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Minhós T, Borges F, Parreira B, Oliveira R, Aleixo-Pais I, Leendertz FH, Wittig R, Fernandes CR, Marques Silva GHL, Duarte M, Bruford MW, Ferreira da Silva MJ, Chikhi L. The importance of well protected forests for the conservation genetics of West African colobine monkeys. Am J Primatol 2023; 85:e23453. [PMID: 36468411 PMCID: PMC10078001 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In tropical forests, anthropogenic activities are major drivers of the destruction and degradation of natural habitats, causing severe biodiversity loss. African colobine monkeys (Colobinae) are mainly folivore and strictly arboreal primates that require large forests to subsist, being among the most vulnerable of all nonhuman primates. The Western red colobus Piliocolobus badius and the King colobus Colobus polykomos inhabit highly fragmented West African forests, including the Cantanhez Forests National Park (CFNP) in Guinea-Bissau. Both species are also found in the largest and best-preserved West African forest-the Taï National Park (TNP) in Ivory Coast. Colobine monkeys are hunted for bushmeat in both protected areas, but these exhibit contrasting levels of forest fragmentation, thus offering an excellent opportunity to investigate the importance of well-preserved forests for the maintenance of evolutionary potential in these arboreal primates. We estimated genetic diversity, population structure, and demographic history by using microsatellite loci and mitochondrial DNA. We then compared the genetic patterns of the colobines from TNP with the ones previously obtained for CFNP and found contrasting genetic patterns. Contrary to the colobines from CFNP that showed very low genetic diversity and a strong population decline, the populations in TNP still maintain high levels of genetic diversity and we found no clear signal of population decrease in Western red colobus and a limited decrease in King colobus. These results suggest larger and historically more stable populations in TNP compared to CFNP. We cannot exclude the possibility that the demographic effects resulting from the recent increase of bushmeat hunting are not yet detectable in TNP using genetic data. Nevertheless, the fact that the TNP colobus populations are highly genetically diverse and maintain large effective population sizes suggests that well-preserved forests are crucial for the maintenance of populations, species, and probably for the evolutionary potential in colobines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tânia Minhós
- Centre for Research in Anthropology (CRIA-NOVA FCSH), Lisboa, Portugal.,Anthropology Department, School of Social Sciences and Humanities, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (NOVA FCSH), Lisboa, Portugal.,Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Filipa Borges
- Centre for Research in Anthropology (CRIA-NOVA FCSH), Lisboa, Portugal.,Anthropology Department, School of Social Sciences and Humanities, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (NOVA FCSH), Lisboa, Portugal.,Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal.,Centre for Ecology and Conservation (CEC), University of Exeter, Penryn, UK.,CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Campus de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, Vairão, Portugal.,BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, Vairão, Portugal
| | | | - Rúben Oliveira
- Senciência, Lda., Palácio Baldaya-CoWork Baldaya, Lisboa, Portugal.,cE3c-Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Isa Aleixo-Pais
- Centre for Research in Anthropology (CRIA-NOVA FCSH), Lisboa, Portugal.,Anthropology Department, School of Social Sciences and Humanities, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (NOVA FCSH), Lisboa, Portugal.,Organisms and Environment Division, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Fabien H Leendertz
- Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany.,Helmholtz Institute for One Health, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Roman Wittig
- Department of Human Behavior, Ecology and Culture, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.,The Ape Social Mind Lab, Institut des Sciences Cognitives, CNRS, Bron, Lyon, France.,Taï Chimpanzee Project, Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques, Abidjan, Ivory Coast
| | - Carlos Rodríguez Fernandes
- cE3c-Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,CHANGE-Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Faculdade de Psicologia, Universidade de Lisboa, Alameda da Universidade, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Guilherme Henrique Lima Marques Silva
- Centre for Research in Anthropology (CRIA-NOVA FCSH), Lisboa, Portugal.,Anthropology Department, School of Social Sciences and Humanities, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (NOVA FCSH), Lisboa, Portugal.,Department of Behavioural and Cognitive Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Miguel Duarte
- Centre for Research in Anthropology (CRIA-NOVA FCSH), Lisboa, Portugal.,Anthropology Department, School of Social Sciences and Humanities, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (NOVA FCSH), Lisboa, Portugal.,Department of Anthropology, College of Liberal and Fine Arts, University of Texas at San Antonio (UTSA), San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Michael W Bruford
- Organisms and Environment Division, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Maria Joana Ferreira da Silva
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Campus de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, Vairão, Portugal.,BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, Vairão, Portugal.,Organisms and Environment Division, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Lounès Chikhi
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal.,Laboratoire Évolution & Diversité Biologique (EDB UMR 5174), Université de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, CNRS, IRD, UPS, Toulouse, Cedex 9, France
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102
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Svensson MS, Nijman V, Shepherd CR. Insights into the primate trade into the European Union and the United Kingdom. EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2023; 69:51. [PMID: 37128503 PMCID: PMC10125847 DOI: 10.1007/s10344-023-01681-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Illegal and/or unsustainable trade is a major obstacle to effective primate conservation. The wildlife trade in the European Union (EU) and the United Kingdom (UK) is significant, but for many species, such as primates, the trade is poorly understood and sparsely reported. All EU countries are Party to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES); all primates are listed on Appendix I or II of CITES and are included on Annex A or B of Regulation (EC) No 338/97. We here combine data from several databases (CITES, UN Comtrade, TRAFFIC WiTIS) and seizure reports, to provide a narrative of the trade in primates into and within Europe. The legal import of live primates (2002-2021) amounted to 218,000-238,000 individuals (valued at US$ 869 million), with France, the UK, and Spain as the main importers and Mauritius, Vietnam, and China as the main exporters. Over 21,000 primate parts (trophies, skulls, bodies) were imported mainly from African countries, and UN Comtrade data suggests that ~ 600 tonnes of primate meat was imported mainly from Asia. The vast majority of live primates are either captive-born or captive-bred, and this proportion has increased over time. Reports of the illegal primate trade are far from complete, but the illegal trade of specific species or primate meat can have negative impacts of wild populations of already imperiled species. Stronger policies and more effective enforcement in consumer countries, such as the EU, would also aid in, and garner support for, better protecting primates in primate range states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena S. Svensson
- Monitor Conservation Research Society, Big Lake Ranch, Canada
- Oxford Wildlife Trade Research Group, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | - Vincent Nijman
- Oxford Wildlife Trade Research Group, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
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103
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Walker‐Bolton AD. Nine years of the Red Book Challenge conservation education in Southern Madagascar: What we have learned. Am J Primatol 2022; 85:e23459. [PMID: 36533295 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Red Book Challenge Conservation Education Madagascar is a small-scale, arts-based, conservation education initiative founded in 2012 by two Lemur catta researchers working in the Berenty Reserve and incorporated as a nonprofit organization in 2022. The target demographic is children and adults living in Southern Madagascar. The Red Book Challenge program initially consisted of providing supplementary conservation education through classroom visits at the elementary schools in Berenty village. The school children created small conservation booklets with red covers, giving the project its name. Today, the program has expanded to include the village of Besakoa Ambany and the city of Fort Dauphin, while remaining a small-scale program. To date, the Red Book Challenge has completed seven outreach projects aimed at generating goodwill in the local community, community development, and conservation education. This retrospective analysis functions as a formative evaluation of the feasibility of future projects. This paper will focus on four projects that fall under the category of conservation education: (1) Using films to promote conservation topics (2) field trips to observe lemurs (3) a Malagasy-run conservation club, and (4) a coloring book. These projects have been funded through small grants from the International Conservation Fund of Canada, and private donations. This paper includes the Red Book Challenge's history, results from the participant surveys, and the successes and failures in each stage of our work. Six shifts in thinking occurred: (1) use of Malagasy talent to create educational conservation films (2) more formal assessment before and after field trips (3) improvement of recruitment, training and supervision of staff to keep the conservation club self-sufficient (4) enlistment of Malagasy illustrators and adaptation of environmentally friendly printing practices for the coloring books (5) disseminate study outcomes to international community though publication (6) reframe the program from spare-time volunteer work to full-time research work.
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104
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Steffens KJE, Sanamo J, Razafitsalama J, Ganzhorn JU. Ground‐based vegetation descriptions and remote sensing as complementary methods describing habitat requirements of a frugivorous primate in northern Madagascar: implications for forest restoration. Anim Conserv 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/acv.12839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. J. E. Steffens
- Department of Biology, Institute of Zoology Universität Hamburg Hamburg Germany
| | - J. Sanamo
- Département Sciences de la Nature et de l'Environnement, Facultés des Sciences Université d'Antsiranana Antsiranana Madagascar
| | | | - J. U. Ganzhorn
- Department of Biology, Institute of Zoology Universität Hamburg Hamburg Germany
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105
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First Molecular Identification of Trypanosomes and Absence of Babesia sp. DNA in Faeces of Non-Human Primates in the Ecuadorian Amazon. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11121490. [PMID: 36558823 PMCID: PMC9785249 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11121490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosomes are a group of pathogens distributed in the continents of Africa, America, Asia and Europe, and they affect all vertebrates including the neotropical primate group. Information about the trypanosome's diversity, phylogeny, ecology and pathology in non-human primates (NHPs) from the neotropical region is scarce. The objective of the study was to identify Trypanosoma and Babesia molecularly in NHPs under the phylogenetic species concept. We extracted DNA from a total of 76 faecal samples collected between 2019 and 2021, from a total of 11 non-human primate species of which 46 are from captive NHPs and 30 are free-living NHPs in the Western Amazon region of Ecuador. We did not detect DNA of Babesia sp. by polymerase chain reaction test in any of the faecal samples. However, the nested-PCR-based method revealed Trypanosoma parasites by ITS gene amplification in two faecal samples; one for the species Leontocebus lagonotus (from the captive population) and a second one for Cebus albifrons (from the free-ranging population). Maximum parsimony and likelihood methods with the Kimura2+G+I model inferred the evolutionary history of the two records, which showed an evolutionary relationship with the genus Trypanosoma. Two sequences are monophyletic with Trypanosoma. However, the number of sequences available in GenBank for their species identification is limited. The two samples present different molecular identifications and evolutionary origins in the tree topology. We are most likely referring to two different species, and two different localities of infection. We suggest that health management protocols should be implemented to prevent the transmission of blood-borne pathogens such as Trypanosoma sp. among captive populations. In addition, these protocols also protect the personnel of wildlife rehabilitation centers working in close proximity to NHPs and vice versa.
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106
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Kifle Z, Bekele A. Effect of human disturbance on the group size and population structure of geladas (Theropithecus gelada) in and surrounding area of Borena Sayint National Park, Ethiopia. Glob Ecol Conserv 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2022.e02307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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107
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Mathematical modelling Treponema infection in free-ranging Olive baboons (Papio anubis) in Tanzania. Epidemics 2022; 41:100638. [PMID: 36283270 DOI: 10.1016/j.epidem.2022.100638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Yaws is a chronic infection caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum susp. pertenue (TPE) that was thought to be an exclusive human pathogen but was recently found and confirmed in nonhuman primates. In this paper, we develop the first compartmental ODE model for TPE infection with treatment of wild olive baboons. We solve for disease-free and endemic equilibria and give conditions on local and global stability of the disease-free equilibrium. We calibrate the model based on the data from Lake Manyara National Park in Tanzania. We use the model to help the park managers devise an effective strategy for treatment. We show that an increasing treatment rate yields a decrease in disease prevalence. This indicates that TPE can be eliminated through intense management in closed population. Specifically, we show that if the whole population is treated at least once every 5-6 years, a disease-free equilibrium can be reached. Furthermore, we demonstrate that to see a substantial decrease of TPE infection to near-elimination levels within 15 years, the whole population needs to be treated every 2-3 years.
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108
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Measuring the Impact of Forest Edges on the Highly Arboreal Sahamalaza Sportive Lemur, Lepilemur Sahamalaza, in North-Western Madagascar. INT J PRIMATOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-022-00333-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The progressive fragmentation of forest habitat is causing an increase in edge areas that may differ structurally and in quality from forest interiors. We investigated the impact of edge effects on habitat structure, behaviour, and ecology of the small, nocturnal, and highly arboreal Sahamalaza sportive lemur, Lepilemur sahamalaza. To understand edge effects, we established edge-to-interior gradients using temperature, humidity, and light intensity measurements along transects. From 773 h of behavioural observations on 14 individual sportive lemurs between 2015 and 2016, we compared home range sizes, activity budgets, and habitat use of animals inhabiting the edge area and those in the core forest. We found that microclimatic edge effects penetrated the forest up to 165 m, but that there was no significant edge effect on vegetation; forest vegetation was structurally variable throughout. Individual sportive lemurs living in the edge area used more trees with a diameter at breast height of less than 5 cm but showed no other behavioural differences to individuals inhabiting the core forest. The study shows that this species may not be impacted by edge effects, at least in situations in which vegetation structure is not affected, despite microclimatic differences.
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109
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Plasmodium cynomolgi in humans: current knowledge and future directions of an emerging zoonotic malaria parasite. Infection 2022; 51:623-640. [PMID: 36401673 PMCID: PMC9676733 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-022-01952-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium cynomolgi (Pcy), a simian malaria parasite, is a recent perfect example of emerging zoonotic transfer in human. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the epidemiology of natural Pcy infections in humans, mosquitoes and monkeys, along with its biological, clinical and drug sensitivity patterns. Knowledge gaps and further studies on Pcy in humans are also discussed. This parasite currently seems to be geographically limited in South-East Asia (SEA) with a global prevalence in human ranging from 0 to 1.4%. The Pcy infections were reported in local SEA populations and European travelers, and range from asymptomatic carriage to mild/moderate attacks with no evidence of pathognomonic clinical and laboratory patterns but with Pcy strain-shaped clinical differences. Geographical distribution and competence of suitable mosquito vectors and non-primate hosts, globalization, climate change, and increased intrusion of humans into the habitat of monkeys are key determinants to emergence of Pcy parasites in humans, along with its expansion outside SEA. Sensitization/information campaigns coupled with training and assessment sessions of microscopists and clinicians on Pcy are greatly needed to improve data on the epidemiology and management of human Pcy infection. There is a need for development of sensitive and specific molecular tools for individual diagnosis and epidemiological studies. The development of safe and efficient anti-hypnozoite drugs is the main therapeutic challenge for controlling human relapsing malaria parasites. Experience gained from P. knowlesi malaria, development of integrated measures and strategies—ideally with components related to human, monkeys, mosquito vectors, and environment—could be very helpful to prevent emergence of Pcy malaria in humans through disruption of transmission chain from monkeys to humans and ultimately contain its expansion in SEA and potential outbreaks in a context of malaria elimination.
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110
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Oxley AS, Donati G, Hill CM. What Works and What Doesn’t Work? The Challenges of Doing Effective Applied Conservation Research in Human-Modified Habitats. INT J PRIMATOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-022-00336-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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111
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Chaves BA, de Alvarenga DAM, Pereira MDOC, Gordo M, Da Silva EL, Costa ER, Medeiros ASDM, Pedrosa IJM, Brito D, Lima MT, Mourão MP, Monteiro WM, Vasilakis N, de Brito CFA, Melo GC, Lacerda MVG. Is zoonotic Plasmodium vivax malaria an obstacle for disease elimination? Malar J 2022; 21:343. [PMID: 36397077 PMCID: PMC9673391 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-022-04349-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
The groundwork for malaria elimination does not currently consider the potential of Plasmodium zoonotic cycles that involve non-human primates (NHPs) in sylvatic environments. Since vivax malaria is less responsive to control measures, finding Plasmodium vivax infected NHPs adds even more concern.
Methods
Both Free-living monkeys in forest fragments inside the urban area and captive monkeys from a local zoo had blood samples tested for Plasmodium species.
Results
In this study, among the Neotropical monkeys tested, three (4.4%), one captive and two free-living, were found to be naturally infected by P. vivax.
Conclusion
This important finding indicates that it is necessary to estimate the extent to which P. vivax NHP infection contributes to the maintenance of malaria transmission to humans. Therefore, the discussion on wildlife conservation and management must be incorporated into the malaria elimination agenda.
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112
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Prioritizing Areas for Primate Conservation in Argentina. DIVERSITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/d14110982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Argentina lies within the southernmost distributional range of five neotropical primates, the brown howler monkey Alouatta guariba, the black-and-gold howler monkey Alouatta caraya, the black-horned capuchin Sapajus nigritus, the Azara’s capuchin Sapajus cay, and the Azara’s owl monkey Aotus azarae; the first three of which are globally threatened. These species occupy different ecoregions: the Alto Paraná Atlantic forest, the Araucaria moist forest, the humid Chaco, the Southern Cone Mesopotamian savanna, the Paraná Ffooded savanna, and the Southern Andean Yungas. The recently approved National Primate Conservation Plan of Argentina calls for identifying priority areas to focus conservation actions for these species. We used species distribution models to estimate species ranges and then used the Zonation software to perform a spatial conservation prioritization analysis based on primate habitat quality and connectivity to identify potential areas of importance at national and ecoregional levels. Only 7.2% (19,500 km2) of the area inhabited by primates in Argentina is under protection. Outside the current protected areas, the top-ranked 1% and 5% priority areas identified in our analysis covered 1894 and 7574 km2, respectively. The top 1% areas were in the Atlantic forest of Misiones province, where S. nigritus, A. guariba, and A. caraya are distributed, and in the humid portion of eastern Chaco and Formosa provinces, where A. azarae and A. caraya are present. The top 5% areas included portions of the Yungas, where S. cay is the only primate present. Priority areas in Chaco and Formosa provinces are particularly relevant because of the paucity of protected areas and the high deforestation rate. The endangered A. guariba population will benefit from the better protection of the priority areas of Misiones. The potential priority areas proposed herein, considered within a context of a broad participatory process involving relevant stakeholders and local people, will help guide new and innovative conservation policies and practices while supporting management objectives.
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113
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Couturier C, Lacroux C, Okimat JP, Asalu E, Krief S. Interindividual differences in crop foraging behavior of chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) at a forest–agriculture interface. J Mammal 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyac094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The expansion of agriculture in equatorial areas is fragmenting and reducing wildlife habitats. For primates, it also increases opportunities to consume crops as high-energy resources, exacerbates conflicts with farmers, and increases exposure to diseases and agrochemicals at the edge of protected areas. In species with sex differences in ranging behavior, individual exposure to such opportunities and threats may vary by sex. Chimpanzees show a great feeding flexibility and are territorial species with varied ranging patterns according to site, sex, or individuals. Within a community whose territory is crossed by a high-traffic road and partially bordered by maize gardens, we tested hypotheses of interindividual differences in access to crops based on age, sex, ranging behavior, and kinship. By analyzing the presence of Sebitoli chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii, Kibale National Park, Uganda) on video clips from 16 camera traps, we estimated the individual dispersion range across the community’s territory and the crop foraging frequency along maize gardens over 16 months. While all age and sex classes were represented at the forest–garden interface, large intrasex differences were observed: some mature males and females were not observed to participate. The crop foraging frequency of adult females in maize gardens was significantly correlated with the location of their ranging areas. Related individuals revealed similar range patterns within the forest territory without sharing crop foraging habits. However, social learning and energy and risks–benefits trade-offs as potential drivers of crop consumption are not excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloé Couturier
- UMR 7206 CNRS – MNHN – P7, Eco-anthropologie, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle , Musée de l’Homme, 17 place du Trocadéro, 75116 Paris , France
- Great Ape Conservation Project (GACP), Sebitoli Research Station, Kibale National Park , Fort Portal , Uganda
- Fondation Nicolas Hulot pour la Nature et l’Homme , 6 rue de l’Est, 92100 Boulogne-Billancourt , France
| | - Camille Lacroux
- UMR 7206 CNRS – MNHN – P7, Eco-anthropologie, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle , Musée de l’Homme, 17 place du Trocadéro, 75116 Paris , France
- Great Ape Conservation Project (GACP), Sebitoli Research Station, Kibale National Park , Fort Portal , Uganda
- La Phocéenne de Cosmétique, ZA Les Roquassiers , 174 Rue de la Forge, 13300 Salon-de-Provence , France
- UMR 7179 CNRS – MNHN – P7, Mécanismes adaptatifs et Evolution, Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle , 57 rue Cuvier, 75231 Paris , France
| | - John Paul Okimat
- Great Ape Conservation Project (GACP), Sebitoli Research Station, Kibale National Park , Fort Portal , Uganda
| | | | - Sabrina Krief
- UMR 7206 CNRS – MNHN – P7, Eco-anthropologie, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle , Musée de l’Homme, 17 place du Trocadéro, 75116 Paris , France
- Great Ape Conservation Project (GACP), Sebitoli Research Station, Kibale National Park , Fort Portal , Uganda
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114
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Primate–Predator Interactions: Is There a Mismatch Between Laboratory and Ecological Evidence? INT J PRIMATOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-022-00331-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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115
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Franquesa‐Soler M, Jorge Sales L, Silva‐Silva Rivera E. Participatory action research for primate conservation: A critical analysis of a nonformal education program in Southern Mexico. Am J Primatol 2022; 85:e23450. [PMID: 36317585 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Historically, Mexico has had an important role in primate conservation research, however, studies have rarely included the human dimensions of primatology. Inclusion of these disciplines should be a priority, considering that human activities are responsible for the current socio-ecological crisis. Mexico is habitat for three primate species, and all are threatened. This urgency demands new approaches and broader perspectives. First, we propose three main research frameworks relevant for conducting PCEPs in Latin America: Participatory Action Research, Arts-based education in PCEPs and Knowledge Coproduction. Furthermore, we aimed to (1) describe a case study about primate conservation education in Southern Mexico based on participatory visual methods under the umbrella of Participatory Action Research (PAR), and (2) to conduct a self-reflective, critical, straightforward, and constructive analysis of the experience. We discuss the various challenges faced during the process (e.g., traditional teaching prevalence at schools, teachers that are not school-based, time and academic constraints). Additionally, we highlight some PAR aspects applicable for researchers and practitioners interested to go further than knowledge transmission (e.g., codesign, arts-based education, placed-based education, critical thinking, and capacity building). To collectively progress in primate conservation education in Mexico and other Latin American countries, projects could greatly benefit from context-specific, people-centered approaches, such as PAR. We encourage researchers to share more of their personal research experiences including both their successes and failures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montserrat Franquesa‐Soler
- Universidad Popular Autónoma del Estado de Puebla (UPAEP) Puebla Mexico
- Miku Conservación AC Xalapa Mexico
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116
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Scott JE. Variation in macroevolutionary dynamics among extant primates. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2022; 179:405-416. [PMCID: PMC9826261 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
Objectives This study examines how speciation and extinction rates vary across primates, with a focus on the recent macroevolutionary dynamics that have shaped extant primate biodiversity. Materials and methods Lineage‐specific macroevolutionary rates were estimated for each tip in a tree containing 307 species using a hidden‐state likelihood model. Differences in tip rates among major clades were evaluated using phylogenetic ANOVA. Differences among diurnal, nocturnal, and cathemeral lineages were also evaluated, based on previous work indicating that activity pattern influences primate diversification. Results Rate variation in extant primates is low within clades and high between clades. As in previous studies, cercopithecoids stand out in having high net diversification rates, driven by high speciation rates and very low extinction rates. Platyrrhines combine high speciation and high extinction rates, giving them high rates of lineage turnover. Strepsirrhines and tarsiids have low rates of speciation, extinction, turnover, and net diversification. Hominoids are intermediate between platyrrhines and the strepsirrhine‐tarsiid group, and there is evidence for differentiation between hominids and hylobatids. Diurnal lineages have significantly higher speciation rates than nocturnal lineages. Conclusions Recent anthropoid macroevolution has been characterized by marked variation in diversification dynamics among clades. Strepsirrhines and tarsiids are more uniform, despite divergent evolutionary and biogeographic histories. Higher speciation rates in diurnal lineages may be driven by greater ecological opportunity or reliance on visual signals for mate recognition. However, the differences among anthropoids indicate that factors other than activity pattern (e.g., clade competition, historical contingency) have had a more influential role in shaping recent primate diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremiah E. Scott
- Department of Medical Anatomical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the PacificWestern University of Health SciencesPomonaCaliforniaUSA
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117
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Cronin MR, de Wit LA, Martínez‐Estévez L. Aligning conservation and public health goals to tackle unsustainable trade of mammals. CONSERVATION SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.12818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa R. Cronin
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California Santa Cruz Santa Cruz California USA
| | | | - Lourdes Martínez‐Estévez
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California Santa Cruz Santa Cruz California USA
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118
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Takahashi MQ, Rothman JM, Cords M. The role of non‐natural foods in the nutritional strategies of monkeys in a human‐modified mosaic landscape. Biotropica 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.13164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maressa Q. Takahashi
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Environmental Biology Columbia University New York New York USA
- New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology New York New York USA
| | - Jessica M. Rothman
- New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology New York New York USA
- Department of Anthropology Hunter College of the City University of New York New York New York USA
- PhD Program in Anthropology The Graduate Center of the City University of New York New York New York USA
| | - Marina Cords
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Environmental Biology Columbia University New York New York USA
- New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology New York New York USA
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119
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Morrison RE, Hirwa JP, Ndagijimana F, Vecellio V, Eckardt W, Stoinski TS. Cascading effects of social dynamics on the reproduction, survival, and population growth of mountain gorillas. Anim Conserv 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/acv.12830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. E. Morrison
- Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund, Ellen DeGeneres Campus of the Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund Kinigi Rwanda
- Centre for Research in Animal Behaviour, Department of Psychology University of Exeter Exeter UK
| | - J. P. Hirwa
- Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund, Ellen DeGeneres Campus of the Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund Kinigi Rwanda
| | - F. Ndagijimana
- Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund, Ellen DeGeneres Campus of the Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund Kinigi Rwanda
| | - V. Vecellio
- Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund, Ellen DeGeneres Campus of the Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund Kinigi Rwanda
| | - W. Eckardt
- Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund, Ellen DeGeneres Campus of the Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund Kinigi Rwanda
| | - T. S. Stoinski
- Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund, Ellen DeGeneres Campus of the Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund Kinigi Rwanda
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120
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Factors influencing terrestriality in primates of the Americas and Madagascar. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2121105119. [PMID: 36215474 PMCID: PMC9586308 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2121105119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Among mammals, the order Primates is exceptional in having a high taxonomic richness in which the taxa are arboreal, semiterrestrial, or terrestrial. Although habitual terrestriality is pervasive among the apes and African and Asian monkeys (catarrhines), it is largely absent among monkeys of the Americas (platyrrhines), as well as galagos, lemurs, and lorises (strepsirrhines), which are mostly arboreal. Numerous ecological drivers and species-specific factors are suggested to set the conditions for an evolutionary shift from arboreality to terrestriality, and current environmental conditions may provide analogous scenarios to those transitional periods. Therefore, we investigated predominantly arboreal, diurnal primate genera from the Americas and Madagascar that lack fully terrestrial taxa, to determine whether ecological drivers (habitat canopy cover, predation risk, maximum temperature, precipitation, primate species richness, human population density, and distance to roads) or species-specific traits (body mass, group size, and degree of frugivory) associate with increased terrestriality. We collated 150,961 observation hours across 2,227 months from 47 species at 20 sites in Madagascar and 48 sites in the Americas. Multiple factors were associated with ground use in these otherwise arboreal species, including increased temperature, a decrease in canopy cover, a dietary shift away from frugivory, and larger group size. These factors mostly explain intraspecific differences in terrestriality. As humanity modifies habitats and causes climate change, our results suggest that species already inhabiting hot, sparsely canopied sites, and exhibiting more generalized diets, are more likely to shift toward greater ground use.
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121
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Zoo-Led Initiatives and Their Role in Lemur Conservation In Situ. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12202772. [PMID: 36290157 PMCID: PMC9597742 DOI: 10.3390/ani12202772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined wider society's ability to achieve biodiversity conservation and management targets using lemurs as a case study. We evaluated the impact on lemur conservation in situ by conservation initiatives led by European zoos in Madagascar exploring the European Association of Zoos and Aquaria's Conservation Database projects in terms of performed actions and achieved goals as well as communication to the public. We found that zoo-led conservation initiatives may have a positive impact on the ground and tend to achieve most conservation goals related to wild lemurs. However, we suggest that such conservation programmes should underline that they target further lemur species beyond the flagship charismatic species and that enhanced communication efforts would be beneficial to further raise public awareness.
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122
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Xia Y, Xu X, Chen H, Yue R, Xia D, Wang X, Li J, Sun B. Effects of captive and primate-focused tourism on the gut microbiome of Tibetan macaques. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1023898. [PMID: 36312969 PMCID: PMC9607900 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1023898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Documenting the effects of anthropogenic activities on the gut microbiome of wild animals is important to their conservation practices. Captivity and ecotourism are generally considered two common anthropogenic disturbances on the health of nonhuman primates. Here, we examined the divergences of gut microbiome in different environments of Tibetan macaques. Our results showed that there were no significant differences in the alpha diversity, predominant families and genera of gut microbiomes between wild and tourist groups. However, these indexes decreased significantly in the captive individuals. In addition, the significant differences of beta diversity and community compositions between wild and tourism groups also were detected. In particular, higher potential pathogenic and predicted KEGG pathway of drug resistance (antimicrobial) were detected in the gut microbiome of individuals in captive environment. Our results indicated that living in the wild are beneficial to maintaining gut microbial diversity of Tibetan macaques, while captivity environment is harmful to the health of this macaque. Exploring ways to restore the native gut microbiome and its diversity of captive individual should pay more attention to in the future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingna Xia
- School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei, China
- International Collaborative Research Center for Huangshan Biodiversity and Tibetan Macaque Behavioral Ecology, Anhui University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaojuan Xu
- International Collaborative Research Center for Huangshan Biodiversity and Tibetan Macaque Behavioral Ecology, Anhui University, Hefei, China
- School of Life Sciences, Hefei Normal University, Hefei, China
| | - Huijuan Chen
- School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei, China
- International Collaborative Research Center for Huangshan Biodiversity and Tibetan Macaque Behavioral Ecology, Anhui University, Hefei, China
| | - Ran Yue
- School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei, China
- International Collaborative Research Center for Huangshan Biodiversity and Tibetan Macaque Behavioral Ecology, Anhui University, Hefei, China
| | - Dongpo Xia
- International Collaborative Research Center for Huangshan Biodiversity and Tibetan Macaque Behavioral Ecology, Anhui University, Hefei, China
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, China
| | - Xi Wang
- School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei, China
- International Collaborative Research Center for Huangshan Biodiversity and Tibetan Macaque Behavioral Ecology, Anhui University, Hefei, China
| | - Jinhua Li
- School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei, China
- International Collaborative Research Center for Huangshan Biodiversity and Tibetan Macaque Behavioral Ecology, Anhui University, Hefei, China
- School of Life Sciences, Hefei Normal University, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Jinhua Li,
| | - Binghua Sun
- School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei, China
- International Collaborative Research Center for Huangshan Biodiversity and Tibetan Macaque Behavioral Ecology, Anhui University, Hefei, China
- Binghua Sun,
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Kiffner C, Kioko J, Butynski TM, de Jong YA, Zinner D. Population dynamics of the Manyara monkey ( Cercopithecus mitis manyaraensis) and vervet monkey ( Chlorocebus pygerythrus) in Lake Manyara National Park, Tanzania. Primate Biol 2022; 9:33-43. [PMID: 36267696 PMCID: PMC9562685 DOI: 10.5194/pb-9-33-2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Estimating population densities and their trends over time is essential for understanding primate ecology and for guiding conservation efforts. From 2011 through to 2019, we counted two guenon species during seasonal road transect surveys in Lake Manyara National Park: the Tanzania-endemic Manyara monkey Cercopithecus mitis manyaraensis (International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, IUCN, Red List category of "endangered") and the vervet monkey Chlorocebus pygerythrus (Red List category of "least concern"). To account for imperfect detectability, we analysed the data in a line distance sampling framework, fitted species-specific detection functions, and subsequently estimated seasonal densities. To test for seasonal differences and yearly trends in the species-specific density estimates, we fitted generalized additive models. Seasonal point density estimates fluctuated considerably during the 9 years (2011-2019) of our study, ranging from 3 to 29 individuals km - 2 for Manyara monkeys and from 19 to 83 individuals km - 2 for vervet monkeys. Densities of both taxa did not differ seasonally, and we did not detect marked directional population trends. Our study illustrates the utility and limitations of line distance sampling for long-term primate monitoring. Beyond informing primate ecology and management, our results highlight the conservation importance of Lake Manyara National Park for primate conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Kiffner
- Center for Wildlife Management Studies, The School for Field Studies, 23601, Karatu, Tanzania,Department of Human Behavior, Ecology and Culture, Max Planck
Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany,Human–Wildlife Conflict & Coexistence in Agricultural Landscapes Group,
Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), 15374 Müncheberg, Germany
| | - John Kioko
- Center for Wildlife Management Studies, The School for Field Studies, 23601, Karatu, Tanzania
| | - Thomas M. Butynski
- Eastern Africa Primate Diversity and Conservation Program, Nanyuki
10400, Kenya
| | - Yvonne A. de Jong
- Eastern Africa Primate Diversity and Conservation Program, Nanyuki
10400, Kenya
| | - Dietmar Zinner
- Cognitive Ethology Laboratory, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, 37077 Göttingen, Germany,Department of Primate Cognition, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, 37083
Göttingen, Germany,Leibniz Science Campus Primate Cognition, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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124
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Iriki A, Tramacere A. “Natural Laboratory Complex” for novel primate neuroscience. Front Integr Neurosci 2022; 16:927605. [PMID: 36274659 PMCID: PMC9581230 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2022.927605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We propose novel strategies for primate experimentation that are ethically valuable and pragmatically useful for cognitive neuroscience and neuropsychiatric research. Specifically, we propose Natural Laboratory Complex or Natural Labs, which are a combination of indoor-outdoor structures for studying free moving and socially housed primates in natural or naturalistic environment. We contend that Natural Labs are pivotal to improve primate welfare, and at the same time to implement longitudinal and socio-ecological studies of primate brain and behavior. Currently emerging advanced technologies and social systems (including recent COVID-19 induced “remote” infrastructures) can speed-up cognitive neuroscience approaches in freely behaving animals. Experimental approaches in natural(istic) settings are not in competition with conventional approaches of laboratory investigations, and could establish several benefits at the ethical, experimental, and economic levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Iriki
- Laboratory for Symbolic Cognitive Development, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
- *Correspondence: Atsushi Iriki,
| | - Antonella Tramacere
- Department of Philosophy and Communication Studies, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Cultural and Linguistic Evolution, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
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125
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Creighton MJA, Luo AQ, Reader SM, Mooers AØ. Predictors of taxonomic splitting and its role in primate conservation. Anim Conserv 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/acv.12825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - A. Q. Luo
- Department of Biology McGill University Montreal Quebec Canada
| | - S. M. Reader
- Department of Biology McGill University Montreal Quebec Canada
| | - A. Ø. Mooers
- Department of Biological Sciences Simon Fraser University Burnaby British Columbia Canada
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126
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De la Fuente MF, Souto A, Albuquerque UP, Schiel N. Self-medication in nonhuman primates: A systematic evaluation of the possible function of the use of medicinal plants. Am J Primatol 2022; 84:e23438. [PMID: 36193566 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Animal self-medication is thought to provide an adaptive advantage, as species would actively respond to a disease state or homeostatic imbalances. In wild nonhuman primates, it is challenging to differentiate plant use as part of the diet or as medication, especially because self-medication can be preventive or therapeutic. Here, we aimed to compile the available potential evidence on primate self-medication modes, investigating which proposed requirements are fulfilled for each plant species reported to date. We systematically reviewed the scientific literature on plant use for potential self-medication in wild nonhuman primates. To construct the extensive database, we extracted data on the primate species, study area, plant/plant's part used, the requirement(s) met for demonstrating self-medication modes, and self-medicative behavioral patterns. We also updated available information on plant's biological compounds and/or physical characteristics, pharmacological properties, and ethnomedical uses. We identified 575 plant species (135 families), used by 25 primate species (9 families). Plants were used by Old World monkeys (46.5%, n = 268 plant species), followed by apes (41%, n = 235), New World monkeys (13.4%, n = 77), and prosimians (1%, n = 6). We found three general types of self-medicative behaviors: ingestion (including, but not limited to, leaf-swallowing, seed-swallowing, and bitter pith chewing), topical (fur-rubbing), and nest fumigation. Plant uses were associated with antiparasitic, antibacterial, antimalarial, anti-inflammatory, insect repellent, among other properties. Self-medication is widespread in nonhuman primate species across Central and South America, Africa, Madagascar, and Asia. Long-term field research efforts and studies integrating different research sites and topics are urgent to advance our knowledge into the evolution of plant selection, medical traditions, and to bring insights into potentially novel medicinal plants and bioactive compounds to treat emergent or established primate and human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Fernanda De la Fuente
- Laboratório de Etologia Teórica e Aplicada, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Antonio Souto
- Laboratório de Etologia, Centro de Biociências, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Ulysses P Albuquerque
- Laboratório de Ecologia e Evolução de Sistemas Socioecológicos, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Nicola Schiel
- Laboratório de Etologia Teórica e Aplicada, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
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127
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Zhang A, Li Z, zhang D, Zang R, Liu S, Long W, Chen Y, Liu S, Liu H, Qi X, Feng Y, Zhang Z, Chen Y, Zhang H, Feng G. Food plant diversity in different-altitude habitats of Hainan gibbons (Nomascus hainanus): Implications for conservation. Glob Ecol Conserv 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2022.e02204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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128
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Koops K. Animal behavior: Monkeys use tools for diet quality, not quantity. Curr Biol 2022; 32:R1037-R1039. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.08.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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129
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Using population surveys and models to reassess the conservation status of an endemic Amazonian titi monkey in a deforestation hotspot. ORYX 2022. [DOI: 10.1017/s0030605322000655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Assessing the conservation status of species is essential for implementing appropriate conservation measures. A lack of evidence of threats, rather than showing an absence of impacts, could reflect a lack of studies on how human activities could result in species population declines. The range of Prince Bernhard's titi monkey Plecturocebus bernhardi is restricted to the Arc of Deforestation, a deforestation hotspot in south-eastern Amazonia. Despite this, it is categorized as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List. To reassess the conservation status of P. bernhardi, we carried out surveys during 2015–2017 to delimit the geographical distribution of the species and estimate its population density and abundance. We then used spatial predictive modelling to examine future habitat and population loss within its range. Plecturocebus bernhardi occurs over an area of 131,295 km2. Its mean group size was 2.8 individuals/group and its density 10.8 individuals/km2 and 3.8 groups/km2. Habitat loss was estimated to be 58,365 km2 (32.3% of its current range) over the next 24 years (three P. bernhardi generations) under a conservative governance model of deforestation and 105,289 km2 (58.3%) under a business-as-usual model. These numbers indicate that P. bernhardi is threatened and should be categorized as Vulnerable, at least, using the IUCN Red List criteria. We recommend the reassessment of other Least Concern primate species from the Arc of Deforestation using a similar approach.
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Oyaba Yinda LED, Onanga R, Mbehang Nguema PP, Akomo-Okoue EF, Nsi Akoue G, Longo Pendy NM, Otsaghe Ekore D, Lendamba RW, Mabika-Mabika A, Mbeang JCO, Poungou N, Ibrahim, Mavoungou JF, Godreuil S. Phylogenetic Groups, Pathotypes and Antimicrobial Resistance of Escherichia coli Isolated from Western Lowland Gorilla Faeces ( Gorilla gorilla gorilla) of Moukalaba-Doudou National Park (MDNP). Pathogens 2022; 11:1082. [PMID: 36297139 PMCID: PMC9607589 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11101082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Terrestrial mammals in protected areas have been identified as a potential source of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. Studies on antimicrobial resistance in gorillas have already been conducted. Thus, this study aimed to describe the phylogroups, pathotypes and prevalence of antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli isolated from western lowland gorilla's faeces living in MDNP. (2) Materials and Methods: Ninety-six faecal samples were collected from western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) during daily monitoring in the MDNP. Sixty-four E. coli isolates were obtained and screened for phylogenetic and pathotype group genes by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) after DNA extraction. In addition, antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by the disk diffusion method on Mueller Hinton agar. (3) Results: Sixty-four (64%) isolates of E. coli were obtained from samples. A high level of resistance to the beta-lactam family, a moderate rate for fluoroquinolone and a low rate for aminoglycoside was obtained. All E. coli isolates were positive in phylogroup PCR with a predominance of A (69% ± 11.36%), followed by B2 (20% ± 19.89%) and B1 (10% ± 8.90%) and low prevalence for D (1% ± 3.04%). In addition, twenty E. coli isolates (31%) were positive for pathotype PCR, such as EPEC (85% ± 10.82%) and EPEC/EHEC (15% ± 5.18%) that were obtained in this study. The majority of these MDR E. coli (DECs) belonged to phylogenetic group A, followed by MDR E. coli (DECs) belonging to group B2. (4) Conclusion: This study is the first description of MDR E. coli (DECs) assigned to phylogroup A in western lowland gorillas from the MDNP in Gabon. Thus, wild gorillas in MDNP could be considered as asymptomatic carriers of potential pathogenic MDR E. coli (DECs) that may present a potential risk to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard Onanga
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Interdisciplinary Medical Research Center of Franceville, Franceville P.O. Box 769, Gabon
| | | | | | | | - Neil Michel Longo Pendy
- Laboratory of Vector Ecology, Interdisciplinary Medical Research Center of Franceville, Franceville P.O. Box 769, Gabon
| | - Desire Otsaghe Ekore
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Interdisciplinary Medical Research Center of Franceville, Franceville P.O. Box 769, Gabon
| | - Roméo Wenceslas Lendamba
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Interdisciplinary Medical Research Center of Franceville, Franceville P.O. Box 769, Gabon
| | - Arsène Mabika-Mabika
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Interdisciplinary Medical Research Center of Franceville, Franceville P.O. Box 769, Gabon
| | | | - Natacha Poungou
- Microbiology Laboratory, Research Institute for Tropical Ecology, Libreville P.O. Box 13354, Gabon
| | - Ibrahim
- Laboratory of Biology, University of Science and Technology of Masuku, Franceville P.O. Box 913, Gabon
| | | | - Sylvain Godreuil
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie, CHU de Montpellier, UMR MIVEGEC (IRD, CNRS, Université de Montpellier), 34295 Montpellier, France
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131
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Primate conservation in the Arc of Deforestation: a case study of Vieira's titi monkey Plecturocebus vieirai. ORYX 2022. [DOI: 10.1017/s003060532100171x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Fifty years of deforestation in the Arc of Deforestation have put at risk species survival, ecosystem services and the stability of biogeochemical cycles in Amazonia, with global repercussions. In response, we need to understand the diversity, distribution and abundance of flagship species groups, such as primates, which can serve as umbrella species for broad biodiversity conservation strategies and help mitigate climate change. Here we identify the range, suitable habitat areas and population size of Vieira's titi monkey Plecturocebus vieirai and use it as an emblematic example to discuss biodiversity conservation and climate change mitigation in one of the largest deforestation frontiers. Our findings show that deforestation for agriculture and cattle-ranching expansion is the major threat to P. vieirai and is responsible for present (56%) and projected (14%) reductions in habitat area and population size. We also found that human-driven climate change affects the P. vieirai niche negatively, triggering habitat degradation and further population decline even inside protected areas. Primate watching can be a profitable alternative to forest exploitation on private, public or Indigenous lands in the Arc of Deforestation and is a way to shift the traditional, predatory extraction of natural resources from Amazonia towards sustainable land use based on biodiversity conservation at local, regional and global scales, local people's welfare and climate change mitigation. New models of land use and income generation are required to protect the unique natural and human heritages of the Arc of Deforestation and the life-supporting ecosystem services and products provided by Amazonia.
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Savage A, Díaz L, Pasion J, Torregroza K, Guillen R. Proyecto Titi: Teaching children that cotton‐top tamarins (
Saguinus oedipus
) are not appropriate pets. Am J Primatol 2022; 85:e23431. [PMID: 36106358 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus) are a critically endangered species found only in Colombia. Their survival is threatened by extensive habitat destruction and the illegal pet trade. Because many people in Colombia have a low level of awareness of cotton-top tamarins and even less understanding of the impacts that the illegal pet trade has on the species and its long-term survival, Proyecto Tití has developed a series of programs for children in rural elementary schools that introduce children to cotton-top tamarins. This study examines Proyecto Titi's efforts to reduce the desire to have a cotton-top tamarin as a pet with outcomes focused specifically on (1) creating an emotional connection between people and cotton-top tamarins, (2) identifying the feelings and understanding the challenges that cotton-top tamarin face when they are kept as pets, and (3) empowering students to make positive choices to help cotton-top tamarins. Both TITI KIDS and TITIRITIANDO programs helped students to (1) increase their knowledge of cotton-top tamarins, (2) understand the damage that the pet trade has on individual animals and the long-term survival of cotton-top tamarins and (3) provide practical actions that they can engage in to protect cotton-top tamarins for the future. Our hope is that students from our programs become advocates for conservation in their communities and assist in the long-term conservation activities to protect cotton-top tamarins in Colombia.
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133
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Singh B, Rahman A, Talukdar NR, Choudhury P. Population, behavior and conservation status of the northern pig-tailed macaque (Macaca leonina) in the Inner-line reserve forest, Assam, India. Trop Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s42965-022-00276-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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134
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Geographic, climatic, and phylogenetic drivers of variation in colobine activity budgets. Primates 2022; 63:647-658. [PMID: 36083406 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-022-01015-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Folivorous primates are typically considered time minimizers because the constraints of their unique digestive systems require them to spend a large portion of their activity budgets resting. However, inter- and intraspecific behavioral variation in their activity budgets may be influenced by local geographic and climatic conditions and evolutionary history. We compiled 48 studies representing ten genera, 31 species, and 50 populations to assess geographic (elevation, latitude), climatic (precipitation, temperature), and phylogenetic correlates of colobine activity budgets. Time spent resting negatively correlated with time spent feeding, moving, and socializing. Except for time spent socializing, activity budgets were independent of phylogeny, with more time spent feeding and less time resting in higher-elevation habitats and at lower temperatures. Among the four most common genera in our sample, only in Rhinopithecus did time spent feeding increase with higher elevations (range, 950-3950 m above mean sea level) and lower temperatures (range, 0.9-25 ℃). Only in Trachypithecus did time spent resting decrease with lower temperatures (range, 19-25 ℃). Our findings suggest that there are no apparent effects of geographic or climatic gradients on colobine activity budgets except for Rhinopithecus and Trachypithecus, whose activities are biased in favor of energy maximization rather than time minimization. Compared with other colobines, the ability of Rhinopithecus to adapt their activity budget at high elevations may make them less vulnerable to climate change, while the greater sensitivity of Trachypithecus to heat may make them more vulnerable to climate change.
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135
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Yarto-Jaramillo E, Çitaku I, Rodríguez CE, Lewy Sánchez-Aldana C, Morales MC, Moresco A. Integrated approaches to howler monkey (Alouatta spp.) medicine in professional care and conservation. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:897404. [PMID: 36148470 PMCID: PMC9485996 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.897404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Howler monkeys (Alouatta spp.) are threatened by anthropogenic pressures such as habitat fragmentation and deforestation, while conservation efforts are challenging to coordinate as natural geographic distribution ranges are the largest of any New World primate. On a One Health front, howler monkeys represent a great model to investigate the infectious disease dynamics between wild primates and humans as several infectious diseases affecting howlers have a demonstrated zoonotic potential. Howler monkey populations in professional care offer a window to investigate susceptibility to diseases in this species such as yellow fever (YF) and malaria, plus a myriad of endoparasite phyla, as well as vector-borne diseases such as Chagas disease and leishmaniasis. More studies are urgently needed to provide species-specific, medically relevant information as well as clinical descriptions of animals considered medically healthy. Moreover, howler monkeys are a challenging species to breed and maintain in professional care; additionally, reproductive parameters have been published only for a handful of species in this genus. On a One Health approach communication and collaborative health surveillance involving wildlife and zoo experts will ease the identification of factors that contribute to disease emergence facilitating the integration of human, animal, and environmental health. The One Welfare concept is based on the inextricable connection among animal welfare, human welfare, and environmental conservation. Integrating One Health and One Welfare into actions both in-situ and ex-situ will promote the sustainability of the forests and restoration of the ecosystems that those species inhabit, transitioning to a comprehensive One Conservation approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Yarto-Jaramillo
- Instituto Mexicano de Fauna Silvestre y Animales de Compañía (IMFAC, S.C.), Mexico City, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Enrique Yarto-Jaramillo
| | - Irindi Çitaku
- Albanian Veterinary Association of Wild and Exotic Animals (AVAWEA), Tirana, Albania
| | | | | | | | - Anneke Moresco
- Reproductive Health Surveillance Program, Grand Junction, CO, United States
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Hawkins E, Papworth S. Little Evidence to Support the Risk–Disturbance Hypothesis as an Explanation for Responses to Anthropogenic Noise by Pygmy Marmosets (Cebuella niveiventris) at a Tourism site in the Peruvian Amazon. INT J PRIMATOL 2022; 43:1110-1132. [PMID: 36068879 PMCID: PMC9438364 DOI: 10.1007/s10764-022-00297-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The risk–disturbance hypothesis states that animals react to human stressors in the same way as they do to natural predators. Given increasing human–wildlife contact, understanding whether animals perceive anthropogenic sounds as a threat is important for assessing the long-term sustainability of wildlife tourism and proposing appropriate mitigation strategies. A study of pygmy marmoset (Cebuella niveiventris) responses to human speech found marmosets fled, decreased feeding and resting, and increased alert behaviors in response to human speech. Following this study, we investigated pygmy marmoset reactions to playbacks of different acoustic stimuli: controls (no playback, white noise and cicadas), anthropogenic noise (human speech and motorboats), and avian predators. For each playback condition, we recorded the behavior of a marmoset and looked at how the behaviors changed during and after the playback relative to behaviors before. We repeated this on ten different marmoset groups, playing each condition once to each group. The results did not replicate a previous study on the same species, at the same site, demonstrating the importance of replication in primate research, particularly when results are used to inform conservation policy. The results showed increased scanning during playbacks of the cicadas and predators compared with before the playback, and an increase in resting after playbacks of avian predators, but no evidence of behavior change in response to playbacks of human speech. There was no effect of ambient sound levels or distance between the playback source and focal animals on their behavior for all playback conditions. Although we find that noise can change the behavior of pygmy marmosets, we did not find evidence to support the risk–disturbance hypothesis.
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137
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Kappeler PM, Markolf M, Rasoloarison RM, Fichtel C, Durbin J. Complex social and political factors threaten the world's smallest primate with extinction. CONSERVATION SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.12776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Peter M. Kappeler
- Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology Unit German Primate Center Göttingen Germany
- Department of Sociobiology/Anthropology University of Göttingen Göttingen Germany
- Chances for Nature e.V. Göttingen Germany
| | - Matthias Markolf
- Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology Unit German Primate Center Göttingen Germany
- Chances for Nature e.V. Göttingen Germany
| | | | - Claudia Fichtel
- Department of Sociobiology/Anthropology University of Göttingen Göttingen Germany
- Chances for Nature e.V. Göttingen Germany
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138
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Kifle Z, Beehner JC. Distribution and diversity of primates and threats to their survival in the Awi Zone, northwestern Ethiopia. Primates 2022; 63:637-645. [PMID: 36018444 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-022-01010-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Habitat loss and fragmentation affect the diversity and distribution of primates in a human-modified landscape. Ethiopia has a high diversity of primates, but increasing human pressure has negatively impacted their distribution and abundance across the country, primarily due to deforestation. To date, the diversity and distribution of primate species are poorly known in northwestern Ethiopia. From October 2020 until September 2021, we assessed the diversity and distribution of primate species in 26 forest patches in the Awi Zone, Northwestern Ethiopia using line transect surveys, and we examined the potential conservation threats to the survival of these taxa. Across transects, we encountered 459 groups of four primate taxa: olive baboons (Papio anubis), grivet monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops), Boutourlini's blue monkeys (Cercopithecus mitis boutourlinii), and black-and-white colobus monkeys (Colobus guereza spp. guereza). The latter two are endemic to Ethiopia. We observed black-and-white colobus monkeys in all surveyed forest patches, while we observed Boutourlini's blue monkeys in 18 patches. Black-and-white colobus monkeys were the most frequently observed (n = 325 sighting; relative encounter frequency = 70.8%), while grivet monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops) were the least (n = 34 sighting; relative encounter frequency = 7.4%) in the region. Similarly, the relative encounter frequency of olive baboons was 9.2% (n = 42 sighting). The overall mean group size for each species was: Boutourlini's blue monkeys (26.1 individuals), black-and-white colobus monkeys (8.8 individuals), grivet monkeys (34.1 individuals), and olive baboons (41.4 individuals). We identified agricultural expansions, exotic tree plantations, deforestations, firewood collections, livestock grazing, and killings over their crop-feeding behaviors as the main threats to primates and their habitats in the region. This study provides crucial information on an area likely to support primate species that we know very little about. Assigning protected connecting forest patches should be an urgent priority for the conservation of the primates in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zewdu Kifle
- Department of Biology, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.
| | - Jacinta C Beehner
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Schreier AL, Voss KA, Bolt LM. Behavioral responses to riparian and anthropogenic edge effects in mantled howler monkeys (Alouatta palliata) in a disturbed riverine forest. Primates 2022; 63:659-670. [PMID: 35984548 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-022-01012-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Fragmented forests contain natural edges, including riparian zones, and anthropogenic edges. Edges generally have lower plant density and fewer large trees than forest interior. Riparian edges, however, contain gap-specialist trees yielding leaves with high protein content, providing primates with important resources. We examined mantled howler monkeys' behavioral responses to riparian and anthropogenic edges at La Suerte Biological Research Station (LSBRS), Costa Rica. We predicted the monkeys would spend more time resting and feeding and less time traveling, and be less spatially cohesive, in both anthropogenic and riparian edges compared to forest interior due to lower resource abundance in edges, and in anthropogenic compared to riparian edge due to higher leaf quality in riparian zones. From 2017 to 2020, we collected data across forest zones on activity and spatial cohesion patterns via focal sampling, recording data every 2 min. Howler monkeys were significantly more likely to rest and significantly less likely to travel in both anthropogenic and riparian edges compared to forest interior; however, there were no differences between these edge types. There were significantly more monkeys within a 5-m radius of focal subjects in both anthropogenic and riparian edges compared to forest interior, but no differences between these edge types. While prior research found no differences across zones when only anthropogenic edge and forest interior were compared, results of this study demonstrate that howler monkeys at LSBRS modify their activity patterns in anthropogenic and riparian edge zones compared to forest interior, highlighting the importance of focusing on both natural and anthropogenic edge zones to fully understand primates' behavioral responses in fragmented landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L Schreier
- Department of Biology, Regis University, 3333 Regis Blvd. D-8, Denver, CO, 80221, USA. .,The Maderas Rainforest Conservancy, PO Box 55-7519, Miami, FL, USA.
| | - Kristofor A Voss
- Department of Biology, Regis University, 3333 Regis Blvd. D-8, Denver, CO, 80221, USA
| | - Laura M Bolt
- The Maderas Rainforest Conservancy, PO Box 55-7519, Miami, FL, USA.,Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, Canada
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140
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Guimarães VY, Zanoni DS, Alves CEF, Amorim RL, Takahira RK. Immunohematological features of free-living Alouatta belzebul (Linnaeus, 1766) red-handed howler monkeys in the Eastern Amazon. Primates 2022; 63:671-682. [PMID: 35972703 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-022-01009-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The red-handed howler monkey (Alouatta belzebul) is one of the 35 threatened Brazilian primate species found in two highly endangered Brazilian biomes. Their Amazonian native populations have been declining due to exponential deforestation associated with human activities, especially the construction of dams. The studied population (n = 27) was located in the Belo Monte dam Area of Influence. For the first time, we presented hematological parameters and the basic profile of T (CD3) and B (BSAP PAX5) cells by immunocytochemistry. The results supported the hypothesis that the immuno-hematological profile is influenced by sex, age, and season. Eosinophils were significantly higher in females (p = 0.03), monocytes statistically greater in juveniles (p = 0.04), and total plasma protein increased significantly (p > 0.001) during the dry season. Furthermore, adults showed a statistically higher average absolute number of B lymphocytes than young individuals (p = 0.03), in contrast to T lymphocytes. Even without knowing the full history of antigenic exposure, these results not only contribute to elucidating the boundaries between health and disease but may help lay the groundwork for future research into the effects of anthropogenic stress on immune activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Yunes Guimarães
- Veterinary Clinical Laboratory, Veterinary Clinic Department, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University, Prof. Doutor Walter Mauricio Correa St., Botucatu, SP, 18618-681, Brazil.
| | - Diogo Sousa Zanoni
- Veterinary Clinic Department, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University, Prof. Doutor Walter Mauricio Correa St., Botucatu, SP, 18618-681, Brazil
| | | | - Reneé Laufer Amorim
- Veterinary Clinic Department, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University, Prof. Doutor Walter Mauricio Correa St., Botucatu, SP, 18618-681, Brazil
| | - Regina Kiomi Takahira
- Veterinary Clinical Laboratory, Veterinary Clinic Department, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University, Prof. Doutor Walter Mauricio Correa St., Botucatu, SP, 18618-681, Brazil
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141
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Loudon JE, Lewis AE, Turner TR, Howells ME, Lieurance A, Pender JE. Heavy metal ecotoxicology of vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus pygerythrus) across field sites in South Africa. Primates 2022; 63:525-533. [DOI: 10.1007/s10329-022-01002-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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142
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Cox DTC, Gardner AS, Gaston KJ. Global and regional erosion of mammalian functional diversity across the diel cycle. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabn6008. [PMID: 35960803 PMCID: PMC9374345 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abn6008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Biodiversity is declining worldwide. When species are physically active (i.e., their diel niche) may influence their risk of becoming functionally extinct. It may also affect how species losses affect ecosystems. For 5033 terrestrial mammals, we predict future changes to diel global and local functional diversity through a gradient of progressive functional extinction scenarios of threatened species. Across scenarios, diurnal species were at greater risk of becoming functionally extinct than nocturnal, crepuscular, and cathemeral species, resulting in deep functional losses in global diurnal trait space. Redundancy (species with similar roles) will buffer global nocturnal functional diversity; however, across the land surface, losses will mostly occur among functionally dispersed species (species with distinct roles). Functional extinctions will constrict boundaries of cathemeral trait space as megaherbivores, and arboreal foragers are lost. Variation in the erosion of functional diversity across the daily cycle will likely profoundly affect the partitioning of ecosystem functioning between night and day.
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143
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Estrada A, Garber PA, Gouveia S, Fernández-Llamazares Á, Ascensão F, Fuentes A, Garnett ST, Shaffer C, Bicca-Marques J, Fa JE, Hockings K, Shanee S, Johnson S, Shepard GH, Shanee N, Golden CD, Cárdenas-Navarrete A, Levey DR, Boonratana R, Dobrovolski R, Chaudhary A, Ratsimbazafy J, Supriatna J, Kone I, Volampeno S. Global importance of Indigenous Peoples, their lands, and knowledge systems for saving the world's primates from extinction. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabn2927. [PMID: 35947670 PMCID: PMC9365284 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abn2927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Primates, represented by 521 species, are distributed across 91 countries primarily in the Neotropic, Afrotropic, and Indo-Malayan realms. Primates inhabit a wide range of habitats and play critical roles in sustaining healthy ecosystems that benefit human and nonhuman communities. Approximately 68% of primate species are threatened with extinction because of global pressures to convert their habitats for agricultural production and the extraction of natural resources. Here, we review the scientific literature and conduct a spatial analysis to assess the significance of Indigenous Peoples' lands in safeguarding primate biodiversity. We found that Indigenous Peoples' lands account for 30% of the primate range, and 71% of primate species inhabit these lands. As their range on these lands increases, primate species are less likely to be classified as threatened or have declining populations. Safeguarding Indigenous Peoples' lands, languages, and cultures represents our greatest chance to prevent the extinction of the world's primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Estrada
- Institute of Biology, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Paul A. Garber
- Department of Anthropology and Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Sidney Gouveia
- Department of Ecology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão - SE, Brazil
| | | | - Fernando Ascensão
- cE3c—Center for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes and CHANGE—Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Edifício C2, 5° Piso, Sala 2.5.46, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Agustin Fuentes
- Department of Anthropology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Stephen T. Garnett
- Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, College of Engineering, Casuarina, Northern Territory 0909, Australia
| | - Christopher Shaffer
- Department of Anthropology, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI 49401, USA
| | | | - Julia E. Fa
- School of Natural Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
- Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), CIFOR Headquarters, Bogor 16115, Indonesia
| | | | - Sam Shanee
- Neotropical Primate Conservation, London, UK
| | - Steig Johnson
- Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Glenn H. Shepard
- Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, Belém do Para, Brazil
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Antropologia Social, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
- Department of Anthropology, American Museum of Natural History, 200 Central Park West, New York, NY 10024-5102, USA
| | | | - Christopher D. Golden
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Dallas R. Levey
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- National Autonomous University of Mexico, Institute of Biology, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Ramesh Boonratana
- Mahidol University International College, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | | | - Abhishek Chaudhary
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India
| | - Jonah Ratsimbazafy
- Groupe d’étude et de recherche sur les primates (Gerp), Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Jatna Supriatna
- Graduate Program in Conservation Biology, Department of Biology, University of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
| | - Inza Kone
- Centre Suisse des Recherches Scientifiques, Université de Cocody, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
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Dhananjaya T, Das S, Harpalani M, Huffman MA, Singh M. Can urbanization accentuate hand use in the foraging activities of primates? AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2022; 178:667-677. [PMID: 36790685 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES How a species uses its anatomical manipulators is determined by its anatomy, physiology, and ecology. While ecology explains interspecific variation in gripping, grasping, and manipulating objects, its role in intraspecific variation in mouth- and hand-use by animals is less explored. Primates are distinguished by their prehensile capabilities and manual dexterity. In context to the adaptive pressures of urbanization on primates, we examined if mouth and hand use differed across the forest-urban gradient in food retrieval and processing under experimental and naturalistic conditions in cercopithecids, a family comprising several urbanizing primates. MATERIALS AND METHODS We recorded the acquisition and processing of peanuts under experimental conditions in three groups of bonnet macaques (BM, Macaca radiata) differing in their dietary dependence on packaged food items along a rural-urban gradient. To affirm the pattern obtained in the experiment, we coded food acquisition of three cercopithecid species in similar habitats from video sources. RESULTS Urban macaques had a disproportionately higher hand use to acquire and process peanuts while rural macaques had higher mouth use. Based on analyses of videos, urban populations of BM, Japanese macaque (M. fuscata) and vervet monkey (Chlorocebus pygerythrus) showed a bias toward hand use during food acquisition. DISCUSSION The adaptive pressures of urbanization, like the manual constraints of extracting packaged foods and perhaps, the need for visual-haptic exploration of novel objects seem to accentuate hand use in synanthropic groups of primates. Additional research should ascertain similar patterns in other primates and determine specific aspects of urbanization that modulate the observed trend.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tejeshwar Dhananjaya
- Biopsychology laboratory, Institution of Excellence, University of Mysore, Mysuru, India
| | - Sayantan Das
- Biopsychology laboratory, Institution of Excellence, University of Mysore, Mysuru, India.,Wildlife Information Liaison Development, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Monica Harpalani
- Biopsychology laboratory, Institution of Excellence, University of Mysore, Mysuru, India
| | | | - Mewa Singh
- Biopsychology laboratory, Institution of Excellence, University of Mysore, Mysuru, India.,Zoo Outreach Organization, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
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145
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Fontani S, Kaburu SSK, Marliani G, Accorsi PA, Vaglio S. Anogenital scent-marking signals fertility in a captive female Alaotran gentle lemur. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:940707. [PMID: 35967991 PMCID: PMC9366254 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.940707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The Lake Alaotra gentle lemur (Hapalemur alaotrensis) is one of the 25 most endangered primates in the world and shows low success rate in captive breeding programmes. It is therefore vital to further understand its reproductive biology. We studied a captive troop consisting of five individuals hosted at Jersey Zoo during breeding and non-breeding periods over 1 year. We collected behavioural data (n = 318 h) using all occurrence of some behaviours and ad libitum sampling methods, as well as faecal (n = 54) and anogenital scent (n = 35) samples of the breeding female. We measured sex hormone levels using enzyme immunoassay technique and investigated the volatile component of odour signals using solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. We observed sexual and aggressive behaviours occasionally during the breeding period. Our regression analysis showed that only period significantly predicted rates of female anogenital scent-marking, whereby the female performed anogenital scent-marking more frequently during the breeding rather than the non-breeding period. In contrast, female hormone levels did not significantly explain variation in rates of neither male nor female olfactory, sexual and affiliative behaviours, suggesting that individuals' behaviour alone is not an effective indicator of the ovulation window. The volatile chemical profile of anogenital odour secretions changed over the study, with four compounds distinguishing the fertile window during the breeding period. In conclusion, our findings suggest that anogenital scent-marking may signal the reproductive status of captive female gentle lemurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Fontani
- Animal Behaviour and Wildlife Conservation Group, School of Sciences, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, United Kingdom
| | - Stefano S. K. Kaburu
- Animal Behaviour and Wildlife Conservation Group, School of Medicine, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, United Kingdom
| | - Giovanna Marliani
- Animal Behaviour and Wildlife Conservation Group, School of Sciences, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, United Kingdom
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, Universitá di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Pier Attilio Accorsi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, Universitá di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Vaglio
- Animal Behaviour and Wildlife Conservation Group, School of Sciences, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, United Kingdom
- Behavioural, Ecology and Evolution Research Centre, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Stefano Vaglio
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Possamai CB, Rodrigues de Melo F, Mendes SL, Strier KB. Demographic changes in an Atlantic Forest primate community following a yellow fever outbreak. Am J Primatol 2022; 84:e23425. [PMID: 35899394 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We investigated demographic changes in three primate species (Alouatta guariba, Sapajus nigritus, and Callithrix flaviceps) at the Reserva Particular do Patrimônio Natural-Feliciano Miguel Abdala, Caratinga, Minas Gerais, Brazil, following a yellow fever outbreak (YFO) by comparing their population sizes before (2015) and after the outbreak (2017-2018), and by monitoring the size, composition, and reproductive status of groups from 2017 to 2021. Comparisons of pre- and post-YFO census data indicate the A. guariba population declined by 86.6%, from an estimated minimum of 522 individuals to 70 individuals. However, by October 2021, the population had grown to at least 86 individuals, with an adult sex ratio (N = 53) that was female-biased (0.61). Eleven of the 13 groups being monitored systematically were reproductively active with high survivorship to 12 months of age. S. nigritus declined by 40%, from 377 to 226 individuals. The sex ratio of 33 adult S. nigritus is also female-biased (0.71), and at least 8 of 15 groups being monitored are reproductively active. C. flaviceps declined by 80%, from 85 individuals to the 15-17 individuals observed from 2017 to 2021. The female-biased adult sex ratio and presence of infants and juveniles in the A. guariba and S. nigritus groups are encouraging signs, but there is still great concern, especially for C. flaviceps. Continued monitoring of the demographics of these primates is needed as their persistence appears to still be at risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla B Possamai
- Financial Sector, Muriqui Instituto de Biodiversidade-MIB-R: Euclydes Etienne Arreguy Filho, Centro Caratinga, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fabiano Rodrigues de Melo
- Departamento de Engenharia Florestal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, MeCFauna Lab, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Lucena Mendes
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, CCHN/UFES, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional da Mata Atlântica (INMA), Santa Teresa, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Karen B Strier
- Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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147
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Duffy PX, Wellian J, Smith RL. Use of Space by black-and-gold howler monkeys (Alouatta caraya) in an urban environment in Paraguay. Urban Ecosyst 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11252-022-01262-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
AbstractAs urbanisation continues to reduce the available habitat for wildlife, some species, including the black-and-gold howler monkey (Alouatta caraya) in Pilar, southwest Paraguay, are making their homes in anthropogenic environments. Understanding an animal’s home range is an important step to understanding its ecological needs, and an essential requirement for the creation of robust conservation plans. In this study, we determined the home ranges and core areas of five groups of urban dwelling A. caraya using Minimum Convex Polygon (MCP) and Kernel Density Estimation (KDE) Analysis. We used a Spearman’s Correlation to explore the relationship between home range size and group size. All five groups had home ranges of less than 10 ha and used core areas of less than 1 ha. Group size had no significant relationship to home range size. We provide the first estimates of home range for A. caraya in an urban environment in Paraguay. Though the home ranges of the urban A. caraya in Pilar, Paraguay fall at the smaller end of the spectrum of range sizes in Alouatta, they are not abnormal for a species in this genus.
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148
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Lucore JM, Marshall AJ, Brosnan SF, Benítez ME. Validating Urinary Neopterin as a Biomarker of Immune Response in Captive and Wild Capuchin Monkeys. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:918036. [PMID: 35909690 PMCID: PMC9326447 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.918036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-invasive health monitoring is advantageous for wild and captive primate populations because it reduces the need for traditional invasive techniques (i.e., anesthetization) that can be stressful and potentially harmful for individuals. The biomarker neopterin is an emerging tool in primatology to measure immune activation and immunosenescence, however, most neopterin studies have focused on catarrhine species with little comparative work examining neopterin and health in platyrrhines. To address this gap, we validated a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure urinary neopterin in two types of capuchin monkeys, a wild population of white-faced capuchins (Cebus imitator) and a socially housed captive colony of tufted capuchins (Sapajus apella). We analytically validated methods for measuring urinary neopterin in two capuchin populations and demonstrated that two commonly-used methods to control for urine concentration-creatinine and specific gravity (SG)-produced highly concordant results. We also biologically validated these methods by examining variation in neopterin levels based on environment (captive and wild) and age, and changes in levels associated with immune-response. We found that neopterin increased after immune perturbation (rabies vaccine booster), varied by environmental condition, and mirrored expected trends in immune system ontogeny. Our results improve understanding of the innate immune system in platyrrhine species and suggest neopterin may be useful for non-invasive health monitoring in both captive and wild primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan M. Lucore
- Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Capuchinos de Taboga Research Project, Taboga Forest Reserve, Guanacaste, Costa Rica
| | - Andrew J. Marshall
- Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Program in the Environment, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Sarah F. Brosnan
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Language Research Center, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Marcela E. Benítez
- Capuchinos de Taboga Research Project, Taboga Forest Reserve, Guanacaste, Costa Rica
- Language Research Center, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Department of Anthropology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
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149
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Dansa M, Tekalign W. Primate diversity and species’ distributions in Maze National Park, southern Ethiopia. AFRICAN ZOOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/15627020.2022.2087478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Muluneh Dansa
- Department of Biology, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
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150
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Ecological Flexibility of Propithecus edwardsi in Two Forest Habitats with Different Logging Histories in Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar. INT J PRIMATOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-022-00308-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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