signal transduction in such a way that desirable signals are enhanced to produce therapeutic effects while undesirable signals of the same GPCR are suppressed to avoid side effects. In the present study, we evaluated agonist bias for compounds developed along a drug discovery project of β2-adrenoceptor agonists. About 150 compounds, including derivatives of fenoterol, 2-amino-1-phenylethanol and 2-amino-2-phenylethanol, were obtained or synthesized, and initially screened for their β-adrenoceptor-mediated activities in the guinea pig tracheal smooth muscle relaxation assay or the cardiomyocyte contractility assay. Nineteen bioactive compounds were further assessed using both the HTRF cAMP assay and the PathHunter β-arrestin assay. Their concentration-response data in stimulating cAMP synthesis and β-arrestin recruitment were applied to the Black-Leff operational model for ligand bias quantitation. As a result, three compounds (L-2, L-4, and L-12) with the core structure of 5-(1-amino-2-hydroxyethyl)-8-hydroxyquinolin-2(1H)-one were identified as a new series of β-arrestin-biased β2-adrenoceptor agonists, whereas salmeterol was found to be Gs-biased. These findings would facilitate the development of novel drugs for the treatment of both heart failure and asthma.
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Buchwald P. A Receptor Model With Binding Affinity, Activation Efficacy, and Signal Amplification Parameters for Complex Fractional Response Versus Occupancy Data. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:605. [PMID: 31244653 PMCID: PMC6580154 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In quantitative pharmacology, multi-parameter receptor models are needed to account for the complex nonlinear relationship between fractional occupancy and response that can occur due to the intermixing of the effects of partial receptor activation and post-receptor signal amplification. Here, a general two-state receptor model and corresponding quantitative forms are proposed that unify three distinct processes, each characterized with its own parameter: 1) receptor binding, characterized by Kd, the equilibrium dissociation constant used for binding affinity; 2) receptor activation, characterized by an (intrinsic) efficacy parameter ε; and 3) post-activation signal transduction (amplification), characterized by a gain parameter γ. Constitutive activity is accommodated via an additional εR0 parameter quantifying the activation of the ligand-free receptor. Receptors can be active or inactive in both their ligand-free and ligand-bound states (two-state receptor theory), but ligand binding alters the likelihood of activation (induced fit). Because structural data now confirm that for most receptors in their active conformation, the small-molecule ligand-binding site is buried inside, straightforward binding to the active form (direct conformational selection) is unlikely. The proposed general equation has parameters that are more intuitive and better suited for optimization by nonlinear regression than those of the operational (Black and Leff) or del Castillo–Katz model. The model provides a unified framework for fitting complex data including a) fractional responses that do not match independently measured fractional occupancies, b) responses measured after partial irreversible inactivation of the “receptor reserve” (Furchgott method), c) fractional responses that are different along distinct downstream pathways (biased agonism), and d) responses with constitutive receptor activity. Furthermore, unlike previous models, the present one can be reduced back for special cases of its parameters to consecutively nested simplified forms that can be used on their own when adequate (e.g., εR0 = 0, no constitutive activity; γ = 1: Emax model for partial agonism; ε = 1: Clark equation).
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Buchwald
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Diabetes Research Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
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123
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Conibear AE, Kelly E. A Biased View of μ-Opioid Receptors? Mol Pharmacol 2019; 96:542-549. [PMID: 31175184 DOI: 10.1124/mol.119.115956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The field of biased agonism has grown substantially in recent years and the μ-opioid receptor has been one of the most intensively studied receptor targets for developing biased agonists. Yet, despite extensive research efforts, the development of analgesics with reduced adverse effects remains a significant challenge. In this review we discuss the evidence to support the prevailing hypothesis that a G protein-biased agonist at the μ-opioid receptor would be an effective analgesic without the accompanying adverse effects associated with conventional μ-opioid agonists. We also assess the current status of established and novel μ-opioid-receptor ligands that are proposed to be biased ligands. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The idea that biased agonists at the μ-opioid receptor might provide a therapeutic advantage in terms of producing effective analgesia with fewer adverse effects has driven the design of novel G protein-biased agonists. However, is the desirability of G protein-biased agonists at μ-opioid receptor substantiated by what we know of the physiology and pharmacology of the receptor? Also, do any of the novel biased agonists live up to their initial promise? Here we address these issues by critically examining the evidence that G protein bias really is desirable and also by discussing whether the ligands so far developed are clearly biased in vitro and whether this produces responses in vivo that might be commensurate with such bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra E Conibear
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Eamonn Kelly
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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Kim BH, Wang FI, Pereverzev A, Chidiac P, Dixon SJ. Toward Defining the Pharmacophore for Positive Allosteric Modulation of PTH1 Receptor Signaling by Extracellular Nucleotides. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2019; 2:155-167. [PMID: 32259054 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.8b00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The parathyroid hormone 1 receptor (PTH1R) is a Class B G-protein-coupled receptor that is a target for osteoporosis therapeutics. Activated PTH1R couples through Gs to the stimulation of adenylyl cyclase. As well, β-arrestin is recruited to PTH1R leading to receptor internalization and MAPK/ERK signaling. Previously, we reported that the agonist potency of PTH1R is increased in the presence of extracellular ATP, which acts as a positive allosteric modulator of PTH signaling. Another nucleotide, cytidine 5'-monophosphate (CMP), also enhances PTH1R signaling, suggesting that ATP and CMP share a moiety responsible for positive allostery, possibly ribose-5-phosphate. Therefore, we examined the effect of extracellular sugar phosphates on PTH1R signaling. cAMP levels and β-arrestin recruitment were monitored using luminescence-based assays. Alone, ribose-5-phosphate had no detectable effect on adenylyl cyclase activity in UMR-106 rat osteoblastic cells, which endogenously express PTH1R. However, ribose-5-phosphate markedly enhanced the activation of adenylyl cyclase induced by PTH. Other sugar phosphates, including glucose-1-phosphate, glucose-6-phosphate, fructose-6-phosphate, and fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, also potentiated PTH-induced adenylyl cyclase activation. As well, some sugar phosphates enhanced PTH-induced β-arrestin recruitment to human PTH1R heterologously expressed in HEK293H cells. Interestingly, the effects of glucose-1-phosphate were greater than those of its isomer glucose-6-phosphate. Our results suggest that phosphorylated monosaccharides such as ribose-5-phosphate contain the pharmacophore for positive allosteric modulation of PTH1R. At least in some cases, the extent of modulation depends on the position of the phosphate group. Knowledge of the pharmacophore may permit future development of positive allosteric modulators to increase the therapeutic efficacy of PTH1R agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon H Kim
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry; and Bone and Joint Institute; The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - Fang I Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry; and Bone and Joint Institute; The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - Alexey Pereverzev
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry; and Bone and Joint Institute; The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - Peter Chidiac
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry; and Bone and Joint Institute; The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - S Jeffrey Dixon
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry; and Bone and Joint Institute; The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
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125
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Seyedabadi M, Ghahremani MH, Albert PR. Biased signaling of G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs): Molecular determinants of GPCR/transducer selectivity and therapeutic potential. Pharmacol Ther 2019; 200:148-178. [PMID: 31075355 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) convey signals across membranes via interaction with G proteins. Originally, an individual GPCR was thought to signal through one G protein family, comprising cognate G proteins that mediate canonical receptor signaling. However, several deviations from canonical signaling pathways for GPCRs have been described. It is now clear that GPCRs can engage with multiple G proteins and the line between cognate and non-cognate signaling is increasingly blurred. Furthermore, GPCRs couple to non-G protein transducers, including β-arrestins or other scaffold proteins, to initiate additional signaling cascades. Receptor/transducer selectivity is dictated by agonist-induced receptor conformations as well as by collateral factors. In particular, ligands stabilize distinct receptor conformations to preferentially activate certain pathways, designated 'biased signaling'. In this regard, receptor sequence alignment and mutagenesis have helped to identify key receptor domains for receptor/transducer specificity. Furthermore, molecular structures of GPCRs bound to different ligands or transducers have provided detailed insights into mechanisms of coupling selectivity. However, receptor dimerization, compartmentalization, and trafficking, receptor-transducer-effector stoichiometry, and ligand residence and exposure times can each affect GPCR coupling. Extrinsic factors including cell type or assay conditions can also influence receptor signaling. Understanding these factors may lead to the development of improved biased ligands with the potential to enhance therapeutic benefit, while minimizing adverse effects. In this review, evidence for ligand-specific GPCR signaling toward different transducers or pathways is elaborated. Furthermore, molecular determinants of biased signaling toward these pathways and relevant examples of the potential clinical benefits and pitfalls of biased ligands are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Seyedabadi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Education Development Center, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | | | - Paul R Albert
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Neuroscience, University of Ottawa, Canada.
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126
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Lotta LA, Mokrosiński J, Mendes de Oliveira E, Li C, Sharp SJ, Luan J, Brouwers B, Ayinampudi V, Bowker N, Kerrison N, Kaimakis V, Hoult D, Stewart ID, Wheeler E, Day FR, Perry JRB, Langenberg C, Wareham NJ, Farooqi IS. Human Gain-of-Function MC4R Variants Show Signaling Bias and Protect against Obesity. Cell 2019; 177:597-607.e9. [PMID: 31002796 PMCID: PMC6476272 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) is a G protein-coupled receptor whose disruption causes obesity. We functionally characterized 61 MC4R variants identified in 0.5 million people from UK Biobank and examined their associations with body mass index (BMI) and obesity-related cardiometabolic diseases. We found that the maximal efficacy of β-arrestin recruitment to MC4R, rather than canonical Gαs-mediated cyclic adenosine-monophosphate production, explained 88% of the variance in the association of MC4R variants with BMI. While most MC4R variants caused loss of function, a subset caused gain of function; these variants were associated with significantly lower BMI and lower odds of obesity, type 2 diabetes, and coronary artery disease. Protective associations were driven by MC4R variants exhibiting signaling bias toward β-arrestin recruitment and increased mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway activation. Harnessing β-arrestin-biased MC4R signaling may represent an effective strategy for weight loss and the treatment of obesity-related cardiometabolic diseases.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Body Mass Index
- Coronary Artery Disease/complications
- Coronary Artery Disease/metabolism
- Coronary Artery Disease/pathology
- Cyclic AMP/metabolism
- Databases, Factual
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/pathology
- Female
- GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gs/metabolism
- Gain of Function Mutation/genetics
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Genotype
- Humans
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Obesity/complications
- Obesity/metabolism
- Obesity/pathology
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
- Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 4/chemistry
- Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 4/genetics
- Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 4/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- beta-Arrestins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca A Lotta
- University of Cambridge MRC Epidemiology Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
| | - Jacek Mokrosiński
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Edson Mendes de Oliveira
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Chen Li
- University of Cambridge MRC Epidemiology Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Stephen J Sharp
- University of Cambridge MRC Epidemiology Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Jian'an Luan
- University of Cambridge MRC Epidemiology Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Bas Brouwers
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Vikram Ayinampudi
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Nicholas Bowker
- University of Cambridge MRC Epidemiology Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Nicola Kerrison
- University of Cambridge MRC Epidemiology Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Vasileios Kaimakis
- University of Cambridge MRC Epidemiology Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Diana Hoult
- University of Cambridge MRC Epidemiology Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Isobel D Stewart
- University of Cambridge MRC Epidemiology Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Eleanor Wheeler
- University of Cambridge MRC Epidemiology Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Felix R Day
- University of Cambridge MRC Epidemiology Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - John R B Perry
- University of Cambridge MRC Epidemiology Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Claudia Langenberg
- University of Cambridge MRC Epidemiology Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Nicholas J Wareham
- University of Cambridge MRC Epidemiology Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - I Sadaf Farooqi
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
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127
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Mores KL, Cummins BR, Cassell RJ, van Rijn RM. A Review of the Therapeutic Potential of Recently Developed G Protein-Biased Kappa Agonists. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:407. [PMID: 31057409 PMCID: PMC6478756 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Between 2000 and 2005 several studies revealed that morphine is more potent and exhibits fewer side effects in beta-arrestin 2 knockout mice. These findings spurred efforts to develop opioids that signal primarily via G protein activation and do not, or only very weakly, recruit beta-arrestin. Development of such molecules targeting the mu opioid receptor initially outpaced those targeting the kappa, delta and nociceptin opioid receptors, with the G protein-biased mu opioid agonist oliceridine/TRV130 having completed phase III clinical trials with improved therapeutic window to treat moderate-to-severe acute pain. Recently however, there has been a sharp increase in the development of novel G protein-biased kappa agonists. It is hypothesized that G protein-biased kappa agonists can reduce pain and itch, but exhibit fewer side effects, such as anhedonia and psychosis, that have thus far limited the clinical development of unbiased kappa opioid agonists. Here we summarize recently discovered G protein-biased kappa agonists, comparing structures, degree of signal bias and preclinical effects. We specifically reviewed nalfurafine, 22-thiocyanatosalvinorin A (RB-64), mesyl-salvinorin B, 2-(4-(furan-2-ylmethyl)-5-((4-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)thio)-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)pyridine (triazole 1.1), 3-(2-((cyclopropylmethyl)(phenethyl)amino)ethyl)phenol (HS666), N-n-butyl-N-phenylethyl-N-3-hydroxyphenylethyl-amine (compound 5/BPHA), 6-guanidinonaltrindole (6′GNTI), and collybolide. These agonists encompass a variety of chemical scaffolds and range in both their potency and efficacy in terms of G protein signaling and beta-arrestin recruitment. Thus unsurprisingly, the behavioral responses reported for these agonists are not uniform. Yet, it is our conclusion that the kappa opioid field will benefit tremendously from future studies that compare several biased agonists and correlate the degree of signaling bias to a particular pharmacological response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendall L Mores
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Benjamin R Cummins
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Robert J Cassell
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, West Lafayette, IN, United States.,Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Richard M van Rijn
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, West Lafayette, IN, United States.,Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery, West Lafayette, IN, United States.,Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, West Lafayette, IN, United States
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128
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129
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Sniecikowska J, Gluch-Lutwin M, Bucki A, Więckowska A, Siwek A, Jastrzebska-Wiesek M, Partyka A, Wilczyńska D, Pytka K, Pociecha K, Cios A, Wyska E, Wesołowska A, Pawłowski M, Varney MA, Newman-Tancredi A, Kolaczkowski M. Novel Aryloxyethyl Derivatives of 1-(1-Benzoylpiperidin-4-yl)methanamine as the Extracellular Regulated Kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2) Phosphorylation-Preferring Serotonin 5-HT 1A Receptor-Biased Agonists with Robust Antidepressant-like Activity. J Med Chem 2019; 62:2750-2771. [PMID: 30721053 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Novel 1-(1-benzoylpiperidin-4-yl)methanamine derivatives were designed as "biased agonists" of serotonin 5-HT1A receptors. The compounds were tested in signal transduction assays (ERK1/2 phosphorylation, cAMP inhibition, Ca2+ mobilization, and β-arrestin recruitment) which identified ERK1/2 phosphorylation-preferring aryloxyethyl derivatives. The novel series showed high 5-HT1A receptor affinity, >1000-fold selectivity versus noradrenergic α1, dopamine D2, serotonin 5-HT2A, histamine H1, and muscarinic M1 receptors, and favorable druglike properties (CNS-MPO, Fsp3, LELP). The lead structure, (3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)(4-fluoro-4-(((2-(pyridin-2-yloxy)ethyl)amino)methyl)piperidin-1-yl)methanone (17, NLX-204), displayed high selectivity in the SafetyScreen44 panel (including hERG channel), high solubility, metabolic stability, and Caco-2 penetration and did not block CYP3A4, CYP2D6 isoenzymes, or P-glycoprotein. Preliminary in vivo studies confirmed its promising pharmacokinetic profile. 17 also robustly stimulated ERK1/2 phosphorylation in rat cortex and showed highly potent (MED = 0.16 mg/kg) and efficacious antidepressant-like activity, totally eliminating immobility in the rat Porsolt test. These data suggest that the present 5-HT1A receptor-biased agonists could constitute promising antidepressant drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Sniecikowska
- Faculty of Pharmacy , Jagiellonian University Medical College , 9 Medyczna Street , 30-688 Kraków , Poland
| | - Monika Gluch-Lutwin
- Faculty of Pharmacy , Jagiellonian University Medical College , 9 Medyczna Street , 30-688 Kraków , Poland
| | - Adam Bucki
- Faculty of Pharmacy , Jagiellonian University Medical College , 9 Medyczna Street , 30-688 Kraków , Poland
| | - Anna Więckowska
- Faculty of Pharmacy , Jagiellonian University Medical College , 9 Medyczna Street , 30-688 Kraków , Poland
| | - Agata Siwek
- Faculty of Pharmacy , Jagiellonian University Medical College , 9 Medyczna Street , 30-688 Kraków , Poland
| | | | - Anna Partyka
- Faculty of Pharmacy , Jagiellonian University Medical College , 9 Medyczna Street , 30-688 Kraków , Poland
| | - Daria Wilczyńska
- Faculty of Pharmacy , Jagiellonian University Medical College , 9 Medyczna Street , 30-688 Kraków , Poland
| | - Karolina Pytka
- Faculty of Pharmacy , Jagiellonian University Medical College , 9 Medyczna Street , 30-688 Kraków , Poland
| | - Krzysztof Pociecha
- Faculty of Pharmacy , Jagiellonian University Medical College , 9 Medyczna Street , 30-688 Kraków , Poland
| | - Agnieszka Cios
- Faculty of Pharmacy , Jagiellonian University Medical College , 9 Medyczna Street , 30-688 Kraków , Poland
| | - Elżbieta Wyska
- Faculty of Pharmacy , Jagiellonian University Medical College , 9 Medyczna Street , 30-688 Kraków , Poland
| | - Anna Wesołowska
- Faculty of Pharmacy , Jagiellonian University Medical College , 9 Medyczna Street , 30-688 Kraków , Poland
| | - Maciej Pawłowski
- Faculty of Pharmacy , Jagiellonian University Medical College , 9 Medyczna Street , 30-688 Kraków , Poland
| | - Mark A Varney
- Neurolixis Inc. , 34145 Pacific Coast Highway #504 , Dana Point , 92629 California , United States
| | - Adrian Newman-Tancredi
- Neurolixis Inc. , 34145 Pacific Coast Highway #504 , Dana Point , 92629 California , United States
| | - Marcin Kolaczkowski
- Faculty of Pharmacy , Jagiellonian University Medical College , 9 Medyczna Street , 30-688 Kraków , Poland
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130
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Zhu X, Finlay DB, Glass M, Duffull SB. An intact model for quantifying functional selectivity. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2557. [PMID: 30796256 PMCID: PMC6384912 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39000-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A ligand that acts on a target receptor to activate particular multiple signalling pathways with activity that is distinct from other ligands is termed ligand bias. Quantification of ligand bias is based on applying the operational model to each pathway separately and subsequent calculation of the ligand bias metric (ΔΔlogR). This approach implies independence among different pathways and causes propagation of error in the calculation. Here, we propose a semi-mechanism-based model which allows for receptor selectivity across all the pathways simultaneously (termed the ‘intact operational model’). The power of the intact model for detecting ligand bias was evaluated via stochastic simulation estimation studies. It was also applied to two examples: (1) opposing effects of Gi/Gs signalling of α2-adrenergic receptors and (2) simultaneous measurement of arachidonic acid release and inositol phosphate accumulation following 5-HT2C receptor activation. The intact operational model demonstrated greater power to detect ligand bias in the simulation. In the applications, it provided better precision of estimation and identified biased ligands that were missed by analysis of traditional methods. Issues identified in both examples might lead to different interpretations of the data. The intact operational model may elucidate greater understanding of the underlying mechanisms of functional selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhu
- Otago Pharmacometrics Group, School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
| | - David B Finlay
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Michelle Glass
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Stephen B Duffull
- Otago Pharmacometrics Group, School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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131
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Raabe CA, Gröper J, Rescher U. Biased perspectives on formyl peptide receptors. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2019; 1866:305-316. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2018.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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132
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Angiotensin Analogs with Divergent Bias Stabilize Distinct Receptor Conformations. Cell 2019; 176:468-478.e11. [PMID: 30639099 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
"Biased" G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) agonists preferentially activate pathways mediated by G proteins or β-arrestins. Here, we use double electron-electron resonance spectroscopy to probe the changes that ligands induce in the conformational distribution of the angiotensin II type I receptor. Monitoring distances between 10 pairs of nitroxide labels distributed across the intracellular regions enabled mapping of four underlying sets of conformations. Ligands from different functional classes have distinct, characteristic effects on the conformational heterogeneity of the receptor. Compared to angiotensin II, the endogenous agonist, agonists with enhanced Gq coupling more strongly stabilize an "open" conformation with an accessible transducer-binding site. β-arrestin-biased agonists deficient in Gq coupling do not stabilize this open conformation but instead favor two more occluded conformations. These data suggest a structural mechanism for biased ligand action at the angiotensin receptor that can be exploited to rationally design GPCR-targeting drugs with greater specificity of action.
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133
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Wingler LM, McMahon C, Staus DP, Lefkowitz RJ, Kruse AC. Distinctive Activation Mechanism for Angiotensin Receptor Revealed by a Synthetic Nanobody. Cell 2019; 176:479-490.e12. [PMID: 30639100 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Revised: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The angiotensin II (AngII) type 1 receptor (AT1R) is a critical regulator of cardiovascular and renal function and is an important model for studies of G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling. By stabilizing the receptor with a single-domain antibody fragment ("nanobody") discovered using a synthetic yeast-displayed library, we determined the crystal structure of active-state human AT1R bound to an AngII analog with partial agonist activity. The nanobody binds to the receptor's intracellular transducer pocket, stabilizing the large conformational changes characteristic of activated GPCRs. The peptide engages the AT1R through an extensive interface spanning from the receptor core to its extracellular face and N terminus, remodeling the ligand-binding cavity. Remarkably, the mechanism used to propagate conformational changes through the receptor diverges from other GPCRs at several key sites, highlighting the diversity of allosteric mechanisms among GPCRs. Our structure provides insight into how AngII and its analogs stimulate full or biased signaling, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Wingler
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Conor McMahon
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Dean P Staus
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Robert J Lefkowitz
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - Andrew C Kruse
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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134
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Abstract
The nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ) peptide receptor (NOP) is a G protein-coupled receptor involved in the regulation of several physiological functions and pathological conditions. Thus, researchers from academia and industry are pursuing NOP to discover and study novel pharmacological entities. In a multidisciplinary effort of pharmacologists, medicinal chemists, and molecular and structural biologists the mechanisms of NOP activation and inhibition have been, at least partially, disentangled. Here, we review the in vitro methodologies employed, which have contributed to our understanding of this target. We hope this chapter guides the reader through the mostly established assay platforms to investigate NOP pharmacology, and gives some hints taking advantage from what has already illuminated the function of other GPCRs. We analyzed the pharmacological results obtained with a large panel of NOP ligands investigated in several assays including receptor binding, stimulation of GTPγS binding, decrease of cAMP levels, calcium flux stimulation via chimeric G proteins, NOP/G protein and NOP/β-arrestin interaction, label-free assays such as dynamic mass redistribution, and bioassays such as the electrically stimulated mouse vas deferens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Malfacini
- Molecular, Cellular and Pharmacobiology Section, Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Girolamo Caló
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medical Sciences, National Institute of Neurosciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
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135
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Landomiel F, De Pascali F, Raynaud P, Jean-Alphonse F, Yvinec R, Pellissier LP, Bozon V, Bruneau G, Crépieux P, Poupon A, Reiter E. Biased Signaling and Allosteric Modulation at the FSHR. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:148. [PMID: 30930853 PMCID: PMC6425863 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge on G protein-coupled receptor (GPCRs) structure and mechanism of activation has profoundly evolved over the past years. The way drugs targeting this family of receptors are discovered and used has also changed. Ligands appear to bind a growing number of GPCRs in a competitive or allosteric manner to elicit balanced signaling or biased signaling (i.e., differential efficacy in activating or inhibiting selective signaling pathway(s) compared to the reference ligand). These novel concepts and developments transform our understanding of the follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) receptor (FSHR) biology and the way it could be pharmacologically modulated in the future. The FSHR is expressed in somatic cells of the gonads and plays a major role in reproduction. When compared to classical GPCRs, the FSHR exhibits intrinsic peculiarities, such as a very large NH2-terminal extracellular domain that binds a naturally heterogeneous, large heterodimeric glycoprotein, namely FSH. Once activated, the FSHR couples to Gαs and, in some instances, to other Gα subunits. G protein-coupled receptor kinases and β-arrestins are also recruited to this receptor and account for its desensitization, trafficking, and intracellular signaling. Different classes of pharmacological tools capable of biasing FSHR signaling have been reported and open promising prospects both in basic research and for therapeutic applications. Here we provide an updated review of the most salient peculiarities of FSHR signaling and its selective modulation.
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136
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Turu G, Balla A, Hunyady L. The Role of β-Arrestin Proteins in Organization of Signaling and Regulation of the AT1 Angiotensin Receptor. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:519. [PMID: 31447777 PMCID: PMC6691095 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
AT1 angiotensin receptor plays important physiological and pathophysiological roles in the cardiovascular system. Renin-angiotensin system represents a target system for drugs acting at different levels. The main effects of ATR1 stimulation involve activation of Gq proteins and subsequent IP3, DAG, and calcium signaling. It has become evident in recent years that besides the well-known G protein pathways, AT1R also activates a parallel signaling pathway through β-arrestins. β-arrestins were originally described as proteins that desensitize G protein-coupled receptors, but they can also mediate receptor internalization and G protein-independent signaling. AT1R is one of the most studied receptors, which was used to unravel the newly recognized β-arrestin-mediated pathways. β-arrestin-mediated signaling has become one of the most studied topics in recent years in molecular pharmacology and the modulation of these pathways of the AT1R might offer new therapeutic opportunities in the near future. In this paper, we review the recent advances in the field of β-arrestin signaling of the AT1R, emphasizing its role in cardiovascular regulation and heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Turu
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-SE Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Semmelweis University, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - András Balla
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-SE Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Semmelweis University, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Hunyady
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-SE Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Semmelweis University, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
- *Correspondence: László Hunyady
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137
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Franco R, Aguinaga D, Jiménez J, Lillo J, Martínez-Pinilla E, Navarro G. Biased receptor functionality versus biased agonism in G-protein-coupled receptors. Biomol Concepts 2018; 9:143-154. [PMID: 30864350 DOI: 10.1515/bmc-2018-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional selectivity is a property of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) by which activation by different agonists leads to different signal transduction mechanisms. This phenomenon is also known as biased agonism and has attracted the interest of drug discovery programs in both academy and industry. This relatively recent concept has raised concerns as to the validity and real translational value of the results showing bias; firstly biased agonism may vary significantly depending on the cell type and the experimental constraints, secondly the conformational landscape that leads to biased agonism has not been defined. Remarkably, GPCRs may lead to differential signaling even when a single agonist is used. Here we present a concept that constitutes a biochemical property of GPCRs that may be underscored just using one agonist, preferably the endogenous agonist. "Biased receptor functionality" is proposed to describe this effect with examples based on receptor heteromerization and alternative splicing. Examples of regulation of final agonist-induced outputs based on interaction with β-arrestins or calcium sensors are also provided. Each of the functional GPCR units (which are finite in number) has a specific conformation. Binding of agonist to a specific conformation, i.e. GPCR activation, is sensitive to the kinetics of the agonist-receptor interactions. All these players are involved in the contrasting outputs obtained when different agonists are assayed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Franco
- Molecular Neurobiology laboratory.Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Biology School, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación en Red, Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Aguinaga
- Molecular Neurobiology laboratory.Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Biology School, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación en Red, Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jasmina Jiménez
- Centro de Investigación en Red, Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jaume Lillo
- Molecular Neurobiology laboratory.Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Biology School, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eva Martínez-Pinilla
- Departamento de Morfología y Biología Celular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo, Asturias, Spain.,Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA), Asturias, Spain.,Instituto de Salud del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Asturias, Spain
| | - Gemma Navarro
- Centro de Investigación en Red, Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Pharmacy and Food Science School, University of Barcelona, Barcelona Spain
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138
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Navarro G, Reyes-Resina I, Rivas-Santisteban R, Sánchez de Medina V, Morales P, Casano S, Ferreiro-Vera C, Lillo A, Aguinaga D, Jagerovic N, Nadal X, Franco R. Cannabidiol skews biased agonism at cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors with smaller effect in CB1-CB2 heteroreceptor complexes. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 157:148-158. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.08.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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139
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Choi M, Staus DP, Wingler LM, Ahn S, Pani B, Capel WD, Lefkowitz RJ. G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs) orchestrate biased agonism at the β 2-adrenergic receptor. Sci Signal 2018; 11:11/544/eaar7084. [PMID: 30131371 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aar7084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Biased agonists of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), which selectively activate either G protein- or β-arrestin-mediated signaling pathways, are of major therapeutic interest because they have the potential to show improved efficacy and specificity as drugs. Efforts to understand the mechanistic basis of this phenomenon have focused on the hypothesis that G proteins and β-arrestins preferentially couple to distinct GPCR conformations. However, because GPCR kinase (GRK)-dependent receptor phosphorylation is a critical prerequisite for the recruitment of β-arrestins to most GPCRs, GRKs themselves may play an important role in establishing biased signaling. We showed that an alanine mutant of the highly conserved residue tyrosine 219 (Y219A) in transmembrane domain five of the β2-adrenergic receptor (β2AR) was incapable of β-arrestin recruitment, receptor internalization, and β-arrestin-mediated activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), whereas it retained the ability to signal through G protein. We found that the impaired β-arrestin recruitment in cells was due to reduced GRK-mediated phosphorylation of the β2AR Y219A C terminus, which was recapitulated in vitro with purified components. Furthermore, in vitro ligation of a synthetically phosphorylated peptide onto the C terminus of β2AR Y219A rescued both the initial recruitment of β-arrestin and its engagement with the intracellular core of the receptor. These data suggest that the Y219A mutation generates a G protein-biased state primarily by conformational selection against GRK coupling, rather than against β-arrestin. Together, these findings highlight the importance of GRKs in modulating the biased agonism of GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjung Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Dean P Staus
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA. .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Laura M Wingler
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Seungkirl Ahn
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Biswaranjan Pani
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - William D Capel
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Robert J Lefkowitz
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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140
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Yvinec R, Crépieux P, Reiter E, Poupon A, Clément F. Advances in computational modeling approaches of pituitary gonadotropin signaling. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2018; 13:799-813. [DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2018.1501025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Romain Yvinec
- PRC, INRA, CNRS, IFCE, Université de Tours, Nouzilly, France
| | | | - Eric Reiter
- PRC, INRA, CNRS, IFCE, Université de Tours, Nouzilly, France
| | - Anne Poupon
- PRC, INRA, CNRS, IFCE, Université de Tours, Nouzilly, France
| | - Frédérique Clément
- Inria, Université Paris-Saclay, Palaiseau, France
- LMS, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Palaiseau, France
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141
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Liu X, Gao ZG, Wu Y, Stevens RC, Jacobson KA, Zhao S. Salvianolic acids from antithrombotic Traditional Chinese Medicine Danshen are antagonists of human P2Y 1 and P2Y 12 receptors. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8084. [PMID: 29795391 PMCID: PMC5967328 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26577-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Many hemorheologic Traditional Chinese Medicines (TCMs) that are widely-used clinically lack molecular mechanisms of action. We hypothesized that some of the active components of hemorheologic TCMs may function through targeting prothrombotic P2Y1 and/or P2Y12 receptors. The interactions between 253 antithrombotic compounds from TCM and these two G protein-coupled P2Y receptors were evaluated using virtual screening. Eleven highly ranked hits were further tested in radioligand binding and functional assays. Among these compounds, salvianolic acid A and C antagonized the activity of both P2Y1 and P2Y12 receptors in the low µM range, while salvianolic acid B antagonized the P2Y12 receptor. These three salvianolic acids are the major active components of the broadly-used hemorheologic TCM Danshen (Salvia militorrhiza), the antithrombotic molecular mechanisms of which were largely unknown. Thus, the combination of virtual screening and experimental validation identified potential mechanisms of action of multicomponent drugs that are already employed clinically.
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MESH Headings
- Alkenes/chemistry
- Alkenes/isolation & purification
- Alkenes/pharmacology
- Benzofurans/chemistry
- Benzofurans/isolation & purification
- Benzofurans/pharmacology
- Caffeic Acids/chemistry
- Caffeic Acids/isolation & purification
- Caffeic Acids/pharmacology
- Drugs, Chinese Herbal/chemistry
- Fibrinolytic Agents/chemistry
- Fibrinolytic Agents/isolation & purification
- Fibrinolytic Agents/pharmacology
- Humans
- Lactates/chemistry
- Lactates/isolation & purification
- Lactates/pharmacology
- Medicine, Chinese Traditional
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Docking Simulation
- Molecular Structure
- Polyphenols/chemistry
- Polyphenols/isolation & purification
- Polyphenols/pharmacology
- Purinergic P2Y Receptor Antagonists/chemistry
- Purinergic P2Y Receptor Antagonists/isolation & purification
- Purinergic P2Y Receptor Antagonists/pharmacology
- Receptors, Purinergic P2Y1/chemistry
- Receptors, Purinergic P2Y1/drug effects
- Receptors, Purinergic P2Y1/metabolism
- Receptors, Purinergic P2Y12/chemistry
- Receptors, Purinergic P2Y12/drug effects
- Receptors, Purinergic P2Y12/metabolism
- Salvia miltiorrhiza/chemistry
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuyang Liu
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
- Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 20031, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A, Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhan-Guo Gao
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
| | - Yiran Wu
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | | | - Kenneth A Jacobson
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
| | - Suwen Zhao
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China.
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China.
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142
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Abstract
β-arrestin1 (or arrestin2) and β-arrestin2 (or arrestin3) are ubiquitously expressed cytosolic adaptor proteins that were originally discovered for their inhibitory role in G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling through heterotrimeric G proteins. However, further biochemical characterization revealed that β-arrestins do not just "block" the activated GPCRs, but trigger endocytosis and kinase activation leading to specific signaling pathways that can be localized on endosomes. The signaling pathways initiated by β-arrestins were also found to be independent of G protein activation by GPCRs. The discovery of ligands that blocked G protein activation but promoted β-arrestin binding, or vice-versa, suggested the exciting possibility of selectively activating intracellular signaling pathways. In addition, it is becoming increasingly evident that β-arrestin-dependent signaling is extremely diverse and provokes distinct cellular responses through different GPCRs even when the same effector kinase is involved. In this review, we summarize various signaling pathways mediated by β-arrestins and highlight the physiologic effects of β-arrestin-dependent signaling.
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143
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Ahn S, Pani B, Kahsai AW, Olsen EK, Husemoen G, Vestergaard M, Jin L, Zhao S, Wingler LM, Rambarat PK, Simhal RK, Xu TT, Sun LD, Shim PJ, Staus DP, Huang LY, Franch T, Chen X, Lefkowitz RJ. Small-Molecule Positive Allosteric Modulators of the β2-Adrenoceptor Isolated from DNA-Encoded Libraries. Mol Pharmacol 2018; 94:850-861. [PMID: 29769246 PMCID: PMC6022804 DOI: 10.1124/mol.118.111948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional drug discovery efforts at the β2-adrenoceptor (β2AR) have led to the development of ligands that bind almost exclusively to the receptor’s hormone-binding orthosteric site. However, targeting the largely unexplored and evolutionarily unique allosteric sites has potential for developing more specific drugs with fewer side effects than orthosteric ligands. Using our recently developed approach for screening G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs) with DNA-encoded small-molecule libraries, we have discovered and characterized the first β2AR small-molecule positive allosteric modulators (PAMs)—compound (Cmpd)-6 [(R)-N-(4-amino-1-(4-(tert-butyl)phenyl)-4-oxobutan-2-yl)-5-(N-isopropyl-N-methylsulfamoyl)-2-((4-methoxyphenyl)thio)benzamide] and its analogs. We used purified human β2ARs, occupied by a high-affinity agonist, for the affinity-based screening of over 500 million distinct library compounds, which yielded Cmpd-6. It exhibits a low micro-molar affinity for the agonist-occupied β2AR and displays positive cooperativity with orthosteric agonists, thereby enhancing their binding to the receptor and ability to stabilize its active state. Cmpd-6 is cooperative with G protein and β-arrestin1 (a.k.a. arrestin2) to stabilize high-affinity, agonist-bound active states of the β2AR and potentiates downstream cAMP production and receptor recruitment of β-arrestin2 (a.k.a. arrestin3). Cmpd-6 is specific for the β2AR compared with the closely related β1AR. Structure–activity studies of select Cmpd-6 analogs defined the chemical groups that are critical for its biologic activity. We thus introduce the first small-molecule PAMs for the β2AR, which may serve as a lead molecule for the development of novel therapeutics. The approach described in this work establishes a broadly applicable proof-of-concept strategy for affinity-based discovery of small-molecule allosteric compounds targeting unique conformational states of GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungkirl Ahn
- Departments of Medicine (S.A., B.P., A.W.K., L.M.W., P.K.R., R.K.S., T.T.X., L.D.S., D.P.S., L.-Y.H., R.J.L.) and Biochemistry (R.J.L.) and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (L.M.W., D.P.S., R.J.L.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; Nuevolution A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark (E.K.O., G.H., M.V., T.F.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China (L.J., S.Z., X.C.); and Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina (P.J.S.)
| | - Biswaranjan Pani
- Departments of Medicine (S.A., B.P., A.W.K., L.M.W., P.K.R., R.K.S., T.T.X., L.D.S., D.P.S., L.-Y.H., R.J.L.) and Biochemistry (R.J.L.) and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (L.M.W., D.P.S., R.J.L.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; Nuevolution A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark (E.K.O., G.H., M.V., T.F.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China (L.J., S.Z., X.C.); and Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina (P.J.S.)
| | - Alem W Kahsai
- Departments of Medicine (S.A., B.P., A.W.K., L.M.W., P.K.R., R.K.S., T.T.X., L.D.S., D.P.S., L.-Y.H., R.J.L.) and Biochemistry (R.J.L.) and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (L.M.W., D.P.S., R.J.L.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; Nuevolution A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark (E.K.O., G.H., M.V., T.F.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China (L.J., S.Z., X.C.); and Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina (P.J.S.)
| | - Eva K Olsen
- Departments of Medicine (S.A., B.P., A.W.K., L.M.W., P.K.R., R.K.S., T.T.X., L.D.S., D.P.S., L.-Y.H., R.J.L.) and Biochemistry (R.J.L.) and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (L.M.W., D.P.S., R.J.L.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; Nuevolution A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark (E.K.O., G.H., M.V., T.F.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China (L.J., S.Z., X.C.); and Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina (P.J.S.)
| | - Gitte Husemoen
- Departments of Medicine (S.A., B.P., A.W.K., L.M.W., P.K.R., R.K.S., T.T.X., L.D.S., D.P.S., L.-Y.H., R.J.L.) and Biochemistry (R.J.L.) and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (L.M.W., D.P.S., R.J.L.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; Nuevolution A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark (E.K.O., G.H., M.V., T.F.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China (L.J., S.Z., X.C.); and Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina (P.J.S.)
| | - Mikkel Vestergaard
- Departments of Medicine (S.A., B.P., A.W.K., L.M.W., P.K.R., R.K.S., T.T.X., L.D.S., D.P.S., L.-Y.H., R.J.L.) and Biochemistry (R.J.L.) and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (L.M.W., D.P.S., R.J.L.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; Nuevolution A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark (E.K.O., G.H., M.V., T.F.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China (L.J., S.Z., X.C.); and Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina (P.J.S.)
| | - Lei Jin
- Departments of Medicine (S.A., B.P., A.W.K., L.M.W., P.K.R., R.K.S., T.T.X., L.D.S., D.P.S., L.-Y.H., R.J.L.) and Biochemistry (R.J.L.) and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (L.M.W., D.P.S., R.J.L.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; Nuevolution A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark (E.K.O., G.H., M.V., T.F.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China (L.J., S.Z., X.C.); and Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina (P.J.S.)
| | - Shuai Zhao
- Departments of Medicine (S.A., B.P., A.W.K., L.M.W., P.K.R., R.K.S., T.T.X., L.D.S., D.P.S., L.-Y.H., R.J.L.) and Biochemistry (R.J.L.) and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (L.M.W., D.P.S., R.J.L.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; Nuevolution A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark (E.K.O., G.H., M.V., T.F.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China (L.J., S.Z., X.C.); and Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina (P.J.S.)
| | - Laura M Wingler
- Departments of Medicine (S.A., B.P., A.W.K., L.M.W., P.K.R., R.K.S., T.T.X., L.D.S., D.P.S., L.-Y.H., R.J.L.) and Biochemistry (R.J.L.) and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (L.M.W., D.P.S., R.J.L.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; Nuevolution A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark (E.K.O., G.H., M.V., T.F.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China (L.J., S.Z., X.C.); and Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina (P.J.S.)
| | - Paula K Rambarat
- Departments of Medicine (S.A., B.P., A.W.K., L.M.W., P.K.R., R.K.S., T.T.X., L.D.S., D.P.S., L.-Y.H., R.J.L.) and Biochemistry (R.J.L.) and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (L.M.W., D.P.S., R.J.L.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; Nuevolution A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark (E.K.O., G.H., M.V., T.F.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China (L.J., S.Z., X.C.); and Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina (P.J.S.)
| | - Rishabh K Simhal
- Departments of Medicine (S.A., B.P., A.W.K., L.M.W., P.K.R., R.K.S., T.T.X., L.D.S., D.P.S., L.-Y.H., R.J.L.) and Biochemistry (R.J.L.) and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (L.M.W., D.P.S., R.J.L.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; Nuevolution A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark (E.K.O., G.H., M.V., T.F.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China (L.J., S.Z., X.C.); and Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina (P.J.S.)
| | - Thomas T Xu
- Departments of Medicine (S.A., B.P., A.W.K., L.M.W., P.K.R., R.K.S., T.T.X., L.D.S., D.P.S., L.-Y.H., R.J.L.) and Biochemistry (R.J.L.) and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (L.M.W., D.P.S., R.J.L.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; Nuevolution A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark (E.K.O., G.H., M.V., T.F.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China (L.J., S.Z., X.C.); and Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina (P.J.S.)
| | - Lillian D Sun
- Departments of Medicine (S.A., B.P., A.W.K., L.M.W., P.K.R., R.K.S., T.T.X., L.D.S., D.P.S., L.-Y.H., R.J.L.) and Biochemistry (R.J.L.) and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (L.M.W., D.P.S., R.J.L.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; Nuevolution A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark (E.K.O., G.H., M.V., T.F.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China (L.J., S.Z., X.C.); and Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina (P.J.S.)
| | - Paul J Shim
- Departments of Medicine (S.A., B.P., A.W.K., L.M.W., P.K.R., R.K.S., T.T.X., L.D.S., D.P.S., L.-Y.H., R.J.L.) and Biochemistry (R.J.L.) and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (L.M.W., D.P.S., R.J.L.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; Nuevolution A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark (E.K.O., G.H., M.V., T.F.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China (L.J., S.Z., X.C.); and Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina (P.J.S.)
| | - Dean P Staus
- Departments of Medicine (S.A., B.P., A.W.K., L.M.W., P.K.R., R.K.S., T.T.X., L.D.S., D.P.S., L.-Y.H., R.J.L.) and Biochemistry (R.J.L.) and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (L.M.W., D.P.S., R.J.L.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; Nuevolution A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark (E.K.O., G.H., M.V., T.F.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China (L.J., S.Z., X.C.); and Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina (P.J.S.)
| | - Li-Yin Huang
- Departments of Medicine (S.A., B.P., A.W.K., L.M.W., P.K.R., R.K.S., T.T.X., L.D.S., D.P.S., L.-Y.H., R.J.L.) and Biochemistry (R.J.L.) and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (L.M.W., D.P.S., R.J.L.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; Nuevolution A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark (E.K.O., G.H., M.V., T.F.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China (L.J., S.Z., X.C.); and Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina (P.J.S.)
| | - Thomas Franch
- Departments of Medicine (S.A., B.P., A.W.K., L.M.W., P.K.R., R.K.S., T.T.X., L.D.S., D.P.S., L.-Y.H., R.J.L.) and Biochemistry (R.J.L.) and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (L.M.W., D.P.S., R.J.L.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; Nuevolution A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark (E.K.O., G.H., M.V., T.F.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China (L.J., S.Z., X.C.); and Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina (P.J.S.)
| | - Xin Chen
- Departments of Medicine (S.A., B.P., A.W.K., L.M.W., P.K.R., R.K.S., T.T.X., L.D.S., D.P.S., L.-Y.H., R.J.L.) and Biochemistry (R.J.L.) and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (L.M.W., D.P.S., R.J.L.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; Nuevolution A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark (E.K.O., G.H., M.V., T.F.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China (L.J., S.Z., X.C.); and Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina (P.J.S.)
| | - Robert J Lefkowitz
- Departments of Medicine (S.A., B.P., A.W.K., L.M.W., P.K.R., R.K.S., T.T.X., L.D.S., D.P.S., L.-Y.H., R.J.L.) and Biochemistry (R.J.L.) and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (L.M.W., D.P.S., R.J.L.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; Nuevolution A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark (E.K.O., G.H., M.V., T.F.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China (L.J., S.Z., X.C.); and Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina (P.J.S.)
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144
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Meng K, Shim P, Wang Q, Zhao S, Gu T, Kahsai AW, Ahn S, Chen X. Design, synthesis, and functional assessment of Cmpd-15 derivatives as negative allosteric modulators for the β2-adrenergic receptor. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:2320-2330. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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145
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Zhu X, Finlay DB, Glass M, Duffull SB. An evaluation of the operational model when applied to quantify functional selectivity. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 175:1654-1668. [PMID: 29457969 PMCID: PMC5913411 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Functional selectivity describes the ability of ligands to differentially regulate multiple signalling pathways when coupled to a single receptor, and the operational model is commonly used to analyse these data. Here, we assess the mathematical properties of the operational model and evaluate the outcomes of fixing parameters on model performance. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The operational model was evaluated using both a mathematical identifiability analysis and simulation. KEY RESULTS Mathematical analysis revealed that the parameters R0 and KE were not independently identifiable which can be solved by considering their ratio, τ. The ratio parameter, τ, was often imprecisely estimated when only functional assay data were available and generally only the transduction coefficient R ( τKA) could be estimated precisely. The general operational model (that includes baseline and the Hill coefficient) required either the parameters Em or KA to be fixed. The normalization process largely cancelled out the mean error of the calculated Δlog (R) caused by fixing these parameters. From this analysis, it was determined that we can avoid the need for a full agonist ligand to be included in an experiment to determine Δlog (R). CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS This analysis has provided a ready-to-use understanding of current methods for quantifying functional selectivity. It showed that current methods are generally tolerant to fixing parameters. A new method was proposed that removes the need for including a high efficacy ligand in any given experiment, which allows application to large-scale screening to identify compounds with desirable features of functional selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhu
- Otago Pharmacometrics Group, National School of PharmacyUniversity of OtagoDunedinNew Zealand
| | - David B Finlay
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical and Health SciencesUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Michelle Glass
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical and Health SciencesUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Stephen B Duffull
- Otago Pharmacometrics Group, National School of PharmacyUniversity of OtagoDunedinNew Zealand
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146
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Yan D, Hamed O, Joshi T, Mostafa MM, Jamieson KC, Joshi R, Newton R, Giembycz MA. Analysis of the Indacaterol-Regulated Transcriptome in Human Airway Epithelial Cells Implicates Gene Expression Changes in the Adverse and Therapeutic Effects of β2-Adrenoceptor Agonists. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2018; 366:220-236. [PMID: 29653961 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.118.249292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The contribution of gene expression changes to the adverse and therapeutic effects of β2-adrenoceptor agonists in asthma was investigated using human airway epithelial cells as a therapeutically relevant target. Operational model-fitting established that the long-acting β2-adrenoceptor agonists (LABA) indacaterol, salmeterol, formoterol, and picumeterol were full agonists on BEAS-2B cells transfected with a cAMP-response element reporter but differed in efficacy (indacaterol ≥ formoterol > salmeterol ≥ picumeterol). The transcriptomic signature of indacaterol in BEAS-2B cells identified 180, 368, 252, and 10 genes that were differentially expressed (>1.5- to <0.67-fold) after 1-, 2-, 6-, and 18-hour of exposure, respectively. Many upregulated genes (e.g., AREG, BDNF, CCL20, CXCL2, EDN1, IL6, IL15, IL20) encode proteins with proinflammatory activity and are annotated by several, enriched gene ontology (GO) terms, including cellular response to interleukin-1, cytokine activity, and positive regulation of neutrophil chemotaxis The general enriched GO term extracellular space was also associated with indacaterol-induced genes, and many of those, including CRISPLD2, DMBT1, GAS1, and SOCS3, have putative anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and/or antiviral activity. Numerous indacaterol-regulated genes were also induced or repressed in BEAS-2B cells and human primary bronchial epithelial cells by the low efficacy LABA salmeterol, indicating that this genomic effect was neither unique to indacaterol nor restricted to the BEAS-2B airway epithelial cell line. Collectively, these data suggest that the consequences of inhaling a β2-adrenoceptor agonist may be complex and involve widespread changes in gene expression. We propose that this genomic effect represents a generally unappreciated mechanism that may contribute to the adverse and therapeutic actions of β2-adrenoceptor agonists in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Yan
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology (D.Y., O.H., T.J., K.C.J., R.J., M.A.G.) and Cell Biology and Anatomy (M.M.M., R.N.), Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Omar Hamed
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology (D.Y., O.H., T.J., K.C.J., R.J., M.A.G.) and Cell Biology and Anatomy (M.M.M., R.N.), Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Taruna Joshi
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology (D.Y., O.H., T.J., K.C.J., R.J., M.A.G.) and Cell Biology and Anatomy (M.M.M., R.N.), Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Mahmoud M Mostafa
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology (D.Y., O.H., T.J., K.C.J., R.J., M.A.G.) and Cell Biology and Anatomy (M.M.M., R.N.), Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kyla C Jamieson
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology (D.Y., O.H., T.J., K.C.J., R.J., M.A.G.) and Cell Biology and Anatomy (M.M.M., R.N.), Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Radhika Joshi
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology (D.Y., O.H., T.J., K.C.J., R.J., M.A.G.) and Cell Biology and Anatomy (M.M.M., R.N.), Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Robert Newton
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology (D.Y., O.H., T.J., K.C.J., R.J., M.A.G.) and Cell Biology and Anatomy (M.M.M., R.N.), Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Mark A Giembycz
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology (D.Y., O.H., T.J., K.C.J., R.J., M.A.G.) and Cell Biology and Anatomy (M.M.M., R.N.), Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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147
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Bridge LJ, Mead J, Frattini E, Winfield I, Ladds G. Modelling and simulation of biased agonism dynamics at a G protein-coupled receptor. J Theor Biol 2018; 442:44-65. [PMID: 29337260 PMCID: PMC5811930 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2018.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Theoretical models of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) concentration-response relationships often assume an agonist producing a single functional response via a single active state of the receptor. These models have largely been analysed assuming steady-state conditions. There is now much experimental evidence to suggest that many GPCRs can exist in multiple receptor conformations and elicit numerous functional responses, with ligands having the potential to activate different signalling pathways to varying extents-a concept referred to as biased agonism, functional selectivity or pluri-dimensional efficacy. Moreover, recent experimental results indicate a clear possibility for time-dependent bias, whereby an agonist's bias with respect to different pathways may vary dynamically. Efforts towards understanding the implications of temporal bias by characterising and quantifying ligand effects on multiple pathways will clearly be aided by extending current equilibrium binding and biased activation models to include G protein activation dynamics. Here, we present a new model of time-dependent biased agonism, based on ordinary differential equations for multiple cubic ternary complex activation models with G protein cycle dynamics. This model allows simulation and analysis of multi-pathway activation bias dynamics at a single receptor for the first time, at the level of active G protein (αGTP), towards the analysis of dynamic functional responses. The model is generally applicable to systems with NG G proteins and N* active receptor states. Numerical simulations for NG=N*=2 reveal new insights into the effects of system parameters (including cooperativities, and ligand and receptor concentrations) on bias dynamics, highlighting new phenomena including the dynamic inter-conversion of bias direction. Further, we fit this model to 'wet' experimental data for two competing G proteins (Gi and Gs) that become activated upon stimulation of the adenosine A1 receptor with adenosine derivative compounds. Finally, we show that our model can qualitatively describe the temporal dynamics of this competing G protein activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Bridge
- Department of Mathematics, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK; Department of Engineering Design and Mathematics, University of the West of England, Frenchay Campus, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK.
| | - J Mead
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1PD, UK
| | - E Frattini
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1PD, UK
| | - I Winfield
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1PD, UK; Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - G Ladds
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1PD, UK.
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148
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Gerbino A, Colella M. The Different Facets of Extracellular Calcium Sensors: Old and New Concepts in Calcium-Sensing Receptor Signalling and Pharmacology. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E999. [PMID: 29584660 PMCID: PMC5979557 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19040999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The current interest of the scientific community for research in the field of calcium sensing in general and on the calcium-sensing Receptor (CaR) in particular is demonstrated by the still increasing number of papers published on this topic. The extracellular calcium-sensing receptor is the best-known G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) able to sense external Ca2+ changes. Widely recognized as a fundamental player in systemic Ca2+ homeostasis, the CaR is ubiquitously expressed in the human body where it activates multiple signalling pathways. In this review, old and new notions regarding the mechanisms by which extracellular Ca2+ microdomains are created and the tools available to measure them are analyzed. After a survey of the main signalling pathways triggered by the CaR, a special attention is reserved for the emerging concepts regarding CaR function in the heart, CaR trafficking and pharmacology. Finally, an overview on other Ca2+ sensors is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Gerbino
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, 70121 Bari, Italy.
| | - Matilde Colella
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, 70121 Bari, Italy.
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149
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Piekielna-Ciesielska J, Ferrari F, Calo' G, Janecka A. Cyclopeptide Dmt-[D-Lys-p-CF 3-Phe-Phe-Asp]NH 2, a novel G protein-biased agonist of the mu opioid receptor. Peptides 2018; 101:227-233. [PMID: 29196181 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2017.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Opioid peptides and alkaloid drugs such as morphine, mediate their analgesic effects, but also undesired side effects, mostly through activation of the mu opioid receptor which belongs to the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family. A new important pharmacological concept in the field of GPCRs is biased agonism. Two mu receptor ligands, Dmt-c[D-Lys-Phe-Phe-Asp]NH2 (C-36) and Dmt-c[D-Lys-Phe-p-CF3-Phe-Asp]NH2 (F-81), were evaluated in terms of their ability to promote or block mu receptor/G protein and mu receptor/β-arrestin interactions. Using the bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) assay it was shown that C-36 activated both, G protein and β-arrestin pathways. Incorporation of trifluoromethyl group into the aromatic ring of phenylalanine in the sequence of F-81 led to activation of G-protein pathway rather than β-arrestin recruitment. Opioid cyclopeptide F-81 turned out to be a biased G protein mu receptor agonist. Such biased ligands are able to separate the biological actions of an activated receptor and have the potential to become more effective drug candidates with fewer side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Federica Ferrari
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Pharmacology and Italian Institute of Neuroscience, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Girolamo Calo'
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Pharmacology and Italian Institute of Neuroscience, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Anna Janecka
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
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150
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Kim BH, Pereverzev A, Zhu S, Tong AOM, Dixon SJ, Chidiac P. Extracellular nucleotides enhance agonist potency at the parathyroid hormone 1 receptor. Cell Signal 2018; 46:103-112. [PMID: 29501726 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2018.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) activates the PTH/PTH-related peptide receptor (PTH1R) on osteoblasts and other target cells. Mechanical stimulation of cells, including osteoblasts, causes release of nucleotides such as ATP into the extracellular fluid. In addition to its role as an energy source, ATP serves as an agonist at P2 receptors and an allosteric regulator of many proteins. We investigated the effects of concentrations of extracellular ATP, comparable to those that activate low affinity P2X7 receptors, on PTH1R signaling. Cyclic AMP levels were monitored in real-time using a bioluminescence reporter and β-arrestin recruitment to PTH1R was followed using a complementation-based luminescence assay. ATP markedly enhanced cyclic AMP and β-arrestin signaling as well as downstream activation of CREB. CMP - a nucleotide that lacks a high energy bond and does not activate P2 receptors - mimicked this effect of ATP. Moreover, potentiation was not inhibited by P2 receptor antagonists, including a specific blocker of P2X7. Thus, nucleotide-induced potentiation of signaling pathways was independent of P2 receptor signaling. ATP and CMP reduced the concentration of PTH (1-34) required to produce a half-maximal cyclic AMP or β-arrestin response, with no evident change in maximal receptor activity. Increased potency was similarly apparent with PTH1R agonists PTH (1-14) and PTH-related peptide (1-34). These observations suggest that extracellular nucleotides increase agonist affinity, efficacy or both, and are consistent with modulation of signaling at the level of the receptor or a closely associated protein. Taken together, our findings establish that ATP enhances PTH1R signaling through a heretofore unrecognized allosteric mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon H Kim
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Bone and Joint Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - Alexey Pereverzev
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - Shuying Zhu
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - Abby Oi Man Tong
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - S Jeffrey Dixon
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Bone and Joint Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Dentistry, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - Peter Chidiac
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Bone and Joint Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada.
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