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Delay of simian human immunodeficiency virus infection and control of viral replication in vaccinated macaques challenged in the presence of a topical microbicide. AIDS 2011; 25:1833-41. [PMID: 21750420 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0b013e32834a1d94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Development of an effective vaccine or topical compound to prevent HIV transmission remains a major goal for control of the AIDS pandemic. Using a nonhuman primate model of heterosexual HIV-1 transmission, we tested whether a topical microbicide that reduces viral infectivity can potentiate the efficacy of a T-cell-based HIV vaccine. DESIGN A DNA prime and rAd5 virus boost vaccination strategy was employed, and a topical microbicide against the HIV nucleocapsid protein was used. To rigorously test the combination hypothesis, the vaccine constructs contained only two transgenes and the topical microbicide inhibitor was used at a suboptimal dose. Vaccinees were exposed in the absence and presence of the topical microbicide to repeated vaginal R5 simian human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV)(SF162P3) challenge at an escalating dose to more closely mimic high-risk exposure of women to HIV. METHODS Infection status was determined by PCR. Antiviral immune responses were evaluated by gp120 ELISA and intracellular cytokine staining. RESULTS A significant delay in SHIV acquisition (log-rank test; P = 0.0416) was seen only in vaccinated macaques that were repeatedly challenged in the presence of the topical microbicide. Peak acute viremia was lower (Mann-Whitney test; P = 0.0387) and viral burden was also reduced (Mann-Whitney test; P = 0.0252) in the combination-treated animals. CONCLUSION The combined use of a topical microbicide to lower the initial viral seeding/spread and a T-cell-based vaccine to immunologically contain the early virological events of mucosal transmission holds promise as a preventive approach to control the spread of the AIDS epidemic.
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Moriya C, Horiba S, Kurihara K, Kamada T, Takahara Y, Inoue M, Iida A, Hara H, Shu T, Hasegawa M, Matano T. Intranasal Sendai viral vector vaccination is more immunogenic than intramuscular under pre-existing anti-vector antibodies. Vaccine 2011; 29:8557-63. [PMID: 21939708 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Revised: 09/05/2011] [Accepted: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Viral vectors are promising vaccine tools for eliciting potent cellular immune responses. Pre-existing anti-vector antibodies, however, can be an obstacle to their clinical use in humans. We previously developed a Sendai virus (SeV) vector vaccine and showed the potential of this vector for efficient CD8(+) T-cell induction in macaques. Here, we investigated the immunogenicity of SeV vector vaccination in the presence of anti-SeV antibodies. We compared antigen-specific CD8(+) T-cell responses after intranasal or intramuscular immunization with a lower dose (one-tenth of that in our previous studies) of SeV vector expressing simian immunodeficiency virus Gag antigen (SeV-Gag) between naive and pre-SeV-infected cynomolgus macaques. Intranasal SeV-Gag immunization efficiently elicited Gag-specific CD8(+) T-cell responses not only in naive but also in pre-SeV-infected animals. In contrast, intramuscular SeV-Gag immunization induced Gag-specific CD8(+) T-cell responses efficiently in naive but not in pre-SeV-infected animals. These results indicate that both intranasal and intramuscular SeV administrations are equivalently immunogenic in the absence of anti-SeV antibodies, whereas intranasal SeV vaccination is more immunogenic than intramuscular in the presence of anti-SeV antibodies. It is inferred from a recent report investigating the prevalence of anti-SeV antibodies in humans that SeV-specific neutralizing titers in more than 70% of people are no more than those at the SeV-Gag vaccination in pre-SeV-infected macaques in the present study. Taken together, this study implies the potential of intranasal SeV vector vaccination to induce CD8(+) T-cell responses even in humans, suggesting a rationale for proceeding to a vaccine clinical trial using this vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chikaya Moriya
- The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Shirokanedai, Tokyo, Japan
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103
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Abstract
HIV-1 and its simian counterpart SIV have been exquisitely tailored by evolution to evade host immunity. By virtue of specific adaptations that thwart individual innate or adaptive immune mechanisms, and an overall replication strategy that provides for rapid establishment of a large, systemic viral population, capable of dynamic adaptation to almost all immune selection pressures, these viruses, once established, almost invariably stay one step ahead of the host's immune system, and in the vast majority of infected individuals, replicate indefinitely. Although many vaccine approaches tested to date have been able to enhance the magnitude of the immune responses to HIV/SIV infection, most of these responses, whether cellular or humoral, have largely failed to be both effectively antiviral and targeted to prevent the emergence of fully functional escape variants. Recent advances, however, have provided strong evidence that the initial stages of infection following mucosal transmission of these viruses are more vulnerable to immune intervention, and have led to the development of vaccine strategies that elicit responses able to effectively intervene in these early stages of infection, either preventing acquisition of infection or establishing early, stringent, and durable control. Here, we place HIV/AIDS vaccine development in the context of the basic immunobiology of HIV and SIV, review the evidence for their vulnerability to immune responses immediately after mucosal transmission, and discuss how this newly recognized vulnerability might be exploited for the development of an effective HIV/AIDS vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis J Picker
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Department of Molecular Microbiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, USA.
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104
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TRIM5α does not affect simian immunodeficiency virus SIV(mac251) replication in vaccinated or unvaccinated Indian rhesus macaques following intrarectal challenge exposure. J Virol 2011; 85:12399-409. [PMID: 21917950 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.05707-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
TRIM5α is a natural resistance factor that binds retroviral capsid proteins and restricts virus replication. The B30.2/SPRY domain of TRIM5α is polymorphic in rhesus macaques, and some alleles are associated with reduced simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) SIV(mac251) and SIV(smE543) replication in vivo. We determined the distribution of TRIM5α alleles by PCR and sequence analysis of the B30.2/SPRY domain in a cohort of 82 macaques. Thirty-nine of these macaques were mock vaccinated, 43 were vaccinated with either DNA-SIV/ALVAC-SIV/gp120, ALVAC-SIV/gp120, or gp120 alone, and all were exposed intrarectally to SIV(mac251) at one of three doses. We assessed whether the TRIM5α genotype of the macaques affected the replication of challenge virus by studying the number of SIV variants transmitted, the number of exposures required, the SIV(mac251) viral level in plasma and tissue, and the CD4(+) T-cell counts. Our results demonstrated that TRIM5α alleles, previously identified as restrictive for SIV(mac251) replication in vivo following intravenous exposure, did not affect SIV(mac251) replication following mucosal exposure, regardless of prior vaccination, challenge dose, or the presence of the protective major histocompatibility complex alleles (MamuA01(+), MamuB08(+), or MamuB017(+)). The TRIM5α genotype had no apparent effect on the number of transmitted variants or the number of challenge exposures necessary to infect the animals. DNA sequencing of the SIV(mac251) Gag gene of the two stocks used in our study revealed SIV(mac239)-like sequences that are predicted to be resistant to TRIM5α restriction. Thus, the TRIM5α genotype does not confound results of mucosal infection of rhesus macaques with SIV(mac251).
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105
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Hutnick NA, Myles DJF, Bian CB, Muthumani K, Weiner DB. Selected approaches for increasing HIV DNA vaccine immunogenicity in vivo. Curr Opin Virol 2011; 1:233-40. [PMID: 22440782 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2011.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Revised: 08/09/2011] [Accepted: 08/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The safety, stability, and ability for repeat homologous vaccination makes the DNA vaccine platform an excellent candidate for an effective HIV-1 vaccine. However, the immunogenicity of early DNA vaccines did not translate from small animal models into larger non-human primates and was markedly lower than viral vectors. In addition to improvements to the DNA vector itself, delivery with electroporation, the inclusion of molecular adjuvants, and heterologous prime-boost strategies have dramatically improved the immunogenicity of DNA vaccines for HIV and currently makes them a leading platform with many areas warranting further research and clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie A Hutnick
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perlman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
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106
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Churchyard GJ, Morgan C, Adams E, Hural J, Graham BS, Moodie Z, Grove D, Gray G, Bekker LG, McElrath MJ, Tomaras GD, Goepfert P, Kalams S, Baden LR, Lally M, Dolin R, Blattner W, Kalichman A, Figueroa JP, Pape J, Schechter M, Defawe O, De Rosa SC, Montefiori DC, Nabel GJ, Corey L, Keefer MC. A phase IIA randomized clinical trial of a multiclade HIV-1 DNA prime followed by a multiclade rAd5 HIV-1 vaccine boost in healthy adults (HVTN204). PLoS One 2011; 6:e21225. [PMID: 21857901 PMCID: PMC3152265 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The safety and immunogenicity of a vaccine regimen consisting of a 6-plasmid HIV-1 DNA prime (envA, envB, envC, gagB, polB, nefB) boosted by a recombinant adenovirus serotype-5 (rAd5) HIV-1 with matching inserts was evaluated in HIV-seronegative participants from South Africa, United States, Latin America and the Caribbean. METHODS 480 participants were evenly randomized to receive either: DNA (4 mg i.m. by Biojector) at 0, 1 and 2 months, followed by rAd5 (10(10) PU i.m. by needle/syringe) at 6 months; or placebo. Participants were monitored for reactogenicity and adverse events throughout the 12-month study. Peak and duration of HIV-specific humoral and cellular immune responses were evaluated after the prime and boost. RESULTS The vaccine was well tolerated and safe. T-cell responses, detected by interferon-γ (IFN-γ) ELISpot to global potential T-cell epitopes (PTEs) were observed in 70.8% (136/192) of vaccine recipients overall, most frequently to Gag (54.7%) and to Env (54.2%). In U.S. vaccine recipients T-cell responses were less frequent in Ad5 sero-positive versus sero-negative vaccine recipients (62.5% versus 85.7% respectively, p = 0.035). The frequency of HIV-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses detected by intracellular cytokine staining were similar (41.8% and 47.2% respectively) and most secreted ≥2 cytokines. The vaccine induced a high frequency (83.7%-94.6%) of binding antibody responses to consensus Group M, and Clades A, B and C gp140 Env oligomers. Antibody responses to Gag were elicited in 46% of vaccine recipients. CONCLUSION The vaccine regimen was well-tolerated and induced polyfunctional CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells and multi-clade anti-Env binding antibodies. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00125970.
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MESH Headings
- AIDS Vaccines/administration & dosage
- AIDS Vaccines/immunology
- Adenoviridae/genetics
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Anemia/chemically induced
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Cohort Studies
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Female
- HIV-1/genetics
- HIV-1/immunology
- Human Immunodeficiency Virus Proteins/genetics
- Human Immunodeficiency Virus Proteins/immunology
- Humans
- Immunization/adverse effects
- Immunization/methods
- Immunization, Secondary/adverse effects
- Immunization, Secondary/methods
- Immunoglobulin G/blood
- Immunoglobulin G/immunology
- Interferon-gamma/blood
- Interferon-gamma/immunology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Vaccines, DNA/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- Young Adult
- env Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/genetics
- env Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/immunology
- gag Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/genetics
- gag Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/immunology
- nef Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/genetics
- nef Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/immunology
- pol Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/genetics
- pol Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin J. Churchyard
- Aurum Institute for Health Research, Klerksdorp, South Africa
- Centre for AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of Kwa-Zulu Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Cecilia Morgan
- Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Adams
- Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institute of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - John Hural
- Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Barney S. Graham
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Zoe Moodie
- Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Doug Grove
- Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Glenda Gray
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Linda-Gail Bekker
- Desmond Tutu HIV Foundation, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - M. Juliana McElrath
- Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Georgia D. Tomaras
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Paul Goepfert
- University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Spyros Kalams
- Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Lindsey R. Baden
- Harvard-Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Michelle Lally
- Alpert Medical School of Brown University and Miriam Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Raphael Dolin
- Harvard Medical School- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - William Blattner
- University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Artur Kalichman
- Centro de Referencia e Treinamento em DST/AIDS, Coordenacao dos Institutos de Pesquisa, San Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Jean Pape
- Cornell-GHESKIO, Institut National de Laboratoire et de Recherches, Port au Prince, Haiti
| | - Mauro Schechter
- Projeto Praça Onze, Hospital Escola São Francisco de Assis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Olivier Defawe
- Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Stephen C. De Rosa
- Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - David C. Montefiori
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Gary J. Nabel
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lawrence Corey
- Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Michael C. Keefer
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
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107
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To understand the role of HIV-specific CD4 T cells in viral control and highlight recent progress in the field. RECENT FINDINGS HIV-specific CD4 T cells show higher functional avidity in elite controllers than in patients with progressive infection. There is an attrition of the HIV-specific CD4 T-cell population in the digestive mucosa of antiretroviral therapy (ART)-treated patients that contrasts with robust responses in individuals with spontaneous viral control. Secretion of the cytokine IL-21, by HIV-specific CD4 T cells, is associated with disease control and enhances the capacity of HIV-specific CD8 T cells to suppress viral replication. Studies of the PD-1, IL-10, and Tim-3 pathways provided insight into mechanisms of HIV-specific CD4 T-cell exhaustion and new evidence that manipulation of these networks may restore immune functions. Robust, polyfunctional CD4 T-cell responses can be elicited with novel HIV and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) vaccines. SUMMARY These observations show that HIV-specific CD4 T-cell responses are different in elite controllers and individuals with progressive disease. Evidence suggests that HIV-specific CD4 T cells will be an important component of an effective HIV vaccine and significant efforts need to be made to further our understanding of HIV-specific CD4 T-cell functions in different body compartments.
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108
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Lakhashe SK, Wang W, Siddappa NB, Hemashettar G, Polacino P, Hu SL, Villinger F, Else JG, Novembre FJ, Yoon JK, Lee SJ, Montefiori DC, Ruprecht RM, Rasmussen RA. Vaccination against heterologous R5 clade C SHIV: prevention of infection and correlates of protection. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22010. [PMID: 21799765 PMCID: PMC3140488 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2011] [Accepted: 06/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A safe, efficacious vaccine is required to stop the AIDS pandemic. Disappointing results from the STEP trial implied a need to include humoral anti-HIV-1 responses, a notion supported by RV144 trial data even though correlates of protection are unknown. We vaccinated rhesus macaques with recombinant simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) Gag-Pol particles, HIV-1 Tat and trimeric clade C (HIV-C) gp160, which induced cross-neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) and robust cellular immune responses. After five low-dose mucosal challenges with a simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) that encoded a heterologous R5 HIV-C envelope (22.1% divergence from the gp160 immunogen), 94% of controls became viremic, whereas one third of vaccinees remained virus-free. Upon high-dose SHIV rechallenge, all controls became infected, whereas some vaccinees remained aviremic. Peak viremia was inversely correlated with both cellular immunity (p<0.001) and cross-nAb titers (p<0.001). These data simultaneously linked cellular as well as humoral immune responses with the degree of protection for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir K. Lakhashe
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Wendy Wang
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Nagadenahalli B. Siddappa
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Girish Hemashettar
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Patricia Polacino
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Shiu-Lok Hu
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - François Villinger
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - James G. Else
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Francis J. Novembre
- Department of Microbiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - John K. Yoon
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sandra J. Lee
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | - Ruth M. Ruprecht
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Robert A. Rasmussen
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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109
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Enhanced control of pathogenic Simian immunodeficiency virus SIVmac239 replication in macaques immunized with an interleukin-12 plasmid and a DNA prime-viral vector boost vaccine regimen. J Virol 2011; 85:9578-87. [PMID: 21734035 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.05060-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA priming has previously been shown to elicit augmented immune responses when administered by electroporation (EP) or codelivered with a plasmid encoding interleukin-12 (pIL-12). We hypothesized that the efficacy of a DNA prime and recombinant adenovirus 5 boost vaccination regimen (DNA/rAd5) would be improved when incorporating these vaccination strategies into the DNA priming phase, as determined by pathogenic simian immunodeficiency virus SIVmac239 challenge outcome. The whole SIVmac239 proteome was delivered in 5 separate DNA plasmids (pDNA-SIV) by EP with or without pIL-12, followed by boosting 4 months later with corresponding rAd5-SIV vaccine vectors. Remarkably, after repeated low-dose SIVmac239 mucosal challenge, we demonstrate 2.6 and 4.4 log reductions of the median SIV peak and set point viral loads in rhesus macaques (RMs) that received pDNA-SIV by EP with pIL-12 compared to the median peak and set point viral loads in mock-immunized controls (P < 0.01). In 5 out of 6 infected RMs, strong suppression of viremia was observed, with intermittent "blips" in virus replication. In 2 RMs, we could not detect the presence of SIV RNA in tissue and lymph nodes, even after 13 viral challenges. RMs immunized without pIL-12 demonstrated a typical maximum of 1.5 log reduction in virus load. There was no significant difference in the overall magnitude of SIV-specific antibodies or CD8 T-cell responses between groups; however, pDNA delivery by EP with pIL-12 induced a greater magnitude of SIV-specific CD4 T cells that produced multiple cytokines. This vaccine strategy is relevant for existing vaccine candidates entering clinical evaluation, and this model may provide insights into control of retrovirus replication.
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110
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Girard MP, Osmanov S, Assossou OM, Kieny MP. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) immunopathogenesis and vaccine development: a review. Vaccine 2011; 29:6191-218. [PMID: 21718747 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.06.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2011] [Revised: 06/20/2011] [Accepted: 06/22/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The development of a safe, effective and globally affordable HIV vaccine offers the best hope for the future control of the HIV-1 pandemic. Since 1987, scores of candidate HIV-1 vaccines have been developed which elicited varying degrees of protective responses in nonhuman primate models, including DNA vaccines, subunit vaccines, live vectored recombinant vaccines and various prime-boost combinations. Four of these candidate vaccines have been tested for efficacy in human volunteers, but, to the exception of the recent RV144 Phase III trial in Thailand, which elicited a modest but statistically significant level of protection against infection, none has shown efficacy in preventing HIV-1 infection or in controlling virus replication and delaying progression of disease in humans. Protection against infection was observed in the RV144 trial, but intensive research is needed to try to understand the protective immune mechanisms at stake. Building-up on the results of the RV144 trial and deciphering what possibly are the immune correlates of protection are the top research priorities of the moment, which will certainly accelerate the development of an highly effective vaccine that could be used in conjunction with other HIV prevention and treatment strategies. This article reviews the state of the art of HIV vaccine development and discusses the formidable scientific challenges met in this endeavor, in the context of a better understanding of the immunopathogenesis of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc P Girard
- University Paris 7, French National Academy of Medicine, 39 rue Seignemartin, FR 69008 Lyon, France.
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111
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Paiardini M, Cervasi B, Reyes-Aviles E, Micci L, Ortiz AM, Chahroudi A, Vinton C, Gordon SN, Bosinger SE, Francella N, Hallberg PL, Cramer E, Schlub T, Chan ML, Riddick NE, Collman RG, Apetrei C, Pandrea I, Else J, Munch J, Kirchhoff F, Davenport MP, Brenchley JM, Silvestri G. Low levels of SIV infection in sooty mangabey central memory CD⁴⁺ T cells are associated with limited CCR5 expression. Nat Med 2011; 17:830-6. [PMID: 21706028 PMCID: PMC3253129 DOI: 10.1038/nm.2395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Naturally SIV-infected sooty mangabeys (SMs) do not progress to AIDS despite high-level virus replication. We previously showed that the fraction of CD4+CCR5+ T-cells is lower in SMs compared to humans and macaques. Here we found that, after in vitro stimulation, SM CD4+ T-cells fail to up-regulate CCR5, and that this phenomenon is more pronounced in CD4+ central-memory T-cells (TCM). CD4+ T-cell activation was similarly uncoupled from CCR5 expression in SMs in vivo during (i) acute SIV infection and (ii) following antibody-mediated CD4+ T-cell depletion. Remarkably, CD4+ TCM of SMs that express low levels of CCR5 demonstrated reduced susceptibility to SIV infection both in vivo and in vitro when compared to CD4+ TCM of RMs. These data suggest that low CCR5 expression on SM CD4+ T-cells favors the preservation of CD4+ T-cell homeostasis and promotes an AIDS-free status by protecting CD4+ TCM from direct virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Paiardini
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Pathology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
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112
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Sampson SL, Mansfield KG, Carville A, Magee DM, Quitugua T, Howerth EW, Bloom BR, Hondalus MK. Extended safety and efficacy studies of a live attenuated double leucine and pantothenate auxotroph of Mycobacterium tuberculosis as a vaccine candidate. Vaccine 2011; 29:4839-47. [PMID: 21549795 PMCID: PMC3146342 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.04.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2010] [Revised: 04/06/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We have previously described the development of a live, fully attenuated Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) vaccine candidate strain with two independent attenuating auxotrophic mutations in leucine and pantothenate biosynthesis. In the present work, those studies have been extended to include testing for protective efficacy in a long-term guinea pig survival model and safety testing in the highly tuberculosis susceptible Rhesus macaque. To model the safety of the ΔleuD ΔpanCD strain in HIV-infected human populations, a Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected Rhesus macaque group was included. Immunization with the non-replicating ΔleuD ΔpanCD conferred long-term protection against challenge with virulent M. tuberculosis equivalent to that afforded by BCG as measured by guinea pig survival. In safety studies, clinical, hematological and bacteriological monitoring of both SIV-positive and SIV-negative Rhesus macaques immunized with ΔleuD ΔpanCD, revealed no vaccine-associated adverse effects. The results support the further development of the ΔleuD ΔpanCD strain as a viable tuberculosis (TB) vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha L. Sampson
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Keith G. Mansfield
- New England Regional Primate Research Center, Pathology Division, Southborough, MA 01772, USA
| | - Angela Carville
- New England Regional Primate Research Center, Pathology Division, Southborough, MA 01772, USA
| | - D. Mitchell Magee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Health Sciences Centre at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78245, USA
| | - Teresa Quitugua
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Health Sciences Centre at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78245, USA
| | - Elizabeth W. Howerth
- Department of Pathology, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Barry R. Bloom
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mary K. Hondalus
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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113
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Hansen SG, Ford JC, Lewis MS, Ventura AB, Hughes CM, Coyne-Johnson L, Whizin N, Oswald K, Shoemaker R, Swanson T, Legasse AW, Chiuchiolo MJ, Parks CL, Axthelm MK, Nelson JA, Jarvis MA, Piatak M, Lifson JD, Picker LJ. Profound early control of highly pathogenic SIV by an effector memory T-cell vaccine. Nature 2011; 473:523-7. [PMID: 21562493 PMCID: PMC3102768 DOI: 10.1038/nature10003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 800] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2010] [Accepted: 03/17/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-causing lentiviruses human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) effectively evade host immunity and, once established, infections with these viruses are only rarely controlled by immunological mechanisms. However, the initial establishment of infection in the first few days after mucosal exposure, before viral dissemination and massive replication, may be more vulnerable to immune control. Here we report that SIV vaccines that include rhesus cytomegalovirus (RhCMV) vectors establish indefinitely persistent, high-frequency, SIV-specific effector memory T-cell (T(EM)) responses at potential sites of SIV replication in rhesus macaques and stringently control highly pathogenic SIV(MAC239) infection early after mucosal challenge. Thirteen of twenty-four rhesus macaques receiving either RhCMV vectors alone or RhCMV vectors followed by adenovirus 5 (Ad5) vectors (versus 0 of 9 DNA/Ad5-vaccinated rhesus macaques) manifested early complete control of SIV (undetectable plasma virus), and in twelve of these thirteen animals we observed long-term (≥1 year) protection. This was characterized by: occasional blips of plasma viraemia that ultimately waned; predominantly undetectable cell-associated viral load in blood and lymph node mononuclear cells; no depletion of effector-site CD4(+) memory T cells; no induction or boosting of SIV Env-specific antibodies; and induction and then loss of T-cell responses to an SIV protein (Vif) not included in the RhCMV vectors. Protection correlated with the magnitude of the peak SIV-specific CD8(+) T-cell responses in the vaccine phase, and occurred without anamnestic T-cell responses. Remarkably, long-term RhCMV vector-associated SIV control was insensitive to either CD8(+) or CD4(+) lymphocyte depletion and, at necropsy, cell-associated SIV was only occasionally measurable at the limit of detection with ultrasensitive assays, observations that indicate the possibility of eventual viral clearance. Thus, persistent vectors such as CMV and their associated T(EM) responses might significantly contribute to an efficacious HIV/AIDS vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott G Hansen
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Department of Molecular Microbiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, USA
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114
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Vasan S, Hurley A, Schlesinger SJ, Hannaman D, Gardiner DF, Dugin DP, Boente-Carrera M, Vittorino R, Caskey M, Andersen J, Huang Y, Cox JH, Tarragona-Fiol T, Gill DK, Cheeseman H, Clark L, Dally L, Smith C, Schmidt C, Park HH, Kopycinski JT, Gilmour J, Fast P, Bernard R, Ho DD. In vivo electroporation enhances the immunogenicity of an HIV-1 DNA vaccine candidate in healthy volunteers. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19252. [PMID: 21603651 PMCID: PMC3095594 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Accepted: 03/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background DNA-based vaccines have been safe but weakly immunogenic in humans to
date. Methods and Findings We sought to determine the safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of ADVAX,
a multigenic HIV-1 DNA vaccine candidate, injected intramuscularly by
in vivo electroporation (EP) in a Phase-1,
double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled trial in healthy volunteers.
Eight volunteers each received 0.2 mg, 1 mg, or 4 mg ADVAX or saline placebo
via EP, or 4 mg ADVAX via standard intramuscular injection at weeks 0 and 8.
A third vaccination was administered to eleven volunteers at week 36. EP was
safe, well-tolerated and considered acceptable for a prophylactic vaccine.
EP delivery of ADVAX increased the magnitude of HIV-1-specific cell mediated
immunity by up to 70-fold over IM injection, as measured by gamma interferon
ELISpot. The number of antigens to which the response was detected improved
with EP and increasing dosage. Intracellular cytokine staining analysis of
ELISpot responders revealed both CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses,
with co-secretion of multiple cytokines. Conclusions This is the first demonstration in healthy volunteers that EP is safe,
tolerable, and effective in improving the magnitude, breadth and durability
of cellular immune responses to a DNA vaccine candidate. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00545987
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandhya Vasan
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, New York, New York, United States of America.
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115
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He H, Nehete PN, Nehete B, Wieder E, Yang G, Buchl S, Sastry KJ. Functional impairment of central memory CD4 T cells is a potential early prognostic marker for changing viral load in SHIV-infected rhesus macaques. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19607. [PMID: 21602924 PMCID: PMC3094340 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2010] [Accepted: 04/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In HIV infection there is a paucity of literature about the degree of immune dysfunction to potentially correlate and/or predict disease progression relative to CD4(+) T cells count or viral load. We assessed functional characteristics of memory T cells subsets as potential prognostic markers for changing viral loads and/or disease progression using the SHIV-infected rhesus macaque model. Relative to long-term non-progressors with low/undetectable viral loads, those with chronic plasma viremia, but clinically healthy, exhibited significantly lower numbers and functional impairment of CD4(+) T cells, but not CD8(+) T cells, in terms of IL-2 production by central memory subset in response to PMA and ionomycine (PMA+I) stimulation. Highly viremic animals showed impaired cytokine-production by all T cells subsets. These results suggest that functional impairment of CD4(+) T cells in general, and of central memory subset in particular, may be a potential indicator/predictor of chronic infection with immune dysfunction, which could be assayed relatively easily using non-specific PMA+I stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong He
- Department of Immunology, The University of
Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of
America
| | - Pramod N. Nehete
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, The
University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States
of America
| | - Bharti Nehete
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, The
University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States
of America
| | - Eric Wieder
- Department of Medicine, University of Miami,
Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Guojun Yang
- Department of Immunology, The University of
Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of
America
| | - Stephanie Buchl
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, The
University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States
of America
| | - K. Jagannadha Sastry
- Department of Immunology, The University of
Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of
America
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, The
University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States
of America
- * E-mail:
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116
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Hua W, Jiao Y, Zhang H, Zhang T, Chen D, Zhang Y, Chen X, Wu H. Central memory CD4 cells are an early indicator of immune reconstitution in HIV/AIDS patients with anti-retroviral treatment. Immunol Invest 2011; 41:1-14. [PMID: 21563924 DOI: 10.3109/08820139.2011.576739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The number of central memory cells among the CD4+ T cells and the of activation of CD8+ T cells is believed to be a better indicator of immune restoration in patients on antiretroviral therapy (ART) than the absolute numbers of CD4(+) and CD8+ T cells alone. In the current study, we investigated the changes in the CD4(+) T cell subsets and their association with immune reconstitution and immune activation at early stages of ART. A prospective study was performed in 21 asymptomatic treatment-naive HIV-infected patients with CD4(+) T cells less than 350 cells/μl. Blood samples were evaluated at base line, and at 2, 4, 8 and 12 weeks' post antiretroviral therapy (ART). A biphasic increase of CD4(+) T cells, central memory CD4 cells (CD4 CM) and CD4 naïve cells were observed after ART, with a rapid increase before week 4. Change in CD4 CM at week 4 positively correlated with the change in CD4(+) T cells at weeks 12 post ART, and negatively correlated with the change in CD8(+)CD38(+) T cells at weeks 12 post ART. We conclude that CD4 CM cells are a major contributor to early immune reconstitution in treatment-naive HIV-infected patients with delayed ART, and might be an early indicator for immune reconstitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Hua
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing You'an Hospital, Capital Medical University, China
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117
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Significant protection against high-dose simian immunodeficiency virus challenge conferred by a new prime-boost vaccine regimen. J Virol 2011; 85:5764-72. [PMID: 21490100 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00342-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We constructed vaccine vectors based on live recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and a Semliki Forest virus (SFV) replicon (SFVG) that propagates through expression of the VSV glycoprotein (G). These vectors expressing simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) Gag and Env proteins were used to vaccinate rhesus macaques with a new heterologous prime-boost regimen designed to optimize induction of antibody. Six vaccinated animals and six controls were then given a high-dose mucosal challenge with the diverse SIVsmE660 quasispecies. All control animals became infected and had peak viral RNA loads of 10(6) to 10(8) copies/ml. In contrast, four of the vaccinees showed significant (P = 0.03) apparent sterilizing immunity and no detectable viral loads. Subsequent CD8(+) T cell depletion confirmed the absence of SIV infection in these animals. The two other vaccinees had peak viral loads of 7 × 10(5) and 8 × 10(3) copies/ml, levels below those of all of the controls, and showed undetectable virus loads by day 42 postchallenge. The vaccine regimen induced high-titer prechallenge serum neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) to some cloned SIVsmE660 Env proteins, but antibodies able to neutralize the challenge virus swarm were not detected. The cellular immune responses induced by the vaccine were generally weak and did not correlate with protection. Although the immune correlates of protection are not yet clear, the heterologous VSV/SFVG prime-boost is clearly a potent vaccine regimen for inducing virus nAbs and protection against a heterogeneous viral swarm.
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118
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Xu H, Wang X, Morici LA, Pahar B, Veazey RS. Early divergent host responses in SHIVsf162P3 and SIVmac251 infected macaques correlate with control of viremia. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17965. [PMID: 21464951 PMCID: PMC3064595 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2010] [Accepted: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously showed intravaginal inoculation with SHIVsf162p3 results in transient viremia followed by undetectable viremia in most macaques, and some displayed subsequent immunity to superinfection with pathogenic SIVmac251. Here we compare early T cell activation, proliferation, and plasma cytokine/chemokine responses in macaques intravaginally infected with either SHIVsf162p3 or SIVmac251 to determine whether distinct differences in host responses may be associated with early viral containment. The data show SIVmac251 infection results in significantly higher levels of T cell activation, proliferation, and a mixed cytokine/chemokine “storm” in plasma in primary infection, whereas infection with SHIVsf162p3 resulted in significantly lower levels of T cell activation, proliferation, and better preservation of memory CD4+ T cells in early infection which immediately preceded control of viremia. These results support the hypothesis that early systemic immune activation, T cell proliferation, and a more prominent and broader array of cytokine/chemokine responses facilitate SIV replication, and may play a key role in persistence of infection, and the progression to AIDS. In contrast, immune unresponsiveness may be associated with eventual clearance of virus, a concept that may have key significance for therapy and vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanbin Xu
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Xiaolei Wang
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Lisa A. Morici
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Bapi Pahar
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Ronald S. Veazey
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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119
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Shiri T, Welte A. Modelling the impact of acute infection dynamics on the accumulation of HIV-1 mutations. J Theor Biol 2011; 279:44-54. [PMID: 21420419 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2011.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2010] [Revised: 02/19/2011] [Accepted: 03/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Events over the past year have brought hope and have re-energized the interest in targeting pre-infection or early infection period with preventative or therapeutic interventions such as vaccines and pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). In breakthrough infections, the incidence, long term prognosis and clinical significance of early infection events is not well understood but it is possible that these early events may be crucial in determining the subsequent course of disease. We use a branching process model in a deterministically varying environment to explore how the dynamics of early infection affects the accumulation of mutations which lay the seeds for long term evolution of drug resistance and immune system evasion. We relate this exploration to regimes of impact, on diversity, of tropical interventions strategies such as PrEP and vaccines. As a metric of diversity we compute the probability of existence of particular genomes which potentially arise. Using several model scenarios, we demonstrate various regimes of 'response' of evolution to 'intervention'. Transient effects of therapeutic interventions early in infection that impose a fitness cost on early viruses can significantly reduce the probability of diversity later during the chronic state of infection. This stands in contrast to the concern that early selective pressure may increase the probability of later existence of drug resistance mutations, for example. The branching process paradigm offers the ability to efficiently compute important indicators of viral diversity, in a framework with a modest number of simplifying assumptions, without simulating the full range of individual level scenarios. These models may be useful to illustrate the impact of vaccines and PrEP on viral evolution in the case of breakthrough infection. They also suggest that new measures of viral diversity which correlate to prognosis should be sought in trials for PrEP and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tinevimbo Shiri
- School of Computational and Applied Mathematics (CAM), University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
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120
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Heterologous plasmid DNA prime-recombinant human adenovirus 5 boost vaccination generates a stable pool of protective long-lived CD8(+) T effector memory cells specific for a human parasite, Trypanosoma cruzi. Infect Immun 2011; 79:2120-30. [PMID: 21357719 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01190-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, we described a heterologous prime-boost strategy using plasmid DNA followed by replication-defective human recombinant adenovirus type 5 as a powerful strategy to elicit long-lived CD8(+) T-cell-mediated protective immunity against experimental systemic infection of mice with a human intracellular protozoan parasite, Trypanosoma cruzi. In the present study, we further characterized the protective long-lived CD8(+) T cells. We compared several functional and phenotypic aspects of specific CD8(+) T cells present 14 or 98 days after the last immunizing dose and found the following: (i) the numbers of specific cells were similar, as determined by multimer staining or by determining the number of gamma interferon (IFN-γ)-secreting cells by enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay; (ii) these cells were equally cytotoxic in vivo; (iii) following in vitro stimulation, a slight decline in the frequency of multifunctional cells (CD107a(+) IFN-γ(+) or CD107a(+) IFN-γ(+) tumor necrosis factor alpha positive [TNF-α(+)]) was paralleled by a significant increase of CD107a singly positive cells after 98 days; (iv) the expression of several surface markers was identical, except for the reexpression of CD127 after 98 days; (v) the use of genetically deficient mice revealed a role for interleukin-12 (IL-12)/IL-23, but not IFN-γ, in the maintenance of these memory cells; and (vi) subsequent immunizations with an unrelated virus or a plasmid vaccine or the depletion of CD4(+) T cells did not significantly erode the number or function of these CD8(+) T cells during the 15-week period. From these results, we concluded that heterologous plasmid DNA prime-adenovirus boost vaccination generated a stable pool of functional protective long-lived CD8(+) T cells with an effector memory phenotype.
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121
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Petravic J, Davenport MP. Simian-human immunodeficiency infection--is the course set in the acute phase? PLoS One 2011; 6:e17180. [PMID: 21359149 PMCID: PMC3040775 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2010] [Accepted: 01/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Identifying early predictors of infection outcome is important for the clinical management of HIV infection, and both viral load and CD4+ T cell level have been found to be useful predictors of subsequent disease progression. Very high viral load or extensively depleted CD4+ T cells in the acute phase often result in failure of immune control, and a fast progression to AIDS. It is usually assumed that extensive loss of CD4+ T cells in the acute phase of HIV infection prevents the establishment of robust T cell help required for virus control in the chronic phase. We tested this hypothesis using viral load and CD4+ T cell number of SHIV-infected rhesus macaques. In acute infection, the lowest level of CD4+ T cells was a good predictor of later survival; animals having less than 3.3% of baseline CD4+ T cells progressed to severe disease, while animals with more than 3.3% of baseline CD4+ T cells experienced CD4+ T cell recovery. However, it is unclear if the disease progression was caused by early depletion, or was simply a result of a higher susceptibility of an animal to infection. We derived a simple relationship between the expected number of CD4+ T cells in the acute and chronic phases for a constant level of host susceptibility or resistance. We found that in most cases, the depletion of CD4+ T cells in chronic infection was consistent with the prediction from the acute CD4+ T cell loss. However, the animals with less than 3.3% of baseline CD4 T cells in the acute phase were approximately 20% more depleted late in the infection than expected based on constant level of virus control. This suggests that severe acute CD4 depletion indeed impairs the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janka Petravic
- Complex Systems in Biology Group, Centre for Vascular Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Miles P. Davenport
- Complex Systems in Biology Group, Centre for Vascular Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- * E-mail:
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122
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Rosa DS, Ribeiro SP, Almeida RR, Mairena EC, Postól E, Kalil J, Cunha-Neto E. A DNA vaccine encoding multiple HIV CD4 epitopes elicits vigorous polyfunctional, long-lived CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16921. [PMID: 21347287 PMCID: PMC3037933 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2010] [Accepted: 01/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cell based vaccines against HIV have the goal of limiting both transmission and disease progression by inducing broad and functionally relevant T cell responses. Moreover, polyfunctional and long-lived specific memory T cells have been associated to vaccine-induced protection. CD4+ T cells are important for the generation and maintenance of functional CD8+ cytotoxic T cells. We have recently developed a DNA vaccine encoding 18 conserved multiple HLA-DR-binding HIV-1 CD4 epitopes (HIVBr18), capable of eliciting broad CD4+ T cell responses in multiple HLA class II transgenic mice. Here, we evaluated the breadth and functional profile of HIVBr18-induced immune responses in BALB/c mice. Immunized mice displayed high-magnitude, broad CD4+/CD8+ T cell responses, and 8/18 vaccine-encoded peptides were recognized. In addition, HIVBr18 immunization was able to induce polyfunctional CD4+ and CD8+ T cells that proliferate and produce any two cytokines (IFNγ/TNFα, IFNγ/IL-2 or TNFα/IL-2) simultaneously in response to HIV-1 peptides. For CD4+ T cells exclusively, we also detected cells that proliferate and produce all three tested cytokines simultaneously (IFNγ/TNFα/IL-2). The vaccine also generated long-lived central and effector memory CD4+ T cells, a desirable feature for T-cell based vaccines. By virtue of inducing broad, polyfunctional and long-lived T cell responses against conserved CD4+ T cell epitopes, combined administration of this vaccine concept may provide sustained help for CD8+ T cells and antibody responses- elicited by other HIV immunogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Santoro Rosa
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Allergy-LIM60, Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
- Institute for Investigation in Immunology-INCT, São Paulo, Brazil
- Division of Immunology-Federal University of São Paulo-UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Susan Pereira Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Allergy-LIM60, Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
- Institute for Investigation in Immunology-INCT, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafael Ribeiro Almeida
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Allergy-LIM60, Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eliane Conti Mairena
- Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
- Institute for Investigation in Immunology-INCT, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edilberto Postól
- Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
- Institute for Investigation in Immunology-INCT, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jorge Kalil
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Allergy-LIM60, Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
- Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
- Institute for Investigation in Immunology-INCT, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edecio Cunha-Neto
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Allergy-LIM60, Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
- Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
- Institute for Investigation in Immunology-INCT, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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123
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Manrique M, Kozlowski PA, Cobo-Molinos A, Wang SW, Wilson RL, Montefiori DC, Mansfield KG, Carville A, Aldovini A. Long-term control of simian immunodeficiency virus mac251 viremia to undetectable levels in half of infected female rhesus macaques nasally vaccinated with simian immunodeficiency virus DNA/recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:3581-93. [PMID: 21317390 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1002594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The efficacy of two SIV DNA plus recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara nasal vaccine regimens, one combined with plasmids expressing IL-2 and IL-15, the other with plasmids expressing GM-CSF, IL-12, and TNF-α, which may better stimulate humoral responses, was evaluated in two female rhesus macaque groups. Vaccination stimulated significant SIV-specific mucosal and systemic cell-mediated immunity in both groups, whereas SIV-specific IgA titers were sporadic and IgG titers negative. All vaccinated animals, except one, became infected after intravaginal SIV(mac251) low-dose challenge. Half of the vaccinated, infected animals (7/13) promptly controlled virus replication to undetectable viremia for the duration of the trial (130 wk) and displayed virological and immunological phenotypes similar to those of exposed, uninfected individuals. When all vaccinated animals were considered, a 3-log viremia reduction was observed, compared with controls. The excellent viral replication containment achieved in vaccinated animals translated into significant preservation of circulating α4β7(high+)/CD4(+) T cells and of circulating and mucosal CD4(+)/C(M) T cells and in reduced immune activation. A more significant long-term survival was also observed in these animals. Median survival was 72 wk for the control group, whereas >50% of the vaccinated animals were still disease free 130 wk postchallenge, when the trial was closed. There was a statistically significant correlation between levels of CD4(+)/IFN-γ(+) and CD8(+)/IFN-γ(+) T cell percentages on the day of challenge and the control of viremia at week 60 postchallenge or survival. Postchallenge immunological correlates of protection were systemic anti-SIV Gag + Env CD4(+)/IL-2(+), CD4(+)/IFN-γ(+), and CD8(+)/TNF-α(+) T cells and vaginal anti-SIV Gag + Env CD8(+) T cell total monofunctional responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Manrique
- Department of Medicine, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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124
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Excler JL, Parks CL, Ackland J, Rees H, Gust ID, Koff WC. Replicating viral vectors as HIV vaccines: summary report from the IAVI-sponsored satellite symposium at the AIDS vaccine 2009 conference. Biologicals 2011; 38:511-21. [PMID: 20537552 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2010.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2010] [Accepted: 03/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In October 2009, The International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI) convened a satellite symposium entitled 'Replicating Viral Vectors for use in AIDS Vaccines' at the AIDS Vaccine 2009 Conference in Paris. The purpose of the symposium was to gather together researchers, representatives from regulatory agencies, and vaccine developers to discuss issues related to advancement of replication-competent viral vector- based HIV vaccines into clinical trials. The meeting introduced the rationale for accelerating the development of replicating viral vectors for use as AIDS vaccines. It noted that the EMEA recently published draft guidelines that are an important first step in providing guidance for advancing live viral vectors into clinical development. Presentations included case studies and development challenges for viral vector-based vaccine candidates. These product development challenges included cell substrates used for vaccine manufacturing, the testing needed to assess vaccine safety, conducting clinical trials with live vectors, and assessment of vaccination risk versus benefit. More in depth discussion of risk and benefit highlighted the fact that AIDS vaccine efficacy trials must be conducted in the developing world where HIV incidence is greatest and how inequities in global health dramatically influence the political and social environment in developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Excler
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, 110 William Street, 27th Floor, New York, NY 10038-3901, USA
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125
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Following the evidence that T-cell responses are crucial in the control of HIV-1 infection, vaccines targeting T-cell responses were tested in recent clinical trials. However, these vaccines showed a lack of efficacy. This review attempts to define the qualitative and quantitative features that are desirable for T-cell-induced responses by vaccines. We also describe strategies that could lead to achievement of this goal. RECENT FINDINGS Using the yellow fever vaccine as a benchmark of an efficient vaccine, recent studies identified factors of immune protection and more importantly innate immune pathways needed for the establishment of long-term protective adaptive immunity. SUMMARY To prevent or control HIV-1 infection, a vaccine must induce efficient and persistent antigen-specific T cells endowed with mucosal homing capacity. Such cells should have the capability to counteract HIV-1 diversity and its rapid spread from the initial site of infection. To achieve this goal, the activation of a diversified innate immune response is critical. New systems biology approaches will provide more precise correlates of immune protection that will pave the way for new approaches in T-cell-based vaccines.
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Niu L, Termini JM, Kanagavelu SK, Gupta S, Rolland MM, Kulkarni V, Pavlakis GN, Felber BK, Mullins JI, Fischl MA, Stone GW. Preclinical evaluation of HIV-1 therapeutic ex vivo dendritic cell vaccines expressing consensus Gag antigens and conserved Gag epitopes. Vaccine 2011; 29:2110-9. [PMID: 21241732 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.12.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2010] [Revised: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 12/24/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dendritic cell (DC) therapy is a promising technology for the treatment of HIV infected individuals. HIV-1 Gag- and Nef RNA-loaded DC have previously been shown to induce immune responses ex vivo following coculture with autologous lymphocytes. However, polyfunctionality and memory responses following coculture have not been evaluated. In addition, little is known regarding whether specific HIV-1 proteome components, such as highly conserved regions of the HIV-1, could enhance clinical responses following DC therapy. METHODOLOGY AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS To determine the breadth of the immune responses to antigen loaded DC, we analyzed polyfunctional T cell response ex vivo to Gag RNA loaded DC. Blood samples were used to generate monocyte derived DC, which were then matured and cocultured with autologous lymphocytes. We found that cytokine-matured DC loaded with Gag RNA was able to induce Gag-specific IFN-γ and IL-2 responses after a 12-day coculture. We characterized these responses by polyfunctional intracellular cytokine staining and evaluation of T cell memory phenotypes. Central memory CD8+ T cells were induced ex vivo after DC coculture from each of 3 patients, and the effector memory pool was increased by DC coculture from 2 patients. We also observed a decrease in the terminal effector and intermediate CD8+ T cell pool and an increase in the naïve/other population. There was a reduction in terminal effector and intermediate CD4+ T cells, and a corresponding increase in naïve/other CD4+ T cells. Finally, we evaluated conserved regions of Gag as a novel DC therapy immunogen and found that a conserved element (CE) p24 Gag antigen elicited IFN-γ and IL-2 responses comparable to those induced by a full-length Gag antigen. CONCLUSIONS We showed that RNA-loaded DC therapy induced a polyfunctional T cell response ex vivo, supporting the use of such DC-therapy for HIV infection. However, the central and effector memory phenotypes of T cells did not appear to be enhanced during coculture with Gag RNA-loaded DC. Furthermore, comparable antigen-specific responses were induced in HIV infected individuals using full-length Gag or only conserved elements of the Gag p24 protein. This indicates that immune responses can be focused onto the conserved elements of Gag in the absence of other Gag components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liguo Niu
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, 1580 NW 10th Ave, Miami, FL, USA
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Hong B, Song XT, Rollins L, Berry L, Huang XF, Chen SY. Mucosal and systemic anti-HIV immunity controlled by A20 in mouse dendritic cells. J Clin Invest 2011; 121:739-51. [PMID: 21206085 DOI: 10.1172/jci42656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2010] [Accepted: 11/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Both mucosal and systemic immune responses are required for preventing or containing HIV transmission and chronic infection. However, currently described vaccination approaches are largely ineffective in inducing both mucosal and systemic responses. In this study, we found that the ubiquitin-editing enzyme A20--an inducible feedback inhibitor of the TNFR, RIG-I, and TLR signaling pathways that broadly controls the maturation, cytokine production, and immunostimulatory potency of DCs--restricted systemically immunized DCs to induce both robust mucosal and systemic HIV-specific cellular and humoral responses. Mechanistic studies revealed that A20 regulated DC production of retinoic acid and proinflammatory cytokines, inhibiting the expression of gut-homing receptors on T and B cells. Furthermore, A20-silenced, hyperactivated DCs exhibited an enhanced homing capacity to draining and gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALTs) after systemic administration. Thus, this study provides insights into the role of A20 in innate immunity. This work may allow the development of an efficient HIV vaccination strategy that is capable of inducing both robust systemic and mucosal anti-HIV cellular and humoral responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bangxing Hong
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
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128
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Abstract
We have used cryoelectron tomography of vitreous-ice-embedded HIV-1 virions to compare the envelope (Env) spikes of a wild-type strain with those of a mutant strain in which the V1/V2 loop has been deleted. Deletion of V1/V2 results in a spike with far more structural heterogeneity than is observed in the wild type, likely reflecting greatly enhanced gp120 protomer flexibility. A major difference between the two forms is a pronounced loss of mass from the "peak" of the native Env spike. The apparent loss of contact among three gp120 protomers likely accounts for the more open structure, heterogeneity in configuration, and previous observations that broadly neutralizing epitopes and reactive sites on other structural elements are more exposed in such constructs.
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129
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Paris RM, Kim JH, Robb ML, Michael NL. Prime-boost immunization with poxvirus or adenovirus vectors as a strategy to develop a protective vaccine for HIV-1. Expert Rev Vaccines 2010; 9:1055-69. [PMID: 20822348 DOI: 10.1586/erv.10.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Challenges in the development of an effective HIV-1 vaccine are myriad with significant hurdles posed by viral diversity, the lack of a human correlate of protection and difficulty in creating immunogens capable of eliciting broadly neutralizing antibodies. The implicit requirement for novel approaches to these problems has resulted in vaccine candidates designed to elicit cellular and/or humoral immune responses, to include recombinant DNA, viral and bacterial vectors, and subunit proteins. Here, we review data from clinical studies primarily of poxvirus and adenovirus vector vaccines, used in a heterologous prime-boost combination strategy. Currently, this strategy appears to hold the most promise for an effective vaccine based on results from immunogenicity testing and nonhuman primate challenge models, as well as the modest efficacy recently observed in the Thai prime-boost trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Paris
- US Military HIV Research Program (MHRP), Department of Retrovirology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, 315/6 Rajvithi Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE In our prior study on a prophylactic T-cell-based vaccine, some vaccinated macaques controlled a simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) challenge. These animals allowed viremia in the acute phase but showed persistent viral control after the setpoint. Here, we examined the breadth of postchallenge virus-specific cellular immune responses in these SIV controllers. DESIGN We previously reported that in a group of Burmese rhesus macaques possessing the MHC haplotype 90-120-Ia, immunization with a Gag-expressing vaccine results in nonsterile control of a challenge with SIVmac239 but not a mutant SIV carrying multiple cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) escape gag mutations. In the present study, we investigated whether broader cellular immune responses effective against the mutant SIV replication are induced after challenge in those vaccinees that maintained wild-type SIVmac239 control. METHODS We analyzed cellular immune responses in these SIV controllers (n = 8). RESULTS These controllers elicited CTL responses directed against SIV non-Gag antigens as well as Gag in the chronic phase. Postvaccinated, prechallenge CD8(+) cells obtained from these animals suppressed wild-type SIV replication in vitro, but mostly had no suppressive effect on the mutant SIV replication, whereas CD8(+) cells in the chronic phase after challenge showed efficient antimutant SIV efficacy. The levels of in-vitro antimutant SIV efficacy of CD8(+) cells correlated with Vif-specific CD8(+) T-cell frequencies. Plasma viremia was kept undetectable even after the mutant SIV superchallenge in the chronic phase. CONCLUSION These results suggest that vaccine-based wild-type SIV controllers can acquire CD8(+) cells with the potential to suppress replication of SIV variants carrying CTL escape mutations.
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Kannanganat S, Nigam P, Velu V, Earl PL, Lai L, Chennareddi L, Lawson B, Wilson RL, Montefiori DC, Kozlowski PA, Moss B, Robinson HL, Amara RR. Preexisting vaccinia virus immunity decreases SIV-specific cellular immunity but does not diminish humoral immunity and efficacy of a DNA/MVA vaccine. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:7262-73. [PMID: 21076059 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1000751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The influence of preexisting immunity to viral vectors is a major issue for the development of viral-vectored vaccines. In this study, we investigate the effect of preexisting vaccinia virus immunity on the immunogenicity and efficacy of a DNA/modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) SIV vaccine in rhesus macaques using a pathogenic intrarectal SIV251 challenge. Preexisting immunity decreased SIV-specific CD8 and CD4 T cell responses but preserved the SIV-specific humoral immunity. In addition, preexisting immunity did not diminish the control of an SIV challenge mediated by the DNA/MVA vaccine. The peak and set point viremia was 150- and 17-fold lower, respectively, in preimmune animals compared with those of control animals. The peak and set point viremia correlated directly with colorectal virus at 2 wk postchallenge suggesting that early control of virus replication at the site of viral challenge was critical for viral control. Factors that correlated with early colorectal viral control included 1) the presence of anti-SIV IgA in rectal secretions, 2) high-avidity binding Ab for the native form of Env, and 3) low magnitude of vaccine-elicited SIV-specific CD4 T cells displaying the CCR5 viral coreceptor. The frequency of SIV-specific CD8 T cells in blood and colorectal tissue at 2 wk postchallenge did not correlate with early colorectal viral control. These results suggest that preexisting vaccinia virus immunity may not limit the potential of recombinant MVA vaccines to elicit humoral immunity and highlight the importance of immunodeficiency virus vaccines achieving early control at the mucosal sites of challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Kannanganat
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vaccine Research Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
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Peiperl L, Morgan C, Moodie Z, Li H, Russell N, Graham BS, Tomaras GD, De Rosa SC, McElrath MJ. Safety and immunogenicity of a replication-defective adenovirus type 5 HIV vaccine in Ad5-seronegative persons: a randomized clinical trial (HVTN 054). PLoS One 2010; 5:e13579. [PMID: 21048953 PMCID: PMC2965084 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2010] [Accepted: 09/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals without prior immunity to a vaccine vector may be more sensitive to reactions following injection, but may also show optimal immune responses to vaccine antigens. To assess safety and maximal tolerated dose of an adenoviral vaccine vector in volunteers without prior immunity, we evaluated a recombinant replication-defective adenovirus type 5 (rAd5) vaccine expressing HIV-1 Gag, Pol, and multiclade Env proteins, VRC-HIVADV014-00-VP, in a randomized, double-blind, dose-escalation, multicenter trial (HVTN study 054) in HIV-1-seronegative participants without detectable neutralizing antibodies (nAb) to the vector. As secondary outcomes, we also assessed T-cell and antibody responses. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Volunteers received one dose of vaccine at either 10(10) or 10(11) adenovector particle units, or placebo. T-cell responses were measured against pools of global potential T-cell epitope peptides. HIV-1 binding and neutralizing antibodies were assessed. Systemic reactogenicity was greater at the higher dose, but the vaccine was well tolerated at both doses. Although no HIV infections occurred, commercial diagnostic assays were positive in 87% of vaccinees one year after vaccination. More than 85% of vaccinees developed HIV-1-specific T-cell responses detected by IFN-γ ELISpot and ICS assays at day 28. T-cell responses were: CD8-biased; evenly distributed across the three HIV-1 antigens; not substantially increased at the higher dose; and detected at similar frequencies one year following injection. The vaccine induced binding antibodies against at least one HIV-1 Env antigen in all recipients. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE This vaccine appeared safe and was highly immunogenic following a single dose in human volunteers without prior nAb against the vector. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00119873.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Peiperl
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Cecilia Morgan
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Zoe Moodie
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Hongli Li
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Nina Russell
- Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Barney S. Graham
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Stephen C. De Rosa
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - M. Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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Leroux-Roels I, Koutsoukos M, Clement F, Steyaert S, Janssens M, Bourguignon P, Cohen K, Altfeld M, Vandepapelière P, Pedneault L, McNally L, Leroux-Roels G, Voss G. Strong and persistent CD4+ T-cell response in healthy adults immunized with a candidate HIV-1 vaccine containing gp120, Nef and Tat antigens formulated in three Adjuvant Systems. Vaccine 2010; 28:7016-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2010] [Revised: 07/25/2010] [Accepted: 08/03/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Alpert MD, Rahmberg AR, Neidermyer W, Ng SK, Carville A, Camp JV, Wilson RL, Piatak M, Mansfield KG, Li W, Miller CJ, Lifson JD, Kozlowski PA, Evans DT. Envelope-modified single-cycle simian immunodeficiency virus selectively enhances antibody responses and partially protects against repeated, low-dose vaginal challenge. J Virol 2010; 84:10748-64. [PMID: 20702641 PMCID: PMC2950576 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00945-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2010] [Accepted: 07/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunization of rhesus macaques with strains of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) that are limited to a single cycle of infection elicits T-cell responses to multiple viral gene products and antibodies capable of neutralizing lab-adapted SIV, but not neutralization-resistant primary isolates of SIV. In an effort to improve upon the antibody responses, we immunized rhesus macaques with three strains of single-cycle SIV (scSIV) that express envelope glycoproteins modified to lack structural features thought to interfere with the development of neutralizing antibodies. These envelope-modified strains of scSIV lacked either five potential N-linked glycosylation sites in gp120, three potential N-linked glycosylation sites in gp41, or 100 amino acids in the V1V2 region of gp120. Three doses consisting of a mixture of the three envelope-modified strains of scSIV were administered on weeks 0, 6, and 12, followed by two booster inoculations with vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) G trans-complemented scSIV on weeks 18 and 24. Although this immunization regimen did not elicit antibodies capable of detectably neutralizing SIV(mac)239 or SIV(mac)251(UCD), neutralizing antibody titers to the envelope-modified strains were selectively enhanced. Virus-specific antibodies and T cells were observed in the vaginal mucosa. After 20 weeks of repeated, low-dose vaginal challenge with SIV(mac)251(UCD), six of eight immunized animals versus six of six naïve controls became infected. Although immunization did not significantly reduce the likelihood of acquiring immunodeficiency virus infection, statistically significant reductions in peak and set point viral loads were observed in the immunized animals relative to the naïve control animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D. Alpert
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts 01772-9102, Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts 01772-9102, Gene Therapy Program and Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, SAIC—Frederick, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Andrew R. Rahmberg
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts 01772-9102, Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts 01772-9102, Gene Therapy Program and Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, SAIC—Frederick, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - William Neidermyer
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts 01772-9102, Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts 01772-9102, Gene Therapy Program and Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, SAIC—Frederick, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Sharon K. Ng
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts 01772-9102, Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts 01772-9102, Gene Therapy Program and Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, SAIC—Frederick, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Angela Carville
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts 01772-9102, Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts 01772-9102, Gene Therapy Program and Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, SAIC—Frederick, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Jeremy V. Camp
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts 01772-9102, Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts 01772-9102, Gene Therapy Program and Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, SAIC—Frederick, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Robert L. Wilson
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts 01772-9102, Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts 01772-9102, Gene Therapy Program and Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, SAIC—Frederick, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Michael Piatak
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts 01772-9102, Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts 01772-9102, Gene Therapy Program and Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, SAIC—Frederick, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Keith G. Mansfield
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts 01772-9102, Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts 01772-9102, Gene Therapy Program and Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, SAIC—Frederick, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Wenjun Li
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts 01772-9102, Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts 01772-9102, Gene Therapy Program and Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, SAIC—Frederick, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Christopher J. Miller
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts 01772-9102, Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts 01772-9102, Gene Therapy Program and Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, SAIC—Frederick, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Jeffrey D. Lifson
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts 01772-9102, Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts 01772-9102, Gene Therapy Program and Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, SAIC—Frederick, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Pamela A. Kozlowski
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts 01772-9102, Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts 01772-9102, Gene Therapy Program and Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, SAIC—Frederick, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - David T. Evans
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts 01772-9102, Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts 01772-9102, Gene Therapy Program and Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, SAIC—Frederick, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616
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Simian immunodeficiency virus-specific CD4+ T cells from successful vaccinees target the SIV Gag capsid. Immunogenetics 2010; 62:701-7. [PMID: 20812010 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-010-0473-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2010] [Accepted: 08/09/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
We recently demonstrated that vaccinated rhesus macaques controlled viral replication of a heterologous SIV challenge. Here, we analyzed anamnestic SIV-specific CD4+ T-cell responses expanding immediately after challenge and show that successful vaccinees consistently targeted a short region of the Gag-p27 Capsid (amino acids 249-291). We have also defined the major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) restricting alleles for several of these responses and show that DQ-restricted CD4+ T-cells depend on unique combinations of both the DQA and DQB alleles. Analysis of SIV-specific CD4+ T-cell responses elicited by a successful vaccine may have important implications in the understanding of vaccine design.
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136
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Recombinant adenovirus (rAd) vectors have emerged as promising vaccine platform technologies due to their capacity to elicit potent humoral and cellular immune responses to encoded antigens. These vectors are being explored as potential vaccine candidates for a variety of pathogens. This review summarizes current efforts to develop rAd vector-based vaccines for HIV-1. RECENT FINDINGS In the phase 2b Step study, rAd5 vectors expressing clade B HIV-1 Gag, Pol, and Nef antigens failed to afford protection and may have resulted in increased HIV-1 acquisition in certain subgroups. Recent studies have explored the potential reasons for this failure and the utility of novel rAd vectors derived from non-Ad5 serotypes. SUMMARY Current areas of active investigation include the development of alternative serotype rAd vectors, the incorporation of rAd vectors into heterologous vector prime-boost regimens, and the use of rAd vectors to express novel HIV-1 antigens. These HIV-1 vaccine candidates will be evaluated in clinical trials over the next several years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan H Barouch
- Division of Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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137
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Cafaro A, Macchia I, Maggiorella MT, Titti F, Ensoli B. Innovative approaches to develop prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines against HIV/AIDS. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010; 655:189-242. [PMID: 20047043 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-1132-2_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) emerged in the human population in the summer of 1981. According to the latest United Nations estimates, worldwide over 33 million people are infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and the prevalence rates continue to rise globally. To control the alarming spread of HIV, an urgent need exists for developing a safe and effective vaccine that prevents individuals from becoming infected or progressing to disease. To be effective, an HIV/AIDS vaccine should induce broad and long-lasting humoral and cellular immune responses, at both mucosal and systemic level. However, the nature of protective immune responses remains largely elusive and this represents one of the major roadblocks preventing the development of an effective vaccine. Here we summarize our present understanding of the factors responsible for resistance to infection or control of progression to disease in human and monkey that may be relevant to vaccine development and briefly review recent approaches which are currently being tested in clinical trials. Finally, the rationale and the current status of novel strategies based on nonstructural HIV-1 proteins, such as Tat, Nef and Rev, used alone or in combination with modified structural HIV-1 Env proteins are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelio Cafaro
- National AIDS Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, V.le Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
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138
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Low-dose mucosal simian immunodeficiency virus infection restricts early replication kinetics and transmitted virus variants in rhesus monkeys. J Virol 2010; 84:10406-12. [PMID: 20686016 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01155-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Defining the earliest virologic events following human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) transmission may be critical for the design of vaccine strategies aimed at blocking acquisition of HIV-1 infection. In particular, the length of the eclipse phase and the number of transmitted virus variants may define the window in which a prophylactic vaccine must act. Here we show that the dose of the virus inoculum affects these key virologic parameters following intrarectal simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection of rhesus monkeys. Low-dose SIV infection resulted in a lengthened eclipse phase, fewer transmitted virus variants, and decreased innate immune activation compared with these parameters in high-dose SIV infection. These data suggest a mechanism by which it may be considerably easier for a vaccine to protect against low-risk HIV-1 transmission than against high-risk HIV-1 transmission. These findings have implications for the design and interpretation of HIV-1 vaccine efficacy studies.
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139
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Sun Y, Santra S, Buzby AP, Mascola JR, Nabel GJ, Letvin NL. Recombinant vector-induced HIV/SIV-specific CD4+ T lymphocyte responses in rhesus monkeys. Virology 2010; 406:48-55. [PMID: 20667574 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2010] [Revised: 06/14/2010] [Accepted: 07/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The recently reported modest success of the RV144 Thai trial vaccine regimen in preventing HIV-1 acquisition has focused interest on the potential contribution to that protection of vaccine-elicited CD4(+) T cell responses. We evaluated the induction of virus-specific CD4(+) T cell responses in rhesus monkeys using a series of diverse vaccine vectors. We assessed both the magnitudes and functional profiles of the antigen-specific CD4(+) T cells by measuring cytokine production, memory differentiation, and the expression of mucosal homing molecules. We found that DNA prime/recombinant MVA boost immunizations induced particularly high-frequency virus-specific CD4(+) T cell responses with polyfunctional repertoires, and these responses were partially preserved following SHIV-89.6P challenge. The majority of the vaccine-elicited CD4(+) T cells were CD28(+) memory T cells that expressed low levels of beta7. Neither the magnitudes nor the functional profiles of the virus-specific CD4(+) T cells generated by vaccination were associated with a preservation of CD4(+) T cells or control of viral replication following SHIV-89.6P challenge. Interestingly, monkeys primed with recombinant Ad5 immunogens showed a dramatic expansion of both the magnitude and polyfunctionality of the vaccine-elicited CD4(+) T cell responses following envelope protein boost. These results demonstrate that vaccine strategies that include recombinant MVA or recombinant Ad5 vectors can elicit robust CD4(+) T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Sun
- Division of Viral Pathogenesis, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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140
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Lim SY, Chan T, Gelman RS, Whitney JB, O'Brien KL, Barouch DH, Goldstein DB, Haynes BF, Letvin NL. Contributions of Mamu-A*01 status and TRIM5 allele expression, but not CCL3L copy number variation, to the control of SIVmac251 replication in Indian-origin rhesus monkeys. PLoS Genet 2010; 6:e1000997. [PMID: 20585621 PMCID: PMC2891712 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2010] [Accepted: 05/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
CCL3 is a ligand for the HIV-1 co-receptor CCR5. There have recently been conflicting reports in the literature concerning whether CCL3-like gene (CCL3L) copy number variation (CNV) is associated with resistance to HIV-1 acquisition and with both viral load and disease progression following infection with HIV-1. An association has also been reported between CCL3L CNV and clinical sequelae of the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection in vivo in rhesus monkeys. The present study was initiated to explore the possibility of an association of CCL3L CNV with the control of virus replication and AIDS progression in a carefully defined cohort of SIVmac251-infected, Indian-origin rhesus monkeys. Although we demonstrated extensive variation in copy number of CCL3L in this cohort of monkeys, CCL3L CNV was not significantly associated with either peak or set-point plasma SIV RNA levels in these monkeys when MHC class I allele Mamu-A*01 was included in the models or progression to AIDS in these monkeys. With 66 monkeys in the study, there was adequate power for these tests if the correlation of CCL3L and either peak or set-point plasma SIV RNA levels was 0.34 or 0.36, respectively. These findings call into question the premise that CCL3L CNV is important in HIV/SIV pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Yon Lim
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Tiffany Chan
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Rebecca S. Gelman
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - James B. Whitney
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kara L. O'Brien
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Dan H. Barouch
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - David B. Goldstein
- Center for Population Genomics and Pharmacogenetics, Duke Institute for Genome Sciences and Policy, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Barton F. Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Norman L. Letvin
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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141
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Comparative analysis of immune responses induced by vaccination with SIV antigens by recombinant Ad5 vector or plasmid DNA in rhesus macaques. Mol Ther 2010; 18:1568-76. [PMID: 20551910 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2010.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA vaccines have undergone important enhancements in their design, formulation, and delivery process. Past literature supports that DNA vaccines are not as immunogenic in nonhuman primates as live vector systems. The most potent recombinant vector system for induction of cellular immune responses in macaques and humans is adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5), an important benchmark for new vaccine development. Here, we performed a head-to-head evaluation of the Merck Ad5 SIV vaccine and an optimized electroporation (EP) delivered SIV DNA vaccine in macaques. Animals receiving the Ad5 vaccine were immunized three times, whereas the DNA-vaccinated animals were immunized up to four times based on optimized protocols. We observed significant differences in the quantity of IFNgamma responses by enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot (ELISpot), greater proliferative capacity of CD8(+) T cells, and increased polyfunctionality of both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells in the DNA-vaccinated group. Importantly, Ad5 immunizations failed to boost following the first immunization, whereas DNA responses were continually boosted with all four immunizations demonstrating a major advantage of these improved DNA vaccines. These optimized DNA vaccines induce very different immune phenotypes than traditional Ad5 vaccines, suggesting that they could play an important role in vaccine research and development.
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142
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Yamamoto H, Matano T. Neutralizing antibodies in SIV control: co-impact with T cells. Vaccine 2010; 28 Suppl 2:B13-7. [PMID: 20510737 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.09.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2009] [Revised: 08/19/2009] [Accepted: 09/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and pathogenic simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected naïve hosts experience a characteristic absence of early and potent virus-specific neutralizing antibody (NAb) responses preceding establishment of persistent infection. Yet conversely, we have recently shown that NAbs passively immunized in rhesus macaques at early post-SIV challenge are capable of playing a critical role in non-sterile viremia control with implications of antibody-enhanced antigen presentation. In a current follow-up study we have further reported that NAbs mediate rapid elicitation of polyfunctional virus-specific CD4+ T-cells in vivo. The NAb-immunized macaques mounting these responses exhibited sustained viremia control for over 1 year, accompanied with robust anti-SIV cellular immunity. Perspectives obtained from the results are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Yamamoto
- International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
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143
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Abstract
The development of a prophylactic HIV-1 vaccine is a global health priority. It has proven extraordinarily challenging, however, to develop immunogens that elicit broadly reactive HIV-1-specific neutralizing antibodies. As a result, most HIV-1 vaccine candidates in development focus on generating virus-specific cellular immune responses. Both plasmid DNA vaccines and recombinant live vectors have been shown to elicit cellular immune responses, and vaccine candidates based on these technologies are now being evaluated for safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy in advanced phase clinical trials. This review examines the progress and prospects of these vaccine strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna R Thorner
- Research East Room 213, Division of Viral Pathogenesis,Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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144
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Innovative bioinformatic approaches for developing peptide-based vaccines against hypervariable viruses. Immunol Cell Biol 2010; 89:81-9. [PMID: 20458336 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2010.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The application of the fields of pharmacogenomics and pharmacogenetics to vaccine design has been recently labeled 'vaccinomics'. This newly named area of vaccine research, heavily intertwined with bioinformatics, seems to be leading the charge in developing novel vaccines for currently unmet medical needs against hypervariable viruses such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis C and emerging avian and swine influenza. Some of the more recent bioinformatic approaches in the area of vaccine research include the use of epitope determination and prediction algorithms for exploring the use of peptide epitopes as vaccine immunogens. This paper briefly discusses and explores some current uses of bioinformatics in vaccine design toward the pursuit of peptide vaccines for hypervariable viruses. The various informatics and vaccine design strategies attempted by other groups toward hypervariable viruses will also be briefly examined, along with the strategy used by our group in the design and synthesis of peptide immunogens for candidate HIV and influenza vaccines.
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145
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HIV-1 resistance to CCR5 antagonists associated with highly efficient use of CCR5 and altered tropism on primary CD4+ T cells. J Virol 2010; 84:6505-14. [PMID: 20410277 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00374-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported on a panel of HIV-1 clade B envelope (Env) proteins isolated from a patient treated with the CCR5 antagonist aplaviroc (APL) that were drug resistant. These Envs used the APL-bound conformation of CCR5, were cross resistant to other small-molecule CCR5 antagonists, and were isolated from the patient's pretreatment viral quasispecies as well as after therapy. We analyzed viral and host determinants of resistance and their effects on viral tropism on primary CD4(+) T cells. The V3 loop contained residues essential for viral resistance to APL, while additional mutations in gp120 and gp41 modulated the magnitude of drug resistance. However, these mutations were context dependent, being unable to confer resistance when introduced into a heterologous virus. The resistant virus displayed altered binding between gp120 and CCR5 such that the virus became critically dependent on the N' terminus of CCR5 in the presence of APL. In addition, the drug-resistant Envs studied here utilized CCR5 very efficiently: robust virus infection occurred even when very low levels of CCR5 were expressed. However, recognition of drug-bound CCR5 was less efficient, resulting in a tropism shift toward effector memory cells upon infection of primary CD4(+) T cells in the presence of APL, with relative sparing of the central memory CD4(+) T cell subset. If such a tropism shift proves to be a common feature of CCR5-antagonist-resistant viruses, then continued use of CCR5 antagonists even in the face of virologic failure could provide a relative degree of protection to the T(CM) subset of CD4(+) T cells and result in improved T cell homeostasis and immune function.
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146
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[Theory for prophylactic AIDS vaccine development]. Uirusu 2010; 59:267-75. [PMID: 20218335 DOI: 10.2222/jsv.59.267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In the natural courses of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections, host immune responses fail to contain the virus and allow persistent HIV replication, leading to AIDS progression. For development of an effective vaccine against those viral infections which do not show spontaneous remission, it is important to elucidate which immune responses to be induced for viral control. This review focuses on antibodies and cytotoxic T lymphocytes, key adaptive immune effectors, and discusses possible mechanisms for HIV control by vaccine-induced antibody, memory B lymphocyte, and (effector and central) memory T lymphocyte responses. Finally, we mention the ongoing international project for a clinical trial of our Sendai virus vector-based AIDS vaccine.
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147
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Kibuuka H, Kimutai R, Maboko L, Sawe F, Schunk MS, Kroidl A, Shaffer D, Eller LA, Kibaya R, Eller MA, Schindler KB, Schuetz A, Millard M, Kroll J, Dally L, Hoelscher M, Bailer R, Cox JH, Marovich M, Birx DL, Graham BS, Michael NL, de Souza MS, Robb ML. A phase 1/2 study of a multiclade HIV-1 DNA plasmid prime and recombinant adenovirus serotype 5 boost vaccine in HIV-Uninfected East Africans (RV 172). J Infect Dis 2010; 201:600-7. [PMID: 20078213 DOI: 10.1086/650299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccine development remains a global priority. We describe the safety and immunogenicity of a multiclade DNA vaccine prime with a replication-defective recombinant adenovirus serotype 5 (rAd5) boost. METHODS The vaccine is a 6-plasmid mixture encoding HIV envelope (env) subtypes A, B, and C and subtype B gag, pol, and nef, and an rAd5 expressing identical genes, with the exception of nef. Three hundred and twenty-four participants were randomized to receive placebo (n=138), a single dose of rAd5 at 10(10) (n = 24) or 10(11) particle units (n = 24), or DNA at 0, 1, and 2 months, followed by rAd5 at either 10(10) (n= 114) or 10(11) particle units (n = 24) boosting at 6 months. Participants were followed up for 24 weeks after the final vaccination. RESULTS The vaccine was safe and well tolerated. HIV-specific T cell responses were detected in 63% of vaccinees. Titers of preexisting Ad5 neutralizing antibody did not affect the frequency and magnitude of T cell responses in prime-boost recipients but did affect the response rates in participants that received rAd5 alone (P = .037). CONCLUSION The DNA/rAd5 vaccination regimen was safe and induced HIV type 1 multi-clade T cell responses, which were not significantly affected by titers of preexisting rAd5 neutralizing antibody. Trial Registration. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00123968 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Kibuuka
- Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda
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Susceptibility to Simian immunodeficiency virus ex vivo predicts outcome of a prime-boost vaccine after SIVmac239 challenge. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2010; 52:162-9. [PMID: 19644382 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0b013e3181b22f4a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Efficacy assessment of AIDS vaccines relies both on preclinically challenging immunized monkeys with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) or monitoring infection rates in large human trials. Although conventional parameters of vaccine-induced immune responses do not completely predict outcome, existing methods for testing cellular immunity are sophisticated and difficult to establish in resource-limited settings. METHODS We have used virus replication kinetics (VVR) on ConA-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells from rhesus monkeys immunized with DNA replication-defective adenovirus vector expressing various SIV genes, as an ex vivo model, to mimic the effects of different immune effector functions on viral infection. RESULTS VVR was attenuated by the immunization and correlated 2 weeks after first boost, with the number of interferon gamma-secreting cells and T-cell noncytotoxic antiviral responses. Importantly, VVR on the day of challenge but not interferon gamma responses correlated with viremia and with memory CD4+ T-cell measurements after SIVmac239 challenge. Similarly, T-cell noncytotoxic antiviral responses on the day of challenge correlated directly with memory CD4 T cell and inversely with plasma viremia after challenge. CONCLUSIONS VVR thus served as a better predictor of protective capacity of the vaccine regimen in these monkeys. We suggest that VVR be considered in the evaluation of candidate AIDS vaccines in humans.
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149
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CD4+ T cell epitope discovery and rational vaccine design. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2010; 58:121-30. [PMID: 20155490 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-010-0067-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2009] [Accepted: 08/08/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
T cell epitope-driven vaccine design employs bioinformatic algorithms to identify potential targets of vaccines against infectious diseases or cancer. Potential epitopes can be identified with major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-binding algorithms, and the ability to bind to MHC class I or class II indicates a predominantly CD4(+) or CD8(+) T cell response. Furthermore, an epitope-based vaccine can circumvent evolutionary events favoring immune escape present in native proteins from pathogens. It can also focus on only the most relevant epitopes (i.e. conserved and promiscuous) recognized by the majority of the target population. Mounting evidence points to the critical role of CD4(+) T cells in natural antigen encounter and active immunization. In this paper the need for CD4(+) T cell help in vaccine development, the selection of CD4(+) T cell epitopes for an epitope-based vaccine, and how the approach can be used to induce a protective effect are reviewed.
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150
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Priming immunization with DNA augments immunogenicity of recombinant adenoviral vectors for both HIV-1 specific antibody and T-cell responses. PLoS One 2010; 5:e9015. [PMID: 20126394 PMCID: PMC2814848 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2009] [Accepted: 01/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Induction of HIV-1-specific T-cell responses relevant to diverse subtypes is a major goal of HIV vaccine development. Prime-boost regimens using heterologous gene-based vaccine vectors have induced potent, polyfunctional T cell responses in preclinical studies. Methods The first opportunity to evaluate the immunogenicity of DNA priming followed by recombinant adenovirus serotype 5 (rAd5) boosting was as open-label rollover trials in subjects who had been enrolled in prior studies of HIV-1 specific DNA vaccines. All subjects underwent apheresis before and after rAd5 boosting to characterize in depth the T cell and antibody response induced by the heterologous DNA/rAd5 prime-boost combination. Results rAd5 boosting was well-tolerated with no serious adverse events. Compared to DNA or rAd5 vaccine alone, sequential DNA/rAd5 administration induced 7-fold higher magnitude Env-biased HIV-1-specific CD8+ T-cell responses and 100-fold greater antibody titers measured by ELISA. There was no significant neutralizing antibody activity against primary isolates. Vaccine-elicited CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells expressed multiple functions and were predominantly long-term (CD127+) central or effector memory T cells and that persisted in blood for >6 months. Epitopes mapped in Gag and Env demonstrated partial cross-clade recognition. Conclusion Heterologous prime-boost using vector-based gene delivery of vaccine antigens is a potent immunization strategy for inducing both antibody and T-cell responses. Trial Registration ClinicalTrails.gov NCT00102089, NCT00108654
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