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Zhu C, Zhang C, Zhang T, Zhang X, Shen Q, Tang B, Liang H, Lai L. Rational design of TNFα binding proteins based on the de novo designed protein DS119. Protein Sci 2016; 25:2066-2075. [PMID: 27571536 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
De novo protein design offers templates for engineering tailor-made protein functions and orthogonal protein interaction networks for synthetic biology research. Various computational methods have been developed to introduce functional sites in known protein structures. De novo designed protein scaffolds provide further opportunities for functional protein design. Here we demonstrate the rational design of novel tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) binding proteins using a home-made grafting program AutoMatch. We grafted three key residues from a virus 2L protein to a de novo designed small protein, DS119, with consideration of backbone flexibility. The designed proteins bind to TNFα with micromolar affinities. We further optimized the interface residues with RosettaDesign and significantly improved the binding capacity of one protein Tbab1-4. These designed proteins inhibit the activity of TNFα in cellular luciferase assays. Our work illustrates the potential application of the de novo designed protein DS119 in protein engineering, biomedical research, and protein sequence-structure-function studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhu
- BNLMS, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Changsheng Zhang
- BNLMS, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- BNLMS, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xiaoling Zhang
- Center for Quantitative Biology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Qi Shen
- Center for Quantitative Biology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Bo Tang
- Center for Quantitative Biology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Huanhuan Liang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Luhua Lai
- BNLMS, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China. .,Center for Quantitative Biology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China. .,Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
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102
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Sipilä KH, Ranga V, Rappu P, Torittu A, Pirilä L, Käpylä J, Johnson MS, Larjava H, Heino J. Extracellular citrullination inhibits the function of matrix associated TGF-β. Matrix Biol 2016; 55:77-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2016.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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103
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Creation of mouse TNFR2-selective agonistic TNF mutants using a phage display technique. Biochem Biophys Rep 2016; 7:309-315. [PMID: 28955920 PMCID: PMC5613346 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2016.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF), which is an immuno-modulatory cytokine, has been suggested to cause inflammatory responses as well as protection against tissue dysfunction by binding two types of TNF receptor (TNFR1/TNFR2). However, the physiological effects of TNFR2-specific activation remain unclear. We therefore aimed to generate a TNF mutant with full TNFR2-selective agonist activity as a functional analytical tool. In this study, we utilized a phage display technique to create mouse TNFR2 (mTNFR2)-selective TNF mutants that bind specifically to mTNFR2 and show full bioactivity compared with wild-type TNF. A new phage library displaying TNF mutants was created, in which nine amino acid residues at the predicted receptor-binding site were randomized. From this library, an agonistic TNF mutant exhibiting high binding selectivity and bioactivity to mTNFR2 was isolated. We propose that this TNF mutant would be a powerful tool with which to elucidate the functional roles of mTNFR2. We generated a TNF mutant with full TNFR2-selective agonist activity. This mutant was identified using a phage display technique. This agonist exhibited high binding selectivity and bioactivity to mouse TNFR2. This would be a powerful tool to elucidate the functional roles of mouse TNFR2.
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104
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Nguyen DX, Ehrenstein MR. Anti-TNF drives regulatory T cell expansion by paradoxically promoting membrane TNF-TNF-RII binding in rheumatoid arthritis. J Exp Med 2016; 213:1241-53. [PMID: 27270893 PMCID: PMC4925013 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20151255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nguyen and Ehrenstein reveal that anti-TNF antibodies paradoxically enhance membrane TNF–TNF-RII interactions to increase Foxp3 expression and confer upon T reg cells the ability to suppress Th17 cells in rheumatoid arthritis patients. The interplay between inflammatory and regulatory pathways orchestrates an effective immune response that provides protection from pathogens while limiting injury to host tissue. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a pivotal inflammatory cytokine, but there is conflicting evidence as to whether it boosts or inhibits regulatory T cells (T reg cells). In this study, we show that the therapeutic anti-TNF antibody adalimumab, but not the soluble TNF receptor etanercept, paradoxically promoted the interaction between monocytes and T reg cells isolated from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Adalimumab bound to monocyte membrane TNF from RA patients and unexpectedly enhanced its expression and its binding to TNF-RII expressed on T reg cells. As a consequence, adalimumab expanded functional Foxp3+ T reg cells equipped to suppress Th17 cells through an IL-2/STAT5-dependent mechanism. Our data not only highlight the beneficial effect of membrane TNF on T reg cell numbers during chronic inflammation, but in addition reveal how a therapeutic antibody that is thought to act by simply blocking its target can enhance the regulatory properties of this proinflammatory cytokine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dao Xuan Nguyen
- Division of Medicine, Centre for Rheumatology, University College London, WC1E 6JF London, England, UK
| | - Michael R Ehrenstein
- Division of Medicine, Centre for Rheumatology, University College London, WC1E 6JF London, England, UK
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105
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Tougaard P, Zervides KA, Skov S, Hansen AK, Pedersen AE. Biologics beyond TNF-αinhibitors and the effect of targeting the homologues TL1A-DR3 pathway in chronic inflammatory disorders. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2016; 38:29-38. [DOI: 10.3109/08923973.2015.1130721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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106
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Shen Q, Zhang C, Liu H, Liu Y, Cao J, Zhang X, Liang Y, Zhao M, Lai L. De novo design of helical peptides to inhibit tumor necrosis factor-α by disrupting its trimer formation. MEDCHEMCOMM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5md00549c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Helical peptide TNFα inhibitors were designed by targeting their dimer structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Shen
- Center for Quantitative Biology
- Peking University
- Beijing 100871
- China
| | - Changsheng Zhang
- BNLMS
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences
- Peking University
- Beijing 100871
- China
| | - Hongbo Liu
- BNLMS
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences
- Peking University
- Beijing 100871
- China
| | - Yuting Liu
- BNLMS
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Peking University
- Beijing 100871
- China
| | - Junyue Cao
- School of Life Sciences
- Peking University
- Beijing 100871
- China
| | - Xiaolin Zhang
- Center for Quantitative Biology
- Peking University
- Beijing 100871
- China
| | - Yuan Liang
- BNLMS
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Peking University
- Beijing 100871
- China
| | - Meiping Zhao
- BNLMS
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Peking University
- Beijing 100871
- China
| | - Luhua Lai
- Center for Quantitative Biology
- Peking University
- Beijing 100871
- China
- BNLMS
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107
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Tamada T, Shinmi D, Ikeda M, Yonezawa Y, Kataoka S, Kuroki R, Mori E, Motoki K. TRAIL-R2 Superoligomerization Induced by Human Monoclonal Agonistic Antibody KMTR2. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17936. [PMID: 26672965 PMCID: PMC4682084 DOI: 10.1038/srep17936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The fully human monoclonal antibody KMTR2 acts as a strong direct agonist for tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) receptor 2 (TRAIL-R2), which is capable of inducing apoptotic cell death without cross-linking. To investigate the mechanism of direct agonistic activity induced by KMTR2, the crystal structure of the extracellular region of TRAIL-R2 and a Fab fragment derived from KMTR2 (KMTR2-Fab) was determined to 2.1 Å resolution. Two KMTR2-Fabs assembled with the complementarity-determining region 2 of the light chain via two-fold crystallographic symmetry, suggesting that the KMTR2-Fab assembly tended to enhance TRAIL-R2 oligomerization. A single mutation at Asn53 to Arg located at the two-fold interface in the KMTR2 resulted in a loss of its apoptotic activity, although it retained its antigen-binding activity. These results indicate that the strong agonistic activity, such as apoptotic signaling and tumor regression, induced by KMTR2 is attributed to TRAIL-R2 superoligomerization induced by the interdimerization of KMTR2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taro Tamada
- Quantum Beam Science Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, 2-4, Shirakata, Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
| | - Daisuke Shinmi
- Research Core Function Laboratories, R&D Division, Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd., 3-6-6, Asahi-machi, Machida, Tokyo, 194-8533, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ikeda
- Immunology &Allergy Research Laboratories, R&D Division, Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd., 3-6-6, Asahi-machi, Machida, Tokyo, 194-8533, Japan
| | - Yasushi Yonezawa
- Quantum Beam Science Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, 2-4, Shirakata, Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
| | - Shiro Kataoka
- Business Development Department, Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd., 1-6-1, Ohtemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 100-8185, Japan
| | - Ryota Kuroki
- Quantum Beam Science Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, 2-4, Shirakata, Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
| | - Eiji Mori
- R&D Planning Department, R&D Division, Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd., 1-6-1, Ohtemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 100-8185, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Motoki
- Oncology Research Laboratories, R&D Division, Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd., 3-6-6, Asahi-machi, Machida, Tokyo, 194-8533, Japan
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108
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Wajant H. Principles of antibody-mediated TNF receptor activation. Cell Death Differ 2015; 22:1727-41. [PMID: 26292758 PMCID: PMC4648319 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2015.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
From the beginning of research on receptors of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor superfamily (TNFRSF), agonistic antibodies have been used to stimulate TNFRSF receptors in vitro and in vivo. Indeed, CD95, one of the first cloned TNFRSF receptors, was solely identified as the target of cell death-inducing antibodies. Early on, it became evident from in vitro studies that valency and Fcγ receptor (FcγR) binding of antibodies targeting TNFRSF receptors can be of crucial relevance for agonistic activity. TNFRSF receptor-specific antibodies of the IgM subclass and secondary cross-linked or aggregation prone dimeric antibodies typically display superior agonistic activity compared with dimeric antibodies. Likewise, anchoring of antibodies to cell surface-expressed FcγRs potentiate their ability to trigger TNFRSF receptor signaling. However, only recently has the relevance of oligomerization and FcγR binding for the in vivo activity of antibody-induced TNFRSF receptor activation been straightforwardly demonstrated in vivo. This review discusses the crucial role of oligomerization and/or FcγR binding for antibody-mediated TNFRSF receptor stimulation in light of current models of TNFRSF receptor activation and especially the overwhelming relevance of these issues for the rational development of therapeutic TNFRSF receptor-targeting antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Wajant
- Division of Molecular Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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109
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110
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Pontejo SM, Alejo A, Alcami A. Comparative Biochemical and Functional Analysis of Viral and Human Secreted Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) Decoy Receptors. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:15973-84. [PMID: 25940088 PMCID: PMC4481203 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.650119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The blockade of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) by etanercept, a soluble version of the human TNF receptor 2 (hTNFR2), is a well established strategy to inhibit adverse TNF-mediated inflammatory responses in the clinic. A similar strategy is employed by poxviruses, encoding four viral TNF decoy receptor homologues (vTNFRs) named cytokine response modifier B (CrmB), CrmC, CrmD, and CrmE. These vTNFRs are differentially expressed by poxviral species, suggesting distinct immunomodulatory properties. Whereas the human variola virus and mouse ectromelia virus encode one vTNFR, the broad host range cowpox virus encodes all vTNFRs. We report the first comprehensive study of the functional and binding properties of these four vTNFRs, providing an explanation for their expression profile among different poxviruses. In addition, the vTNFRs activities were compared with the hTNFR2 used in the clinic. Interestingly, CrmB from variola virus, the causative agent of smallpox, is the most potent TNFR of those tested here including hTNFR2. Furthermore, we demonstrate a new immunomodulatory activity of vTNFRs, showing that CrmB and CrmD also inhibit the activity of lymphotoxin β. Similarly, we report for the first time that the hTNFR2 blocks the biological activity of lymphotoxin β. The characterization of vTNFRs optimized during virus-host evolution to modulate the host immune response provides relevant information about their potential role in pathogenesis and may be used to improve anti-inflammatory therapies based on soluble decoy TNFRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio M Pontejo
- From the Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain and
| | - Ali Alejo
- Centro de Investigacion en Sanidad Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigacion y Tecnologia Agraria y Alimentaria, Valdeolmos, 28130 Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Alcami
- From the Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain and
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111
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Inoue M, Kamada H, Abe Y, Higashisaka K, Nagano K, Mukai Y, Yoshioka Y, Tsutsumi Y, Tsunoda SI. Aminopeptidase P3, a new member of the TNF-TNFR2 signaling complex, induces phosphorylation of JNK1 and JNK2. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:656-69. [PMID: 25609706 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.149385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is an important mediator that triggers onset of autoimmune diseases and exerts its biological effects by interacting through two receptors, TNFR1 (also known as TNFRSF1A) and TNFR2 (also known as TNFRSF1B). TNFR2 signaling has significant potential to exert pro-survival and protective roles in several diseases. Unlike TNFR1 signaling, however, the mechanism of TNFR2 signal transduction is poorly understood, and few of its adaptor molecules are known. The present study utilized a proteomics approach to search for adaptor molecules in the TNFR2 signaling complex and identified aminopeptidase P3 (APP3, also known as XPNPEP3) to be a key molecule. One of its two isoforms, mitochondrial APP3 (APP3m) but not cytosolic APP3 (APP3c), was recruited to TNFR2 and shown to regulate TNF-TNFR2-dependent phosphorylation of JNK1 (also known as MAPK8) and JNK2 (also known as MAPK9). Furthermore, APP3m was released from mitochondria upon TNF stimulation in the absence of mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP). The observation of increased cell death upon downregulation of APP3m also suggested that APP3m exerts an anti-apoptotic function. These findings reveal that APP3m is a new member of the TNF-TNFR2 signaling complex and characterize an APP3-mediated TNFR2 signal transduction mechanism that induces activation of JNK1 and JNK2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Inoue
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Research, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, 7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Kamada
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Research, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, 7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan Laboratory of Toxicology and Safety Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan The Center for Advanced Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Abe
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Research, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, 7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Kazuma Higashisaka
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Safety Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kazuya Nagano
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Research, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, 7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan Laboratory of Toxicology and Safety Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yohei Mukai
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Research, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, 7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan Laboratory of Toxicology and Safety Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yasuo Yoshioka
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Safety Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan The Center for Advanced Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yasuo Tsutsumi
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Research, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, 7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan Laboratory of Toxicology and Safety Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan The Center for Advanced Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Tsunoda
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Research, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, 7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan Laboratory of Toxicology and Safety Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan Laboratory of Biomedical Innovation, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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112
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Aravind SR, Joseph MM, George SK, Dileep KV, Varghese S, Rose-James A, Balaram P, Sadasivan C, Sreelekha TT. TRAIL-based tumor sensitizing galactoxyloglucan, a novel entity for targeting apoptotic machinery. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 59:153-66. [PMID: 25541375 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is an attractive target for cancer therapy due to its ability to selectively induce apoptosis in cancer cells, without causing significant toxicity in normal tissues. We previously reported that galactoxyloglucan (PST001) possesses significant antitumor and immunomodulatory properties. However, the exact mechanism in mediating this anticancer effect is unknown. This study, for the first time, indicated that PST001 sensitizes non-small cell lung cancer (A549) and nasopharyngeal (KB) cells to TRAIL-mediated apoptosis. In vitro studies suggested that PST001 induced apoptosis primarily via death receptors and predominantly activated caspases belonging to the extrinsic apoptotic cascade. Microarray profiling of PST001 treated A549 and KB cells showed the suppression of survivin (BIRC5) and anti-apoptotic Bcl-2, as well as increased cytochrome C. TaqMan low density array analysis of A549 cells also confirmed that the induction of apoptosis by the polysaccharide occurred through the TRAIL-DR4/DR5 pathways. This was finally confirmed by in silico analysis, which revealed that PST001 binds to TRAIL-DR4/DR5 complexes more strongly than TNF and Fas ligand-receptor complexes. In summary, our results suggest the potential of PST001 to be developed as an anticancer agent that not only preserves innate biological activity of TRAIL, but also sensitizes cancer cells to TRAIL-mediated apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Aravind
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceuticals and Nanomedicine, Division of Cancer Research, Regional Cancer Centre, Trivandrum, Kerala 695011, India
| | - Manu M Joseph
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceuticals and Nanomedicine, Division of Cancer Research, Regional Cancer Centre, Trivandrum, Kerala 695011, India
| | - Suraj K George
- Department of Hematopathology, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - K V Dileep
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology and Inter-University Centre for Bioscience, Kannur University, Thalassery Campus, Palayad, Kerala 670661, India
| | - Sheeja Varghese
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceuticals and Nanomedicine, Division of Cancer Research, Regional Cancer Centre, Trivandrum, Kerala 695011, India
| | - Alphy Rose-James
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceuticals and Nanomedicine, Division of Cancer Research, Regional Cancer Centre, Trivandrum, Kerala 695011, India
| | - Prabha Balaram
- Quest International University, Perak, No. 227, Plaza Teh Teng Seng-level 2, Jalan Raja Permaisuri Bainum, 30250 Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia
| | - C Sadasivan
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology and Inter-University Centre for Bioscience, Kannur University, Thalassery Campus, Palayad, Kerala 670661, India
| | - T T Sreelekha
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceuticals and Nanomedicine, Division of Cancer Research, Regional Cancer Centre, Trivandrum, Kerala 695011, India.
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113
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Smeenk LEJ, Timmers-Parohi D, Benschop JJ, Puijk WC, Hiemstra H, van Maarseveen JH, Timmerman P. Reconstructing the discontinuous and conformational β1/β3-loop binding site on hFSH/hCG by using highly constrained multicyclic peptides. Chembiochem 2014; 16:91-9. [PMID: 25469830 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201402540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Making peptide-based molecules that mimic functional interaction sites on proteins remains a challenge in biomedical sciences. Here, we present a robust technology for the covalent assembly of highly constrained and discontinuous binding site mimics, the potential of which is exemplified for structurally complex binding sites on the "Cys-knot" proteins hFSH and hCG. Peptidic structures were assembled by Ar(CH2 Br)2-promoted peptide cyclizations, combined with oxime ligation and disulfide formation. The technology allows unprotected side chain groups and is applicable to peptides of different lengths and nature. A tetracyclic FSH mimic was constructed, showing >600-fold improved binding compared to linear or monocyclic controls. Binding of a tricyclic hCG mimic to anti-hCG mAb 8G5 was identical to hCG itself (IC50 =260 vs. 470 pM), whereas this mimic displayed an IC50 value of 149 nM for mAb 3468, an hCG-neutralizing antibody with undetectable binding to either linear or monocyclic controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linde E J Smeenk
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam (Netherlands)
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114
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Miao H, Jia Y, Xie S, Wang X, Zhao J, Chu Y, Zhou Z, Shi Z, Song X, Li L. Structural insights into the C1q domain of Caprin-2 in canonical Wnt signaling. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:34104-13. [PMID: 25331957 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.591636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we have identified Caprin-2 as a new regulator in canonical Wnt signaling through a mechanism of facilitating LRP5/6 phosphorylation; moreover, we found that its C-terminal C1q-related domain (Cap2_CRD) is required for this process. Here, we determined the crystal structures of Cap2_CRD from human and zebrafish, which both associate as a homotrimer with calcium located at the symmetric center. Surprisingly, the calcium binding-deficient mutant exists as a more stable trimer than its wild-type counterpart. Further studies showed that this Caprin-2 mutant disabled in binding calcium maintains the activity of promoting LRP5/6 phosphorylation, whereas the mutations disrupting Cap2_CRD homotrimer did impair such activity. Together, our findings suggested that the C-terminal CRD domain of Caprin-2 forms a flexible homotrimer mediated by calcium and that such trimeric assembly is required for Caprin-2 to regulate canonical Wnt signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haofei Miao
- From the State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yingying Jia
- From the State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Sichun Xie
- From the State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xin Wang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jianfei Zhao
- From the State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Youjun Chu
- From the State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Zhilei Zhou
- From the State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Zhubing Shi
- From the State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xiaomin Song
- From the State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Lin Li
- From the State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
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115
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Abbott WM, Damschroder MM, Lowe DC. Current approaches to fine mapping of antigen-antibody interactions. Immunology 2014; 142:526-35. [PMID: 24635566 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of different methods are commonly used to map the fine details of the interaction between an antigen and an antibody. Undoubtedly the method that is now most commonly used to give details at the level of individual amino acids and atoms is X-ray crystallography. The feasibility of undertaking crystallographic studies has increased over recent years through the introduction of automation, miniaturization and high throughput processes. However, this still requires a high level of sophistication and expense and cannot be used when the antigen is not amenable to crystallization. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy offers a similar level of detail to crystallography but the technical hurdles are even higher such that it is rarely used in this context. Mutagenesis of either antigen or antibody offers the potential to give information at the amino acid level but suffers from the uncertainty of not knowing whether an effect is direct or indirect due to an effect on the folding of a protein. Other methods such as hydrogen deuterium exchange coupled to mass spectrometry and the use of short peptides coupled with ELISA-based approaches tend to give mapping information over a peptide region rather than at the level of individual amino acids. It is quite common to use more than one method because of the limitations and even with a crystal structure it can be useful to use mutagenesis to tease apart the contribution of individual amino acids to binding affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Mark Abbott
- Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, Cheshire, UK
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116
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Liu W, Zhan C, Cheng H, Kumar PR, Bonanno JB, Nathenson SG, Almo SC. Mechanistic basis for functional promiscuity in the TNF and TNF receptor superfamilies: structure of the LIGHT:DcR3 assembly. Structure 2014; 22:1252-1262. [PMID: 25087510 PMCID: PMC4163024 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2014.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
LIGHT initiates intracellular signaling via engagement of the two TNF receptors, HVEM and LTβR. In humans, LIGHT is neutralized by DcR3, a unique soluble member of the TNFR superfamily, which tightly binds LIGHT and inhibits its interactions with HVEM and LTβR. DcR3 also neutralizes two other TNF ligands, FasL and TL1A. Due to its ability to neutralize three distinct different ligands, DcR3 contributes to a wide range of biological and pathological processes, including cancer and autoimmune diseases. However, the mechanisms that support the broad specificity of DcR3 remain to be fully defined. We report the structures of LIGHT and the LIGHT:DcR3 complex, which reveal the structural basis for the DcR3-mediated neutralization of LIGHT and afford insights into DcR3 function and binding promiscuity. Based on these structures, we designed LIGHT mutants with altered affinities for DcR3 and HVEM, which may represent mechanistically informative probe reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifeng Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Chenyang Zhan
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Huiyong Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - P Rajesh Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Jeffrey B Bonanno
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Stanley G Nathenson
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Steven C Almo
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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117
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Warren JT, Nelson CA, Decker CE, Zou W, Fremont DH, Teitelbaum SL. Manipulation of receptor oligomerization as a strategy to inhibit signaling by TNF superfamily members. Sci Signal 2014; 7:ra80. [PMID: 25140055 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2004948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Signaling by receptor activator of nuclear factor κB (RANK) in response to its ligand RANKL, which is a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily of cytokines, stimulates osteoclast formation and bone resorption. Thus, this ligand-receptor pair is a therapeutic target for various disorders, such as osteoporosis and metastasis of cancer to bone. RANKL exists as a physiological homotrimer, with each monomer recognizing a single molecule of RANK or the decoy receptor osteoprotegerin (OPG), which inhibits osteoclastogenesis. We engineered a RANKL protein in which all three monomers of RANKL were encoded as a single polypeptide chain, which enabled us to independently control receptor binding at each binding interface. To generate an effective RANK inhibitor, we used an unbiased forward genetic approach to identify mutations in RANKL that had a 500-fold increased affinity for RANK but had decreased affinity for the decoy receptor OPG. Incorporating mutations that blocked receptor binding into this high-affinity RANKL variant generated a mutant RANKL that completely inhibited wild-type RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis in vitro and bone resorption in mice. Our approach may be generalized to enable the inhibition of other TNF receptor signaling systems, which are implicated in a wide range of pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia T Warren
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Christopher A Nelson
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Corinne E Decker
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Wei Zou
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Daved H Fremont
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Steven L Teitelbaum
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA. Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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118
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Guven-Maiorov E, Acuner-Ozbabacan SE, Keskin O, Gursoy A, Nussinov R. Structural pathways of cytokines may illuminate their roles in regulation of cancer development and immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2014; 6:663-83. [PMID: 24670367 PMCID: PMC4074797 DOI: 10.3390/cancers6020663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokines are messengers between tissues and the immune system. They play essential roles in cancer initiation, promotion, metastasis, and immunotherapy. Structural pathways of cytokine signaling which contain their interactions can help understand their action in the tumor microenvironment. Here, our aim is to provide an overview of the role of cytokines in tumor development from a structural perspective. Atomic details of protein-protein interactions can help in understanding how an upstream signal is transduced; how higher-order oligomerization modes of proteins can influence their function; how mutations, inhibitors or antagonists can change cellular consequences; why the same protein can lead to distinct outcomes, and which alternative parallel pathways can take over. They also help to design drugs/inhibitors against proteins de novo or by mimicking natural antagonists as in the case of interferon-γ. Since the structural database (PDB) is limited, structural pathways are largely built from a series of predicted binary protein-protein interactions. Below, to illustrate how protein-protein interactions can help illuminate roles played by cytokines, we model some cytokine interaction complexes exploiting a powerful algorithm (PRotein Interactions by Structural Matching-PRISM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Emine Guven-Maiorov
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics and College of Engineering, Koc University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, 34450 Sariyer Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Saliha Ece Acuner-Ozbabacan
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics and College of Engineering, Koc University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, 34450 Sariyer Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Ozlem Keskin
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics and College of Engineering, Koc University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, 34450 Sariyer Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Attila Gursoy
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics and College of Engineering, Koc University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, 34450 Sariyer Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Ruth Nussinov
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
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119
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Polymorphisms in the tumor necrosis factor receptor genes affect the expression levels of membrane-bound type I and type II receptors. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:745909. [PMID: 24782596 PMCID: PMC3982480 DOI: 10.1155/2014/745909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The level of TNF receptors on various cells of immune system and its association with the gene polymorphism were investigated. Determining the levels of membrane-bound TNFα receptors on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was performed by flow cytometry using BD QuantiBRITE calibration particles. Soluble TNFα receptor (sTNFRs) levels were determined by ELISA and genotyping was determined by PCR-RFLP. Homozygous TT individuals at SNP −609G/T TNFRI (rs4149570) showed lower levels of sTNFRI compared to GG genotype carriers. Homozygous carriers of CC genotype at SNP −1207G/C TNFRI (rs4149569) had lower expression densities of membrane-bound TNFRI on intact CD14+ monocytes compared to individuals with the GC genotype. The frequency differences in the CD3+ and CD19+ cells expressing TNFRII in relation to SNP −1709A/T TNFRII (rs652625) in healthy individuals were also determined. The genotype CC in SNP −3609C/T TNFRII (rs590368) was associated with a lower percentage of CD14+ cells expressing TNFRII compared to individuals with the CT genotype. Patients with rheumatoid arthritis had no significant changes in the frequencies of genotypes. Reduced frequency was identified for the combination TNFRI −609GT + TNFRII −3609CC only. The polymorphisms in genes represent one of cell type-specific mechanisms affecting the expression levels of membrane-bound TNFα receptors and TNFα-mediated signaling.
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120
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Ma L, Gong H, Zhu H, Ji Q, Su P, Liu P, Cao S, Yao J, Jiang L, Han M, Ma X, Xiong D, Luo HR, Wang F, Zhou J, Xu Y. A novel small-molecule tumor necrosis factor α inhibitor attenuates inflammation in a hepatitis mouse model. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:12457-66. [PMID: 24634219 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.521708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) is a hallmark of many inflammatory diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and septic shock and hepatitis, making it a potential therapeutic target for clinical interventions. To explore chemical inhibitors against TNFα activity, we applied computer-aided drug design combined with in vitro and cell-based assays and identified a lead chemical compound, (E)-4-(2-(4-chloro-3-nitrophenyl) (named as C87 thereafter), which directly binds to TNFα, potently inhibits TNFα-induced cytotoxicity (IC50 = 8.73 μM) and effectively blocks TNFα-triggered signaling activities. Furthermore, by using a murine acute hepatitis model, we showed that C87 attenuates TNFα-induced inflammation, thereby markedly reducing injuries to the liver and improving animal survival. Thus, our results lead to a novel and highly specific small-molecule TNFα inhibitor, which can be potentially used to treat TNFα-mediated inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ma
- From the State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China
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121
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Yi L, Zhao Y, Wang X, Dai M, Hellström KE, Hellström I, Zhang H. Human and mouse CD137 have predominantly different binding CRDs to their respective ligands. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86337. [PMID: 24466035 PMCID: PMC3897701 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to CD137 (a.k.a. 4-1BB) have anti-tumor efficacy in several animal models and have entered clinical trials in patients with advanced cancer. Importantly, anti-CD137 mAbs can also ameliorate autoimmunity in preclinical models. As an approach to better understand the action of agonistic and antagonistic anti-CD137 mAbs we have mapped the binding region of the CD137 ligand (CD137L) to human and mouse CD137. By investigating the binding of CD137L to cysteine rich domain II (CRDII )and CRDIII of CD137, we found that the binding interface was limited and differed between the two species in that mouse CD137L mainly combined with CRDII and human CD137L mainly combined with CRDIII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Yi
- Department of Central Laboratory, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University and Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanlin Zhao
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojue Wang
- Department of Central Laboratory, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University and Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Dai
- Department of Pathology, Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Karl Erik Hellström
- Department of Pathology, Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Ingegerd Hellström
- Department of Pathology, Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Hongtao Zhang
- Department of Central Laboratory, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University and Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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122
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Abstract
This chapter describes reports of the structural characterization of death ligands and death receptors (DRs) from the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and TNF receptor families. The review discusses the interactions of these proteins with agonist ligands, inhibitors, and downstream signaling molecules. Though historically labeled as being implicated in programmed cell death, the function of these proteins extends to nonapoptotic pathways. The review highlights, from a structural biology perspective, the complexity of DR signaling and the ongoing challenge to discern the precise mechanisms that occur at the point of DR activation, including how the degree to which the receptors are induced to cluster may be related to the nature of the impact upon the cell. The potential for posttranslational modification and receptor internalization to play roles in DR signaling is briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul C Driscoll
- Division of Molecular Structure, Medical Research Council, National Institute for Medical Research, London, United Kingdom.
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123
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Faustman DL, Davis M. TNF Receptor 2 and Disease: Autoimmunity and Regenerative Medicine. Front Immunol 2013; 4:478. [PMID: 24391650 PMCID: PMC3870411 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF) exerts its effects through two receptors: TNFR1 and TNFR2. Defects in TNFR2 signaling are evident in a variety of autoimmune diseases. One new treatment strategy for autoimmune disease is selective destruction of autoreactive T cells by administration of TNF, TNF inducers, or TNFR2 agonism. A related strategy is to rely on TNFR2 agonism to induce T-regulatory cells (Tregs) that suppress cytotoxic T cells. Targeting TNFR2 as a treatment strategy is likely superior to TNFR1 because of its more limited cellular distribution on T cells, subsets of neurons, and a few other cell types, whereas TNFR1 is expressed throughout the body. This review focuses on TNFR2 expression, structure, and signaling; TNFR2 signaling in autoimmune disease; treatment strategies targeting TNFR2 in autoimmunity; and the potential for TNFR2 to facilitate end organ regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise L Faustman
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA , USA
| | - Miriam Davis
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston, MA , USA
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124
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Dimerization of LTβR by LTα1β2 is necessary and sufficient for signal transduction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:19896-901. [PMID: 24248355 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1310838110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Homotrimeric TNF superfamily ligands signal by inducing trimers of their cognate receptors. As a biologically active heterotrimer, Lymphotoxin(LT)α1β2 is unique in the TNF superfamily. How the three unique potential receptor-binding interfaces in LTα1β2 trigger signaling via LTβ Receptor (LTβR) resulting in lymphoid organogenesis and propagation of inflammatory signals is poorly understood. Here we show that LTα1β2 possesses two binding sites for LTβR with distinct affinities and that dimerization of LTβR by LTα1β2 is necessary and sufficient for signal transduction. The crystal structure of a complex formed by LTα1β2, LTβR, and the fab fragment of an antibody that blocks LTβR activation reveals the lower affinity receptor-binding site. Mutations targeting each potential receptor-binding site in an engineered single-chain variant of LTα1β2 reveal the high-affinity site. NF-κB reporter assays further validate that disruption of receptor interactions at either site is sufficient to prevent signaling via LTβR.
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125
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Hu S, Liang S, Guo H, Zhang D, Li H, Wang X, Yang W, Qian W, Hou S, Wang H, Guo Y, Lou Z. Comparison of the inhibition mechanisms of adalimumab and infliximab in treating tumor necrosis factor α-associated diseases from a molecular view. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:27059-27067. [PMID: 23943614 PMCID: PMC3779706 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.491530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Revised: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
TNFα-targeting therapy with the use of the drugs Etanercept, Infliximab, and Adalimumab is used in the clinical treatment of various inflammatory and immune diseases. Although all of these reagents function to disrupt the interaction between TNFα and its receptors, clinical investigations showed the advantages of Adalimumab treatment compared with Etanercept and Infliximab. However, the underlying molecular mechanism of action of Adalimumab remains unclear. In our previous work, we presented structural data on how Infliximab binds with the E-F loop of TNFα and functions as a TNFα receptor-binding blocker. To further elucidate the variations between TNFα inhibitors, we solved the crystal structure of TNFα in complex with Adalimumab Fab. The structural observation and the mutagenesis analysis provided direct evidence for identifying the Adalimumab epitope on TNFα and revealed the mechanism of Adalimumab inhibition of TNFα by occupying the TNFα receptor-binding site. The larger antigen-antibody interface in TNFα Adalimumab also provided information at a molecular level for further understanding the clinical advantages of Adalimumab therapy compared with Infliximab.
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MESH Headings
- Adalimumab
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/chemistry
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/chemistry
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/chemistry
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/therapeutic use
- Binding Sites, Antibody
- Crystallography, X-Ray
- Humans
- Infliximab
- Models, Molecular
- Mutagenesis
- Protein Structure, Quaternary
- Protein Structure, Secondary
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/antagonists & inhibitors
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/chemistry
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Hu
- Laboratory of Structural Biology and Ministry of Education Laboratory of Protein Science, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; International Joint Cancer Institute, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Shuaiyi Liang
- Laboratory of Structural Biology and Ministry of Education Laboratory of Protein Science, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Huaizu Guo
- International Joint Cancer Institute, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; National Engineering Research Center for Antibody Medicine and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Cell Engineering & Antibody, Shanghai 201203, China; People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital Cancer Center, PLA Postgraduate School of Medicine, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Dapeng Zhang
- International Joint Cancer Institute, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; National Engineering Research Center for Antibody Medicine and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Cell Engineering & Antibody, Shanghai 201203, China; People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital Cancer Center, PLA Postgraduate School of Medicine, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Hui Li
- People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital Cancer Center, PLA Postgraduate School of Medicine, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Xiaoze Wang
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Weili Yang
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Weizhu Qian
- International Joint Cancer Institute, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; National Engineering Research Center for Antibody Medicine and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Cell Engineering & Antibody, Shanghai 201203, China; People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital Cancer Center, PLA Postgraduate School of Medicine, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Sheng Hou
- International Joint Cancer Institute, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; National Engineering Research Center for Antibody Medicine and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Cell Engineering & Antibody, Shanghai 201203, China; People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital Cancer Center, PLA Postgraduate School of Medicine, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Hao Wang
- International Joint Cancer Institute, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; National Engineering Research Center for Antibody Medicine and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Cell Engineering & Antibody, Shanghai 201203, China; People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital Cancer Center, PLA Postgraduate School of Medicine, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Yajun Guo
- International Joint Cancer Institute, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; National Engineering Research Center for Antibody Medicine and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Cell Engineering & Antibody, Shanghai 201203, China; People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital Cancer Center, PLA Postgraduate School of Medicine, Beijing 100853, China; School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Zhiyong Lou
- Laboratory of Structural Biology and Ministry of Education Laboratory of Protein Science, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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126
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Etemadi N, Holien JK, Chau D, Dewson G, Murphy JM, Alexander WS, Parker MW, Silke J, Nachbur U. Lymphotoxin α induces apoptosis, necroptosis and inflammatory signals with the same potency as tumour necrosis factor. FEBS J 2013; 280:5283-97. [PMID: 23815148 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Both of the TNF superfamily ligands, TNF and LTα, can bind and signal through TNFR1 and TNFR2, yet mice mutant for each have different phenotypes. Part of this difference is because LTα but not TNF can activate Herpes Virus Entry Mediator and also heterotrimerise with LTβ to activate LTβR, which is consistent with the similar phenotypes of the LTα and LTβR deficient mice. However, it has also been reported that the LTα3 homotrimer signals differently than TNF through TNFR1, and has unique roles in initiation and exacerbation of some inflammatory diseases. Our modeling of the TNF/TNFR1 interface compared to the LTα3/TNFR1 structure revealed some differences that could affect signalling by the two ligands. To determine whether there were any functional differences in the ability of TNF and LTα3 to induce TNFR1-dependent apoptosis or necroptosis, and if there were different requirements for cIAPs and Sharpin to transmit the TNFR1 signal, we compared the ability of cells to respond to TNF and LTα3. Contrary to our hypothesis, we were unable to discover differences in signalling by TNFR1 in response to TNF and LTα3. Our results imply that the reasons for the conservation of LTα are most likely due either to differential regulation, the ability to signal through Herpes Virus Entry Mediator or the ability of LTα to form heterotrimers with LTβ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nima Etemadi
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
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127
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Moelants EAV, Mortier A, Van Damme J, Proost P. Regulation of TNF-α with a focus on rheumatoid arthritis. Immunol Cell Biol 2013; 91:393-401. [PMID: 23628802 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2013.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Revised: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines and chemokines represent two important groups of proteins that control the human immune system. Dysregulation of the network in which these immunomodulators function can result in uncontrolled inflammation, leading to various diseases including rheumatoid arthritis (RA), characterized by chronic inflammation and bone erosion. Potential triggers of RA include autoantibodies, cytokines and chemokines. The tight regulation of cytokine and chemokine production, and biological activity is important. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) is abundantly present in RA patients' serum and the arthritic synovium. This review, therefore, discusses first the role and regulation of the major proinflammatory cytokine TNF-α, in particular the regulation of TNF-α production, post-translational processing and signaling of TNF-α and its receptors. Owing to the important role of TNF-α in RA, the TNF-α-producing cells and the dynamics of its expression, the direct and indirect action of this cytokine and possible biological therapy for RA are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva A V Moelants
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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128
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Liang S, Dai J, Hou S, Su L, Zhang D, Guo H, Hu S, Wang H, Rao Z, Guo Y, Lou Z. Structural basis for treating tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα)-associated diseases with the therapeutic antibody infliximab. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:13799-807. [PMID: 23504311 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.433961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although infliximab has high efficacy in treating TNFα-associated diseases, the epitope on TNFα remains unclear. RESULTS The crystal structure of the TNFα in complex with the infliximab Fab is reported at a resolution of 2.6 Å. CONCLUSION TNFα E-F loop plays a crucial role in the interaction. SIGNIFICANCE The structure may lead to understanding the mechanism of mAb anti-TNFα Monoclonal antibody (mAb) drugs have been widely used for treating tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα)-related diseases for over 10 years. Although their action has been hypothesized to depend in part on their ability to bind precursor cell surface TNFα, the precise mechanism and the epitope bound on TNFα remain unclear. In the present work, we report the crystal structure of the infliximab Fab fragment in complex with TNFα at a resolution of 2.6 Å. The key features of the TNFα E-F loop region in this complex distinguish the interaction between infliximab and TNFα from other TNF-receptor structures, revealing the mechanism of TNFα inhibition by overlapping with the TNFα-receptor interface and indicating the crucial role of the E-F loop in the action of this therapeutic antibody. This structure also indicates the formation of an aggregated network for the activation of complement-dependent cytolysis and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, which result in development of granulomatous infections through TNFα blockage. These results provide the first experimental model for the interaction of TNFα with therapeutic antibodies and offer useful information for antibody optimization by understanding the precise molecular mechanism of TNFα inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaiyi Liang
- Laboratory of Structural Biology and Ministry of Education Laboratory of Protein Science, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Tabb B, Morcock DR, Trubey CM, Quiñones OA, Hao XP, Smedley J, Macallister R, Piatak M, Harris LD, Paiardini M, Silvestri G, Brenchley JM, Alvord WG, Lifson JD, Estes JD. Reduced inflammation and lymphoid tissue immunopathology in rhesus macaques receiving anti-tumor necrosis factor treatment during primary simian immunodeficiency virus infection. J Infect Dis 2013; 207:880-92. [PMID: 23087435 PMCID: PMC3571439 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jis643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infections induce robust, generalized inflammatory responses that begin during acute infection and lead to pathological systemic immune activation, fibrotic damage of lymphoid tissues, and CD4⁺ T-cell loss, pathogenic processes that contribute to disease progression. METHODS To better understand the contribution of tumor necrosis factor (TNF), a key regulator of acute inflammation, to lentiviral pathogenesis, rhesus macaques newly infected with SIVmac239 were treated for 12 weeks in a pilot study with adalimumab (Humira), a human anti-TNF monoclonal antibody. RESULTS Adalimumab did not affect plasma SIV RNA levels or measures of T-cell immune activation (CD38 or Ki67) in peripheral blood or lymph node T cells. However, compared with untreated rhesus macaques, adalimumab-treated rhesus macaques showed attenuated expression of proinflammatory genes, decreased infiltration of polymorphonuclear cells into the T-cell zone of lymphoid tissues, and weaker antiinflammatory regulatory responses to SIV infection (ie, fewer presumed alternatively activated [ie, CD163⁺] macrophages, interleukin 10-producing cells, and transforming growth factor β-producing cells), along with reduced lymphoid tissue fibrosis and better preservation of CD4⁺ T cells. CONCLUSIONS While HIV/SIV replication drives pathogenesis, these data emphasize the contribution of the inflammatory response to lentiviral infection to overall pathogenesis, and they suggest that early modulation of the inflammatory response may help attenuate disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Octavio A. Quiñones
- Laboratory Animal Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, SAIC-Frederick, Maryland
| | - Xing Pei Hao
- Statistical Consulting, Data Management Services
| | | | | | | | - Levelle D. Harris
- Immunopathogenesis Unit, Lab of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Mirko Paiardini
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Guido Silvestri
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jason M. Brenchley
- Immunopathogenesis Unit, Lab of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - W. Gregory Alvord
- Laboratory Animal Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, SAIC-Frederick, Maryland
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130
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Söderberg A, Hossain A, Rosén A. A protein disulfide isomerase/thioredoxin-1 complex is physically attached to exofacial membrane tumor necrosis factor receptors: overexpression in chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 18:363-75. [PMID: 22775451 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.4789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The 3D structures and functions of cysteine-rich receptors such as tumor necrosis factor receptors (TNFRs) are redox-modulated by dithiol-disulfide exchange. TNFR superfamily members participate in growth regulation in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), and tissue stromal cells interact with leukemia cells, profoundly affecting their viability via release of redox-active components, including cysteine, thioredoxin-1 (Trx1), and Trx reductase. Trx1 was previously shown to enhance release of TNF, which acts as an autocrine/paracrine growth factor in CLL. The nature of the mechanism is not known, however. Here, we investigated whether Trx1 and protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), a chaperone and Trx-family member, may interact with TNFRs. RESULTS We found direct physical association between PDI and TNFR1 or TNFR2 by coclustering and affinity isolation. PDI (57 kDa) formed covalent/reduction-sensitive 69-kDa complexes with Trx1 (12 kDa) in a majority of CLL cell samples, detected at low levels only in control B-cells. Functionally, the TNF/TNFR signaling via the nuclear factor kappa B-driven autocrine loop was disrupted in a dose-dependent fashion by PDI-inhibitors bacitracin, anti-PDI, or anti-Trx1 antibodies, resulting in reduced viability. PDI was significantly overexpressed in immunoglobulin heavy-chain variable (IGHV) unmutated versus mutated CLL (p=0.0102), and amplified TNF release was observed in the former group. INNOVATION This study points out a previously unrecognized physical and functional association of TNFRs with the redox-active proteins PDI and Trx1. CONCLUSION We describe here a new level of TNF regulation, in which membrane TNFRs are redox controlled at the exofacial surface by PDI/Trx1. These findings shed new light on the observed survival benefit in CLL B-cells exerted by TNFR-superfamily ligands and point at potential therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Söderberg
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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131
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Lopatnikova JA, Vasilyev FF, Alshevskaya AA, Sennikov SV. Quantitative flow cytometric analysis of expression of tumor necrosis factor receptor types I and II on mononuclear cells. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2013; 33:49-55. [PMID: 23316846 DOI: 10.3109/10799893.2012.756894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α is an inflammatory cytokine, the biological effects of which are mediated by the interaction with specific membrane-bound receptors. To assess TNF-α receptor (TNFR) expression, it is important to estimate both the number of cells that carry these receptors and the number of receptors per cell, because the cell fate depends on the balance between TNFRI and TNFRII signaling. OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to develop an optimized protocol to estimate the level of expression of membrane-bound TNFRI and TNFRII, using QuantiBRITE PE calibration beads. MATERIALS AND METHODS The percentage of cells that expressed membrane-bound TNFRI and TNFRII and the mean number of receptors per cell were determined by flow cytometry using PE-labeled antibodies against TNFR. To create a calibration curve and convert cell fluorescence intensity values to absolute numbers of receptors, we used QuantiBRITE PE beads. RESULTS CD19(+) B lymphocytes had the least percentage of cells expressing TNFRI and the greatest number of receptor molecules per cell, whereas CD3(+) T lymphocytes had the greatest percentage of cells expressing TNFRII and the lowest density of these receptors. We also established that stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) significantly increased the number of TNFRI and TNFRII on CD14(+) monocytes. CONCLUSION Application of the protocol-identified differences in the percentage of cells that expressed TNFRs, as well as the absolute number of receptors per cell, among different subpopulations of PBMCs, and between PBMCs cultured with and without LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia A Lopatnikova
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Federal State Budgetary Institution Research Institute of Clinical Immunology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences Siberian Branch, Novosibirsk, Russia
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132
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Abstract
The overexpression of TNF has been implicated in a variety of disease conditions including rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn’s disease, HIV and cancer. It is presently a therapeutic target for inflammatory diseases. Many of the therapeutics currently used are biologics designed to sequester TNF, preventing it from binding with its receptors. Recent research has been focused on finding small molecules that alter the production of TNF, modulate its signal transduction pathways, or directly inhibit the binding to its receptors. Modulation of a protein–protein interaction with small molecules is an interesting and nontrivial approach. The various strategies used in obtaining small-molecule, nonpeptide, inhibitors of the TNF–TNF receptor interaction through disruption of the TNF trimer or direct inhibition of the TNF–TNF receptor interaction are presented here.
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133
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Moelants EA, Mortier A, Grauwen K, Ronsse I, Van Damme J, Proost P. Citrullination of TNF-α by peptidylarginine deiminases reduces its capacity to stimulate the production of inflammatory chemokines. Cytokine 2013; 61:161-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2012.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Revised: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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134
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Epperson ML, Lee CA, Fremont DH. Subversion of cytokine networks by virally encoded decoy receptors. Immunol Rev 2012; 250:199-215. [PMID: 23046131 PMCID: PMC3693748 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
During the course of evolution, viruses have captured or created a diverse array of open reading frames, which encode for proteins that serve to evade and sabotage the host innate and adaptive immune responses that would otherwise lead to their elimination. These viral genomes are some of the best textbooks of immunology ever written. The established arsenal of immunomodulatory proteins encoded by viruses is large and growing, and includes specificities for virtually all known inflammatory pathways and targets. The focus of this review is on herpes and poxvirus-encoded cytokine and chemokine-binding proteins that serve to undermine the coordination of host immune surveillance. Structural and mechanistic studies of these decoy receptors have provided a wealth of information, not only about viral pathogenesis but also about the inner workings of cytokine signaling networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan L Epperson
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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135
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Abstract
We examine the relationship between binding affinity and interface size for reversible protein-protein interactions (PPIs), using cytokines from the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily and their receptors as a test case. Using surface plasmon resonance, we measured single-site binding affinities for binding of the large receptor TNFR1 to its ligands TNFα (K(D) = 1.4 ± 0.4 nM) and lymphotoxin-α (K(D) = 50 ± 10 nM), and also for binding of the small receptor Fn14 to TWEAK (K(D) = 70 ± 10 nM). We additionally assembled data for all other TNF-TNFR family complexes for which reliable single-site binding affinities have been reported. We used these values to calculate the binding efficiencies, defined as binding energy per square angstrom of surface area buried at the contact interface, for nine of these complexes for which cocrystal structures are available, and compared the results to those for a set of 144 protein-protein complexes with published affinities. The results show that the most efficient PPI complexes generate ~20 cal mol(-1) Å(-2) of binding energy. A minimal contact area of ~500 Å(2) is required for a stable complex, required to generate sufficient interaction energy to pay the entropic cost of colocalizing two proteins from 1 M solution. The most compact and efficient TNF-TNFR complex was the BAFF-BR3 complex, which achieved ~80% of the maximal achievable binding efficiency. Other small receptors also gave high binding efficiencies, while the larger receptors generated only 44-49% of this limit despite interacting primarily through just a single small domain. The results provide new insight into how much binding energy can be generated by a PPI interface of a given size, and establish a quantitative method for predicting how large a natural or engineered contact interface must be to achieve a given level of binding affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric S Day
- Biogen Idec, 14 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
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136
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Neumann S, Bidon T, Branschädel M, Krippner-Heidenreich A, Scheurich P, Doszczak M. The transmembrane domains of TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) receptors 1 and 2 co-regulate apoptotic signaling capacity. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42526. [PMID: 22916132 PMCID: PMC3420232 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) ligand family that exerts its apoptotic activity in human cells by binding to two transmembrane receptors, TRAILR1 and TRAILR2. In cells co-expressing both receptors the particular contribution of either protein to the overall cellular response is not well defined. Here we have investigated whether differences in the signaling capacities of TRAILR1 and TRAILR2 can be attributed to certain functional molecular subdomains. We generated and characterized various chimeric receptors comprising TRAIL receptor domains fused with parts from other members of the TNF death receptor family. This allowed us to compare the contribution of particular domains of the two TRAIL receptors to the overall apoptotic response and to identify elements that regulate apoptotic signaling. Our results show that the TRAIL receptor death domains are weak apoptosis inducers compared to those of CD95/Fas, because TRAILR-derived constructs containing the CD95/Fas death domain possessed strongly enhanced apoptotic capabilities. Importantly, major differences in the signaling strengths of the two TRAIL receptors were linked to their transmembrane domains in combination with the adjacent extracellular stalk regions. This was evident from receptor chimeras comprising the extracellular part of TNFR1 and the intracellular signaling part of CD95/Fas. Both receptor chimeras showed comparable ligand binding affinities and internalization kinetics. However, the respective TRAILR2-derived molecule more efficiently induced apoptosis. It also activated caspase-8 and caspase-3 more strongly and more quickly, albeit being expressed at lower levels. These results suggest that the transmembrane domains together with their adjacent stalk regions can play a major role in control of death receptor activation thereby contributing to cell type specific differences in TRAILR1 and TRAILR2 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Neumann
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Tobias Bidon
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Marcus Branschädel
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Anja Krippner-Heidenreich
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Musculoskeletal Research Group, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Scheurich
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Malgorzata Doszczak
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
- * E-mail:
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137
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Features of protein-protein interactions that translate into potent inhibitors: topology, surface area and affinity. Expert Rev Mol Med 2012; 14:e16. [PMID: 22831787 DOI: 10.1017/erm.2012.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) control the assembly of multi-protein complexes and, thus, these contacts have enormous potential as drug targets. However, the field has produced a mix of both exciting success stories and frustrating challenges. Here, we review known examples and explore how the physical features of a PPI, such as its affinity, hotspots, off-rates, buried surface area and topology, might influence the chances of success in finding inhibitors. This analysis suggests that concise, tight binding PPIs are most amenable to inhibition. However, it is also clear that emerging technical methods are expanding the repertoire of 'druggable' protein contacts and increasing the odds against difficult targets. In particular, natural product-like compound libraries, high throughput screens specifically designed for PPIs and approaches that favour discovery of allosteric inhibitors appear to be attractive routes. The first group of PPI inhibitors has entered clinical trials, further motivating the need to understand the challenges and opportunities in pursuing these types of targets.
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138
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An improved understanding of TNFL/TNFR interactions using structure-based classifications. Trends Biochem Sci 2012; 37:353-63. [PMID: 22789664 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2012.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Revised: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Tumor Necrosis Factor Ligand (TNFL)-Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor (TNFR) interactions control key cellular processes; however, the molecular basis of the specificity of these interactions remains poorly understood. Using the T-RMSD (tree based on root mean square deviation), a newly developed structure-based sequence clustering method, we have re-analyzed the available structural data to re-interpret the interactions between TNFLs and TNFRs. This improves the classification of both TNFLs and TNFRs, such that the new groups defined here are in much stronger agreement with structural and functional features than existing schemes. Our clustering approach also identifies traces of a convergent evolutionary process for TNFLs and TNFRs, leading us to propose the co-evolution of TNFLs and the third cysteine rich domain (CRD) of large TNFRs.
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139
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Winkel C, Neumann S, Surulescu C, Scheurich P. A minimal mathematical model for the initial molecular interactions of death receptor signalling. MATHEMATICAL BIOSCIENCES AND ENGINEERING : MBE 2012; 9:663-683. [PMID: 22881031 DOI: 10.3934/mbe.2012.9.663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is the name giving member of a large cytokine family mirrored by a respective cell membrane receptor super family. TNF itself is a strong proinflammatory regulator of the innate immune system, but has been also recognized as a major factor in progression of autoimmune diseases. A subgroup of the TNF ligand family, including TNF, signals via so-called death receptors, capable to induce a major form of programmed cell death, called apoptosis. Typical for most members of the whole family, death ligands form homotrimeric proteins, capable to bind up to three of their respective receptor molecules. But also unligated receptors occur on the cell surface as homomultimers due to a homophilic interaction domain. Based on these two interaction motivs (ligand/receptor and receptor/receptor) formation of large ligand/receptor clusters can be postulated which have been also observed experimentally. We use here a mass action kinetics approach to establish an ordinary differential equations model describing the dynamics of primary ligand/receptor complex formation as a basis for further clustering on the cell membrane. Based on available experimental data we develop our model in a way that not only ligand/receptor, but also homophilic receptor interaction is encompassed. The model allows formation of two distict primary ligand/receptor complexes in a ligand concentration dependent manner. At extremely high ligand concentrations the system is dominated by ligated receptor homodimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Winkel
- Institute of Applied Analysis and Numerical Simulation, Univ. of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
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140
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Mascarenhas NM, Kästner J. Are different stoichiometries feasible for complexes between lymphotoxin-alpha and tumor necrosis factor receptor 1? BMC STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2012; 12:8. [PMID: 22568977 PMCID: PMC3412742 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6807-12-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2011] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Background Tumor necrosis factors, TNF and lymphotoxin-α (LT), are cytokines that bind to two receptors, TNFR1 and TNFR2 (TNF-receptor 1 and 2) to trigger their signaling cascades. The exact mechanism of ligand-induced receptor activation is still unclear. It is generally assumed that three receptors bind to the homotrimeric ligand to trigger a signaling event. Recent evidence, though, has raised doubts if the ligand:receptor stoichiometry should indeed be 3:3 for ligand-induced cellular response. We used molecular dynamics simulations, elastic network models, as well as MM/PBSA to analyze this question. Results Applying MM/PBSA methodology to different stoichiometric complexes of human LT-(TNFR1)n=1,2,3 the free energy of binding in these complexes has been estimated by single-trajectory and separate-trajectory methods. Simulation studies rationalized the favorable binding energy in the LT-(TNFR1)1 complex, as evaluated from single-trajectory analysis to be an outcome of the interaction of cysteine-rich domain 4 (CRD4) and the ligand. Elastic network models (ENMs) help to associate the difference in the global fluctuation of the receptors in these complexes. Functionally relevant transformation associated with these complexes reveal the difference in the dynamics of the receptor when free and in complex with LT. Conclusions MM/PBSA predicts complexes with a ligand-receptor molar ratio of 3:1 and 3:2 to be energetically favorable. The high affinity associated with LT-(TNFR1)1 is due to the interaction between the CRD4 domain with LT. The global dynamics ascertained from ENMs have highlighted the differential dynamics of the receptor in different states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahren Manuel Mascarenhas
- Computational Biochemistry Group, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Pfaffenwaldring 55, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
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141
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Ru H, Zhao L, Ding W, Jiao L, Shaw N, Liang W, Zhang L, Hung LW, Matsugaki N, Wakatsuki S, Liu ZJ. S-SAD phasing study of death receptor 6 and its solution conformation revealed by SAXS. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA. SECTION D, BIOLOGICAL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY 2012; 68:521-30. [PMID: 22525750 PMCID: PMC3335285 DOI: 10.1107/s0907444912004490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A subset of tumour necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) superfamily members contain death domains in their cytoplasmic tails. Death receptor 6 (DR6) is one such member and can trigger apoptosis upon the binding of a ligand by its cysteine-rich domains (CRDs). The crystal structure of the ectodomain (amino acids 1-348) of human death receptor 6 (DR6) encompassing the CRD region was phased using the anomalous signal from S atoms. In order to explore the feasibility of S-SAD phasing at longer wavelengths (beyond 2.5 Å), a comparative study was performed on data collected at wavelengths of 2.0 and 2.7 Å. In spite of sub-optimal experimental conditions, the 2.7 Å wavelength used for data collection showed potential for S-SAD phasing. The results showed that the R(ano)/R(p.i.m.) ratio is a good indicator for monitoring the anomalous data quality when the anomalous signal is relatively strong, while d''/sig(d'') calculated by SHELXC is a more sensitive and stable indicator applicable for grading a wider range of anomalous data qualities. The use of the `parameter-space screening method' for S-SAD phasing resulted in solutions for data sets that failed during manual attempts. SAXS measurements on the ectodomain suggested that a dimer defines the minimal physical unit of an unliganded DR6 molecule in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Ru
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People’s Republic of China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100 049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lixia Zhao
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Ding
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lianying Jiao
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People’s Republic of China
| | - Neil Shaw
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenguang Liang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liguo Zhang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li-Wei Hung
- Physics Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Naohiro Matsugaki
- Structure Biology Research Center, Photon Factory, Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Oho 1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
| | - Soichi Wakatsuki
- Structure Biology Research Center, Photon Factory, Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Oho 1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
| | - Zhi-Jie Liu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, People’s Republic of China
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142
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The tumor necrosis factor receptor stalk regions define responsiveness to soluble versus membrane-bound ligand. Mol Cell Biol 2012; 32:2515-29. [PMID: 22547679 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.06458-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The family of tumor necrosis factor receptors (TNFRs) and their ligands form a regulatory signaling network that controls immune responses. Various members of this receptor family respond differently to the soluble and membrane-bound forms of their respective ligands. However, the determining factors and underlying molecular mechanisms of this diversity are not yet understood. Using an established system of chimeric TNFRs and novel ligand variants mimicking the bioactivity of membrane-bound TNF (mTNF), we demonstrate that the membrane-proximal extracellular stalk regions of TNFR1 and TNFR2 are crucial in controlling responsiveness to soluble TNF (sTNF). We show that the stalk region of TNFR2, in contrast to the corresponding part of TNFR1, efficiently inhibits both the receptor's enrichment/clustering in particular cell membrane regions and ligand-independent homotypic receptor preassembly, thereby preventing sTNF-induced, but not mTNF-induced, signaling. Thus, the stalk regions of the two TNFRs not only have implications for additional TNFR family members, but also provide potential targets for therapeutic intervention.
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143
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Abstract
The specific self-association of proteins to form homodimers and higher order oligomers is an extremely common event in biological systems. In this chapter we review the prevalence of protein oligomerization and discuss the likely origins of this phenomenon. We also outline many of the functional advantages conferred by the dimerization or oligomerization of a wide range of different proteins and in a variety of biological roles, that are likely to have placed a selective pressure on biological systems to evolve and maintain homodimerization/oligomerization interfaces.
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Fine tuning of receptor-selectivity for tumor necrosis factor-α using a phage display system with one-step competitive panning. Biomaterials 2011; 32:5498-504. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2011] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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145
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wu
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Kuester M, Kemmerzehl S, Dahms SO, Roeser D, Than ME. The crystal structure of death receptor 6 (DR6): a potential receptor of the amyloid precursor protein (APP). J Mol Biol 2011; 409:189-201. [PMID: 21463639 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2011.03.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2011] [Revised: 03/24/2011] [Accepted: 03/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Death receptors belong to the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) super family and are intimately involved in the signal transduction during apoptosis, stress response and cellular survival. Here we present the crystal structure of recombinantly expressed death receptor six (DR6), one family member that was recently shown to bind to the amyloid precursor protein (APP) and hence to be probably involved in the development of Alzheimer's disease. The extracellular cysteine rich region of DR6, the typical ligand binding region of all TNFRs, was refined to 2.2 Å resolution and shows that its four constituting cysteine rich domains (CRDs) are arranged in a rod-like overall structure, which presents DR6-specific surface patches responsible for the exclusive recognition of its ligand(s). Based on the structural data, the general ligand binding modes of TNFRs and molecular modeling experiments we were able to elucidate structural features of the potential DR6-APP signaling complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Kuester
- Leibniz Institute for Age Research-Fritz Lipmann Institut, Protein Crystallography Group, Beutenbergstr. 11, 07745 Jena, Germany
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Bahar MW, Graham SC, Chen RAJ, Cooray S, Smith GL, Stuart DI, Grimes JM. How vaccinia virus has evolved to subvert the host immune response. J Struct Biol 2011; 175:127-34. [PMID: 21419849 PMCID: PMC3477310 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2011.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2011] [Revised: 03/10/2011] [Accepted: 03/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites and are some of the most rapidly evolving and diverse pathogens encountered by the host immune system. Large complicated viruses, such as poxviruses, have evolved a plethora of proteins to disrupt host immune signalling in their battle against immune surveillance. Recent X-ray crystallographic analysis of these viral immunomodulators has helped form an emerging picture of the molecular details of virus-host interactions. In this review we consider some of these immune evasion strategies as they apply to poxviruses, from a structural perspective, with specific examples from the European SPINE2-Complexes initiative. Structures of poxvirus immunomodulators reveal the capacity of viruses to mimic and compete against the host immune system, using a diverse range of structural folds that are unique or acquired from their hosts with both enhanced and unexpectedly divergent functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad W Bahar
- Division of Structural Biology and Oxford Protein Production Facility, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX37BN, United Kingdom
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