101
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Insulin-induced exocytosis regulates the cell surface level of low-density lipoprotein-related protein-1 in Müller Glial cells. Biochem J 2018; 475:1669-1685. [PMID: 29669912 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20170891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor-related protein-1 (LRP1) is expressed in retinal Müller glial cells (MGCs) and regulates intracellular translocation to the plasma membrane (PM) of the membrane proteins involved in cellular motility and activity. Different functions of MGCs may be influenced by insulin, including the removal of extracellular glutamate in the retina. In the present work, we investigated whether insulin promotes LRP1 translocation to the PM in the Müller glial-derived cell line MIO-M1 (human retinal Müller glial cell-derived cell line). We demonstrated that LRP1 is stored in small vesicles containing an approximate size of 100 nm (mean diameter range of 100-120 nm), which were positive for sortilin and VAMP2, and also incorporated GLUT4 when it was transiently transfected. Next, we observed that LRP1 translocation to the PM was promoted by insulin-regulated exocytosis through intracellular activation of the IR/PI3K/Akt axis and Rab-GTPase proteins such as Rab8A and Rab10. In addition, these Rab-GTPases regulated both the constitutive and insulin-induced LRP1 translocation to the PM. Finally, we found that dominant-negative Rab8A and Rab10 mutants impaired insulin-induced intracellular signaling of the IR/PI3K/Akt axis, suggesting that these GTPase proteins as well as the LRP1 level at the cell surface are involved in insulin-induced IR activation.
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102
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Afdal P, AbdelMassih AF. Is pulmonary vascular disease reversible with PPAR ɣ agonists? Microcirculation 2018; 25:e12444. [DOI: 10.1111/micc.12444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Afdal
- Faculty of Medicine; Cairo University; Cairo Egypt
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103
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Loss of the adaptor protein ShcA in endothelial cells protects against monocyte macrophage adhesion, LDL-oxydation, and atherosclerotic lesion formation. Sci Rep 2018. [PMID: 29540796 PMCID: PMC5852050 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22819-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
ShcA is an adaptor protein that binds to the cytoplasmic tail of receptor tyrosine kinases and of the Low Density Lipoprotein-related receptor 1 (LRP1), a trans-membrane receptor that protects against atherosclerosis. Here, we examined the role of endothelial ShcA in atherosclerotic lesion formation. We found that atherosclerosis progression was markedly attenuated in mice deleted for ShcA in endothelial cells, that macrophage content was reduced at the sites of lesions, and that adhesion molecules such as the intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) were severely reduced. Our data indicate that transcriptional regulation of ShcA by the zinc-finger E-box-binding homeobox 1 (ZEB1) and the Hippo pathway effector YAP, promotes ICAM-1 expression independently of p-NF-κB, the primary driver of adhesion molecules expressions. In addition, ShcA suppresses endothelial Akt and nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expressions. Thus, through down regulation of eNOS and ZEB1-mediated ICAM-1 up regulation, endothelial ShcA promotes monocyte-macrophage adhesion and atherosclerotic lesion formation. Reducing ShcA expression in endothelial cells may represent an obvious therapeutic approach to prevent atherosclerosis.
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104
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Karagiannis AD, Liu M, Toth PP, Zhao S, Agrawal DK, Libby P, Chatzizisis YS. Pleiotropic Anti-atherosclerotic Effects of PCSK9 Inhibitors From Molecular Biology to Clinical Translation. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11883-018-0718-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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105
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Lrp1 in osteoblasts controls osteoclast activity and protects against osteoporosis by limiting PDGF-RANKL signaling. Bone Res 2018; 6:4. [PMID: 29507818 PMCID: PMC5826921 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-017-0006-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal health relies on architectural integrity and sufficient bone mass, which are maintained through a tightly regulated equilibrium of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. Genetic studies have linked the gene coding for low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein1 (Lrp1) to bone traits but whether these associations are based on a causal molecular relationship is unknown. Here, we show that Lrp1 in osteoblasts is a novel regulator of osteoclast activity and bone mass. Mice lacking Lrp1 specifically in the osteoblast lineage displayed normal osteoblast function but severe osteoporosis due to highly increased osteoclast numbers and bone resorption. Osteoblast Lrp1 limited receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) expression in vivo and in vitro through attenuation of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF-BB) signaling. In co-culture, Lrp1-deficient osteoblasts stimulated osteoclastogenesis in a PDGFRβ-dependent manner and in vivo treatment with the PDGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib mesylate limited RANKL production and led to complete remission of the osteoporotic phenotype. These results identify osteoblast Lrp1 as a key regulator of osteoblast-to-osteoclast communication and bone mass through a PDGF–RANKL signaling axis in osteoblasts and open perspectives to further explore the potential of PDGF signaling inhibitors in counteracting bone loss as well as to evaluate the importance of functional LRP1 gene variants in the control of bone mass in humans. Maintaining strong bones critically depends on a receptor (Lrp1) for low-density lipoprotein. Bones are continually remodeled, with osteoblast cells adding new bone and osteoclast cells resorbing old bone. Imbalanced growth and resorption can lead to osteoporosis. Genetic studies had previously linked Lrp1 to bone health, but the nature of the link remained unknown. Andreas Niemeier at the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf in Germany and co-workers used model mice whose osteoblasts lacked Lrp1 to investigate how the receptor is involved in bone turnover. Lrp-1-deficient mice showed severe osteoporosis. They also showed high numbers of osteoclasts but normal numbers of osteoblasts, indicating that lack of the receptor caused increased bone resorption. Treatment of the mice with a drug related to Lrp1 restored bone strength. These results may help to identify new treatments for bone loss.
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106
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Ye R, Gordillo R, Shao M, Onodera T, Chen Z, Chen S, Lin X, SoRelle JA, Li X, Tang M, Keller MP, Kuliawat R, Attie AD, Gupta RK, Holland WL, Beutler B, Herz J, Scherer PE. Intracellular lipid metabolism impairs β cell compensation during diet-induced obesity. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:1178-1189. [PMID: 29457786 DOI: 10.1172/jci97702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The compensatory proliferation of insulin-producing β cells is critical to maintaining glucose homeostasis at the early stage of type 2 diabetes. Failure of β cells to proliferate results in hyperglycemia and insulin dependence in patients. To understand the effect of the interplay between β cell compensation and lipid metabolism upon obesity and peripheral insulin resistance, we eliminated LDL receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1), a pleiotropic mediator of cholesterol, insulin, energy metabolism, and other cellular processes, in β cells. Upon high-fat diet exposure, LRP1 ablation significantly impaired insulin secretion and proliferation of β cells. The diminished insulin signaling was partly contributed to by the hypersensitivity to glucose-induced, Ca2+-dependent activation of Erk and the mTORC1 effector p85 S6K1. Surprisingly, in LRP1-deficient islets, lipotoxic sphingolipids were mitigated by improved lipid metabolism, mediated at least in part by the master transcriptional regulator PPARγ2. Acute overexpression of PPARγ2 in β cells impaired insulin signaling and insulin secretion. Elimination of Apbb2, a functional regulator of LRP1 cytoplasmic domain, also impaired β cell function in a similar fashion. In summary, our results uncover the double-edged effects of intracellular lipid metabolism on β cell function and viability in obesity and type 2 diabetes and highlight LRP1 as an essential regulator of these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Risheng Ye
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern (UTSW) Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Department of Medical Education, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, El Paso, Texas, USA
| | - Ruth Gordillo
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern (UTSW) Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Mengle Shao
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern (UTSW) Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Toshiharu Onodera
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern (UTSW) Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Zhe Chen
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern (UTSW) Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, UTSW Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Shiuhwei Chen
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern (UTSW) Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Xiaoli Lin
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern (UTSW) Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Jeffrey A SoRelle
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, UTSW Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Xiaohong Li
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, UTSW Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Miao Tang
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, UTSW Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Mark P Keller
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Regina Kuliawat
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Alan D Attie
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Rana K Gupta
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern (UTSW) Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - William L Holland
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern (UTSW) Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Bruce Beutler
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, UTSW Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Joachim Herz
- Departments of Molecular Genetics, Neuroscience, Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, and Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, UTSW Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Center for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroanatomy, Albert Ludwig University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Philipp E Scherer
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern (UTSW) Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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107
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Folestad E, Kunath A, Wågsäter D. PDGF-C and PDGF-D signaling in vascular diseases and animal models. Mol Aspects Med 2018; 62:1-11. [PMID: 29410092 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2018.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Members of the platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) family are well known to be involved in different pathological conditions. The cellular and molecular mechanisms induced by the PDGF signaling have been well studied. Nevertheless, there is much more to discover about their functions and some important questions to be answered. This review summarizes the known roles of two of the PDGFs, PDGF-C and PDGF-D, in vascular diseases. There are clear implications for these growth factors in several vascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis and stroke. The PDGF receptors are broadly expressed in the cardiovascular system in cells such as fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells and pericytes. Altered expression of the receptors and the ligands have been found in various cardiovascular diseases and current studies have shown important implications of PDGF-C and PDGF-D signaling in fibrosis, neovascularization, atherosclerosis and restenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Folestad
- Division of Vascular Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anne Kunath
- Division of Drug Research, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Dick Wågsäter
- Division of Drug Research, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
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108
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Dai X, Zhang D, Wang C, Wu Z, Liang C. The Pivotal Role of Thymus in Atherosclerosis Mediated by Immune and Inflammatory Response. Int J Med Sci 2018; 15:1555-1563. [PMID: 30443178 PMCID: PMC6216065 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.27238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is one kind of chronic inflammatory disease, in which multiple types of immune cells or factors are involved. Data from experimental and clinical studies on atherosclerosis have confirmed the key roles of immune cells and inflammation in such process. The thymus as a key organ in T lymphocyte ontogenesis has an important role in optimizing immune system function throughout the life, and dysfunction of thymus has been proved to be associated with severity of atherosclerosis. Based on previous research, we begin with the hypothesis that low density lipoprotein or cholesterol reduces the expression of the thymus transcription factor Foxn1 via low density lipoprotein receptors on the membrane surface and low density lipoprotein receptor related proteins on the cell surface, which cause the thymus function decline or degradation. The imbalance of T cell subgroups and the decrease of naive T cells due to thymus dysfunction cause the increase or decrease in the secretion of various inflammatory factors, which in turn aggravates or inhibits atherosclerosis progression and cardiovascular events. Hence, thymus may be the pivotal role in coronary heart disease mediated by atherosclerosis and cardiovascular events and it can imply a novel treatment strategy for the clinical management of patients with atherosclerosis in addition to different commercial drugs. Modulation of immune system by inducing thymus function may be a therapeutic approach for the prevention of atherosclerosis. Purpose of this review is to summarize and discuss the recent advances about the impact of thymus function on atherosclerosis by the data from animal or human studies and the potential mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianliang Dai
- Department of Cardiology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China.,Department of Cardiology, 101 Hospital of PLA, Wuxi, Jiangsu province 214041, China
| | - Danfeng Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Chaoqun Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China.,Department of Endocrinology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Zonggui Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Chun Liang
- Department of Cardiology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
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109
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Guerrero-Hue M, Rubio-Navarro A, Sevillano Á, Yuste C, Gutiérrez E, Palomino-Antolín A, Román E, Praga M, Egido J, Moreno JA. Efectos adversos de la acumulación renal de hemoproteínas. Nuevas herramientas terapéuticas. Nefrologia 2018; 38:13-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nefro.2017.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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110
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Mishra A, Yao X, Saxena A, Gordon EM, Kaler M, Cuento RA, Barochia AV, Dagur PK, McCoy JP, Keeran KJ, Jeffries KR, Qu X, Yu ZX, Levine SJ. Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 attenuates house dust mite-induced eosinophilic airway inflammation by suppressing dendritic cell-mediated adaptive immune responses. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 142:1066-1079.e6. [PMID: 29274414 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP-1) is a scavenger receptor that regulates adaptive immunity and inflammation. LRP-1 is not known to modulate the pathogenesis of allergic asthma. OBJECTIVE We sought to assess whether LRP-1 expression by dendritic cells (DCs) modulates adaptive immune responses in patients with house dust mite (HDM)-induced airways disease. METHODS LRP-1 expression on peripheral blood DCs was quantified by using flow cytometry. The role of LRP-1 in modulating HDM-induced airways disease was assessed in mice with deletion of LRP-1 in CD11c+ cells (Lrp1fl/fl; CD11c-Cre) and by adoptive transfer of HDM-pulsed CD11b+ DCs from Lrp1fl/fl; CD11c-Cre mice to wild-type (WT) mice. RESULTS Human peripheral blood myeloid DC subsets from patients with eosinophilic asthma have lower LRP-1 expression than cells from healthy nonasthmatic subjects. Similarly, LRP-1 expression by CD11b+ lung DCs was significantly reduced in HDM-challenged WT mice. HDM-challenged Lrp1fl/fl; CD11c-Cre mice have a phenotype of increased eosinophilic airway inflammation, allergic sensitization, TH2 cytokine production, and mucous cell metaplasia. The adoptive transfer of HDM-pulsed LRP-1-deficient CD11b+ DCs into WT mice generated a similar phenotype of enhanced eosinophilic inflammation and allergic sensitization. Furthermore, CD11b+ DCs in the lungs of Lrp1fl/fl; CD11c-Cre mice have an increased ability to take up HDM antigen, whereas bone marrow-derived DCs display enhanced antigen presentation capabilities. CONCLUSION This identifies a novel role for LRP-1 as a negative regulator of DC-mediated adaptive immune responses in the setting of HDM-induced eosinophilic airway inflammation. Furthermore, the reduced LRP-1 expression by circulating myeloid DCs in patients with eosinophilic asthma suggests a possible role for LRP-1 in modulating type 2-high asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amarjit Mishra
- Laboratory of Asthma and Lung Inflammation, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Xianglan Yao
- Laboratory of Asthma and Lung Inflammation, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Ankit Saxena
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Elizabeth M Gordon
- Laboratory of Asthma and Lung Inflammation, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Maryann Kaler
- Laboratory of Asthma and Lung Inflammation, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Rosemarie A Cuento
- Laboratory of Asthma and Lung Inflammation, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Amisha V Barochia
- Laboratory of Asthma and Lung Inflammation, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Pradeep K Dagur
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - J Philip McCoy
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Karen J Keeran
- Animal Surgery and Resources Core Facility, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Kenneth R Jeffries
- Animal Surgery and Resources Core Facility, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Xuan Qu
- Pathology Core Facility, Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Zu-Xi Yu
- Pathology Core Facility, Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Stewart J Levine
- Laboratory of Asthma and Lung Inflammation, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md.
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111
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Wujak L, Schnieder J, Schaefer L, Wygrecka M. LRP1: A chameleon receptor of lung inflammation and repair. Matrix Biol 2017; 68-69:366-381. [PMID: 29262309 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2017.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The lung displays a remarkable capability to regenerate following injury. Considerable effort has been made thus far to understand the cardinal processes underpinning inflammation and reconstruction of lung tissue. However, the factors determining the resolution or persistence of inflammation and efficient wound healing or aberrant remodeling remain largely unknown. Low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) is an endocytic/signaling cell surface receptor which controls cellular and molecular mechanisms driving the physiological and pathological inflammatory reactions and tissue remodeling in several organs. In this review, we will discuss the impact of LRP1 on the consecutive steps of the inflammatory response and its role in the balanced tissue repair and aberrant remodeling in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz Wujak
- Department of Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University, Friedrichstrasse 24, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Jennifer Schnieder
- Department of Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University, Friedrichstrasse 24, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Liliana Schaefer
- Goethe University School of Medicine, University Hospital, Theodor-Stern Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Malgorzata Wygrecka
- Department of Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University, Friedrichstrasse 24, 35392 Giessen, Germany; Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Germany.
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112
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Boyé K, Pujol N, D Alves I, Chen YP, Daubon T, Lee YZ, Dedieu S, Constantin M, Bello L, Rossi M, Bjerkvig R, Sue SC, Bikfalvi A, Billottet C. The role of CXCR3/LRP1 cross-talk in the invasion of primary brain tumors. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1571. [PMID: 29146996 PMCID: PMC5691136 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01686-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
CXCR3 plays important roles in angiogenesis, inflammation, and cancer. However, the precise mechanism of regulation and activity in tumors is not well known. We focused on CXCR3-A conformation and on the mechanisms controlling its activity and trafficking and investigated the role of CXCR3/LRP1 cross talk in tumor cell invasion. Here we report that agonist stimulation induces an anisotropic response with conformational changes of CXCR3-A along its longitudinal axis. CXCR3-A is internalized via clathrin-coated vesicles and recycled by retrograde trafficking. We demonstrate that CXCR3-A interacts with LRP1. Silencing of LRP1 leads to an increase in the magnitude of ligand-induced conformational change with CXCR3-A focalized at the cell membrane, leading to a sustained receptor activity and an increase in tumor cell migration. This was validated in patient-derived glioma cells and patient samples. Our study defines LRP1 as a regulator of CXCR3, which may have important consequences for tumor biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Boyé
- INSERM U1029, Pessac, 33615, France.,Université de Bordeaux, Pessac, 33615, France
| | - Nadège Pujol
- INSERM U1029, Pessac, 33615, France.,Université de Bordeaux, Pessac, 33615, France
| | | | - Ya-Ping Chen
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, NTHU, Hsinchu, 30055, Taiwan
| | - Thomas Daubon
- INSERM U1029, Pessac, 33615, France.,Université de Bordeaux, Pessac, 33615, France.,K.G. Jebsen Brain Tumour Research Centre, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, 5009, Norway.,Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, L-1526, Luxembourg
| | - Yi-Zong Lee
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, NTHU, Hsinchu, 30055, Taiwan
| | - Stephane Dedieu
- CNRS UMR 7369 MEDyC, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, 51687, France
| | - Marion Constantin
- INSERM U1029, Pessac, 33615, France.,Université de Bordeaux, Pessac, 33615, France
| | - Lorenzo Bello
- Neurosurgical Oncology Unit, Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, Università degli Studi di Milano, Humanitas Resarch Hospital, Milan, 20089, Italy
| | - Marco Rossi
- Neurosurgical Oncology Unit, Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, Università degli Studi di Milano, Humanitas Resarch Hospital, Milan, 20089, Italy
| | - Rolf Bjerkvig
- K.G. Jebsen Brain Tumour Research Centre, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, 5009, Norway.,Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, L-1526, Luxembourg
| | - Shih-Che Sue
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, NTHU, Hsinchu, 30055, Taiwan
| | - Andreas Bikfalvi
- INSERM U1029, Pessac, 33615, France. .,Université de Bordeaux, Pessac, 33615, France.
| | - Clotilde Billottet
- INSERM U1029, Pessac, 33615, France. .,Université de Bordeaux, Pessac, 33615, France.
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113
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Xian X, Ding Y, Dieckmann M, Zhou L, Plattner F, Liu M, Parks JS, Hammer RE, Boucher P, Tsai S, Herz J. LRP1 integrates murine macrophage cholesterol homeostasis and inflammatory responses in atherosclerosis. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 29144234 PMCID: PMC5690284 DOI: 10.7554/elife.29292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) is a multifunctional cell surface receptor with diverse physiological roles, ranging from cellular uptake of lipoproteins and other cargo by endocytosis to sensor of the extracellular environment and integrator of a wide range of signaling mechanisms. As a chylomicron remnant receptor, LRP1 controls systemic lipid metabolism in concert with the LDL receptor in the liver, whereas in smooth muscle cells (SMC) LRP1 functions as a co-receptor for TGFβ and PDGFRβ in reverse cholesterol transport and the maintenance of vascular wall integrity. Here we used a knockin mouse model to uncover a novel atheroprotective role for LRP1 in macrophages where tyrosine phosphorylation of an NPxY motif in its intracellular domain initiates a signaling cascade along an LRP1/SHC1/PI3K/AKT/PPARγ/LXR axis to regulate and integrate cellular cholesterol homeostasis through the expression of the major cholesterol exporter ABCA1 with apoptotic cell removal and inflammatory responses. Atherosclerosis is a disease in which “plaques” build up inside the walls of arteries. Plaques consist of a fatty substance called cholesterol, together with immune cells such as macrophages and other material from the blood. Over time, the plaque narrows and hardens the arteries. This restricts the flow of blood to vital parts of the body, which increases the risk of heart attacks, strokes and other severe conditions. Macrophages play an important role in atherosclerosis. At the early stage of the disease, macrophages enter the developing plaques to take up the excess cholesterol. Cholesterol taken up by macrophages needs to be exported out of the cell and sent to the liver for removal. Yet, these processes can go awry. Macrophages can fill up with too much cholesterol and become trapped in the arteries. These cholesterol-laden macrophages can also start dying. These problems enable the plaques to grow and worsen the disease. LRP1 is an important protein present on the surface of many types of cells. In macrophages, LRP1 helps to export excess cholesterol out of the cell, thus lowering the risk of atherosclerosis. LRP1 also reduces cell death in the plaque, which slows the plaques’ progression. Previous research has shown that the region of LRP1 present inside the cell can be modified by the attachment of a phosphate group – a process termed phosphorylation. Whether phosphorylation of LRP1 plays a role in preventing atherosclerosis is not understood. To address this question, Xian, Ding, Dieckmann et al. engineered mice in which LRP1 was unable to get phosphorylated. The results show that phosphorylated LRP1 – but not the non-phosphorylated version – turns on a signaling pathway in macrophages. This pathway increases the expression of a transporter protein that exports cholesterol out of the cell. This reduces the amount of cholesterol that accumulates in macrophages. Lastly, mice with problems with LRP1 phosphorylation developed more severe atherosclerotic plaques with more dying cells present in the affected areas compared to normal mice. These findings show how phosphorylation of LRP1 protects against atherosclerosis. Understanding this process in further detail may help scientists to devise new ways to treat this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xunde Xian
- Departments of Molecular Genetics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Yinyuan Ding
- Departments of Molecular Genetics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States.,Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education of China, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Marco Dieckmann
- Departments of Molecular Genetics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Li Zhou
- Departments of Molecular Genetics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Florian Plattner
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States.,Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Mingxia Liu
- Section on Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - John S Parks
- Section on Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Robert E Hammer
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | | | - Shirling Tsai
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States.,Dallas VA Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Joachim Herz
- Departments of Molecular Genetics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States.,Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, UT Southwestern, Dallas, United States.,Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, UT Southwestern, Dallas, United States
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114
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Misra A, Feng Z, Zhang J, Lou ZY, Greif DM. Using In Vivo and Tissue and Cell Explant Approaches to Study the Morphogenesis and Pathogenesis of the Embryonic and Perinatal Aorta. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 28930997 DOI: 10.3791/56039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The aorta is the largest artery in the body. The aortic wall is composed of an inner layer of endothelial cells, a middle layer of alternating elastic lamellae and smooth muscle cells (SMCs), and an outer layer of fibroblasts and extracellular matrix. In contrast to the widespread study of pathological models (e.g., atherosclerosis) in the adult aorta, much less is known about the embryonic and perinatal aorta. Here, we focus on SMCs and provide protocols for the analysis of the morphogenesis and pathogenesis of embryonic and perinatal aortic SMCs in normal development and disease. Specifically, the four protocols included are: i) in vivo embryonic fate mapping and clonal analysis; ii) explant embryonic aorta culture; iii) SMC isolation from the perinatal aorta; and iv) subcutaneous osmotic mini-pump placement in pregnant (or non-pregnant) mice. Thus, these approaches facilitate the investigation of the origin(s), fate, and clonal architecture of SMCs in the aorta in vivo. They allow for modulating embryonic aorta morphogenesis in utero by continuous exposure to pharmacological agents. In addition, isolated aortic tissue explants or aortic SMCs can be used to gain insights into the role of specific gene targets during fundamental processes such as muscularization, proliferation, and migration. These hypothesis-generating experiments on isolated SMCs and the explanted aorta can then be assessed in the in vivo context through pharmacological and genetic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Misra
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine
| | - Zhonghui Feng
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine
| | - Jiasheng Zhang
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine
| | - Zhi-Yin Lou
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine; Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine
| | - Daniel M Greif
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine;
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115
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Astaxanthin acts via LRP-1 to inhibit inflammation and reverse lipopolysaccharide-induced M1/M2 polarization of microglial cells. Oncotarget 2017; 8:69370-69385. [PMID: 29050210 PMCID: PMC5642485 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia become activated during neuroinflammation and produce neurotoxic and neurotrophic factors, depending on whether they acquire M1 proinflammatory or M2 anti-inflammatory phenotypes. Astaxanthin (ATX), a natural carotenoid, has anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects. We investigated whether ATX could reverse M1/M2 polarization and suppress neuroinflammation via low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 (LRP-1). We observed increased expression of M1 (TNF-α, IL-1β, and CD86) and decreased expression of M2 (Arg-1, IL-10, and CD206) markers in BV2 microglial cells stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). These alterations were reversed by pretreating the cells with ATX. Activation of the NF-κB and JNK pathways was observed upon LPS stimulation, which was reversed by ATX. ATX-induced M2 polarization was attenuated by inhibition of NF-κB and JNK. Pretreatment of LPS-stimulated BV2 cells with ATX resulted in increased LRP-1 expression. The addition of receptor-associated protein, an LRP-1 antagonist, ameliorated ATX-induced inactivation of NF-κB and JNK signaling, and M2 polarization. ATX promotes M2 polarization to suppress neuroinflammation via LRP-1 by inhibiting NF-κB and JNK signaling. This novel mechanism may suppress neuroinflammation in diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease.
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116
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Yu Q, Wang B, Chen Z, Urabe G, Glover MS, Shi X, Guo LW, Kent KC, Li L. Electron-Transfer/Higher-Energy Collision Dissociation (EThcD)-Enabled Intact Glycopeptide/Glycoproteome Characterization. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2017; 28:1751-1764. [PMID: 28695533 PMCID: PMC5711575 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-017-1701-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/29/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Protein glycosylation, one of the most heterogeneous post-translational modifications, can play a major role in cellular signal transduction and disease progression. Traditional mass spectrometry (MS)-based large-scale glycoprotein sequencing studies heavily rely on identifying enzymatically released glycans and their original peptide backbone separately, as there is no efficient fragmentation method to produce unbiased glycan and peptide product ions simultaneously in a single spectrum, and that can be conveniently applied to high throughput glycoproteome characterization, especially for N-glycopeptides, which can have much more branched glycan side chains than relatively less complex O-linked glycans. In this study, a redefined electron-transfer/higher-energy collision dissociation (EThcD) fragmentation scheme is applied to incorporate both glycan and peptide fragments in one single spectrum, enabling complete information to be gathered and great microheterogeneity details to be revealed. Fetuin was first utilized to prove the applicability with 19 glycopeptides and corresponding five glycosylation sites identified. Subsequent experiments tested its utility for human plasma N-glycoproteins. Large-scale studies explored N-glycoproteomics in rat carotid arteries over the course of restenosis progression to investigate the potential role of glycosylation. The integrated fragmentation scheme provides a powerful tool for the analysis of intact N-glycopeptides and N-glycoproteomics. We also anticipate this approach can be readily applied to large-scale O-glycoproteome characterization. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Yu
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Bowen Wang
- Department of Surgery, Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Zhengwei Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Go Urabe
- Department of Surgery, Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Matthew S Glover
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Center Training Program in Translational Cardiovascular Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Xudong Shi
- Department of Surgery, Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Lian-Wang Guo
- Department of Surgery, Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - K Craig Kent
- The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Lingjun Li
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
- Cardiovascular Research Center Training Program in Translational Cardiovascular Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
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117
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Yang T, Williams BO. Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Proteins in Skeletal Development and Disease. Physiol Rev 2017; 97:1211-1228. [PMID: 28615463 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00013.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The identification of the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) provided a foundation for subsequent studies in lipoprotein metabolism, receptor-mediated endocytosis, and many other fundamental biological functions. The importance of the LDLR led to numerous studies that identified homologous molecules and ultimately resulted in the description of the LDL-receptor superfamily, a group of proteins that contain domains also found in the LDLR. Subsequent studies have revealed that members of the LDLR-related protein family play roles in regulating many aspects of signal transduction. This review is focused on the roles of selected members of this protein family in skeletal development and disease. We present background on the identification of this subgroup of receptors, discuss the phenotypes associated with alterations in their function in human patients and mouse models, and describe the current efforts to therapeutically target these proteins to treat human skeletal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yang
- Program in Skeletal Disease and Tumor Microenvironment, Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan
| | - Bart O Williams
- Program in Skeletal Disease and Tumor Microenvironment, Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan
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118
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Barnes RH, Akama T, Öhman MK, Woo MS, Bahr J, Weiss SJ, Eitzman DT, Chun TH. Membrane-Tethered Metalloproteinase Expressed by Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Limits the Progression of Proliferative Atherosclerotic Lesions. J Am Heart Assoc 2017; 6:e003693. [PMID: 28735290 PMCID: PMC5586255 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.116.003693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The MMP (matrix metalloproteinase) family plays diverse and critical roles in directing vascular wall remodeling in atherosclerosis. Unlike secreted-type MMPs, a member of the membrane-type MMP family, MT1-MMP (membrane-type 1 MMP; MMP14), mediates pericellular extracellular matrix degradation that is indispensable for maintaining physiological extracellular matrix homeostasis. However, given the premature mortality exhibited by MT1-MMP-null mice, the potential role of the proteinase in atherogenesis remains elusive. We sought to determine the effects of both MT1-MMP heterozygosity and tissue-specific gene targeting on atherogenesis in APOE (apolipoprotein E)-null mice. METHODS AND RESULTS MT1-MMP heterozygosity in the APOE-null background (Mmp14+/-Apoe-/- ) significantly promoted atherogenesis relative to Mmp14+/+Apoe-/- mice. Furthermore, the tissue-specific deletion of MT1-MMP from vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in SM22α-Cre(+)Mmp14F/FApoe-/- (VSMC-knockout) mice likewise increased the severity of atherosclerotic lesions. Although VSMC-knockout mice also developed progressive atherosclerotic aneurysms in their iliac arteries, macrophage- and adipose-specific MT1-MMP-knockout mice did not display this sensitized phenotype. In VSMC-knockout mice, atherosclerotic lesions were populated by hyperproliferating VSMCs (smooth muscle actin- and Ki67-double-positive cells) that were characterized by a proinflammatory gene expression profile. Finally, MT1-MMP-null VSMCs cultured in a 3-dimensional spheroid model system designed to mimic in vivo-like cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix interactions, likewise displayed markedly increased proliferative potential. CONCLUSIONS MT1-MMP expressed by VSMCs plays a key role in limiting the progression of atherosclerosis in APOE-null mice by regulating proliferative responses and inhibiting the deterioration of VSMC function in atherogenic vascular walls.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aorta/enzymology
- Aorta/pathology
- Aortic Diseases/enzymology
- Aortic Diseases/genetics
- Aortic Diseases/pathology
- Atherosclerosis/enzymology
- Atherosclerosis/genetics
- Atherosclerosis/pathology
- Cell Communication
- Cell Proliferation
- Cell-Matrix Junctions/enzymology
- Cell-Matrix Junctions/pathology
- Cells, Cultured
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Heterozygote
- Iliac Artery/enzymology
- Iliac Artery/pathology
- Inflammation Mediators/metabolism
- Male
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 14/deficiency
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 14/genetics
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 14/metabolism
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout, ApoE
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/enzymology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/enzymology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Phenotype
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic
- Signal Transduction
- Vascular Remodeling
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard H Barnes
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Takeshi Akama
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Miina K Öhman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Moon-Sook Woo
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Julian Bahr
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Stephen J Weiss
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Daniel T Eitzman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Tae-Hwa Chun
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
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119
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Genetic Variant of Kalirin Gene Is Associated with Ischemic Stroke in a Chinese Han Population. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:6594271. [PMID: 28706949 PMCID: PMC5494542 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6594271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ischemic stroke is a complex disorder resulting from the interplay of genetic and environmental factors. Previous studies showed that kalirin gene variations were associated with cardiovascular disease. However, the association between this gene and ischemic stroke was unknown. We performed this study to confirm if kalirin gene variation was associated with ischemic stroke. METHODS We enrolled 385 ischemic stroke patients and 362 controls from China. Three SNPs of kalirin gene were genotyped by means of ligase detection reaction-PCR method. Data was processed with SPSS and SHEsis platform. RESULTS SNP rs7620580 (dominant model: OR = 1.590, p = 0.002 and adjusted OR = 1.662, p = 0.014; additive model: OR = 1.490, p = 0.002 and adjusted OR = 1.636, p = 0.005; recessive model: OR = 2.686, p = 0.039) and SNP rs1708303 (dominant model: OR = 1.523, p = 0.007 and adjusted OR = 1.604, p = 0.028; additive model: OR = 1.438, p = 0.01 and adjusted OR = 1.476, p = 0.039) were associated with ischemic stroke. The GG genotype and G allele of SNP rs7620580 were associated with a risk for ischemic stroke with an adjusted OR of 3.195 and an OR of 1.446, respectively. Haplotype analysis revealed that A-T-G,G-T-A, and A-T-A haplotypes were associated with ischemic stroke. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide evidence that kalirin gene variations were associated with ischemic stroke in the Chinese Han population.
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120
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Obermann J, Priglinger CS, Merl-Pham J, Geerlof A, Priglinger S, Götz M, Hauck SM. Proteome-wide Identification of Glycosylation-dependent Interactors of Galectin-1 and Galectin-3 on Mesenchymal Retinal Pigment Epithelial (RPE) Cells. Mol Cell Proteomics 2017; 16:1528-1546. [PMID: 28576849 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m116.066381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of interactors is a major goal in cell biology. Not only protein-protein but also protein-carbohydrate interactions are of high relevance for signal transduction in biological systems. Here, we aim to identify novel interacting binding partners for the β-galactoside-binding proteins galectin-1 (Gal-1) and galectin-3 (Gal-3) relevant in the context of the eye disease proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR). PVR is one of the most common failures after retinal detachment surgeries and is characterized by the migration, adhesion, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition of retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPE) and the subsequent formation of sub- and epiretinal fibrocellular membranes. Gal-1 and Gal-3 bind in a dose- and carbohydrate-dependent manner to mesenchymal RPE cells and inhibit cellular processes like attachment and spreading. Yet knowledge about glycan-dependent interactors of Gal-1 and Gal-3 on RPE cells is very limited, although this is a prerequisite for unraveling the influence of galectins on distinct cellular processes in RPE cells. We identify here 131 Gal-3 and 15 Gal-1 interactors by galectin pulldown experiments combined with quantitative proteomics. They mainly play a role in multiple binding processes and are mostly membrane proteins. We focused on two novel identified interactors of Gal-1 and Gal-3 in the context of PVR: the low-density lipoprotein receptor LRP1 and the platelet-derived growth factor receptor β PDGFRB. Addition of exogenous Gal-1 and Gal-3 induced cross-linking with LRP1/PDGFRB and integrin-β1 (ITGB1) on the cell surface of human RPE cells and induced ERK/MAPK and Akt signaling. Treatment with kifunensine, an inhibitor of complex-type N-glycosylation, weakened the binding of Gal-1 and Gal-3 to these interactors and prevented lattice formation. In conclusion, the identified specific glycoprotein ligands shed light into the highly specific binding of galectins to dedifferentiated RPE cells and the resulting prevention of PVR-associated cellular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jara Obermann
- From the ‡Research Unit Protein Science, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), 85764 Neuherberg
| | | | - Juliane Merl-Pham
- From the ‡Research Unit Protein Science, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), 85764 Neuherberg
| | - Arie Geerlof
- ¶Protein Expression and Purification Facility, Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), 85764 Neuherberg
| | | | - Magdalena Götz
- ‖Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), 85764 Neuherberg.,**Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 82152 Munich, Germany
| | - Stefanie M Hauck
- From the ‡Research Unit Protein Science, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), 85764 Neuherberg;
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121
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van de Sluis B, Wijers M, Herz J. News on the molecular regulation and function of hepatic low-density lipoprotein receptor and LDLR-related protein 1. Curr Opin Lipidol 2017; 28:241-247. [PMID: 28301372 PMCID: PMC5482905 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0000000000000411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Clearing of atherogenic lipoprotein particles by the liver requires hepatic low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) and LDLR-related protein 1 (LRP1). This review highlights recent studies that have expanded our understanding of the molecular regulation and metabolic functions of LDLR and LRP1 in the liver. RECENT FINDINGS Various proteins orchestrate the intracellular trafficking of LDLR and LRP1. After internalization, the receptors are redirected via recycling endosomes to the cell surface. Several new endocytic proteins that facilitate the endosomal trafficking of LDLR and consequently the clearance of circulating LDL cholesterol have recently been reported. Mutations in some of these proteins cause hypercholesterolemia in human. In addition, LRP1 controls cellular cholesterol efflux by modulating the expression of ABCA1 and ABCG1, and hepatic LRP1 protects against diet-induced hepatic insulin resistance and steatosis through the regulation of insulin receptor trafficking. SUMMARY LDLR and LRP1 have prominent roles in cellular and organismal cholesterol homeostasis. Their functioning, including their trafficking in the cell, is controlled by numerous proteins. Comprehensive studies into the molecular regulation of LDLR and LRP1 trafficking have advanced our fundamental understanding of cholesterol homeostasis, and these insights may lead to novel therapeutic strategies for atherosclerosis, hyperlipidemia and insulin resistance in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart van de Sluis
- Section of Molecular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen
| | - Melinde Wijers
- Section of Molecular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen
| | - Joachim Herz
- Departments of Molecular Genetics, Neuroscience, Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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122
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Konaniah ES, Kuhel DG, Basford JE, Weintraub NL, Hui DY. Deficiency of LRP1 in Mature Adipocytes Promotes Diet-Induced Inflammation and Atherosclerosis-Brief Report. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017; 37:1046-1049. [PMID: 28473440 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.117.309414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mice with adipocyte-specific inactivation of low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 (LRP1) are resistant to diet-induced obesity and hyperglycemia because of compensatory thermogenic response by muscle. However, the physiological function of LRP1 in mature adipocytes and its role in cardiovascular disease modulation are unknown. This study compared perivascular adipose tissues (PVAT) from wild-type (adLrp1+/+) and adipocyte-specific LRP1 knockout (adLrp1-/-) mice in modulation of atherosclerosis progression. APPROACH AND RESULTS Analysis of adipose tissues from adLrp1+/+ and adLrp1-/- mice after Western diet feeding for 16 weeks revealed that, in comparison to adLrp1+/+ mice, the adipocytes in adLrp1-/- mice were smaller, but their adipose tissues were more inflamed with increased monocyte-macrophage infiltration and inflammatory gene expression. The transplantation of PVAT from chow-fed adLrp1+/+ and adLrp1-/- mice into the area surrounding the carotid arteries of Ldlr-/- mice before feeding the Western diet revealed a contributory role of PVAT toward hypercholesterolemia-induced atherosclerosis. Importantly, recipients of adLrp1-/- PVAT displayed a 3-fold increase in atherosclerosis compared with adLrp1+/+ PVAT recipients. The increased atherosclerosis invoked by LRP1-deficient PVAT was associated with elevated monocyte-macrophage infiltration and inflammatory cytokine expression in the transplanted fat. CONCLUSIONS PVAT provide outside-in signals through the adventitia to modulate atherosclerotic lesion progression in response to hypercholesterolemia. Moreover, adipocytes with LRP1 deficiency are dysfunctional and more inflamed. This latter observation adds the adipose tissue to the list of anatomic sites where LRP1 expression is important to protect against diet-induced atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eddy S Konaniah
- From the Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH (E.S.K., J.E.B., D.G.K., D.Y.H.); and the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University (N.L.W.)
| | - David G Kuhel
- From the Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH (E.S.K., J.E.B., D.G.K., D.Y.H.); and the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University (N.L.W.)
| | - Joshua E Basford
- From the Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH (E.S.K., J.E.B., D.G.K., D.Y.H.); and the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University (N.L.W.)
| | - Neal L Weintraub
- From the Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH (E.S.K., J.E.B., D.G.K., D.Y.H.); and the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University (N.L.W.)
| | - David Y Hui
- From the Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH (E.S.K., J.E.B., D.G.K., D.Y.H.); and the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University (N.L.W.).
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Abstract
The necrotic core has long been a hallmark of the vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque. Although apoptotic cells are cleared quickly in almost all other tissue beds, their removal appears to be significantly impaired in the diseased blood vessel. Emerging evidence indicates that this phenomenon is caused by a defect in efferocytosis, the process by which apoptotic tissue is recognized for engulfment by phagocytic cells such as macrophages. Genetic and experimental data suggest that efferocytosis is impaired during atherogenesis caused by dysregulation of so-called eat me ligands, which govern the edibility of cells undergoing programmed cell death. The following is a summary of recent data indicating that efferocytosis is a major unappreciated driver of lesion expansion but also a reversible defect that can potentially be targeted as a means to prevent plaque progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Kojima
- From Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery (Y.K., N.J.L.), Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (I.L.W.), and Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (N.J.L.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA
| | - Irving L Weissman
- From Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery (Y.K., N.J.L.), Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (I.L.W.), and Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (N.J.L.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA
| | - Nicholas J Leeper
- From Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery (Y.K., N.J.L.), Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (I.L.W.), and Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (N.J.L.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA.
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Shen YH, LeMaire SA. Molecular pathogenesis of genetic and sporadic aortic aneurysms and dissections. Curr Probl Surg 2017; 54:95-155. [PMID: 28521856 DOI: 10.1067/j.cpsurg.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying H Shen
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.
| | - Scott A LeMaire
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.
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Chan CYT, Chan YC, Cheuk BLY, Cheng SWK. Clearance of matrix metalloproteinase-9 is dependent on low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 expression downregulated by microRNA-205 in human abdominal aortic aneurysm. J Vasc Surg 2017; 65:509-520. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2015.10.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Qian JY, Chopp M, Liu Z. Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Promote Axonal Outgrowth Alone and Synergistically with Astrocytes via tPA. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0168345. [PMID: 27959956 PMCID: PMC5154605 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
We reported that mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) enhance neurological recovery from experimental stroke and increase tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) expression in astrocytes. Here, we investigate mechanisms by which tPA mediates MSC enhanced axonal outgrowth. Primary murine neurons and astrocytes were isolated from wild-type (WT) and tPA-knockout (KO) cortices of embryos. Mouse MSCs (WT) were purchased from Cognate Inc. Neurons (WT or KO) were seeded in soma side of Xona microfluidic chambers, and astrocytes (WT or KO) and/or MSCs in axon side. The chambers were cultured as usual (normoxia) or subjected to oxygen deprivation. Primary neurons (seeded in plates) were co-cultured with astrocytes and/or MSCs (in inserts) for Western blot. In chambers, WT axons grew significantly longer than KO axons and exogenous tPA enhanced axonal outgrowth. MSCs increased WT axonal outgrowth alone and synergistically with WT astrocytes at both normoxia and oxygen deprivation conditions. The synergistic effect was inhibited by U0126, an ERK inhibitor, and receptor associated protein (RAP), a low density lipoprotein receptor related protein 1 (LRP1) ligand antagonist. However, MSCs exerted neither individual nor synergistic effects on KO axonal outgrowth. Western blot showed that MSCs promoted astrocytic tPA expression and increased neuronal tPA alone and synergistically with astrocytes. Also, MSCs activated neuronal ERK alone and synergistically with astrocytes, which was inhibited by RAP. We conclude: (1) MSCs promote axonal outgrowth via neuronal tPA and synergistically with astrocytic tPA; (2) neuronal tPA is critical to observe the synergistic effect of MSC and astrocytes on axonal outgrowth; and (3) tPA mediates MSC treatment-induced axonal outgrowth through the LRP1 receptor and ERK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Yong Qian
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Michael Chopp
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Zhongwu Liu
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Yang L, Liu CC, Zheng H, Kanekiyo T, Atagi Y, Jia L, Wang D, N'songo A, Can D, Xu H, Chen XF, Bu G. LRP1 modulates the microglial immune response via regulation of JNK and NF-κB signaling pathways. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:304. [PMID: 27931217 PMCID: PMC5146875 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0772-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Neuroinflammation is characterized by microglial activation and the increased levels of cytokines and chemokines in the central nervous system (CNS). Recent evidence has implicated both beneficial and toxic roles of microglia when over-activated upon nerve injury or in neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) is a major receptor for apolipoprotein E (apoE) and amyloid-β (Aβ), which play critical roles in AD pathogenesis. LRP1 regulates inflammatory responses in peripheral tissues by modulating the release of inflammatory cytokines and phagocytosis. However, the roles of LRP1 in brain innate immunity and neuroinflammation remain unclear. Methods In this study, we determined whether LRP1 modulates microglial activation by knocking down Lrp1 in mouse primary microglia. LRP1-related functions in microglia were also assessed in the presence of LRP1 antagonist, the receptor-associated protein (RAP). The effects on the production of inflammatory cytokines were measured by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Potential involvement of specific signaling pathways in LRP1-regulated functions including mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) were assessed using specific inhibitors. Results We found that knocking down of Lrp1 in mouse primary microglia led to the activation of both c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and NF-κB pathways with corresponding enhanced sensitivity to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Similar effects were observed when microglia were treated with LRP1 antagonist RAP. In addition, treatment with pro-inflammatory stimuli suppressed Lrp1 expression in microglia. Interestingly, NF-κB inhibitor not only suppressed the production of cytokines induced by the knockdown of Lrp1 but also restored the down-regulated expression of Lrp1 by LPS. Conclusions Our study uncovers that LRP1 suppresses microglial activation by modulating JNK and NF-κB signaling pathways. Given that dysregulation of LRP1 has been associated with AD pathogenesis, our work reveals a critical regulatory mechanism of microglial activation by LRP1 that could be associated with other AD-related pathways thus further nominating LRP1 as a potential disease-modifying target for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longyu Yang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Chia-Chen Liu
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL32224, USA
| | - Honghua Zheng
- Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Takahisa Kanekiyo
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL32224, USA
| | - Yuka Atagi
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL32224, USA
| | - Lin Jia
- Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Daxin Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Aurelie N'songo
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL32224, USA
| | - Dan Can
- Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Huaxi Xu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Xiao-Fen Chen
- Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China. .,Shenzhen Research Institute of Xiamen University, Shenzhen, 518063, China.
| | - Guojun Bu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China. .,Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL32224, USA.
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Lewandowski SA, Fredriksson L, Lawrence DA, Eriksson U. Pharmacological targeting of the PDGF-CC signaling pathway for blood-brain barrier restoration in neurological disorders. Pharmacol Ther 2016; 167:108-119. [PMID: 27524729 PMCID: PMC5341142 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neurological disorders account for a majority of non-malignant disability in humans and are often associated with dysfunction of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Recent evidence shows that despite apparent variation in the origin of neural damage, the central nervous system has a common injury response mechanism involving platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-CC activation in the neurovascular unit and subsequent dysfunction of BBB integrity. Inhibition of PDGF-CC signaling with imatinib in mice has been shown to prevent BBB dysfunction and have neuroprotective effects in acute damage conditions, including traumatic brain injury, seizures or stroke, as well as in neurodegenerative diseases that develop over time, including multiple sclerosis and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Stroke and traumatic injuries are major risk factors for age-associated neurodegenerative disorders and we speculate that restoring BBB properties through PDGF-CC inhibition might provide a common therapeutic opportunity for treatment of both acute and progressive neuropathology in humans. In this review we will summarize what is known about the role of PDGF-CC in neurovascular signaling events and the variety of seemingly different neuropathologies it is involved in. We will also discuss the pharmacological means of therapeutic interventions for anti-PDGF-CC therapy and ongoing clinical trials. In summary: inhibition of PDGF-CC signaling can be protective for immediate injury and decrease the long-term neurodegenerative consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian A Lewandowski
- Tissue Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Scheeles v. 2, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Linda Fredriksson
- Vascular Biology Groups, Division of Vascular Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Scheeles v. 2, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, 7301 Medical Science Research Building III, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0644, USA
| | - Daniel A Lawrence
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, 7301 Medical Science Research Building III, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0644, USA
| | - Ulf Eriksson
- Tissue Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Scheeles v. 2, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Gupta A, Bhatnagar S. Vasoregression: A Shared Vascular Pathology Underlying Macrovascular And Microvascular Pathologies? OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2016; 19:733-53. [PMID: 26669709 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2015.0128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Vasoregression is a common phenomenon underlying physiological vessel development as well as pathological microvascular diseases leading to peripheral neuropathy, nephropathy, and vascular oculopathies. In this review, we describe the hallmarks and pathways of vasoregression. We argue here that there is a parallel between characteristic features of vasoregression in the ocular microvessels and atherosclerosis in the larger vessels. Shared molecular pathways and molecular effectors in the two conditions are outlined, thus highlighting the possible systemic causes of local vascular diseases. Our review gives us a system-wide insight into factors leading to multiple synchronous vascular diseases. Because shared molecular pathways might usefully address the diagnostic and therapeutic needs of multiple common complex diseases, the literature analysis presented here is of broad interest to readership in integrative biology, rational drug development and systems medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akanksha Gupta
- 1 Computational and Structural Biology Laboratory, Division of Biotechnology, Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology , Dwarka, New Delhi, India .,2 Department of Biotechnology, IMS Engineering College , Ghaziabad, India
| | - Sonika Bhatnagar
- 1 Computational and Structural Biology Laboratory, Division of Biotechnology, Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology , Dwarka, New Delhi, India
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Ferri N, Marchianò S, Tibolla G, Baetta R, Dhyani A, Ruscica M, Uboldi P, Catapano AL, Corsini A. PCSK9 knock-out mice are protected from neointimal formation in response to perivascular carotid collar placement. Atherosclerosis 2016; 253:214-224. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.07.910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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131
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Ellis M, Krashin E, Hamburger-Avnery O, Gan S, Elis A, Ashur-Fabian O. The anti-leukemic and lipid lowering effects of imatinib are not hindered by statins in CML: a retrospective clinical study and in vitro assessment of lipid-genes transcription. Leuk Lymphoma 2016; 58:1172-1177. [PMID: 27650030 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2016.1228928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Imatinib, which has revolutionized chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) treatment, was suggested to improve lipid profile. Statins, a dyslipidemia drug, were reported to potentiate imatinib's antileukemic effect. However, analysis of imatinib combined with statins is lacking. We have retrospectively analyzed the normalization period of bcr-abl, blood counts, and lipids in 40 CML patients, 19 of which co-treated with statins, during short (<12 months) and prolonged (>12 months) imatinib treatment. Prior statins treatment did not hinder nor sensitized imatinib's anti-leukemic and lipid-lowering effects. CML cells (K562) treated with 1μM imatinib (24-96 h) were further assessed for the expression of central lipid-related genes by real-time PCR. HMGCoAR, LDL-R, and apobec1 expressions were significantly increased while CETP declined after 48-96 h. To conclude, imatinib produces an independent favorable lipid profile, which is not hindered by statins and is partly mediated via transcription regulation of genes involved in the clearance of plasma lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Ellis
- a Translational Hemato-Oncology Laboratory , Hematology Institute and Blood Bank, Meir Medical Center , Kfar-Saba , Israel.,b Sackler Faculty of Medicine , Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv , Israel
| | - Eilon Krashin
- c Department of Internal Medicine A , Meir Medical Center , Kfar-Saba , Israel
| | - Orly Hamburger-Avnery
- a Translational Hemato-Oncology Laboratory , Hematology Institute and Blood Bank, Meir Medical Center , Kfar-Saba , Israel
| | - Sarah Gan
- a Translational Hemato-Oncology Laboratory , Hematology Institute and Blood Bank, Meir Medical Center , Kfar-Saba , Israel.,b Sackler Faculty of Medicine , Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv , Israel
| | - Avishai Elis
- b Sackler Faculty of Medicine , Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv , Israel.,d Department of Internal Medicine C , Beilinson Campus, Rabin Medical Center , Petah Tikva , Israel
| | - Osnat Ashur-Fabian
- a Translational Hemato-Oncology Laboratory , Hematology Institute and Blood Bank, Meir Medical Center , Kfar-Saba , Israel.,e The Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine , Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv , Israel
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Prasad AM, Ketsawatsomkron P, Nuno DW, Koval OM, Dibbern ME, Venema AN, Sigmund CD, Lamping KG, Grumbach IM. Role of CaMKII in Ang-II-dependent small artery remodeling. Vascul Pharmacol 2016; 87:172-179. [PMID: 27658984 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2016.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Angiotensin-II (Ang-II) is a well-established mediator of vascular remodeling. The multifunctional calcium-calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKII) is activated by Ang-II and regulates Erk1/2 and Akt-dependent signaling in cultured smooth muscle cells in vitro. Its role in Ang-II-dependent vascular remodeling in vivo is far less defined. Using a model of transgenic CaMKII inhibition selectively in smooth muscle cells, we found that CaMKII inhibition exaggerated remodeling after chronic Ang-II treatment and agonist-dependent vasoconstriction in second-order mesenteric arteries. These findings were associated with increased mRNA and protein expression of smooth muscle structural proteins. As a potential mechanism, CaMKII reduced serum response factor-dependent transcriptional activity. In summary, our findings identify CaMKII as an important regulator of smooth muscle function in Ang-II hypertension in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand M Prasad
- Department of Medicine, Carver College, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States
| | - Pimonrat Ketsawatsomkron
- Department of Pharmacology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States
| | - Daniel W Nuno
- Department of Medicine, Carver College, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States; Department of Pharmacology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States
| | - Olha M Koval
- Department of Medicine, Carver College, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States
| | - Megan E Dibbern
- Department of Medicine, Carver College, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States
| | - Ashlee N Venema
- Department of Medicine, Carver College, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States
| | - Curt D Sigmund
- Department of Medicine, Carver College, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States; Department of Pharmacology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States; Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States
| | - Kathryn G Lamping
- Department of Medicine, Carver College, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States; Department of Pharmacology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States; Iowa City VA Healthcare System, Iowa City, United States
| | - Isabella M Grumbach
- Department of Medicine, Carver College, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States; Iowa City VA Healthcare System, Iowa City, United States.
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Herrmann J, Yang EH, Iliescu CA, Cilingiroglu M, Charitakis K, Hakeem A, Toutouzas K, Leesar MA, Grines CL, Marmagkiolis K. Vascular Toxicities of Cancer Therapies: The Old and the New--An Evolving Avenue. Circulation 2016; 133:1272-89. [PMID: 27022039 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.115.018347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Since the late 1990s, there has been a steady decline in cancer-related mortality, in part related to the introduction of so-called targeted therapies. Intended to interfere with a specific molecular pathway, these therapies have, paradoxically, led to a number of effects off their intended cancer tissue or molecular targets. The latest examples are tyrosine kinase inhibitors targeting the Philadelphia Chromosome mutation product, which have been associated with progressive atherosclerosis and acute vascular events. In addition, agents designed to interfere with the vascular growth factor signaling pathway have vascular side effects ranging from hypertension to arterial events and cardiomyocyte toxicity. Interestingly, the risk of cardiotoxicity with drugs such as trastuzumab is predicted by preexisting cardiovascular risk factors and disease, posing the question of a vascular component to the pathophysiology. The effect on the coronary circulation has been the leading explanation for the cardiotoxicity of 5-fluorouracil and may be the underlying the mechanism of presentation of apical ballooning syndrome with various chemotherapeutic agents. Classical chemotherapeutic agents such as cisplatin, often used in combination with bleomycin and vinca alkaloids, can lead to vascular events including acute coronary thrombosis and may be associated with an increased long-term cardiovascular risk. This review is intended to provide an update on the evolving spectrum of vascular toxicities with cancer therapeutics, particularly as they pertain to clinical practice, and to the conceptualization of cardiovascular diseases, as well. Vascular toxicity with cancer therapy: the old and the new, an evolving avenue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joerg Herrmann
- From Mayo Clinic, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Rochester, MN (J.H.); University of California at Los Angeles, Division of Cardiology, Los Angeles (E.-H.Y.); University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (C.A.I.); Arkansas Heart Hospital, Little Rock, AR and Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey (M.C.); University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston (K.C.); University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock (A.H.); Athens Medical School, Hippokration General Hospital, Greece (K.T.); University of Alabama at Birmingham (M.A.L.); Detroit Medical Center, Cardiovascular Institute, MI (C.L.G.); and Citizens Memorial Hospital, Bolivar, MO and University of Missouri, Columbia (K.M.).
| | - Eric H Yang
- From Mayo Clinic, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Rochester, MN (J.H.); University of California at Los Angeles, Division of Cardiology, Los Angeles (E.-H.Y.); University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (C.A.I.); Arkansas Heart Hospital, Little Rock, AR and Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey (M.C.); University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston (K.C.); University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock (A.H.); Athens Medical School, Hippokration General Hospital, Greece (K.T.); University of Alabama at Birmingham (M.A.L.); Detroit Medical Center, Cardiovascular Institute, MI (C.L.G.); and Citizens Memorial Hospital, Bolivar, MO and University of Missouri, Columbia (K.M.)
| | - Cezar A Iliescu
- From Mayo Clinic, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Rochester, MN (J.H.); University of California at Los Angeles, Division of Cardiology, Los Angeles (E.-H.Y.); University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (C.A.I.); Arkansas Heart Hospital, Little Rock, AR and Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey (M.C.); University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston (K.C.); University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock (A.H.); Athens Medical School, Hippokration General Hospital, Greece (K.T.); University of Alabama at Birmingham (M.A.L.); Detroit Medical Center, Cardiovascular Institute, MI (C.L.G.); and Citizens Memorial Hospital, Bolivar, MO and University of Missouri, Columbia (K.M.)
| | - Mehmet Cilingiroglu
- From Mayo Clinic, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Rochester, MN (J.H.); University of California at Los Angeles, Division of Cardiology, Los Angeles (E.-H.Y.); University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (C.A.I.); Arkansas Heart Hospital, Little Rock, AR and Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey (M.C.); University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston (K.C.); University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock (A.H.); Athens Medical School, Hippokration General Hospital, Greece (K.T.); University of Alabama at Birmingham (M.A.L.); Detroit Medical Center, Cardiovascular Institute, MI (C.L.G.); and Citizens Memorial Hospital, Bolivar, MO and University of Missouri, Columbia (K.M.)
| | - Konstantinos Charitakis
- From Mayo Clinic, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Rochester, MN (J.H.); University of California at Los Angeles, Division of Cardiology, Los Angeles (E.-H.Y.); University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (C.A.I.); Arkansas Heart Hospital, Little Rock, AR and Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey (M.C.); University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston (K.C.); University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock (A.H.); Athens Medical School, Hippokration General Hospital, Greece (K.T.); University of Alabama at Birmingham (M.A.L.); Detroit Medical Center, Cardiovascular Institute, MI (C.L.G.); and Citizens Memorial Hospital, Bolivar, MO and University of Missouri, Columbia (K.M.)
| | - Abdul Hakeem
- From Mayo Clinic, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Rochester, MN (J.H.); University of California at Los Angeles, Division of Cardiology, Los Angeles (E.-H.Y.); University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (C.A.I.); Arkansas Heart Hospital, Little Rock, AR and Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey (M.C.); University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston (K.C.); University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock (A.H.); Athens Medical School, Hippokration General Hospital, Greece (K.T.); University of Alabama at Birmingham (M.A.L.); Detroit Medical Center, Cardiovascular Institute, MI (C.L.G.); and Citizens Memorial Hospital, Bolivar, MO and University of Missouri, Columbia (K.M.)
| | - Konstantinos Toutouzas
- From Mayo Clinic, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Rochester, MN (J.H.); University of California at Los Angeles, Division of Cardiology, Los Angeles (E.-H.Y.); University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (C.A.I.); Arkansas Heart Hospital, Little Rock, AR and Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey (M.C.); University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston (K.C.); University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock (A.H.); Athens Medical School, Hippokration General Hospital, Greece (K.T.); University of Alabama at Birmingham (M.A.L.); Detroit Medical Center, Cardiovascular Institute, MI (C.L.G.); and Citizens Memorial Hospital, Bolivar, MO and University of Missouri, Columbia (K.M.)
| | - Massoud A Leesar
- From Mayo Clinic, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Rochester, MN (J.H.); University of California at Los Angeles, Division of Cardiology, Los Angeles (E.-H.Y.); University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (C.A.I.); Arkansas Heart Hospital, Little Rock, AR and Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey (M.C.); University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston (K.C.); University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock (A.H.); Athens Medical School, Hippokration General Hospital, Greece (K.T.); University of Alabama at Birmingham (M.A.L.); Detroit Medical Center, Cardiovascular Institute, MI (C.L.G.); and Citizens Memorial Hospital, Bolivar, MO and University of Missouri, Columbia (K.M.)
| | - Cindy L Grines
- From Mayo Clinic, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Rochester, MN (J.H.); University of California at Los Angeles, Division of Cardiology, Los Angeles (E.-H.Y.); University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (C.A.I.); Arkansas Heart Hospital, Little Rock, AR and Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey (M.C.); University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston (K.C.); University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock (A.H.); Athens Medical School, Hippokration General Hospital, Greece (K.T.); University of Alabama at Birmingham (M.A.L.); Detroit Medical Center, Cardiovascular Institute, MI (C.L.G.); and Citizens Memorial Hospital, Bolivar, MO and University of Missouri, Columbia (K.M.)
| | - Konstantinos Marmagkiolis
- From Mayo Clinic, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Rochester, MN (J.H.); University of California at Los Angeles, Division of Cardiology, Los Angeles (E.-H.Y.); University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (C.A.I.); Arkansas Heart Hospital, Little Rock, AR and Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey (M.C.); University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston (K.C.); University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock (A.H.); Athens Medical School, Hippokration General Hospital, Greece (K.T.); University of Alabama at Birmingham (M.A.L.); Detroit Medical Center, Cardiovascular Institute, MI (C.L.G.); and Citizens Memorial Hospital, Bolivar, MO and University of Missouri, Columbia (K.M.)
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Dissmore T, Seye CI, Medeiros DM, Weisman GA, Bradford B, Mamedova L. The P2Y2 receptor mediates uptake of matrix-retained and aggregated low density lipoprotein in primary vascular smooth muscle cells. Atherosclerosis 2016; 252:128-135. [PMID: 27522265 PMCID: PMC5060008 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.07.927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The internalization of aggregated low-density lipoproteins (agLDL) mediated by low-density lipoprotein receptor related protein (LRP1) may involve the actin cytoskeleton in ways that differ from the endocytosis of soluble LDL by the LDL receptor (LDLR). This study aims to define novel mechanisms of agLDL uptake through modulation of the actin cytoskeleton, to identify molecular targets involved in foam cell formation in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). The critical observation that formed the basis for these studies is that under pathophysiological conditions, nucleotide release from blood-derived and vascular cells activates SMC P2Y2 receptors (P2Y2Rs) leading to rearrangement of the actin cytoskeleton and cell motility. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that P2Y2R activation mediates agLDL uptake by VSMCs. METHODS Primary VSMCs were isolated from aortas of wild type (WT) C57BL/6 and.P2Y2R-/- mice to investigate whether P2Y2R activation modulates LRP1 expression. Cells were transiently transfected with cDNA encoding a hemagglutinin-tagged (HA-tagged) WT P2Y2R, or a mutant P2Y2R that unlike the WT P2Y2R does not bind the cytoskeletal actin-binding protein filamin-A (FLN-A). RESULTS P2Y2R activation significantly increased agLDL uptake, and LRP1 mRNA expression decreased in P2Y2R-/- VSMCs versus WT. SMCs, expressing P2Y2R defective in FLN-A binding, exhibit 3-fold lower LDLR expression levels than SMCs expressing WT P2Y2R, while cells transfected with WT P2Y2R show greater agLDL uptake in both WT and P2Y2R-/- VSMCs versus cells transfected with the mutant P2Y2R. CONCLUSIONS Together, these results show that both LRP1 and LDLR expression and agLDL uptake are regulated by P2Y2R in VSMCs, and that agLDL uptake due to P2Y2R activation is dependent upon cytoskeletal reorganization mediated by P2Y2R binding to FLN-A.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cheikh I Seye
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Denis M Medeiros
- School of Graduate Studies, University of Missouri, Kansas City, MO, United States
| | - Gary A Weisman
- Department of Biochemistry and Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, United States
| | - Barry Bradford
- Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Laman Mamedova
- Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States.
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135
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Prasad JM, Young PA, Strickland DK. High Affinity Binding of the Receptor-associated Protein D1D2 Domains with the Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor-related Protein (LRP1) Involves Bivalent Complex Formation: CRITICAL ROLES OF LYSINES 60 AND 191. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:18430-9. [PMID: 27402839 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.744904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The LDL receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) is a large endocytic receptor that binds and mediates the endocytosis of numerous structurally diverse ligands. Currently, the basis for ligand recognition by LRP1 is not well understood. LRP1 requires a molecular chaperone, termed the receptor-associated protein (RAP), to escort the newly synthesized receptor from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi. RAP is a three-domain protein that contains the following two high affinity binding sites for LRP1: one is located within domains 1 and 2, and one is located in its third domain. Studies on the interaction of the RAP third domain with LRP1 reveal critical contributions by lysine 256 and lysine 270 for this interaction. From these studies, a model for ligand recognition by this class of receptors has been proposed. Here, we employed surface plasmon resonance to investigate the binding of RAP D1D2 to LRP1. Our results reveal that the high affinity of D1D2 for LRP1 results from avidity effects mediated by the simultaneous interactions of lysine 60 in D1 and lysine 191 in D2 with sites on LRP1 to form a bivalent D1D2-LRP1 complex. When lysine 60 and 191 are both mutated to alanine, the binding of D1D2 to LRP1 is ablated. Our data also reveal that D1D2 is able to bind to a second distinct site on LRP1 to form a monovalent complex. The studies confirm the canonical model for ligand recognition by this class of receptors, which is initiated by pairs of lysine residues that dock into acidic pockets on the receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joni M Prasad
- From the Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Disease and the Departments of Surgery and Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Patricia A Young
- From the Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Disease and the Departments of Surgery and Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Dudley K Strickland
- From the Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Disease and the Departments of Surgery and Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
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Boukais K, Bayles R, Borges LDF, Louedec L, Boulaftali Y, Ho-Tin-Noé B, Arocas V, Bouton MC, Michel JB. Uptake of Plasmin-PN-1 Complexes in Early Human Atheroma. Front Physiol 2016; 7:273. [PMID: 27445860 PMCID: PMC4927630 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Zymogens are delivered to the arterial wall by radial transmural convection. Plasminogen can be activated within the arterial wall to produce plasmin, which is involved in evolution of the atherosclerotic plaque. Vascular smooth muscle cells (vSMCs) protect the vessels from proteolytic injury due to atherosclerosis development by highly expressing endocytic LDL receptor-related protein-1 (LRP-1), and by producing anti-proteases, such as Protease Nexin-1 (PN-1). PN-1 is able to form covalent complexes with plasmin. We hypothesized that plasmin-PN-1 complexes could be internalized via LRP-1 by vSMCs during the early stages of human atheroma. LRP-1 is also responsible for the capture of aggregated LDL in human atheroma. Plasmin activity and immunohistochemical analyses of early human atheroma showed that the plasminergic system is activated within the arterial wall, where intimal foam cells, including vSMCs and platelets, are the major sites of PN-1 accumulation. Both PN-1 and LRP-1 are overexpressed in early atheroma at both messenger and protein levels. Cell biology studies demonstrated an increased expression of PN-1 and tissue plasminogen activator by vSMCs in response to LDL. Plasmin-PN-1 complexes are internalized via LRP-1 in vSMCs, whereas plasmin alone is not. Tissue PN-1 interacts with plasmin in early human atheroma via two complementary mechanisms: plasmin inhibition and tissue uptake of plasmin-PN-1 complexes via LRP-1 in vSMCs. Despite this potential protective effect, plasminogen activation by vSMCs remains abnormally elevated in the intima in early stages of human atheroma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamel Boukais
- UMR 1148, Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche MédicaleParis, France; Paris7 Denis Diderot UniversityParis, France
| | - Richard Bayles
- UMR 1148, Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche MédicaleParis, France; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health and Science UniversityPortland, OR, USA
| | - Luciano de Figueiredo Borges
- Departement of Biological Science, Federal University of São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil; Heart Institute (InCor), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - Liliane Louedec
- UMR 1148, Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche MédicaleParis, France; Paris7 Denis Diderot UniversityParis, France
| | - Yacine Boulaftali
- UMR 1148, Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche MédicaleParis, France; Paris7 Denis Diderot UniversityParis, France
| | - Benoit Ho-Tin-Noé
- UMR 1148, Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche MédicaleParis, France; Paris7 Denis Diderot UniversityParis, France
| | - Véronique Arocas
- UMR 1148, Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche MédicaleParis, France; Paris7 Denis Diderot UniversityParis, France
| | - Marie-Christine Bouton
- UMR 1148, Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche MédicaleParis, France; Paris7 Denis Diderot UniversityParis, France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Michel
- UMR 1148, Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche MédicaleParis, France; Paris7 Denis Diderot UniversityParis, France
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137
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Hamlin AN, Basford JE, Jaeschke A, Hui DY. LRP1 Protein Deficiency Exacerbates Palmitate-induced Steatosis and Toxicity in Hepatocytes. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:16610-9. [PMID: 27317662 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.717744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
LRP1 (LDL receptor-related protein-1) is a ubiquitous receptor with both cell signaling and ligand endocytosis properties. In the liver, LRP1 serves as a chylomicron remnant receptor and also participates in the transport of extracellular cathepsin D to the lysosome for prosaposin activation. The current study showed that in comparison with wild type mice, hepatocyte-specific LRP1 knock-out (hLrp1(-/-)) mice were more susceptible to fasting-induced lipid accumulation in the liver. Primary hepatocytes isolated from hLrp1(-/-) mice also accumulated more intracellular lipids and experienced higher levels of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress after palmitate treatment compared with similarly treated hLrp1(+/+) hepatocytes. Palmitate-treated hLrp1(-/-) hepatocytes displayed similar LC3-II levels, but the levels of p62 were elevated in comparison with palmitate-treated hLrp1(+/+) hepatocytes, suggesting that the elevated lipid accumulation in LRP1-defective hepatocytes was not due to defects in autophagosome formation but was due to impairment of lipophagic lipid hydrolysis in the lysosome. Additional studies showed increased palmitate-induced oxidative stress, mitochondrial and lysosomal permeability, and cell death in hLrp1(-/-) hepatocytes. Importantly, the elevated cell death and ER stress observed in hLrp1(-/-) hepatocytes were abrogated by E64D treatment, whereas inhibiting ER stress diminished cell death but not lysosomal permeabilization. Taken together, these results documented that LRP1 deficiency in hepatocytes promotes lipid accumulation and lipotoxicity through lysosomal-mitochondrial permeabilization and ER stress that ultimately result in cell death. Hence, LRP1 dysfunction may be a major risk factor in fatty liver disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joshua E Basford
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Metabolic Diseases Research Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45237
| | - Anja Jaeschke
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Metabolic Diseases Research Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45237
| | - David Y Hui
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Metabolic Diseases Research Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45237
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138
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Strickland DK, Muratoglu SC. LRP in Endothelial Cells: A Little Goes a Long Way. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2016; 36:213-6. [PMID: 26819461 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.115.306895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dudley K Strickland
- From the Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Disease (D.K.S., S.C.M.), Departments of Surgery (D.K.S.), and Physiology (D.K.S., S.C.M.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore.
| | - Selen C Muratoglu
- From the Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Disease (D.K.S., S.C.M.), Departments of Surgery (D.K.S.), and Physiology (D.K.S., S.C.M.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore
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139
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Safina D, Schlitt F, Romeo R, Pflanzner T, Pietrzik CU, Narayanaswami V, Edenhofer F, Faissner A. Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 is a novel modulator of radial glia stem cell proliferation, survival, and differentiation. Glia 2016; 64:1363-80. [PMID: 27258849 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The LDL family of receptors and its member low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) have classically been associated with a modulation of lipoprotein metabolism. Current studies, however, indicate diverse functions for this receptor in various aspects of cellular activities, including cell proliferation, migration, differentiation, and survival. LRP1 is essential for normal neuronal function in the adult CNS, whereas the role of LRP1 in development remained unclear. Previously, we have observed an upregulation of LewisX (LeX) glycosylated LRP1 in the stem cells of the developing cortex and demonstrated its importance for oligodendrocyte differentiation. In the current study, we show that LeX-glycosylated LRP1 is also expressed in the stem cell compartment of the developing spinal cord and has broader functions in the developing CNS. We have investigated the basic properties of LRP1 conditional knockout on the neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) from the cortex and the spinal cord, created by means of Cre-loxp-mediated recombination in vitro. The functional status of LRP1-deficient cells has been studied using proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis assays. LRP1 deficient NSPCs from both CNS regions demonstrated altered differentiation profiles. Their differentiation capacity toward oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs), mature oligodendrocytes and neurons was reduced. In contrast, astrocyte differentiation was promoted. Moreover, LRP1 deletion had a negative effect on NSPCs proliferation and survival. Our observations suggest that LRP1 facilitates NSPCs differentiation via interaction with apolipoprotein E (ApoE). Upon ApoE4 stimulation wild type NSPCs generated more oligodendrocytes, but LRP1 knockout cells showed no response. The effect of ApoE seems to be independent of cholesterol uptake, but is rather mediated by downstream MAPK and Akt activation. GLIA 2016 GLIA 2016;64:1363-1380.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Safina
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-University, Bochum, D-44780, Germany.,International Graduate School of Neuroscience, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, D-44780, Germany
| | - Frederik Schlitt
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-University, Bochum, D-44780, Germany
| | - Ramona Romeo
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-University, Bochum, D-44780, Germany
| | - Thorsten Pflanzner
- Institute for Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, D-55099, Germany
| | - Claus U Pietrzik
- Institute for Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, D-55099, Germany
| | - Vasanthy Narayanaswami
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, California, 90840
| | - Frank Edenhofer
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Wuerzburg, Koellikerstraße 6, Wuerzburg, D-97070, Germany
| | - Andreas Faissner
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-University, Bochum, D-44780, Germany
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140
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Imatinib treatment attenuates growth and inflammation of angiotensin II induced abdominal aortic aneurysm. Atherosclerosis 2016; 249:101-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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141
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Ding Y, Xian X, Holland WL, Tsai S, Herz J. Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein-1 Protects Against Hepatic Insulin Resistance and Hepatic Steatosis. EBioMedicine 2016; 7:135-45. [PMID: 27322467 PMCID: PMC4913705 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 (LRP1) is a multifunctional uptake receptor for chylomicron remnants in the liver. In vascular smooth muscle cells LRP1 controls reverse cholesterol transport through platelet-derived growth factor receptor β (PDGFR-β) trafficking and tyrosine kinase activity. Here we show that LRP1 regulates hepatic energy homeostasis by integrating insulin signaling with lipid uptake and secretion. Somatic inactivation of LRP1 in the liver (hLRP1KO) predisposes to diet-induced insulin resistance with dyslipidemia and non-alcoholic hepatic steatosis. On a high-fat diet, hLRP1KO mice develop a severe Metabolic Syndrome secondary to hepatic insulin resistance, reduced expression of insulin receptors on the hepatocyte surface and decreased glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2) translocation. While LRP1 is also required for efficient cell surface insulin receptor expression in the absence of exogenous lipids, this latent state of insulin resistance is unmasked by exposure to fatty acids. This further impairs insulin receptor trafficking and results in increased hepatic lipogenesis, impaired fatty acid oxidation and reduced very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) triglyceride secretion. Hepatic LRP1 deficiency in a mouse model (hLRP1KO) predisposes to diet-induced insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and obesity. Insulin resistance in the hLRP1KO mouse results from reduced cell surface expression of insulin receptor (IR) and impaired translocation of glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2). Excess fatty acids in hLRP1KO mice shift hepatic fatty acid metabolism from an oxidative to a synthetic state, resulting in hepatic steatosis.
LRP1 is a multifunctional transmembrane receptor with essential functions in lipoprotein metabolism and subcellular receptor tyrosine kinase trafficking. A mouse model of hepatic LRP1 deficiency integrates the hallmark findings in Metabolic Syndrome - insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and hepatic steatosis - with impaired glucose metabolism and altered hepatic fatty acid metabolism as a consequence of reduced insulin receptor trafficking and signaling. These findings underscore the central role of LRP1 in overall energy homeostasis, and specifically liver glucose and fatty acid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinyuan Ding
- Department of Molecular Genetics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education of China, China; Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Sichuan Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Xunde Xian
- Department of Molecular Genetics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
| | - William L Holland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Touchstone Diabetes Center, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Shirling Tsai
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Dallas VA Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75216, USA
| | - Joachim Herz
- Department of Molecular Genetics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Neuroscience, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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142
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Stiber JA, Wu JH, Zhang L, Nepliouev I, Zhang ZS, Bryson VG, Brian L, Bentley RC, Gordon-Weeks PR, Rosenberg PB, Freedman NJ. The Actin-Binding Protein Drebrin Inhibits Neointimal Hyperplasia. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2016; 36:984-93. [PMID: 27013612 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.115.306140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Vascular smooth muscle cell (SMC) migration is regulated by cytoskeletal remodeling as well as by certain transient receptor potential (TRP) channels, nonselective cation channels that modulate calcium influx. Proper function of multiple subfamily C TRP (TRPC) channels requires the scaffolding protein Homer 1, which associates with the actin-binding protein Drebrin. We found that SMC Drebrin expression is upregulated in atherosclerosis and in response to injury and investigated whether Drebrin inhibits SMC activation, either through regulation of TRP channel function via Homer or through a direct effect on the actin cytoskeleton. APPROACH AND RESULTS Wild-type (WT) and congenic Dbn(-/+) mice were subjected to wire-mediated carotid endothelial denudation. Subsequent neointimal hyperplasia was 2.4±0.3-fold greater in Dbn(-/+) than in WT mice. Levels of globular actin were equivalent in Dbn(-/+) and WT SMCs, but there was a 2.4±0.5-fold decrease in filamentous actin in Dbn(-/+) SMCs compared with WT. Filamentous actin was restored to WT levels in Dbn(-/+) SMCs by adenoviral-mediated rescue expression of Drebrin. Compared with WT SMCs, Dbn(-/+) SMCs exhibited increased TRP channel activity in response to platelet-derived growth factor, increased migration assessed in Boyden chambers, and increased proliferation. Enhanced TRP channel activity and migration in Dbn(-/+) SMCs were normalized to WT levels by rescue expression of not only WT Drebrin but also a mutant Drebrin isoform that binds actin but fails to bind Homer. CONCLUSIONS Drebrin reduces SMC activation through its interaction with the actin cytoskeleton but independently of its interaction with Homer scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A Stiber
- From the Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (J.A.S., J.-H.W., L.Z., I.N., Z.-S.Z., V.G.B., L.B., P.B.R., N.J.F.); Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (R.C.B.); and MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College, London, UK (P.R.G.-W.).
| | - Jiao-Hui Wu
- From the Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (J.A.S., J.-H.W., L.Z., I.N., Z.-S.Z., V.G.B., L.B., P.B.R., N.J.F.); Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (R.C.B.); and MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College, London, UK (P.R.G.-W.)
| | - Lisheng Zhang
- From the Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (J.A.S., J.-H.W., L.Z., I.N., Z.-S.Z., V.G.B., L.B., P.B.R., N.J.F.); Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (R.C.B.); and MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College, London, UK (P.R.G.-W.)
| | - Igor Nepliouev
- From the Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (J.A.S., J.-H.W., L.Z., I.N., Z.-S.Z., V.G.B., L.B., P.B.R., N.J.F.); Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (R.C.B.); and MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College, London, UK (P.R.G.-W.)
| | - Zhu-Shan Zhang
- From the Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (J.A.S., J.-H.W., L.Z., I.N., Z.-S.Z., V.G.B., L.B., P.B.R., N.J.F.); Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (R.C.B.); and MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College, London, UK (P.R.G.-W.)
| | - Victoria G Bryson
- From the Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (J.A.S., J.-H.W., L.Z., I.N., Z.-S.Z., V.G.B., L.B., P.B.R., N.J.F.); Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (R.C.B.); and MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College, London, UK (P.R.G.-W.)
| | - Leigh Brian
- From the Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (J.A.S., J.-H.W., L.Z., I.N., Z.-S.Z., V.G.B., L.B., P.B.R., N.J.F.); Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (R.C.B.); and MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College, London, UK (P.R.G.-W.)
| | - Rex C Bentley
- From the Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (J.A.S., J.-H.W., L.Z., I.N., Z.-S.Z., V.G.B., L.B., P.B.R., N.J.F.); Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (R.C.B.); and MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College, London, UK (P.R.G.-W.)
| | - Phillip R Gordon-Weeks
- From the Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (J.A.S., J.-H.W., L.Z., I.N., Z.-S.Z., V.G.B., L.B., P.B.R., N.J.F.); Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (R.C.B.); and MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College, London, UK (P.R.G.-W.)
| | - Paul B Rosenberg
- From the Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (J.A.S., J.-H.W., L.Z., I.N., Z.-S.Z., V.G.B., L.B., P.B.R., N.J.F.); Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (R.C.B.); and MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College, London, UK (P.R.G.-W.)
| | - Neil J Freedman
- From the Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (J.A.S., J.-H.W., L.Z., I.N., Z.-S.Z., V.G.B., L.B., P.B.R., N.J.F.); Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (R.C.B.); and MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College, London, UK (P.R.G.-W.)
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143
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El Asmar Z, Terrand J, Jenty M, Host L, Mlih M, Zerr A, Justiniano H, Matz RL, Boudier C, Scholler E, Garnier JM, Bertaccini D, Thiersé D, Schaeffer C, Van Dorsselaer A, Herz J, Bruban V, Boucher P. Convergent Signaling Pathways Controlled by LRP1 (Receptor-related Protein 1) Cytoplasmic and Extracellular Domains Limit Cellular Cholesterol Accumulation. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:5116-27. [PMID: 26792864 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.714485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) is a ubiquitously expressed cell surface receptor that protects from intracellular cholesterol accumulation. However, the underlying mechanisms are unknown. Here we show that the extracellular (α) chain of LRP1 mediates TGFβ-induced enhancement of Wnt5a, which limits intracellular cholesterol accumulation by inhibiting cholesterol biosynthesis and by promoting cholesterol export. Moreover, we demonstrate that the cytoplasmic (β) chain of LRP1 suffices to limit cholesterol accumulation in LRP1(-/-) cells. Through binding of Erk2 to the second of its carboxyl-terminal NPXY motifs, LRP1 β-chain positively regulates the expression of ATP binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) and of neutral cholesterol ester hydrolase (NCEH1). These results highlight the unexpected functions of LRP1 and the canonical Wnt5a pathway and new therapeutic potential in cholesterol-associated disorders including cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeina El Asmar
- From the CNRS, UMR 7213, University of Strasbourg, 67401 Illkirch, France
| | - Jérome Terrand
- From the CNRS, UMR 7213, University of Strasbourg, 67401 Illkirch, France
| | - Marion Jenty
- From the CNRS, UMR 7213, University of Strasbourg, 67401 Illkirch, France
| | - Lionel Host
- From the CNRS, UMR 7213, University of Strasbourg, 67401 Illkirch, France
| | - Mohamed Mlih
- From the CNRS, UMR 7213, University of Strasbourg, 67401 Illkirch, France
| | - Aurélie Zerr
- From the CNRS, UMR 7213, University of Strasbourg, 67401 Illkirch, France
| | - Hélène Justiniano
- From the CNRS, UMR 7213, University of Strasbourg, 67401 Illkirch, France
| | - Rachel L Matz
- From the CNRS, UMR 7213, University of Strasbourg, 67401 Illkirch, France
| | - Christian Boudier
- From the CNRS, UMR 7213, University of Strasbourg, 67401 Illkirch, France
| | - Estelle Scholler
- From the CNRS, UMR 7213, University of Strasbourg, 67401 Illkirch, France
| | - Jean-Marie Garnier
- IGBMC (Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire), INSERM 964/CNRS UMR 7104, University of Strasbourg, 67401 Illkirch, France
| | - Diego Bertaccini
- CNRS, UMR 7178, University of Strasbourg, 67087 Strasbourg, France, and
| | - Danièle Thiersé
- CNRS, UMR 7178, University of Strasbourg, 67087 Strasbourg, France, and
| | | | | | - Joachim Herz
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Véronique Bruban
- From the CNRS, UMR 7213, University of Strasbourg, 67401 Illkirch, France,
| | - Philippe Boucher
- From the CNRS, UMR 7213, University of Strasbourg, 67401 Illkirch, France,
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Mouse strains to study cold-inducible beige progenitors and beige adipocyte formation and function. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10184. [PMID: 26729601 PMCID: PMC4728429 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cold temperatures induce formation of beige adipocytes, which convert glucose and fatty acids to heat, and may increase energy expenditure, reduce adiposity and lower blood glucose. This therapeutic potential is unrealized, hindered by a dearth of genetic tools to fate map, track and manipulate beige progenitors and ‘beiging'. Here we examined 12 Cre/inducible Cre mouse strains that mark adipocyte, muscle and mural lineages, three proposed beige origins. Among these mouse strains, only those that marked perivascular mural cells tracked the cold-induced beige lineage. Two SMA-based strains, SMA-CreERT2 and SMA-rtTA, fate mapped into the majority of cold-induced beige adipocytes and SMA-marked progenitors appeared essential for beiging. Disruption of the potential of the SMA-tracked progenitors to form beige adipocytes was accompanied by an inability to maintain body temperature and by hyperglycaemia. Thus, SMA-engineered mice may be useful to track and manipulate beige progenitors, beige adipocyte formation and function. Beige adipocytes are formed in response to cold and thought to contribute to organismal energy homeostasis. Here, the authors study a range of conditional and inducible RFP-expressing Cre mouse strains and find that SMA-based lines are the most useful for mapping beige adipocyte progenitor cells.
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Mao H, Lockyer P, Townley-Tilson WHD, Xie L, Pi X. LRP1 Regulates Retinal Angiogenesis by Inhibiting PARP-1 Activity and Endothelial Cell Proliferation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2015; 36:350-60. [PMID: 26634655 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.115.306713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We recently demonstrated that low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) is required for cardiovascular development in zebrafish. However, what role LRP1 plays in angiogenesis remains to be determined. To better understand the role of LRP1 in endothelial cell function, we investigated how LRP1 regulates mouse retinal angiogenesis. APPROACH AND RESULTS Depletion of LRP1 in endothelial cells results in increased retinal neovascularization in a mouse model of oxygen-induced retinopathy. Specifically, retinas in mice lacking endothelial LRP1 have more branching points and angiogenic sprouts at the leading edge of the newly formed vasculature. Increased endothelial proliferation as detected by Ki67 staining was observed in LRP1-deleted retinal endothelium in response to hypoxia. Using an array of biochemical and cell biology approaches, we demonstrate that poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) directly interacts with LRP1 in human retinal microvascular endothelial cells. This interaction between LRP1 and PARP-1 decreases under hypoxic condition. Moreover, LRP1 knockdown results in increased PARP-1 activity and subsequent phosphorylation of both retinoblastoma protein and cyclin-dependent kinase 2, which function to promote cell cycle progression and angiogenesis. CONCLUSIONS Together, these data reveal a pivotal role for LRP1 in endothelial cell proliferation and retinal neovascularization induced by hypoxia. In addition, we demonstrate for the first time the interaction between LRP1 and PARP-1 and the LRP1-dependent regulation of PARP-1-signaling pathways. These data bring forth the possibility of novel therapeutic approaches for pathological angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Mao
- From the Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (H.M., W.H.D.T.-T., L.X., X.P.); and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (P.L.)
| | - Pamela Lockyer
- From the Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (H.M., W.H.D.T.-T., L.X., X.P.); and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (P.L.)
| | - W H Davin Townley-Tilson
- From the Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (H.M., W.H.D.T.-T., L.X., X.P.); and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (P.L.)
| | - Liang Xie
- From the Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (H.M., W.H.D.T.-T., L.X., X.P.); and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (P.L.)
| | - Xinchun Pi
- From the Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (H.M., W.H.D.T.-T., L.X., X.P.); and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (P.L.).
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146
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Zheng J, Zhou H, Zhao Y, Lun Q, Liu B, Tu P. Triterpenoid-enriched extract of Ilex kudingcha inhibits aggregated LDL-induced lipid deposition in macrophages by downregulating low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1). J Funct Foods 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2015.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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147
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Kang LI, Isse K, Koral K, Bowen WC, Muratoglu S, Strickland DK, Michalopoulos GK, Mars WM. Tissue-type plasminogen activator suppresses activated stellate cells through low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1. J Transl Med 2015; 95:1117-29. [PMID: 26237273 PMCID: PMC4586397 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2015.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation and trans-differentiation into myofibroblast (MFB)-like cells is key for fibrogenesis after liver injury and a potential therapeutic target. Recent studies demonstrated that low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1)-dependent signaling by tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) is a pro-fibrotic regulator of the MFB phenotype in kidney. This study investigated whether LRP1 signaling by t-PA is also relevant to HSC activation following injury. Primary and immortalized rat HSCs were treated with t-PA and assayed by western blot, MTT, and TUNEL. In vitro results were then verified using an in vivo, acute carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) injury model that examined the phenotype and recovery kinetics of MFBs from wild-type animals vs mice with a global (t-PA) or HSC-targeted (LRP1) deletion. In vitro, in contrast to kidney MFBs, exogenous, proteolytically inactive t-PA suppressed, rather than induced, activation markers in HSCs following phosphorylation of LRP1. This process was mediated by LRP1 as inhibition of t-PA binding to LRP1 blocked the effects of t-PA. In vivo, following acute injury, phosphorylation of LRP1 on activated HSCs occurred immediately prior to their disappearance. Mice lacking t-PA or LRP1 retained higher densities of activated HSCs for a longer time period compared with control mice after injury cessation. Hence, t-PA, an FDA-approved drug, contributes to the suppression of activated HSCs following injury repair via signaling through LRP1. This renders t-PA a potential target for exploitation in treating patients with fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-I Kang
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kumiko Isse
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kelly Koral
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - William C Bowen
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Selen Muratoglu
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA,Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dudley K Strickland
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA,Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA,Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - George K Michalopoulos
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Wendy M Mars
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA,Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, S407 Biomedical Science Tower, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA. E-mail:
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Lewandowski SL, Janardhan HP, Trivedi CM. Histone Deacetylase 3 Coordinates Deacetylase-independent Epigenetic Silencing of Transforming Growth Factor-β1 (TGF-β1) to Orchestrate Second Heart Field Development. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:27067-27089. [PMID: 26420484 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.684753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
About two-thirds of human congenital heart disease involves second heart field-derived structures. Histone-modifying enzymes, histone deacetylases (HDACs), regulate the epigenome; however, their functions within the second heart field remain elusive. Here we demonstrate that histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) orchestrates epigenetic silencing of Tgf-β1, a causative factor in congenital heart disease pathogenesis, in a deacetylase-independent manner to regulate development of second heart field-derived structures. In murine embryos lacking HDAC3 in the second heart field, increased TGF-β1 bioavailability is associated with ascending aortic dilatation, outflow tract malrotation, overriding aorta, double outlet right ventricle, aberrant semilunar valve development, bicuspid aortic valve, ventricular septal defects, and embryonic lethality. Activation of TGF-β signaling causes aberrant endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition and altered extracellular matrix homeostasis in HDAC3-null outflow tracts and semilunar valves, and pharmacological inhibition of TGF-β rescues these defects. HDAC3 recruits components of the PRC2 complex, methyltransferase EZH2, EED, and SUZ12, to the NCOR complex to enrich trimethylation of Lys-27 on histone H3 at the Tgf-β1 regulatory region and thereby maintains epigenetic silencing of Tgf-β1 specifically within the second heart field-derived mesenchyme. Wild-type HDAC3 or catalytically inactive HDAC3 expression rescues aberrant endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition and epigenetic silencing of Tgf-β1 in HDAC3-null outflow tracts and semilunar valves. These findings reveal that epigenetic dysregulation within the second heart field is a predisposing factor for congenital heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara L Lewandowski
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Harish P Janardhan
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Chinmay M Trivedi
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605.
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Iwasaki YK, Yamashita T, Sekiguchi A, Hayami N, Shimizu W. Importance of Pulmonary Vein Preferential Fibrosis for Atrial Fibrillation Promotion in Hypertensive Rat Hearts. Can J Cardiol 2015; 32:767-76. [PMID: 26875015 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2015.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertension is one of the independent risk factors for atrial fibrillation (AF). Pulmonary veins (PVs) play an important role as the substrate for AF and triggers of AF. The purpose of this study was to determine the structural remodelling of the PVs and its effect on promoting AF in hypertensive (HT) rat hearts. METHODS Eighteen-week-old Dahl salt-sensitive HT rats and their controls were used for histological and immunohistological analyses, and electrophysiological studies were performed in Langendorff perfused hearts. RESULTS Masson-trichrome staining revealed that hypertension significantly increased the fibrosis in the PVs, particularly in subendocardial and perivascular areas, compared with that in control rats, however, at this early stage of hypertension, left atrial fibrosis was not prominent. In the HT rat hearts with PVs, electrical stimulation significantly increased the number of repetitive atrial firing and atrial tachycardia inducibility, which significantly diminished after the excision of the PVs. An immunofluorescent analysis revealed that HT rats had PV specific endocardial smooth muscle actin (αSMA)-positive cells with remarkable proliferation of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-C and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which was lacking in the left atrial structures of the control and the HT rats. Pretreatment with imatinib, a PDGF receptor activity blocker, in HT rats reduced the αSMA-positive cell proliferation and fibrosis in the PVs and also induced a significant reduction in VEGF expression. Also, the drug pretreatment effectively prevented repetitive atrial firing promotion without affecting the blood pressure. CONCLUSIONS PV preferential fibrosis might play an important role in the arrhythmogenic substrate of AF in HT rat hearts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ki Iwasaki
- The Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan.
| | | | | | - Noriyuki Hayami
- The 4th Department of Internal Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Wataru Shimizu
- The Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
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150
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Hu D, Mohanta SK, Yin C, Peng L, Ma Z, Srikakulapu P, Grassia G, MacRitchie N, Dever G, Gordon P, Burton FL, Ialenti A, Sabir SR, McInnes IB, Brewer JM, Garside P, Weber C, Lehmann T, Teupser D, Habenicht L, Beer M, Grabner R, Maffia P, Weih F, Habenicht AJR. Artery Tertiary Lymphoid Organs Control Aorta Immunity and Protect against Atherosclerosis via Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Lymphotoxin β Receptors. Immunity 2015; 42:1100-15. [PMID: 26084025 PMCID: PMC4678289 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2015.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Tertiary lymphoid organs (TLOs) emerge during nonresolving peripheral inflammation, but their impact on disease progression remains unknown. We have found in aged Apoe−/− mice that artery TLOs (ATLOs) controlled highly territorialized aorta T cell responses. ATLOs promoted T cell recruitment, primed CD4+ T cells, generated CD4+, CD8+, T regulatory (Treg) effector and central memory cells, converted naive CD4+ T cells into induced Treg cells, and presented antigen by an unusual set of dendritic cells and B cells. Meanwhile, vascular smooth muscle cell lymphotoxin β receptors (VSMC-LTβRs) protected against atherosclerosis by maintaining structure, cellularity, and size of ATLOs though VSMC-LTβRs did not affect secondary lymphoid organs: Atherosclerosis was markedly exacerbated in Apoe−/−Ltbr−/− and to a similar extent in aged Apoe−/−Ltbrfl/flTagln-cre mice. These data support the conclusion that the immune system employs ATLOs to organize aorta T cell homeostasis during aging and that VSMC-LTβRs participate in atherosclerosis protection via ATLOs. Artery tertiary lymphoid organs control atherosclerosis T cell immunity Artery tertiary lymphoid organs generate effector memory T cells Artery tertiary lymphoid organs convert naive CD4+ T cells into induced Treg cells Artery tertiary lymphoid organs protect from atherosclerosis
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Affiliation(s)
- Desheng Hu
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Marchioninistrasse 25, 81377 Munich, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Age Research, Fritz Lipmann-Institute, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Sarajo K Mohanta
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Pettenkoferstrasse 9, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Changjun Yin
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Pettenkoferstrasse 9, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Li Peng
- Leibniz Institute for Age Research, Fritz Lipmann-Institute, 07745 Jena, Germany; Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen University, 361102 Xiamen, P.R. China
| | - Zhe Ma
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Pettenkoferstrasse 9, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Prasad Srikakulapu
- Leibniz Institute for Age Research, Fritz Lipmann-Institute, 07745 Jena, Germany; Cardiovascular Research Center (CVRC), University of Virginia, 415 Lane Rd, Post Box 801394, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Gianluca Grassia
- Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK; Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Neil MacRitchie
- Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Gary Dever
- Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Peter Gordon
- Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK; Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy & Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK
| | - Francis L Burton
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Armando Ialenti
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Suleman R Sabir
- Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Iain B McInnes
- Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - James M Brewer
- Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Paul Garside
- Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Christian Weber
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Pettenkoferstrasse 9, 80336 Munich, Germany; DZHK, German Center for Cardiovascular Research, Munich Heart Alliance, Pettenkoferstrasse 9, 80336 Munich, Germany; and Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas Lehmann
- Institute for Medical Statistics, University of Jena, Jena University Hospital, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Daniel Teupser
- Department for Laboratory Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Livia Habenicht
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Pettenkoferstrasse 9, 80336 Munich, Germany; II. Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik; Technische Universität Muenchen, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Ismaningerstrasse 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Beer
- Department for Information Technology, University of Jena, Jena University Hospital, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Rolf Grabner
- Leibniz Institute for Age Research, Fritz Lipmann-Institute, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Pasquale Maffia
- Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK; Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Falk Weih
- Leibniz Institute for Age Research, Fritz Lipmann-Institute, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Andreas J R Habenicht
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Pettenkoferstrasse 9, 80336 Munich, Germany.
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