101
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Francis NA, Winkowski DE, Sheikhattar A, Armengol K, Babadi B, Kanold PO. Small Networks Encode Decision-Making in Primary Auditory Cortex. Neuron 2018; 97:885-897.e6. [PMID: 29398362 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Sensory detection tasks enhance representations of behaviorally meaningful stimuli in primary auditory cortex (A1). However, it remains unclear how A1 encodes decision-making. Neurons in A1 layer 2/3 (L2/3) show heterogeneous stimulus selectivity and complex anatomical connectivity, and receive input from prefrontal cortex. Thus, task-related modulation of activity in A1 L2/3 might differ across subpopulations. To study the neural coding of decision-making, we used two-photon imaging in A1 L2/3 of mice performing a tone-detection task. Neural responses to targets showed attentional gain and encoded behavioral choice. To characterize network representation of behavioral choice, we analyzed functional connectivity using Granger causality, pairwise noise correlations, and neural decoding. During task performance, small groups of four to five neurons became sparsely linked, locally clustered, and rostro-caudally oriented, while noise correlations both increased and decreased. Our results suggest that sensory-based decision-making involves small neural networks driven by the sum of sensory input, attentional gain, and behavioral choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolas A Francis
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; Institute for Systems Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Daniel E Winkowski
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; Institute for Systems Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Alireza Sheikhattar
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Kevin Armengol
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Behtash Babadi
- Institute for Systems Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Patrick O Kanold
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; Institute for Systems Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
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102
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Dylda E, Pakan JM, Rochefort NL. Chronic Two-Photon Calcium Imaging in the Visual Cortex of Awake Behaving Mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-812028-6.00013-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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103
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Ranson A. Stability and Plasticity of Contextual Modulation in the Mouse Visual Cortex. Cell Rep 2017; 18:840-848. [PMID: 28122235 PMCID: PMC5289925 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.12.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Activity of neurons in primary visual cortex is shaped by sensory and behavioral context. However, the long-term stability of the influence of contextual factors in the mature cortex remains poorly understood. To investigate this, we used two-photon calcium imaging to track the influence of surround suppression and locomotion on individual neurons over 14 days. We found that highly active excitatory neurons and parvalbumin-positive (PV+) interneurons exhibited relatively stable modulation by visual context. Similarly, most neurons exhibited a stable yet distinct degree of modulation by locomotion. In contrast, less active excitatory neurons exhibited plasticity in visual context influence, resulting in increased suppression. These findings suggest that the mature visual cortex possesses stable subnetworks of neurons, differentiated by cell type and activity level, which have distinctive and stable interactions with sensory and behavioral contexts, as well as other less active and more labile neurons, which are sensitive to visual experience. Highly active excitatory neurons are stably modulated by visual context Lower activity neurons exhibit plasticity of influence of visual context in mature V1 PV interneurons maintain relatively stable modulation by visual and behavioral context Majority of excitatory neurons are stably modulated by behavioral context
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Ranson
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK.
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104
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Yee AX, Hsu YT, Chen L. A metaplasticity view of the interaction between homeostatic and Hebbian plasticity. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2017; 372:rstb.2016.0155. [PMID: 28093549 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Hebbian and homeostatic plasticity are two major forms of plasticity in the nervous system: Hebbian plasticity provides a synaptic basis for associative learning, whereas homeostatic plasticity serves to stabilize network activity. While achieving seemingly very different goals, these two types of plasticity interact functionally through overlapping elements in their respective mechanisms. Here, we review studies conducted in the mammalian central nervous system, summarize known circuit and molecular mechanisms of homeostatic plasticity, and compare these mechanisms with those that mediate Hebbian plasticity. We end with a discussion of 'local' homeostatic plasticity and the potential role of local homeostatic plasticity as a form of metaplasticity that modulates a neuron's future capacity for Hebbian plasticity.This article is part of the themed issue 'Integrating Hebbian and homeostatic plasticity'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ada X Yee
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5453, USA
| | - Yu-Tien Hsu
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5453, USA
| | - Lu Chen
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5453, USA
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105
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Clopath C, Bonhoeffer T, Hübener M, Rose T. Variance and invariance of neuronal long-term representations. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2017; 372:rstb.2016.0161. [PMID: 28093555 PMCID: PMC5247593 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain extracts behaviourally relevant sensory input to produce appropriate motor output. On the one hand, our constantly changing environment requires this transformation to be plastic. On the other hand, plasticity is thought to be balanced by mechanisms ensuring constancy of neuronal representations in order to achieve stable behavioural performance. Yet, prominent changes in synaptic strength and connectivity also occur during normal sensory experience, indicating a certain degree of constitutive plasticity. This raises the question of how stable neuronal representations are on the population level and also on the single neuron level. Here, we review recent data from longitudinal electrophysiological and optical recordings of single-cell activity that assess the long-term stability of neuronal stimulus selectivities under conditions of constant sensory experience, during learning, and after reversible modification of sensory input. The emerging picture is that neuronal representations are stabilized by behavioural relevance and that the degree of long-term tuning stability and perturbation resistance directly relates to the functional role of the respective neurons, cell types and circuits. Using a 'toy' model, we show that stable baseline representations and precise recovery from perturbations in visual cortex could arise from a 'backbone' of strong recurrent connectivity between similarly tuned cells together with a small number of 'anchor' neurons exempt from plastic changes.This article is part of the themed issue 'Integrating Hebbian and homeostatic plasticity'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Clopath
- Bioengineering Department, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Tobias Bonhoeffer
- Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Mark Hübener
- Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Tobias Rose
- Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
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106
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Jaepel J, Hübener M, Bonhoeffer T, Rose T. Lateral geniculate neurons projecting to primary visual cortex show ocular dominance plasticity in adult mice. Nat Neurosci 2017; 20:1708-1714. [PMID: 29184207 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-017-0021-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Experience-dependent plasticity in the mature visual system is widely considered to be cortical. Using chronic two-photon Ca2+ imaging of thalamic afferents in layer 1 of binocular visual cortex, we provide evidence against this tenet: the respective dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) cells showed pronounced ocular dominance (OD) shifts after monocular deprivation in adult mice. Most (86%), but not all, of dLGN cell boutons were monocular during normal visual experience. Following deprivation, initially deprived-eye-dominated boutons reduced or lost their visual responsiveness to that eye and frequently became responsive to the non-deprived eye. This cannot be explained by eye-specific cortical changes propagating to dLGN via cortico-thalamic feedback because the shift in dLGN responses was largely resistant to cortical inactivation using the GABAA receptor agonist muscimol. Our data suggest that OD shifts observed in the binocular visual cortex of adult mice may at least partially reflect plasticity of eye-specific inputs onto dLGN neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Jaepel
- Synapses - Circuits - Plasticity, Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Mark Hübener
- Synapses - Circuits - Plasticity, Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Tobias Bonhoeffer
- Synapses - Circuits - Plasticity, Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried, Germany.
| | - Tobias Rose
- Synapses - Circuits - Plasticity, Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried, Germany.
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107
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Meng X, Winkowski DE, Kao JPY, Kanold PO. Sublaminar Subdivision of Mouse Auditory Cortex Layer 2/3 Based on Functional Translaminar Connections. J Neurosci 2017; 37:10200-10214. [PMID: 28931571 PMCID: PMC5647773 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1361-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebral cortex is subdivided into six layers based on morphological features. The supragranular layers 2/3 (L2/3) contain morphologically and genetically diverse populations of neurons, suggesting the existence of discrete classes of cells. In primates and carnivores L2/3 can be subdivided morphologically, but cytoarchitectonic divisions are less clear in rodents. Nevertheless, discrete classes of cells could exist based on their computational requirement, which might be linked to their associated functional microcircuits. Through in vitro slice recordings coupled with laser-scanning photostimulation we investigated whether L2/3 of male mouse auditory cortex contains discrete subpopulations of cells with specific functional microcircuits. We use hierarchical clustering on the laminar connection patterns to reveal the existence of multiple distinct classes of L2/3 neurons. The classes of L2/3 neurons are distinguished by the pattern of their laminar and columnar inputs from within A1 and their location within L2/3. Cells in superficial L2 show more extensive columnar integration than deeper L3 cells. Moreover, L3 cells receive more translaminar input from L4. In vivo imaging in awake mice revealed that L2 cells had higher bandwidth than L3 cells, consistent with the laminar differences in columnar integration. These results suggest that similar to higher mammals, rodent L2/3 is not a homogenous layer but contains several parallel microcircuits.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Layer 2/3 of auditory cortex is functionally diverse. We investigated whether L2/3 cells form classes based on their functional connectivity. We used in vitro whole-cell patch-clamp recordings with laser-scanning photostimulation and performed unsupervised clustering on the resulting excitatory and inhibitory connection patterns. Cells within each class were located in different sublaminae. Superficial cells showed wider integration along the tonotopic axis and the amount of L4 input varied with sublaminar location. To identify whether sensory responses varied with sublaminar location, we performed in vivo Ca2+ imaging and found that L2 cells were less frequency-selective than L3 cells. Our results show that the diversity of receptive fields in L2/3 is likely due to diversity in the underlying functional circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangying Meng
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, and
| | - Daniel E Winkowski
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, and
| | - Joseph P Y Kao
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Technology, and Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Patrick O Kanold
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, and
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108
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Dhawale AK, Poddar R, Wolff SB, Normand VA, Kopelowitz E, Ölveczky BP. Automated long-term recording and analysis of neural activity in behaving animals. eLife 2017; 6:27702. [PMID: 28885141 PMCID: PMC5619984 DOI: 10.7554/elife.27702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Addressing how neural circuits underlie behavior is routinely done by measuring electrical activity from single neurons in experimental sessions. While such recordings yield snapshots of neural dynamics during specified tasks, they are ill-suited for tracking single-unit activity over longer timescales relevant for most developmental and learning processes, or for capturing neural dynamics across different behavioral states. Here we describe an automated platform for continuous long-term recordings of neural activity and behavior in freely moving rodents. An unsupervised algorithm identifies and tracks the activity of single units over weeks of recording, dramatically simplifying the analysis of large datasets. Months-long recordings from motor cortex and striatum made and analyzed with our system revealed remarkable stability in basic neuronal properties, such as firing rates and inter-spike interval distributions. Interneuronal correlations and the representation of different movements and behaviors were similarly stable. This establishes the feasibility of high-throughput long-term extracellular recordings in behaving animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashesh K Dhawale
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States.,Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - Rajesh Poddar
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States.,Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - Steffen Be Wolff
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States.,Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - Valentin A Normand
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States.,Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - Evi Kopelowitz
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States.,Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - Bence P Ölveczky
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States.,Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
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109
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Dynamic Reorganization of Neuronal Activity Patterns in Parietal Cortex. Cell 2017; 170:986-999.e16. [PMID: 28823559 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 05/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal representations change as associations are learned between sensory stimuli and behavioral actions. However, it is poorly understood whether representations for learned associations stabilize in cortical association areas or continue to change following learning. We tracked the activity of posterior parietal cortex neurons for a month as mice stably performed a virtual-navigation task. The relationship between cells' activity and task features was mostly stable on single days but underwent major reorganization over weeks. The neurons informative about task features (trial type and maze locations) changed across days. Despite changes in individual cells, the population activity had statistically similar properties each day and stable information for over a week. As mice learned additional associations, new activity patterns emerged in the neurons used for existing representations without greatly affecting the rate of change of these representations. We propose that dynamic neuronal activity patterns could balance plasticity for learning and stability for memory.
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110
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Aghayee S, Winkowski DE, Bowen Z, Marshall EE, Harrington MJ, Kanold PO, Losert W. Particle Tracking Facilitates Real Time Capable Motion Correction in 2D or 3D Two-Photon Imaging of Neuronal Activity. Front Neural Circuits 2017; 11:56. [PMID: 28860973 PMCID: PMC5559509 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2017.00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The application of 2-photon laser scanning microscopy (TPLSM) techniques to measure the dynamics of cellular calcium signals in populations of neurons is an extremely powerful technique for characterizing neural activity within the central nervous system. The use of TPLSM on awake and behaving subjects promises new insights into how neural circuit elements cooperatively interact to form sensory perceptions and generate behavior. A major challenge in imaging such preparations is unavoidable animal and tissue movement, which leads to shifts in the imaging location (jitter). The presence of image motion can lead to artifacts, especially since quantification of TPLSM images involves analysis of fluctuations in fluorescence intensities for each neuron, determined from small regions of interest (ROIs). Here, we validate a new motion correction approach to compensate for motion of TPLSM images in the superficial layers of auditory cortex of awake mice. We use a nominally uniform fluorescent signal as a secondary signal to complement the dynamic signals from genetically encoded calcium indicators. We tested motion correction for single plane time lapse imaging as well as multiplane (i.e., volume) time lapse imaging of cortical tissue. Our procedure of motion correction relies on locating the brightest neurons and tracking their positions over time using established techniques of particle finding and tracking. We show that our tracking based approach provides subpixel resolution without compromising speed. Unlike most established methods, our algorithm also captures deformations of the field of view and thus can compensate e.g., for rotations. Object tracking based motion correction thus offers an alternative approach for motion correction, one that is well suited for real time spike inference analysis and feedback control, and for correcting for tissue distortions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Aghayee
- Department of Physics, University of MarylandCollege Park, MD, United States.,Department of Biology, University of MarylandCollege Park, MD, United States
| | - Daniel E Winkowski
- Department of Biology, University of MarylandCollege Park, MD, United States
| | - Zachary Bowen
- Department of Physics, University of MarylandCollege Park, MD, United States.,Department of Biology, University of MarylandCollege Park, MD, United States
| | - Erin E Marshall
- Department of Physics, University of MarylandCollege Park, MD, United States
| | - Matt J Harrington
- Department of Physics, University of MarylandCollege Park, MD, United States
| | - Patrick O Kanold
- Department of Biology, University of MarylandCollege Park, MD, United States
| | - Wolfgang Losert
- Department of Physics, University of MarylandCollege Park, MD, United States
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111
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Cho JH, Swanson CJ, Chen J, Li A, Lippert LG, Boye SE, Rose K, Sivaramakrishnan S, Chuong CM, Chow RH. The GCaMP-R Family of Genetically Encoded Ratiometric Calcium Indicators. ACS Chem Biol 2017; 12:1066-1074. [PMID: 28195691 PMCID: PMC5572679 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.6b00883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report on GCaMP-Rs, a new family of genetically encoded ratiometric calcium indicators that extend the virtues of the GCaMP proteins to ratiometric measurements. We have engineered a tandem construct of calcium-dependent GCaMP and calcium-independent mCherry fluorescent proteins. The tandem design assures that the two proteins localize in the same cellular compartment(s) and facilitates pixelwise ratiometric measurements; however, Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) between the fluorophores reduces brightness of the sensor by up to half (depending on the GCaMP variant). To eliminate FRET, we introduced a rigid α-helix, the ER/K helix, between GCaMP and mCherry. Avoiding FRET significantly increases the brightness (notably, even at low calcium concentrations), the signal-to-noise ratio, and the dynamic range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Hwa Cho
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, United States
| | - Carter J. Swanson
- Biophysics Program, University of Michigan, 930 N. University, Room 4028, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Jeannie Chen
- Department of Cell & Neurobiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, United States
| | - Ang Li
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, United States
| | - Lisa G. Lippert
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology & Development, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, 4-130 MCB, 420 Washington Avenue SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Shannon E. Boye
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida, 2000 SW Archer Rd, Rm R3-128, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Kasey Rose
- Department of Cell & Neurobiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, United States
| | - Sivaraj Sivaramakrishnan
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology & Development, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, 4-130 MCB, 420 Washington Avenue SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Cheng-Ming Chuong
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, United States
| | - Robert H. Chow
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Room 323, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
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112
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Zenke F, Gerstner W, Ganguli S. The temporal paradox of Hebbian learning and homeostatic plasticity. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2017; 43:166-176. [DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2017.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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113
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Keck T, Toyoizumi T, Chen L, Doiron B, Feldman DE, Fox K, Gerstner W, Haydon PG, Hübener M, Lee HK, Lisman JE, Rose T, Sengpiel F, Stellwagen D, Stryker MP, Turrigiano GG, van Rossum MC. Integrating Hebbian and homeostatic plasticity: the current state of the field and future research directions. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2017; 372:20160158. [PMID: 28093552 PMCID: PMC5247590 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We summarize here the results presented and subsequent discussion from the meeting on Integrating Hebbian and Homeostatic Plasticity at the Royal Society in April 2016. We first outline the major themes and results presented at the meeting. We next provide a synopsis of the outstanding questions that emerged from the discussion at the end of the meeting and finally suggest potential directions of research that we believe are most promising to develop an understanding of how these two forms of plasticity interact to facilitate functional changes in the brain.This article is part of the themed issue 'Integrating Hebbian and homeostatic plasticity'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara Keck
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Lu Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Brent Doiron
- Department of Mathematics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Daniel E Feldman
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Kevin Fox
- Division of Neuroscience, University of Cardiff, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Wulfram Gerstner
- Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Mark Hübener
- Department of Cellular and Systems Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried, Bayern, Germany
| | - Hey-Kyoung Lee
- The Zanvyl Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - John E Lisman
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, USA
| | - Tobias Rose
- Department of Cellular and Systems Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried, Bayern, Germany
| | - Frank Sengpiel
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK
- Division of Neuroscience, University of Cardiff, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - David Stellwagen
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Michael P Stryker
- Sandler Neurosciences Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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114
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Scholl B, Rylee J, Luci JJ, Priebe NJ, Padberg J. Orientation selectivity in the visual cortex of the nine-banded armadillo. J Neurophysiol 2017; 117:1395-1406. [PMID: 28053246 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00851.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Orientation selectivity in primary visual cortex (V1) has been proposed to reflect a canonical computation performed by the neocortical circuitry. Although orientation selectivity has been reported in all mammals examined to date, the degree of selectivity and the functional organization of selectivity vary across mammalian clades. The differences in degree of orientation selectivity are large, from reports in marsupials that only a small subset of neurons are selective to studies in carnivores, in which it is rare to find a neuron lacking selectivity. Furthermore, the functional organization in cortex varies in that the primate and carnivore V1 is characterized by an organization in which nearby neurons share orientation preference while other mammals such as rodents and lagomorphs either lack or have only extremely weak clustering. To gain insight into the evolutionary emergence of orientation selectivity, we examined the nine-banded armadillo, a species within the early placental clade Xenarthra. Here we use a combination of neuroimaging, histological, and electrophysiological methods to identify the retinofugal pathways, locate V1, and for the first time examine the functional properties of V1 neurons in the armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus) V1. Individual neurons were strongly sensitive to the orientation and often the direction of drifting gratings. We uncovered a wide range of orientation preferences but found a bias for horizontal gratings. The presence of strong orientation selectivity in armadillos suggests that the circuitry responsible for this computation is common to all placental mammals.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The current study shows that armadillo primary visual cortex (V1) neurons share the signature properties of V1 neurons of primates, carnivorans, and rodents. Furthermore, these neurons exhibit a degree of selectivity for stimulus orientation and motion direction similar to that found in primate V1. Our findings in armadillo visual cortex suggest that the functional properties of V1 neurons emerged early in the mammalian lineage, near the time of the divergence of marsupials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Johnathan Rylee
- Department of Biology, University of Central Arkansas, Conway, Arkansas
| | - Jeffrey J Luci
- Department of Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas; and
| | - Nicholas J Priebe
- Department of Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas; and.,Center for Learning and Memory, Center for Perceptual Systems, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Jeffrey Padberg
- Department of Biology, University of Central Arkansas, Conway, Arkansas;
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115
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Keck T, Hübener M, Bonhoeffer T. Interactions between synaptic homeostatic mechanisms: an attempt to reconcile BCM theory, synaptic scaling, and changing excitation/inhibition balance. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2017; 43:87-93. [PMID: 28236778 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 12/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Homeostatic plasticity is proposed to be mediated by synaptic changes, such as synaptic scaling and shifts in the excitation/inhibition balance. These mechanisms are thought to be separate from the Bienenstock, Cooper, Munro (BCM) learning rule, where the threshold for the induction of long-term potentiation and long-term depression slides in response to changes in activity levels. Yet, both sets of mechanisms produce a homeostatic response of a relative increase (or decrease) in strength of excitatory synapses in response to overall activity-level changes. Here we review recent studies, with a focus on in vivo experiments, to re-examine the overlap and differences between these two mechanisms and we suggest how they may interact to facilitate firing-rate homeostasis, while maintaining functional properties of neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara Keck
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, 21 University Street, London, WC1E 6DE, UK
| | - Mark Hübener
- Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Tobias Bonhoeffer
- Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany.
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116
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Lensjø KK, Lepperød ME, Dick G, Hafting T, Fyhn M. Removal of Perineuronal Nets Unlocks Juvenile Plasticity Through Network Mechanisms of Decreased Inhibition and Increased Gamma Activity. J Neurosci 2017; 37:1269-1283. [PMID: 28039374 PMCID: PMC6596863 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2504-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Perineuronal nets (PNNs) are extracellular matrix structures mainly enwrapping parvalbumin-expressing inhibitory neurons. The assembly of PNNs coincides with the end of the period of heightened visual cortex plasticity in juveniles, whereas removal of PNNs in adults reopens for plasticity. The mechanisms underlying this phenomenon remain elusive. We have used chronic electrophysiological recordings to investigate accompanying electrophysiological changes to activity-dependent plasticity and we report on novel mechanisms involved in both induced and critical period plasticity. By inducing activity-dependent plasticity in the visual cortex of adult rats while recording single unit and population activity, we demonstrate that PNN removal alters the balance between inhibitory and excitatory spiking activity directly. Without PNNs, inhibitory activity was reduced, whereas spiking variability was increased as predicted in a simulation with a Brunel neural network. Together with a shift in ocular dominance and large effects on unit activity during the first 48 h of monocular deprivation (MD), we show that PNN removal resets the neural network to an immature, juvenile state. Furthermore, in PNN-depleted adults as well as in juveniles, MD caused an immediate potentiation of gamma activity, suggesting a novel mechanism initiating activity-dependent plasticity and driving the rapid changes in unit activity. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Emerging evidence suggests a role for perineuronal nets (PNNs) in learning and regulation of plasticity, but the underlying mechanisms remain unresolved. Here, we used chronic in vivo extracellular recordings to investigate how removal of PNNs opens for plasticity and how activity-dependent plasticity affects neural activity over time. PNN removal caused reduced inhibitory activity and reset the network to a juvenile state. Experimentally induced activity-dependent plasticity by monocular deprivation caused rapid changes in single unit activity and a remarkable potentiation of gamma oscillations. Our results demonstrate how PNNs may be involved directly in stabilizing the neural network. Moreover, the immediate potentiation of gamma activity after plasticity onset points to potential new mechanisms for the initiation of activity-dependent plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Kinden Lensjø
- Department of Biosciences
- Center for Integrative Neuroplasticity, University of Oslo, 0370 Oslo, Norway
| | - Mikkel Elle Lepperød
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, and
- Center for Integrative Neuroplasticity, University of Oslo, 0370 Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Torkel Hafting
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, and
- Center for Integrative Neuroplasticity, University of Oslo, 0370 Oslo, Norway
| | - Marianne Fyhn
- Department of Biosciences,
- Center for Integrative Neuroplasticity, University of Oslo, 0370 Oslo, Norway
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117
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Rapid recovery from the effects of early monocular deprivation is enabled by temporary inactivation of the retinas. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:14139-14144. [PMID: 27856748 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1613279113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A half-century of research on the consequences of monocular deprivation (MD) in animals has revealed a great deal about the pathophysiology of amblyopia. MD initiates synaptic changes in the visual cortex that reduce acuity and binocular vision by causing neurons to lose responsiveness to the deprived eye. However, much less is known about how deprivation-induced synaptic modifications can be reversed to restore normal visual function. One theoretically motivated hypothesis is that a period of inactivity can reduce the threshold for synaptic potentiation such that subsequent visual experience promotes synaptic strengthening and increased responsiveness in the visual cortex. Here we have reduced this idea to practice in two species. In young mice, we show that the otherwise stable loss of cortical responsiveness caused by MD is reversed when binocular visual experience follows temporary anesthetic inactivation of the retinas. In 3-mo-old kittens, we show that a severe impairment of visual acuity is also fully reversed by binocular experience following treatment and, further, that prolonged retinal inactivation alone can erase anatomical consequences of MD. We conclude that temporary retinal inactivation represents a highly efficacious means to promote recovery of function.
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118
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Cyclops. Can J Ophthalmol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjo.2016.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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