101
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Kedaigle AJ, Fraenkel E, Atwal RS, Wu M, Gusella JF, MacDonald ME, Kaye JA, Finkbeiner S, Mattis VB, Tom CM, Svendsen C, King AR, Chen Y, Stocksdale JT, Lim RG, Casale M, Wang PH, Thompson LM, Akimov SS, Ratovitski T, Arbez N, Ross CA. Bioenergetic deficits in Huntington's disease iPSC-derived neural cells and rescue with glycolytic metabolites. Hum Mol Genet 2020; 29:1757-1771. [PMID: 30768179 PMCID: PMC7372552 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Altered cellular metabolism is believed to be an important contributor to pathogenesis of the neurodegenerative disorder Huntington's disease (HD). Research has primarily focused on mitochondrial toxicity, which can cause death of the vulnerable striatal neurons, but other aspects of metabolism have also been implicated. Most previous studies have been carried out using postmortem human brain or non-human cells. Here, we studied bioenergetics in an induced pluripotent stem cell-based model of the disease. We found decreased adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels in HD cells compared to controls across differentiation stages and protocols. Proteomics data and multiomics network analysis revealed normal or increased levels of mitochondrial messages and proteins, but lowered expression of glycolytic enzymes. Metabolic experiments showed decreased spare glycolytic capacity in HD neurons, while maximal and spare respiratory capacities driven by oxidative phosphorylation were largely unchanged. ATP levels in HD neurons could be rescued with addition of pyruvate or late glycolytic metabolites, but not earlier glycolytic metabolites, suggesting a role for glycolytic deficits as part of the metabolic disturbance in HD neurons. Pyruvate or other related metabolic supplements could have therapeutic benefit in HD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amanda J Kedaigle
- Computational and Systems Biology Graduate Program and Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ernest Fraenkel
- Computational and Systems Biology Graduate Program and Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ranjit S Atwal
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Simches Research Building, Cambridge Street, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Min Wu
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Simches Research Building, Cambridge Street, Boston, MA, USA
| | - James F Gusella
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Simches Research Building, Cambridge Street, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marcy E MacDonald
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Simches Research Building, Cambridge Street, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Julia A Kaye
- Gladstone Institutes and Taube/Koret Center of Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Roddenberry Stem Cell Research Program, Departments of Neurology and Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Steven Finkbeiner
- Gladstone Institutes and Taube/Koret Center of Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Roddenberry Stem Cell Research Program, Departments of Neurology and Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Virginia B Mattis
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Colton M Tom
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Clive Svendsen
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alvin R King
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Department of Medicine, Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Center and UCI MIND, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Yumay Chen
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Department of Medicine, Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Center and UCI MIND, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer T Stocksdale
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Department of Medicine, Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Center and UCI MIND, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Ryan G Lim
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Department of Medicine, Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Center and UCI MIND, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Malcolm Casale
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Department of Medicine, Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Center and UCI MIND, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Ping H Wang
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Department of Medicine, Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Center and UCI MIND, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Leslie M Thompson
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Department of Medicine, Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Center and UCI MIND, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Sergey S Akimov
- Division of Neurobiology, Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, Pharmacology, and Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MA, USA
| | - Tamara Ratovitski
- Division of Neurobiology, Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, Pharmacology, and Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MA, USA
| | - Nicolas Arbez
- Division of Neurobiology, Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, Pharmacology, and Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MA, USA
| | - Christopher A Ross
- Division of Neurobiology, Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, Pharmacology, and Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MA, USA
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102
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Thomas R, Hallett PJ, Isacson O. Experimental studies of mitochondrial and lysosomal function in in vitro and in vivo models relevant to Parkinson's disease genetic risk. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2020; 154:279-302. [PMID: 32739007 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2020.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have identified the involvement of mitochondrial and lysosomal dysfunction in Parkinson's disease (PD) pathology. In this review we discuss recent work that has identified deficits in mitophagy, mitochondrial network formation, increased sensitivity to mitochondrial stressors and alterations in proteins regulating mitochondrial fission and fusion associated with patient-derived fibroblasts harboring mutations in LRRK2 gene and from sporadic PD patient cells. We further focus on alterations of lysosomal enzymes, in particular glucocerebrosidase activity, and resultant lipid dyshomeostasis in PD and aging, in human tissue and in vivo rodent models. Future studies aimed at understanding the convergence of mitochondrial and lysosomal pathways will be of essence for the identification of unique cellular defects in PD and for the development of new treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ria Thomas
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, Harvard Medical School/McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, United States.
| | - Penelope J Hallett
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, Harvard Medical School/McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, United States.
| | - Ole Isacson
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, Harvard Medical School/McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, United States.
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103
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Chang KH, Chen CM. The Role of Oxidative Stress in Parkinson's Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9070597. [PMID: 32650609 PMCID: PMC7402083 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9070597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is caused by progressive neurodegeneration of dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons with abnormal accumulation of α-synuclein in substantia nigra (SN). Studies have suggested the potential involvement of dopamine, iron, calcium, mitochondria and neuroinflammation in contributing to overwhelmed oxidative stress and neurodegeneration in PD. Function studies on PD-causative mutations of SNCA, PRKN, PINK1, DJ-1, LRRK2, FBXO7 and ATP13A2 further indicate the role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of PD. Therefore, it is reasonable that molecules involved in oxidative stress, such as DJ-1, coenzyme Q10, uric acid, 8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosin, homocysteine, retinoic acid/carotenes, vitamin E, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, xanthine oxidase and products of lipid peroxidation, could be candidate biomarkers for PD. Applications of antioxidants to modulate oxidative stress could be a strategy in treating PD. Although a number of antioxidants, such as creatine, vitamin E, coenzyme Q10, pioglitazone, melatonin and desferrioxamine, have been tested in clinical trials, none of them have demonstrated conclusive evidence to ameliorate the neurodegeneration in PD patients. Difficulties in clinical studies may be caused by the long-standing progression of neurodegeneration, lack of biomarkers for premotor stage of PD and inadequate drug delivery across blood–brain barrier. Solutions for these challenges will be warranted for future studies with novel antioxidative treatment in PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chiung-Mei Chen
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-3-3281200 (ext. 8347); Fax: +886-3-3288849
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104
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Silva MC, Haggarty SJ. Human pluripotent stem cell-derived models and drug screening in CNS precision medicine. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2020; 1471:18-56. [PMID: 30875083 PMCID: PMC8193821 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Development of effective therapeutics for neurological disorders has historically been challenging partly because of lack of accurate model systems in which to investigate disease etiology and test new therapeutics at the preclinical stage. Human stem cells, particularly patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) upon differentiation, have the ability to recapitulate aspects of disease pathophysiology and are increasingly recognized as robust scalable systems for drug discovery. We review advances in deriving cellular models of human central nervous system (CNS) disorders using iPSCs along with strategies for investigating disease-relevant phenotypes, translatable biomarkers, and therapeutic targets. Given their potential to identify novel therapeutic targets and leads, we focus on phenotype-based, small-molecule screens employing human stem cell-derived models. Integrated efforts to assemble patient iPSC-derived cell models with deeply annotated clinicopathological data, along with molecular and drug-response signatures, may aid in the stratification of patients, diagnostics, and clinical trial success, shifting translational science and precision medicine approaches. A number of remaining challenges, including the optimization of cost-effective, large-scale culture of iPSC-derived cell types, incorporation of aging into neuronal models, as well as robustness and automation of phenotypic assays to support quantitative drug efficacy, toxicity, and metabolism testing workflows, are covered. Continued advancement of the field is expected to help fully humanize the process of CNS drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Catarina Silva
- Chemical Neurobiology Laboratory, Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Center for Genomic Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, USA
| | - Stephen J. Haggarty
- Chemical Neurobiology Laboratory, Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Center for Genomic Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, USA
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105
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Modeling Neurodevelopmental Deficits in Tuberous Sclerosis Complex with Stem Cell Derived Neural Precursors and Neurons. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2020. [PMID: 32578142 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-45493-7_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a rare genetic disorder that is caused by mutations in TSC1 or TSC2. TSC is a multi-organ disorder characterized by development of non-malignant cellular overgrowths, called hamartomas, in different organs of the body. TSC is also characterized as a neurodevelopmental disorder presenting with epilepsy and autism, and formation of cortical malformations ("tubers"), subependymal giant cell astrocytomas (SEGAs), and subependymal nodules (SENs) in the patient's brain. In this chapter, we are going to give an overview of neural stem cell and neuronal development in TSC. In addition, we will also describe previously developed animal models of TSC that display seizures, autistic-like behaviors, and neuronal cell abnormalities in vivo, and we will compare them to disease phenotypes detected with human stem cell derived neuronal cells in vitro. We will describe the effects of TSC-mutations in different neural cell subtypes, and discuss the mitochondrial function, autophagy, and synaptic development and functional deficits in the neurons. Finally, we will review utilization of these human TSC-patient derived neuronal models for drug screening to develop new treatment options for the neurological phenotypes seen in TSC patients.
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106
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Toffoli M, Vieira SRL, Schapira AHV. Genetic causes of PD: A pathway to disease modification. Neuropharmacology 2020; 170:108022. [PMID: 32119885 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The underline neuropathology of Parkinson disease is pleiomorphic and its genetic background diverse. Possibly because of this heterogeneity, no effective disease modifying therapy is available. In this paper we give an overview of the genetics of Parkinson disease and explain how this is relevant for the development of new therapies. This article is part of the special issue entitled 'The Quest for Disease-Modifying Therapies for Neurodegenerative Disorders'.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Toffoli
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - S R L Vieira
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - A H V Schapira
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom.
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107
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Perez-Siles G, Cutrupi A, Ellis M, Screnci R, Mao D, Uesugi M, Yiu EM, Ryan MM, Choi BO, Nicholson G, Kennerson ML. Energy metabolism and mitochondrial defects in X-linked Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMTX6) iPSC-derived motor neurons with the p.R158H PDK3 mutation. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9262. [PMID: 32504000 PMCID: PMC7275085 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66266-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) is a group of inherited diseases clinically and genetically heterogenous, characterised by length dependent degeneration of axons of the peripheral nervous system. A missense mutation (p.R158H) in the pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 3 gene (PDK3) has been identified as the genetic cause for an X-linked form of CMT (CMTX6) in two unrelated families. PDK3 is one of four PDK isoenzymes that regulate the activity of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC). The balance between kinases (PDKs) and phosphatases (PDPs) determines the extend of oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate to generate acetyl CoA, critically linking glycolysis and the energy producing Krebs cycle. We had shown the p.R158H mutation causes hyperactivity of PDK3 and CMTX6 fibroblasts show hyperphosphorylation of PDC, leading to reduced PDC activity and ATP production. In this manuscript we have generated induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) by re-programming CMTX6 fibroblasts (iPSCCMTX6). We also have engineered an isogenic control (iPSCisogenic) and demonstrated that genetic correction of the p.R158H mutation reverses the CMTX6 phenotype. Patient-derived motor neurons (MNCMTX6) show increased phosphorylation of the PDC, energy metabolism defects and mitochondrial abnormalities, including reduced velocity of trafficking mitochondria in the affected axons. Treatment of the MNCMTX6 with a PDK inhibitor reverses PDC hyperphosphorylation and the associated functional deficits founds in the patient motor neurons, demonstrating that the MNCMTX6 and MNisogenic motor neurons provide an excellent neuronal system for compound screening approaches to identify drugs for the treatment of CMTX6.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Perez-Siles
- Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, Sydney, Australia. .,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
| | - A Cutrupi
- Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, Sydney, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - M Ellis
- Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, Sydney, Australia
| | - R Screnci
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - D Mao
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences and Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - M Uesugi
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences and Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Eppie M Yiu
- Department of Neurology, Royal Children's Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Neuroscience Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Monique M Ryan
- Department of Neurology, Royal Children's Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Neuroscience Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - B O Choi
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - G Nicholson
- Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, Sydney, Australia.,Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - M L Kennerson
- Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, Sydney, Australia. .,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia. .,Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Sydney, Australia.
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108
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Brunelli F, Valente EM, Arena G. Mechanisms of neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease: keep neurons in the PINK1. Mech Ageing Dev 2020; 189:111277. [PMID: 32504621 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2020.111277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Extensive studies on PINK1, whose mutations are a confirmed cause of Parkinson's disease (PD), have been conducted in animal models or immortalized cell lines. These include initial ground-breaking discoveries on mitophagy, which demonstrated that PINK1 recruits Parkin on depolarized mitochondria, initiating a signalling cascade eventually resulting in their autophagic degradation. Not all features of this complex molecular pathway have been reproduced in mammalian or human neurons, undermining the hypothesis proposing mitophagy as the most relevant biochemical link between PINK1 deficiency and PD pathogenesis. Experiments in murine primary neurons examined another possible neuroprotective function of PINK1, namely its involvement in mitochondrial motility along axons and dendrites. PINK1 interacts with Miro, a component of the motor/adaptor complex binding mitochondria to microtubules and allowing their movement to and from cellular processes. Distinct subcellular pools of PINK1, cytosolic and mitochondrial, appear to regulate anterograde and retrograde transport, respectively. Technological advancements today allow researchers to de-differentiate fibroblasts into induced pluripotent stem cells and re-differentiate them into dopaminergic neurons. Few studies based on this technique address possible neuroprotective effects of PINK1, including mitophagy and mitochondrial homeostasis, but underline the need for a broader characterization of its function in neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Brunelli
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg; Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Enza Maria Valente
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Arena
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg.
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109
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Monzio Compagnoni G, Di Fonzo A, Corti S, Comi GP, Bresolin N, Masliah E. The Role of Mitochondria in Neurodegenerative Diseases: the Lesson from Alzheimer's Disease and Parkinson's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:2959-2980. [PMID: 32445085 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-01926-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Although the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases is still widely unclear, various mechanisms have been proposed and several pieces of evidence are supportive for an important role of mitochondrial dysfunction. The present review provides a comprehensive and up-to-date overview about the role of mitochondria in the two most common neurodegenerative disorders: Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Mitochondrial involvement in AD is supported by clinical features like reduced glucose and oxygen brain metabolism and by numerous microscopic and molecular findings, including altered mitochondrial morphology, impaired respiratory chain function, and altered mitochondrial DNA. Furthermore, amyloid pathology and mitochondrial dysfunction seem to be bi-directionally correlated. Mitochondria have an even more remarkable role in PD. Several hints show that respiratory chain activity, in particular complex I, is impaired in the disease. Mitochondrial DNA alterations, involving deletions, point mutations, depletion, and altered maintenance, have been described. Mutations in genes directly implicated in mitochondrial functioning (like Parkin and PINK1) are responsible for rare genetic forms of the disease. A close connection between alpha-synuclein accumulation and mitochondrial dysfunction has been observed. Finally, mitochondria are involved also in atypical parkinsonisms, in particular multiple system atrophy. The available knowledge is still not sufficient to clearly state whether mitochondrial dysfunction plays a primary role in the very initial stages of these diseases or is secondary to other phenomena. However, the presented data strongly support the hypothesis that whatever the initial cause of neurodegeneration is, mitochondrial impairment has a critical role in maintaining and fostering the neurodegenerative process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Monzio Compagnoni
- IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy. .,Department of Neurology, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy. .,Department of Neurology, Khurana Laboratory, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Alessio Di Fonzo
- IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefania Corti
- IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Neuroscience Section, Dino Ferrari Center, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giacomo P Comi
- IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Neuroscience Section, Dino Ferrari Center, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Nereo Bresolin
- IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Neuroscience Section, Dino Ferrari Center, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Eliezer Masliah
- Division of Neuroscience and Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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110
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Smits LM, Schwamborn JC. Midbrain Organoids: A New Tool to Investigate Parkinson's Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:359. [PMID: 32509785 PMCID: PMC7248385 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of human 3D cell culture models not only bridges the gap between traditional 2D in vitro experiments and in vivo animal models, it also addresses processes that cannot be recapitulated by either of these traditional models. Therefore, it offers an opportunity to better understand complex biology including brain development. The brain organoid technology provides a physiologically relevant context, which holds great potential for its application in modeling neurological diseases. Here, we compare different methods to obtain highly specialized structures that resemble specific features of the human midbrain. Regionally patterned neural stem cells (NSCs) were utilized to derive such human midbrain-specific organoids (hMO). The resulting neural tissue exhibited abundant neurons with midbrain dopaminergic neuron identity, as well as astroglia and oligodendrocyte differentiation. Within the midbrain organoids, neurite myelination, and the formation of synaptic connections were observed. Regular neuronal fire patterning and neural network synchronicity were determined by multielectrode array recordings. In addition to electrophysiologically functional neurons producing and secreting dopamine, responsive neuronal subtypes, such as GABAergic and glutamatergic neurons were also detected. In order to model disorders like Parkinson's disease (PD) in vitro, midbrain organoids carrying a disease specific mutation were derived and compared to healthy control organoids to investigate relevant neurodegenerative pathophysiology. In this way midbrain-specific organoids constitute a powerful tool for human-specific in vitro modeling of neurological disorders with a great potential to be utilized in advanced therapy development.
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111
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Korecka JA, Thomas R, Christensen DP, Hinrich AJ, Ferrari EJ, Levy SA, Hastings ML, Hallett PJ, Isacson O. Mitochondrial clearance and maturation of autophagosomes are compromised in LRRK2 G2019S familial Parkinson's disease patient fibroblasts. Hum Mol Genet 2020; 28:3232-3243. [PMID: 31261377 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddz126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study utilized human fibroblasts as a preclinical discovery and diagnostic platform for identification of cell biological signatures specific for the LRRK2 G2019S mutation producing Parkinson's disease (PD). Using live cell imaging with a pH-sensitive Rosella biosensor probe reflecting lysosomal breakdown of mitochondria, mitophagy rates were found to be decreased in fibroblasts carrying the LRRK2 G2019S mutation compared to cells isolated from healthy subject (HS) controls. The mutant LRRK2 increased kinase activity was reduced by pharmacological inhibition and targeted antisense oligonucleotide treatment, which normalized mitophagy rates in the G2019S cells and also increased mitophagy levels in HS cells. Detailed mechanistic analysis showed a reduction of mature autophagosomes in LRRK2 G2019S fibroblasts, which was rescued by LRRK2 specific kinase inhibition. These findings demonstrate an important role for LRRK2 protein in regulation of mitochondrial clearance by the lysosomes, which is hampered in PD with the G2019S mutation. The current results are relevant for cell phenotypic diagnostic approaches and potentially for stratification of PD patients for targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna A Korecka
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, Harvard Medical School/McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Ria Thomas
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, Harvard Medical School/McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Dan P Christensen
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, Harvard Medical School/McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Anthony J Hinrich
- Center for Genetic Diseases, Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - Eliza J Ferrari
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, Harvard Medical School/McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Simon A Levy
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, Harvard Medical School/McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Michelle L Hastings
- Center for Genetic Diseases, Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - Penelope J Hallett
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, Harvard Medical School/McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Ole Isacson
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, Harvard Medical School/McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
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112
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Mohamed NV, Larroquette F, Beitel LK, Fon EA, Durcan TM. One Step Into the Future: New iPSC Tools to Advance Research in Parkinson's Disease and Neurological Disorders. JOURNAL OF PARKINSONS DISEASE 2020; 9:265-281. [PMID: 30741685 PMCID: PMC6597965 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-181515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Studying Parkinson’s disease (PD) in the laboratory presents many challenges, the main one being the limited availability of human cells and tissue from affected individuals. As PD is characterized by a loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the brain, it is nearly impossible for researchers to access and extract these cells from living patients. Thus, in the past PD research has focused on the use of patients’ post-mortem tissues, animal models, or immortalized cell lines to dissect cellular pathways of interest. While these strategies deepened our knowledge of pathological mechanisms in PD, they failed to faithfully capture key mechanisms at play in the human brain. The emergence of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology is revolutionizing PD research, as it allows for the differentiation and growth of human DA neurons in vitro, holding immense potential not only for modelling PD, but also for identifying novel therapies. However, to reproduce the complexity of the brain’s environment, researchers are recognizing the need to further develop and refine iPSC-based tools. In this review, we provide an overview of different systems now available for the study of PD, with a particular emphasis on the potential and limitations of iPSC as research tools to generate more relevant models of PD pathophysiology and advance the drug discovery process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen-Vi Mohamed
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Frédérique Larroquette
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Lenore K Beitel
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Edward A Fon
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Thomas M Durcan
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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113
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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell (iPSC)-Based Neurodegenerative Disease Models for Phenotype Recapitulation and Drug Screening. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25082000. [PMID: 32344649 PMCID: PMC7221979 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25082000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases represent a significant unmet medical need in our aging society. There are no effective treatments for most of these diseases, and we know comparatively little regarding pathogenic mechanisms. Among the challenges faced by those involved in developing therapeutic drugs for neurodegenerative diseases, the syndromes are often complex, and small animal models do not fully recapitulate the unique features of the human nervous system. Human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are a novel technology that ideally would permit us to generate neuronal cells from individual patients, thereby eliminating the problem of species-specificity inherent when using animal models. Specific phenotypes of iPSC-derived cells may permit researchers to identify sub-types and to distinguish among unique clusters and groups. Recently, iPSCs were used for drug screening and testing for neurologic disorders including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), spinocerebellar atrophy (SCA), and Zika virus infection. However, there remain many challenges still ahead, including how one might effectively recapitulate sporadic disease phenotypes and the selection of ideal phenotypes and for large-scale drug screening. Fortunately, quite a few novel strategies have been developed that might be combined with an iPSC-based model to solve these challenges, including organoid technology, single-cell RNA sequencing, genome editing, and deep learning artificial intelligence. Here, we will review current applications and potential future directions for iPSC-based neurodegenerative disease models for critical drug screening.
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114
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Genetic predispositions of Parkinson's disease revealed in patient-derived brain cells. NPJ PARKINSONS DISEASE 2020; 6:8. [PMID: 32352027 PMCID: PMC7181694 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-020-0110-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most prevalent neurological disorder and has been the focus of intense investigations to understand its etiology and progression, but it still lacks a cure. Modeling diseases of the central nervous system in vitro with human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) is still in its infancy but has the potential to expedite the discovery and validation of new treatments. Here, we discuss the interplay between genetic predispositions and midbrain neuronal impairments in people living with PD. We first summarize the prevalence of causal Parkinson's genes and risk factors reported in 74 epidemiological and genomic studies. We then present a meta-analysis of 385 hiPSC-derived neuronal lines from 67 recent independent original research articles, which point towards specific impairments in neurons from Parkinson's patients, within the context of genetic predispositions. Despite the heterogeneous nature of the disease, current iPSC models reveal converging molecular pathways underlying neurodegeneration in a range of familial and sporadic forms of Parkinson's disease. Altogether, consolidating our understanding of robust cellular phenotypes across genetic cohorts of Parkinson's patients may guide future personalized drug screens in preclinical research.
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115
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Sabogal-Guáqueta AM, Marmolejo-Garza A, de Pádua VP, Eggen B, Boddeke E, Dolga AM. Microglia alterations in neurodegenerative diseases and their modeling with human induced pluripotent stem cell and other platforms. Prog Neurobiol 2020; 190:101805. [PMID: 32335273 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2020.101805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Microglia are the main innate immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS). Unlike neurons and glial cells, which derive from ectoderm, microglia migrate early during embryo development from the yolk-sac, a mesodermal-derived structure. Microglia regulate synaptic pruning during development and induce or modulate inflammation during aging and chronic diseases. Microglia are sensitive to brain injuries and threats, altering their phenotype and function to adopt a so-called immune-activated state in response to any perceived threat to the CNS integrity. Here, we present a short overview on the role of microglia in human neurodegenerative diseases and provide an update on the current model systems to study microglia, including cell lines, iPSC-derived microglia with an emphasis in their transcriptomic profile and integration into 3D brain organoids. We present various strategies to model and study their role in neurodegeneration providing a relevant platform for the development of novel and more effective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélica María Sabogal-Guáqueta
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Behavioral and Cognitive Neurosciences (BCN), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, section Molecular Neurobiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Neuroscience Group of Antioquia, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Area-School of Medicine, SIU, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Alejandro Marmolejo-Garza
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Behavioral and Cognitive Neurosciences (BCN), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, section Molecular Neurobiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Vítor Passos de Pádua
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Behavioral and Cognitive Neurosciences (BCN), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Neurology Department, Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Bart Eggen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, section Molecular Neurobiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Erik Boddeke
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, section Molecular Neurobiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Amalia M Dolga
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Behavioral and Cognitive Neurosciences (BCN), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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116
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Ferrari E, Cardinale A, Picconi B, Gardoni F. From cell lines to pluripotent stem cells for modelling Parkinson's Disease. J Neurosci Methods 2020; 340:108741. [PMID: 32311374 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2020.108741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder characterized by loss of dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) that contributes to the main motor symptoms of the disease. At present, even if several advancements have been done in the last decades, the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis are far to be fully understood. Accordingly, the establishment of reliable in vitro experimental models to investigate the early events of the pathogenesis represents a key issue in the field. However, to mimic and reproduce in vitro the complex neuronal circuitry involved in PD-associated degeneration of DAergic neurons still remains a highly challenging issue. Here we will review the in vitro PD models used in the last 25 years of research, ranging from cell lines, primary rat or mice neuronal cultures to the more recent use of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) and, finally, the development of 3D midbrain organoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Ferrari
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Barbara Picconi
- Università Telematica San Raffaele, Rome, Italy; IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy.
| | - Fabrizio Gardoni
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
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117
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Zhang X, Hu D, Shang Y, Qi X. Using induced pluripotent stem cell neuronal models to study neurodegenerative diseases. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2020; 1866:165431. [PMID: 30898538 PMCID: PMC6751032 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Current application of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) technology in patient-specific models of neurodegenerative disorders recapitulate some of key phenotypes of diseases, representing disease-specific cellular modeling and providing a unique platform for therapeutics development. We review recent efforts toward advancing hiPSCs-derived neuronal cell types and highlight their potential use for the development of more complex in vitro models of neurodegenerative diseases by focusing on Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease and Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. We present evidence from previous works on the important phenotypic changes of various neuronal types in these neurological diseases. We also summarize efforts on conducting low- and high-throughput screening experiments with hiPSCs toward developing potential therapeutics for treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Lastly, we discuss the limitations of hiPSCs culture system in studying neurodegenerative diseases and alternative strategies to overcome these hurdles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinwen Zhang
- Center of Implant Dentistry, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang 110002, China; Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Di Hu
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Yutong Shang
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Xin Qi
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Center for Mitochondrial Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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118
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Wu YY, Chiu FL, Yeh CS, Kuo HC. Opportunities and challenges for the use of induced pluripotent stem cells in modelling neurodegenerative disease. Open Biol 2020; 9:180177. [PMID: 30958120 PMCID: PMC6367134 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.180177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult-onset neurodegenerative diseases are among the most difficult human health conditions to model for drug development. Most genetic or toxin-induced cell and animal models cannot faithfully recapitulate pathology in disease-relevant cells, making it excessively challenging to explore the potential mechanisms underlying sporadic disease. Patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) can be differentiated into disease-relevant neurons, providing an unparalleled platform for in vitro modelling and development of therapeutic strategies. Here, we review recent progress in generating Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Huntington's disease models from patient-derived iPSCs. We also describe novel discoveries of pathological mechanisms and drug evaluations that have used these patient iPSC-derived neuronal models. Additionally, current human iPSC technology allows researchers to model diseases with 3D brain organoids, which are more representative of tissue architecture than traditional neuronal cultures. We discuss remaining challenges and emerging opportunities for the use of three-dimensional brain organoids in modelling brain development and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ying Wu
- 1 Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica , Taipei 11529 , Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Feng-Lan Chiu
- 1 Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica , Taipei 11529 , Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chan-Shien Yeh
- 1 Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica , Taipei 11529 , Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Hung-Chih Kuo
- 1 Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica , Taipei 11529 , Taiwan, Republic of China.,2 Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica , Taipei 11529 , Taiwan, Republic of China.,3 Graduate Institute of Medical Genomics and Proteomics, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University , Taipei , Taiwan, Republic of China
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119
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Hu X, Mao C, Fan L, Luo H, Hu Z, Zhang S, Yang Z, Zheng H, Sun H, Fan Y, Yang J, Shi C, Xu Y. Modeling Parkinson's Disease Using Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Stem Cells Int 2020; 2020:1061470. [PMID: 32256606 PMCID: PMC7091557 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1061470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease. The molecular mechanisms of PD at the cellular level involve oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, autophagy, axonal transport, and neuroinflammation. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) with patient-specific genetic background are capable of directed differentiation into dopaminergic neurons. Cell models based on iPSCs are powerful tools for studying the molecular mechanisms of PD. The iPSCs used for PD studies were mainly from patients carrying mutations in synuclein alpha (SNCA), leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2), PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1), parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase (PARK2), cytoplasmic protein sorting 35 (VPS35), and variants in glucosidase beta acid (GBA). In this review, we summarized the advances in molecular mechanisms of Parkinson's disease using iPSC models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinchao Hu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000 Henan, China
- Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000 Henan, China
| | - Chengyuan Mao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000 Henan, China
| | - Liyuan Fan
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000 Henan, China
- Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000 Henan, China
| | - Haiyang Luo
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000 Henan, China
| | - Zhengwei Hu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000 Henan, China
- Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000 Henan, China
| | - Shuo Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000 Henan, China
- Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000 Henan, China
| | - Zhihua Yang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000 Henan, China
- Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000 Henan, China
| | - Huimin Zheng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000 Henan, China
- Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000 Henan, China
| | - Huifang Sun
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000 Henan, China
| | - Yu Fan
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000 Henan, China
- Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000 Henan, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000 Henan, China
| | - Changhe Shi
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000 Henan, China
| | - Yuming Xu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000 Henan, China
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120
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Argentati C, Tortorella I, Bazzucchi M, Morena F, Martino S. Harnessing the Potential of Stem Cells for Disease Modeling: Progress and Promises. J Pers Med 2020; 10:E8. [PMID: 32041088 PMCID: PMC7151621 DOI: 10.3390/jpm10010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ex vivo cell/tissue-based models are an essential step in the workflow of pathophysiology studies, assay development, disease modeling, drug discovery, and development of personalized therapeutic strategies. For these purposes, both scientific and pharmaceutical research have adopted ex vivo stem cell models because of their better predictive power. As matter of a fact, the advancing in isolation and in vitro expansion protocols for culturing autologous human stem cells, and the standardization of methods for generating patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells has made feasible to generate and investigate human cellular disease models with even greater speed and efficiency. Furthermore, the potential of stem cells on generating more complex systems, such as scaffold-cell models, organoids, or organ-on-a-chip, allowed to overcome the limitations of the two-dimensional culture systems as well as to better mimic tissues structures and functions. Finally, the advent of genome-editing/gene therapy technologies had a great impact on the generation of more proficient stem cell-disease models and on establishing an effective therapeutic treatment. In this review, we discuss important breakthroughs of stem cell-based models highlighting current directions, advantages, and limitations and point out the need to combine experimental biology with computational tools able to describe complex biological systems and deliver results or predictions in the context of personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Argentati
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnologies, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (C.A.); (I.T.); (M.B.); (F.M.)
| | - Ilaria Tortorella
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnologies, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (C.A.); (I.T.); (M.B.); (F.M.)
| | - Martina Bazzucchi
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnologies, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (C.A.); (I.T.); (M.B.); (F.M.)
| | - Francesco Morena
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnologies, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (C.A.); (I.T.); (M.B.); (F.M.)
| | - Sabata Martino
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnologies, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (C.A.); (I.T.); (M.B.); (F.M.)
- CEMIN, Center of Excellence on Nanostructured Innovative Materials, Via del Giochetto, 06126 Perugia, Italy
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121
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Liu G, David BT, Trawczynski M, Fessler RG. Advances in Pluripotent Stem Cells: History, Mechanisms, Technologies, and Applications. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2020; 16:3-32. [PMID: 31760627 PMCID: PMC6987053 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-019-09935-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Over the past 20 years, and particularly in the last decade, significant developmental milestones have driven basic, translational, and clinical advances in the field of stem cell and regenerative medicine. In this article, we provide a systemic overview of the major recent discoveries in this exciting and rapidly developing field. We begin by discussing experimental advances in the generation and differentiation of pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), next moving to the maintenance of stem cells in different culture types, and finishing with a discussion of three-dimensional (3D) cell technology and future stem cell applications. Specifically, we highlight the following crucial domains: 1) sources of pluripotent cells; 2) next-generation in vivo direct reprogramming technology; 3) cell types derived from PSCs and the influence of genetic memory; 4) induction of pluripotency with genomic modifications; 5) construction of vectors with reprogramming factor combinations; 6) enhancing pluripotency with small molecules and genetic signaling pathways; 7) induction of cell reprogramming by RNA signaling; 8) induction and enhancement of pluripotency with chemicals; 9) maintenance of pluripotency and genomic stability in induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs); 10) feeder-free and xenon-free culture environments; 11) biomaterial applications in stem cell biology; 12) three-dimensional (3D) cell technology; 13) 3D bioprinting; 14) downstream stem cell applications; and 15) current ethical issues in stem cell and regenerative medicine. This review, encompassing the fundamental concepts of regenerative medicine, is intended to provide a comprehensive portrait of important progress in stem cell research and development. Innovative technologies and real-world applications are emphasized for readers interested in the exciting, promising, and challenging field of stem cells and those seeking guidance in planning future research direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gele Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rush University Medical College, 1725 W. Harrison St., Suite 855, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
| | - Brian T David
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rush University Medical College, 1725 W. Harrison St., Suite 855, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Matthew Trawczynski
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rush University Medical College, 1725 W. Harrison St., Suite 855, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Richard G Fessler
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rush University Medical College, 1725 W. Harrison St., Suite 855, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
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122
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Volpato V, Webber C. Addressing variability in iPSC-derived models of human disease: guidelines to promote reproducibility. Dis Model Mech 2020; 13:dmm042317. [PMID: 31953356 PMCID: PMC6994963 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.042317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technologies have provided in vitro models of inaccessible human cell types, yielding new insights into disease mechanisms especially for neurological disorders. However, without due consideration, the thousands of new human iPSC lines generated in the past decade will inevitably affect the reproducibility of iPSC-based experiments. Differences between donor individuals, genetic stability and experimental variability contribute to iPSC model variation by impacting differentiation potency, cellular heterogeneity, morphology, and transcript and protein abundance. Such effects will confound reproducible disease modelling in the absence of appropriate strategies. In this Review, we explore the causes and effects of iPSC heterogeneity, and propose approaches to detect and account for experimental variation between studies, or even exploit it for deeper biological insight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viola Volpato
- UK Dementia Research Institute at Cardiff University, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neuroscience, Haydn Ellis Building, Maindy Rd, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Caleb Webber
- UK Dementia Research Institute at Cardiff University, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neuroscience, Haydn Ellis Building, Maindy Rd, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
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123
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Simmnacher K, Lanfer J, Rizo T, Kaindl J, Winner B. Modeling Cell-Cell Interactions in Parkinson's Disease Using Human Stem Cell-Based Models. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 13:571. [PMID: 32009903 PMCID: PMC6978672 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the most frequently occurring movement disorder, with an increasing incidence due to an aging population. For many years, the post-mortem brain was regarded as the gold standard for the analysis of the human pathology of this disease. However, modern stem cell technologies, including the analysis of patient-specific neurons and glial cells, have opened up new avenues for dissecting the pathologic mechanisms of PD. Most data on morphological changes, such as cell death or changes in neurite complexity, or functional deficits were acquired in 2D and few in 3D models. This review will examine the prerequisites for human disease modeling in PD, covering the generation of midbrain neurons, 3D organoid midbrain models, the selection of controls including genetically engineered lines, and the study of cell-cell interactions. We will present major disease phenotypes in human in vitro models of PD, focusing on those phenotypes that have been detected in genetic and sporadic PD models. An additional point covered in this review will be the use of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived technologies to model cell-cell interactions in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Simmnacher
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jonas Lanfer
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tania Rizo
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Johanna Kaindl
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Beate Winner
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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124
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Marotta N, Kim S, Krainc D. Organoid and pluripotent stem cells in Parkinson's disease modeling: an expert view on their value to drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2020; 15:427-441. [PMID: 31899983 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2020.1703671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Parkinson's disease is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder preferentially involving loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, leading to typical motor symptoms. While there are still no therapeutics to modify disease course, recent work using induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) and 3D brain organoid models have provided further insight into Parkinson's disease pathogenesis and potential therapeutic targets.Areas covered: This review highlights the generation of iPSC neurons and neural organoids as models for studying Parkinson's disease. It further discusses the recent work using patient-derived neurons from both familial and sporadic forms of Parkinson's to study disease pathogenic phenotypes and pathways. It additionally provides an evaluation of iPSC neurons and organoid models for therapeutic development in Parkinson's.Expert opinion: The use of Parkinson's disease patient-derived neurons and organoids provides us with the exciting opportunity to directly investigate pathogenic mechanisms and test drug compounds in human neurons. Future studies will involve generating more sophisticated models of brain organoids, studying neuronal pathways using larger patient cohorts, and routinely assessing therapeutics in these models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick Marotta
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Soojin Kim
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Dimitri Krainc
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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125
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Pathogenic Pathways in Early-Onset Autosomal Recessive Parkinson's Disease Discovered Using Isogenic Human Dopaminergic Neurons. Stem Cell Reports 2020; 14:75-90. [PMID: 31902706 PMCID: PMC6962705 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2019.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a complex and highly variable neurodegenerative disease. Familial PD is caused by mutations in several genes with diverse and mostly unknown functions. It is unclear how dysregulation of these genes results in the relatively selective death of nigral dopaminergic neurons (DNs). To address this question, we modeled PD by knocking out the PD genes PARKIN (PRKN), DJ-1 (PARK7), and ATP13A2 (PARK9) in independent isogenic human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) lines. We found increased levels of oxidative stress in all PD lines. Increased death of DNs upon differentiation was found only in the PARKIN knockout line. Using quantitative proteomics, we observed dysregulation of mitochondrial and lysosomal function in all of the lines, as well as common and distinct molecular defects caused by the different PD genes. Our results suggest that precise delineation of PD subtypes will require evaluation of molecular and clinical data. CRISPR knockin of reporter in TH locus allows live tracking and isolation of DNs Large-scale 3D midbrain DN differentiation using spinner flask culture Phenotypic comparison of isogenic DNs harboring knockouts of PARKIN, DJ-1, or ATP13A2 Transcriptomics and quantitative proteomics studies determine common and distinct PD pathways
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126
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Neural In Vitro Models for Studying Substances Acting on the Central Nervous System. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2020; 265:111-141. [PMID: 32594299 DOI: 10.1007/164_2020_367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Animal models have been greatly contributing to our understanding of physiology, mechanisms of diseases, and toxicity. Yet, their limitations due to, e.g., interspecies variation are reflected in the high number of drug attrition rates, especially in central nervous system (CNS) diseases. Therefore, human-based neural in vitro models for studying safety and efficacy of substances acting on the CNS are needed. Human iPSC-derived cells offer such a platform with the unique advantage of reproducing the "human context" in vitro by preserving the genetic and molecular phenotype of their donors. Guiding the differentiation of hiPSC into cells of the nervous system and combining them in a 2D or 3D format allows to obtain complex models suitable for investigating neurotoxicity or brain-related diseases with patient-derived cells. This chapter will give an overview over stem cell-based human 2D neuronal and mixed neuronal/astrocyte models, in vitro cultures of microglia, as well as CNS disease models and considers new developments in the field, more specifically the use of brain organoids and 3D bioprinted in vitro models for safety and efficacy evaluation.
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127
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Berwick DC, Heaton GR, Azeggagh S, Harvey K. LRRK2 Biology from structure to dysfunction: research progresses, but the themes remain the same. Mol Neurodegener 2019; 14:49. [PMID: 31864390 PMCID: PMC6925518 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-019-0344-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) as a protein that is likely central to the aetiology of Parkinson’s disease, a considerable amount of work has gone into uncovering its basic cellular function. This effort has led to the implication of LRRK2 in a bewildering range of cell biological processes and pathways, and probable roles in a number of seemingly unrelated medical conditions. In this review we summarise current knowledge of the basic biochemistry and cellular function of LRRK2. Topics covered include the identification of phosphorylation substrates of LRRK2 kinase activity, in particular Rab proteins, and advances in understanding the activation of LRRK2 kinase activity via dimerisation and association with membranes, especially via interaction with Rab29. We also discuss biochemical studies that shed light on the complex LRRK2 GTPase activity, evidence of roles for LRRK2 in a range of cell signalling pathways that are likely cell type specific, and studies linking LRRK2 to the cell biology of organelles. The latter includes the involvement of LRRK2 in autophagy, endocytosis, and processes at the trans-Golgi network, the endoplasmic reticulum and also key microtubule-based cellular structures. We further propose a mechanism linking LRRK2 dimerisation, GTPase function and membrane recruitment with LRRK2 kinase activation by Rab29. Together these data paint a picture of a research field that in many ways is moving forward with great momentum, but in other ways has not changed fundamentally. Many key advances have been made, but very often they seem to lead back to the same places.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Berwick
- School of Health, Life and Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK.
| | - George R Heaton
- Department of Pharmacology, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Sonia Azeggagh
- School of Health, Life and Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Kirsten Harvey
- Department of Pharmacology, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK.
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128
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Graves SM, Xie Z, Stout KA, Zampese E, Burbulla LF, Shih JC, Kondapalli J, Patriarchi T, Tian L, Brichta L, Greengard P, Krainc D, Schumacker PT, Surmeier DJ. Dopamine metabolism by a monoamine oxidase mitochondrial shuttle activates the electron transport chain. Nat Neurosci 2019; 23:15-20. [PMID: 31844313 PMCID: PMC7257994 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-019-0556-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Monoamine oxidase (MAO) metabolizes cytosolic dopamine (DA), thereby limiting auto-oxidation, but is also thought to generate cytosolic hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). We show that MAO metabolism of DA does not increase cytosolic H2O2 but leads to mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) activity. This is dependent upon MAO anchoring to the outer mitochondrial membrane and shuttling electrons through the intermembrane space to support the bioenergetic demands of phasic DA release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M Graves
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Zhong Xie
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kristen A Stout
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Enrico Zampese
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Lena F Burbulla
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jean C Shih
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jyothisri Kondapalli
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Tommaso Patriarchi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California-Davis Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Lin Tian
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California-Davis Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Lars Brichta
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Paul Greengard
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dimitri Krainc
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Paul T Schumacker
- Department of Pediatrics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - D James Surmeier
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
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129
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Khacho M, Harris R, Slack RS. Mitochondria as central regulators of neural stem cell fate and cognitive function. Nat Rev Neurosci 2019; 20:34-48. [PMID: 30464208 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-018-0091-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence now indicates that mitochondria are central regulators of neural stem cell (NSC) fate decisions and are crucial for both neurodevelopment and adult neurogenesis, which in turn contribute to cognitive processes in the mature brain. Inherited mutations and accumulated damage to mitochondria over the course of ageing serve as key factors underlying cognitive defects in neurodevelopmental disorders and neurodegenerative diseases, respectively. In this Review, we explore the recent findings that implicate mitochondria as crucial regulators of NSC function and cognition. In this respect, mitochondria may serve as targets for stem-cell-based therapies and interventions for cognitive defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireille Khacho
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology (OISB), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Richard Harris
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ruth S Slack
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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130
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Caiazza MC, Lang C, Wade-Martins R. What we can learn from iPSC-derived cellular models of Parkinson's disease. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2019; 252:3-25. [PMID: 32247368 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2019.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disorder with no known cure. In order to better understand the pathological mechanisms which lead to neuronal cell death and to accelerate the process of drug discovery, a reliable in vitro model is required. Unfortunately, research into PD and neurodegeneration in general has long suffered from a lack of adequate in vitro models, mainly due to the inaccessibility of live neurons from vulnerable areas of the human brain. Recent reprogramming technologies have recently made it possible to reliably derive human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from patients and healthy subjects to generate specific, difficult to obtain, cellular sub-types. These iPSC-derived cells can be employed to model disease to better understand pathological mechanisms and underlying cellular vulnerability. Therefore, in this chapter, we will discuss the techniques involved in the reprogramming of somatic cells into iPSCs, the evolution of iPSC differentiation methods and their application in neurodegenerative disease modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Claudia Caiazza
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Charmaine Lang
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Wade-Martins
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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131
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Wu Y, Gong Y, Luan Y, Li Y, Liu J, Yue Z, Yuan B, Sun J, Xie C, Li L, Zhen J, Jin X, Zheng Y, Wang X, Xie L, Wang W. BHBA treatment improves cognitive function by targeting pleiotropic mechanisms in transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. FASEB J 2019; 34:1412-1429. [PMID: 31914599 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201901984r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Accumulation of amyloid β (Aβ) peptide, inflammation, and oxidative stress contribute to Alzheimer's disease (AD) and trigger complex pathogenesis. The ketone body β-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) is an endogenous metabolic intermediate that protects against stroke and neurodegenerative diseases, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. The present study aims to elucidate the protective effects of BHBA in the early stage of AD model and investigate the underlying molecular mechanisms. Three-and-half-month-old double-transgenic mice (5XFAD) overexpressing β-amyloid precursor protein (APP) and presenilin-1 (PS1) were used as the AD model. The 5XFAD mice received 1.5 mmol/kg/d BHBA subcutaneously for 28 days. Morris water maze test, nest construction, and passive avoidance experiments were performed to assess the therapeutic effects on AD prevention in vivo, and brain pathology of 5XFAD mice including amyloid plaque deposition and microglia activation were assessed. Gene expression profiles in the cortexes of 5XFAD- and BHBA-treated 5XFAD mice were performed with high-throughput sequencing and bioinformatic analysis. Mouse HT22 cells were treated with 2 mM BHBA to explore its in vitro protective effects of BHBA on hippocampal neurons against Aβ oligomer toxicity, ATP production, ROS generation, and mitochondrial aerobic respiratory function. APP, BACE1, and neprilysin (NEP) expression levels were evaluated in HT22 cells following treatment with BHBA by measuring the presence or absence of G protein-coupled receptor 109A (GPR109A). BHBA improved cognitive function of 5XFAD mice in Morris water maze test, nesting construction and passive avoidance experiments, and attenuated Aβ accumulation and microglia overactivation in the brain. BHBA also enhanced mitochondrial respiratory function of hippocampal neurons and protected it from Aβ toxicity. The enzymes, APP and NEP were regulated by BHBA via G-protein-coupled receptor 109A (GPR109A). Furthermore, RNA sequencing revealed that BHBA-regulated genes mainly annotated in aging, immune system, nervous system, and neurodegenerative diseases. Our data suggested that BHBA confers protection against the AD-like pathological events in the AD mouse model by targeting multiple aspects of AD and it may become a promising candidate for the prevention and treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yancheng Wu
- Innovative Institute of Animal Healthy Breeding, Key Laboratory of Waterfowl Healthy Breeding of Guangdong Province, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, P.R. China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Yuhong Gong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Yongxin Luan
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disorders of the Ministry of Education, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Juxiong Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Zitong Yue
- Changchun Jida Middle School Experimental School, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Boyu Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Jingxuan Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Changxin Xie
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Lijuan Li
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disorders of the Ministry of Education, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China.,The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, P.R. China
| | - Junli Zhen
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disorders of the Ministry of Education, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xinxin Jin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Yan Zheng
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disorders of the Ministry of Education, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xiaomin Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disorders of the Ministry of Education, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Liwei Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- Innovative Institute of Animal Healthy Breeding, Key Laboratory of Waterfowl Healthy Breeding of Guangdong Province, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, P.R. China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, P.R. China.,Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disorders of the Ministry of Education, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China
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132
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Lee M, Sim H, Ahn H, Ha J, Baek A, Jeon YJ, Son MY, Kim J. Direct Reprogramming to Human Induced Neuronal Progenitors from Fibroblasts of Familial and Sporadic Parkinson's Disease Patients. Int J Stem Cells 2019; 12:474-483. [PMID: 31474031 PMCID: PMC6881039 DOI: 10.15283/ijsc19075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In Parkinson's disease (PD) research, human neuroblastoma and immortalized neural cell lines have been widely used as in vitro models. The advancement in the field of reprogramming technology has provided tools for generating patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) as well as human induced neuronal progenitor cells (hiNPCs). These cells have revolutionized the field of disease modeling, especially in neural diseases. Although the direct reprogramming to hiNPCs has several advantages over differentiation after hiPSC reprogramming, such as the time required and the simple procedure, relatively few studies have utilized hiNPCs. Here, we optimized the protocol for hiNPC reprogramming using pluripotency factors and Sendai virus. In addition, we generated hiNPCs of two healthy donors, a sporadic PD patient, and a familial patient with the LRRK2 G2019S mutation (L2GS). The four hiNPC cell lines are highly proliferative, expressed NPC markers, maintained the normal karyotype, and have the differentiation potential of dopaminergic neurons. Importantly, the patient hiNPCs show different apoptotic marker expression. Thus, these hiNPCs, in addition to hiPSCs, are a favorable option to study PD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minhyung Lee
- Stem Cell Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Korea.,Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB, School of Bioscience, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Hyuna Sim
- Stem Cell Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Korea.,Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB, School of Bioscience, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Hyunjun Ahn
- Stem Cell Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Korea.,Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB, School of Bioscience, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jeongmin Ha
- Stem Cell Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Korea.,Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB, School of Bioscience, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Aruem Baek
- Stem Cell Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Young-Joo Jeon
- Stem Cell Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Mi-Young Son
- Stem Cell Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Korea.,Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB, School of Bioscience, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Janghwan Kim
- Stem Cell Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Korea.,Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB, School of Bioscience, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
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133
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Biological Functions of Autophagy Genes: A Disease Perspective. Cell 2019; 176:11-42. [PMID: 30633901 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.09.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1672] [Impact Index Per Article: 334.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Revised: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The lysosomal degradation pathway of autophagy plays a fundamental role in cellular, tissue, and organismal homeostasis and is mediated by evolutionarily conserved autophagy-related (ATG) genes. Definitive etiological links exist between mutations in genes that control autophagy and human disease, especially neurodegenerative, inflammatory disorders and cancer. Autophagy selectively targets dysfunctional organelles, intracellular microbes, and pathogenic proteins, and deficiencies in these processes may lead to disease. Moreover, ATG genes have diverse physiologically important roles in other membrane-trafficking and signaling pathways. This Review discusses the biological functions of autophagy genes from the perspective of understanding-and potentially reversing-the pathophysiology of human disease and aging.
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134
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Ren C, Wang F, Guan LN, Cheng XY, Zhang CY, Geng DQ, Liu CF. A compendious summary of Parkinson's disease patient-derived iPSCs in the first decade. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2019; 7:685. [PMID: 31930086 PMCID: PMC6944564 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2019.11.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The number of Parkinson's disease (PD) patients increases with aging, which brings heavy burden to families and society. The emergence of patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) has brought hope to the current situation of lacking new breakthroughs in diagnosis and treatment of PD. In this article, we reviewed and analyzed the current researches related to PD patient-derived iPSCs, in order to provide solid theoretical basis for future study of PD. In 2008, successful iPSCs derived from PD patients were reported. The current iPSCs research in PD mostly focused on the establishment of specific iPSCs models of PD patients carrying susceptible genes. The main source of PD patient-derived iPSCs is skin fibroblasts and the mainstream reprogramming methodology is the mature "four-factor" method, which introduces four totipotent correlation factors Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 and c-Myc into somatic cells. The main sources of iPSCs are patients with non-pedigrees and there have been no studies involving both PD patients and unaffected carriers within the same family. Most of the existing studies of PD patient-derived iPSCs started with the induction method for obtaining dopaminergic neurons in the first instance, but therapeutic applications are being increased. Although it is not the ultimate panacea, and there are still some unsolved problems (e.g., whether the mutated genes should be corrected or not), a better understanding of iPSCs may be a good gift for both PD patients and doctors due to their advantages in diagnosis and treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Ren
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, China
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai 264000, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Fen Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Li-Na Guan
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, China
- Department of Neurosurgical Intensive Care Unit, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai 264000, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Cheng
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, China
| | - Cai-Yi Zhang
- Department of Emergency, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221006, China
| | - De-Qin Geng
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221006, China
| | - Chun-Feng Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
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135
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Kim J, Daadi MM. Non-cell autonomous mechanism of Parkinson's disease pathology caused by G2019S LRRK2 mutation in Ashkenazi Jewish patient: Single cell analysis. Brain Res 2019; 1722:146342. [PMID: 31330122 PMCID: PMC8152577 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disease, characterized by the loss of the midbrain dopaminergic neurons, which leads to impaired motor and cognitive functions. PD is predominantly an idiopathic disease, however about 5% of cases are linked to hereditary mutations. The most common mutation in both familial and sporadic PD is the G2019S mutation of leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) with high prevalence in Ashkenazi Jewish patients and in North African Berber and Arab patients. It is still not fully understood how this mutation leads to PD pathology. In this study, we derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from an Ashkenazi Jewish patient with G2019S LRRK2 mutation to isolate self-renewable multipotent neural stem cells (NSCs) and to model this form of PD in vitro. To investigate the cellular diversity and disease pathology in the NSCs, we used single cell RNA-seq transcriptomic profiling. The evidence suggests there are three subpopulations within the NSCs: a committed neuronal population, intermediate stage population and undifferentiated stage population. Unbiased single-cell transcriptomic analysis revealed differential expression and dysregulation of genes involved in PD pathology. The significantly affected genes were involved in mitochondrial function, DNA repair, protein degradation, oxidative stress, lysosome biogenesis, ubiquitination, endosome function, autophagy and mitochondrial quality control. The results suggest that G2019S LRRK2 mutation may affect multiple cell types in a non-cell autonomous mechanism of PD pathology and that unbiased single-cell transcriptomics holds promise for personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Kim
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States; Department of Cell Systems & Anatomy, TX, United States
| | - Marcel M Daadi
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States; Department of Cell Systems & Anatomy, TX, United States; Department of Radiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX, United States.
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136
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Li H, Jiang H, Zhang B, Feng J. Modeling Parkinson's Disease Using Patient-specific Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. JOURNAL OF PARKINSONS DISEASE 2019; 8:479-493. [PMID: 30149462 PMCID: PMC6218140 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-181353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder. It is characterized by the degeneration of nigral dopaminergic (DA) neurons. While over 90% of cases are idiopathic, without a clear etiology, mutations in many genes have been linked to rare, familial forms of PD. It has been quite challenging to develop effective animal models of PD that capture salient features of PD. The discovery of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) makes it possible to generate patient-specific DA neurons to study PD. Here, we review the methods for the generation of iPSCs and discuss previous studies using iPSC-derived neurons from monogenic forms of PD. These investigations have revealed several converging pathways that intersect with the unique vulnerabilities of human nigral DA neurons. With the rapid development in stem cell biology, it is possible to generate patient-specific neurons that will be increasingly similar to those in the brain of the patient. Combined with the ability to edit the genome to generate isogenic iPSCs, the generation and analysis of patient-specific midbrain DA neurons will transform PD research by providing a valuable tool for mechanistic study and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Li
- Veterans Affairs Western New York Healthcare System, Buffalo, NY, USA.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Houbo Jiang
- Veterans Affairs Western New York Healthcare System, Buffalo, NY, USA.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Boyang Zhang
- Veterans Affairs Western New York Healthcare System, Buffalo, NY, USA.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Jian Feng
- Veterans Affairs Western New York Healthcare System, Buffalo, NY, USA.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
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137
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Abstract
Kinase activating missense mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) are pathogenically linked to neurodegenerative Parkinson's disease (PD). Over the past decade, substantial effort has been devoted to the development of potent and selective small molecule inhibitors of LRRK2, as well as their preclinical testing across different Parkinson's disease models. This review outlines the genetic and biochemical evidence that pathogenic missense mutations increase LRRK2 kinase activity, which in turn provides the rationale for the development of small molecule inhibitors as potential PD therapeutics. An overview of progress in the development of LRRK2 inhibitors is provided, which in particular indicates that highly selective and potent compounds capable of clinical utility have been developed. We outline evidence from rodent- and human-induced pluripotent stem cell models that support a pathogenic role for LRRK2 kinase activity, and review the substantial experiments aimed at evaluating the safety of LRRK2 inhibitors. We address challenges still to overcome in the translational therapeutic pipeline, including biomarker development and clinical trial strategies, and finally outline the potential utility of LRRK2 inhibitors for other genetic forms of PD and ultimately sporadic PD. Collective evidence supports the ongoing clinical translation of LRRK2 inhibitors as a therapeutic intervention for PD is greatly needed.
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138
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Pueraria lobata and Daidzein Reduce Cytotoxicity by Enhancing Ubiquitin-Proteasome System Function in SCA3-iPSC-Derived Neurons. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:8130481. [PMID: 31687087 PMCID: PMC6800904 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8130481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder caused by a CAG repeat expansion within the ATXN3/MJD1 gene. The expanded CAG repeats encode a polyglutamine (polyQ) tract at the C-terminus of the ATXN3 protein. ATXN3 containing expanded polyQ forms aggregates, leading to subsequent cellular dysfunctions including an impaired ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS). To investigate the pathogenesis of SCA3 and develop potential therapeutic strategies, we established induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines from SCA3 patients (SCA3-iPSC). Neurons derived from SCA3-iPSCs formed aggregates that are positive to the polyQ marker 1C2. Treatment with the proteasome inhibitor, MG132, on SCA3-iPSC-derived neurons downregulated proteasome activity, increased production of radical oxygen species (ROS), and upregulated the cleaved caspase 3 level and caspase 3 activity. This increased susceptibility to the proteasome inhibitor can be rescued by a Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) extract NH037 (from Pueraria lobata) and its constituent daidzein via upregulating proteasome activity and reducing protein ubiquitination, oxidative stress, cleaved caspase 3 level, and caspase 3 activity. Our results successfully recapitulate the key phenotypes of the neurons derived from SCA3 patients, as well as indicate the potential of NH037 and daidzein in the treatment for SCA3 patients.
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139
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Ke M, Chong CM, Su H. Using induced pluripotent stem cells for modeling Parkinson’s disease. World J Stem Cells 2019; 11:634-649. [PMID: 31616540 PMCID: PMC6789186 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v11.i9.634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disease caused by the progressive loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra. As DA neurons degenerate, PD patients gradually lose their ability of movement. To date no effective therapies are available for the treatment of PD and its pathogenesis remains unknown. Experimental models that appropriately mimic the development of PD are certainly needed for gaining mechanistic insights into PD pathogenesis and identifying new therapeutic targets. Human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) could provide a promising model for fundamental research and drug screening. In this review, we summarize various iPSCs-based PD models either derived from PD patients through reprogramming technology or established by gene-editing technology, and the promising application of iPSC-based PD models for mechanistic studies and drug testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjing Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao 999078, China
| | - Cheong-Meng Chong
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao 999078, China
| | - Huanxing Su
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao 999078, China
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140
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González-Casacuberta I, Juárez-Flores DL, Morén C, Garrabou G. Bioenergetics and Autophagic Imbalance in Patients-Derived Cell Models of Parkinson Disease Supports Systemic Dysfunction in Neurodegeneration. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:894. [PMID: 31551675 PMCID: PMC6748355 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder worldwide affecting 2-3% of the population over 65 years. This prevalence is expected to rise as life expectancy increases and diagnostic and therapeutic protocols improve. PD encompasses a multitude of clinical, genetic, and molecular forms of the disease. Even though the mechanistic of the events leading to neurodegeneration remain largely unknown, some molecular hallmarks have been repeatedly reported in most patients and models of the disease. Neuroinflammation, protein misfolding, disrupted endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondria crosstalk, mitochondrial dysfunction and consequent bioenergetic failure, oxidative stress and autophagy deregulation, are amongst the most commonly described. Supporting these findings, numerous familial forms of PD are caused by mutations in genes that are crucial for mitochondrial and autophagy proper functioning. For instance, late and early onset PD associated to mutations in Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) and Parkin (PRKN) genes, responsible for the most frequent dominant and recessive inherited forms of PD, respectively, have emerged as promising examples of disease due to their established role in commanding bioenergetic and autophagic balance. Concomitantly, the development of animal and cell models to investigate the etiology of the disease, potential biomarkers and therapeutic approaches are being explored. One of the emerging approaches in this context is the use of patient's derived cells models, such as skin-derived fibroblasts that preserve the genetic background and some environmental cues of the patients. An increasing number of reports in these PD cell models postulate that deficient mitochondrial function and impaired autophagic flux may be determinant in PD accelerated nigral cell death in terms of limitation of cell energy supply and accumulation of obsolete and/or unfolded proteins or dysfunctional organelles. The reliance of neurons on mitochondrial oxidative metabolism and their post-mitotic nature, may explain their increased vulnerability to undergo degeneration upon mitochondrial challenges or autophagic insults. In this scenario, proper mitochondrial function and turnover through mitophagy, are gaining in strength as protective targets to prevent neurodegeneration, together with the use of patient-derived fibroblasts to further explore these events. These findings point out the presence of molecular damage beyond the central nervous system (CNS) and proffer patient-derived cell platforms to the clinical and scientific community, which enable the study of disease etiopathogenesis and therapeutic approaches focused on modifying the natural history of PD through, among others, the enhancement of mitochondrial function and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid González-Casacuberta
- Muscle Research and Mitochondrial Function Laboratory, Cellex-IDIBAPS, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences-University of Barcelona, Internal Medicine Service-Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBERER-U722, Madrid, Spain
| | - Diana Luz Juárez-Flores
- Muscle Research and Mitochondrial Function Laboratory, Cellex-IDIBAPS, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences-University of Barcelona, Internal Medicine Service-Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBERER-U722, Madrid, Spain
| | - Constanza Morén
- Muscle Research and Mitochondrial Function Laboratory, Cellex-IDIBAPS, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences-University of Barcelona, Internal Medicine Service-Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBERER-U722, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gloria Garrabou
- Muscle Research and Mitochondrial Function Laboratory, Cellex-IDIBAPS, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences-University of Barcelona, Internal Medicine Service-Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBERER-U722, Madrid, Spain
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141
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Ren C, Ding Y, Wei S, Guan L, Zhang C, Ji Y, Wang F, Yin S, Yin P. G2019S Variation in LRRK2: An Ideal Model for the Study of Parkinson's Disease? Front Hum Neurosci 2019; 13:306. [PMID: 31551736 PMCID: PMC6738350 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2019.00306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder and has plagued humans for more than 200 years. The etiology and detailed pathogenesis of PD is unclear, but is currently believed to be the result of the interaction between genetic and environmental factors. Studies have found that PD patients with the LRRK2:G2019S variation have the typical clinical manifestations of PD, which may be familial or sporadic, and have age-dependent pathogenic characteristics. Therefore, the LRRK2:G2019S variation may be an ideal model to study the interaction of multiple factors such as genetic, environmental and natural aging factors in PD in the future. This article reviewed the progress of LRRK2:G2019S studies in PD research in order to provide new research ideas and directions for the pathogenesis and treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Ren
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, China
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yu Ding
- Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Shizhuang Wei
- Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Lina Guan
- Department of Neurosurgical Intensive Care Unit, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - Caiyi Zhang
- Department of Emergency and Rescue Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yongqiang Ji
- Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - Fen Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Shaohua Yin
- Department of Nursing, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - Peiyuan Yin
- Department of Blood Supply, Yantai Center Blood Station, Yantai, China
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142
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Wiegand C, Banerjee I. Recent advances in the applications of iPSC technology. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2019; 60:250-258. [PMID: 31386977 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2019.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Pluripotent stems cells (PSCs) can be expanded indefinitely and differentiated into almost any organ-specific cell type. This has enabled the generation of disease relevant tissues from patients in scalable quantities. iPSC-derived organs and organoids are currently being evaluated both in regenerative therapy which are proceeding towards clinical trials, and for disease modeling, which are facilitating drug screening efforts for discovery of novel therapeutics. Here we will review the current efforts and advances in iPSC technology and its subsequent applications and provide a brief commentary on future outlook of this promising technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor Wiegand
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, United States
| | - Ipsita Banerjee
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, United States; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, United States; McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, United States.
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143
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Ndayisaba A, Herrera-Vaquero M, Wenning GK, Stefanova N. Induced pluripotent stem cells in multiple system atrophy: recent developments and scientific challenges. Clin Auton Res 2019; 29:385-395. [PMID: 31187309 PMCID: PMC6695370 DOI: 10.1007/s10286-019-00614-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a rare and fatal neurodegenerative disease, with no known genetic cause to date. Oligodendroglial α-synuclein accumulation, neuroinflammation, and early myelin dysfunction are hallmark features of the disease and have been modeled in part in various preclinical models of MSA, yet the pathophysiology of MSA remains elusive. Here, we review the role and scientific challenges of induced pluripotent stem cells in the detection of novel biomarkers and druggable targets in MSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Ndayisaba
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 66/G2, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Marcos Herrera-Vaquero
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 66/G2, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gregor K Wenning
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 66/G2, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Nadia Stefanova
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 66/G2, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
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144
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Hallett PJ, Engelender S, Isacson O. Lipid and immune abnormalities causing age-dependent neurodegeneration and Parkinson's disease. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:153. [PMID: 31331333 PMCID: PMC6647317 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1532-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
This article describes pathogenic concepts and factors, in particular glycolipid abnormalities, that create cell dysfunction and synaptic loss in neurodegenerative diseases. By phenocopying lysosomal storage disorders, such as Gaucher disease and related disorders, age- and dose-dependent changes in glycolipid cell metabolism can lead to Parkinson's disease and related dementias. Recent results show that perturbation of sphingolipid metabolism can precede or is a part of abnormal protein handling in both genetic and idiopathic Parkinson's disease and Lewy body dementia. In aging and genetic predisposition with lipid disturbance, α-synuclein's normal vesicular and synaptic role may be detrimentally shifted toward accommodating and binding such lipids. Specific neuronal glycolipid, protein, and vesicular interactions create potential pathophysiology that is amplified by astroglial and microglial immune mechanisms resulting in neurodegeneration. This perspective provides a new logic for therapeutic interventions that do not focus on protein aggregation, but rather provides a guide to the complex biology and the common sequence of events that lead to age-dependent neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penelope J Hallett
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Simone Engelender
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA.,Present Address: Department of Biochemistry, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 31096, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ole Isacson
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA.
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145
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Insights into GBA Parkinson's disease pathology and therapy with induced pluripotent stem cell model systems. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 127:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
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146
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Piard J, Umanah GKE, Harms FL, Abalde-Atristain L, Amram D, Chang M, Chen R, Alawi M, Salpietro V, Rees MI, Chung SK, Houlden H, Verloes A, Dawson TM, Dawson VL, Van Maldergem L, Kutsche K. A homozygous ATAD1 mutation impairs postsynaptic AMPA receptor trafficking and causes a lethal encephalopathy. Brain 2019; 141:651-661. [PMID: 29390050 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awx377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the AAA+ superfamily of ATPases are involved in the unfolding of proteins and disassembly of protein complexes and aggregates. ATAD1 encoding the ATPase family, AAA+ domain containing 1-protein Thorase plays an important role in the function and integrity of mitochondria and peroxisomes. Postsynaptically, Thorase controls the internalization of excitatory, glutamatergic AMPA receptors by disassembling complexes between the AMPA receptor-binding protein, GRIP1, and the AMPA receptor subunit GluA2. Using whole-exome sequencing, we identified a homozygous frameshift mutation in the last exon of ATAD1 [c.1070_1071delAT; p.(His357Argfs*15)] in three siblings who presented with a severe, lethal encephalopathy associated with stiffness and arthrogryposis. Biochemical and cellular analyses show that the C-terminal end of Thorase mutant gained a novel function that strongly impacts its oligomeric state, reduces stability or expression of a set of Golgi, peroxisomal and mitochondrial proteins and affects disassembly of GluA2 and Thorase oligomer complexes. Atad1-/- neurons expressing Thorase mutantHis357Argfs*15 display reduced amount of GluA2 at the cell surface suggesting that the Thorase mutant may inhibit the recycling back and/or reinsertion of AMPA receptors to the plasma membrane. Taken together, our molecular and functional analyses identify an activating ATAD1 mutation as a new cause of severe encephalopathy and congenital stiffness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Piard
- Centre de génétique humaine, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France.,Integrative and Cognitive Neurosciences Research Unit EA481, University of Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - George K Essien Umanah
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Frederike L Harms
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Leire Abalde-Atristain
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,Cellular and Molecular Medicine Graduate Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Daniel Amram
- Unité fonctionnelle de génétique clinique, Centre hospitalier intercommunal, Créteil, France
| | - Melissa Chang
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Rong Chen
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Malik Alawi
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Bioinformatics Core Facility, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.,Heinrich-Pette-Institute, Leibniz-Institute for Experimental Virology, Virus Genomics, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Vincenzo Salpietro
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Mark I Rees
- Neurology Research Group, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Seo-Kyung Chung
- Neurology Research Group, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Henry Houlden
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Alain Verloes
- Department of Genetics, Robert-Debré Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Ted M Dawson
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,Cellular and Molecular Medicine Graduate Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Valina L Dawson
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,Cellular and Molecular Medicine Graduate Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Lionel Van Maldergem
- Centre de génétique humaine, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France.,Integrative and Cognitive Neurosciences Research Unit EA481, University of Franche-Comté, Besançon, France.,Clinical Investigation Center 1431, National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), University of Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Kerstin Kutsche
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
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147
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Grünewald A, Kumar KR, Sue CM. New insights into the complex role of mitochondria in Parkinson’s disease. Prog Neurobiol 2019; 177:73-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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148
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Hawkins KE, Duchen M. Modelling mitochondrial dysfunction in Alzheimer’s disease using human induced pluripotent stem cells. World J Stem Cells 2019; 11:236-253. [PMID: 31171953 PMCID: PMC6545525 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v11.i5.236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia. To date, only five pharmacological agents have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration for clinical use in AD, all of which target the symptoms of the disease rather than the cause. Increasing our understanding of the underlying pathophysiology of AD will facilitate the development of new therapeutic strategies. Over the years, the major hypotheses of AD etiology have focused on deposition of amyloid beta and mitochondrial dysfunction. In this review we highlight the potential of experimental model systems based on human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) to provide novel insights into the cellular pathophysiology underlying neurodegeneration in AD. Whilst Down syndrome and familial AD iPSC models faithfully reproduce features of AD such as accumulation of Aβ and tau, oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, sporadic AD is much more difficult to model in this way due to its complex etiology. Nevertheless, iPSC-based modelling of AD has provided invaluable insights into the underlying pathophysiology of the disease, and has a huge potential for use as a platform for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Elizabeth Hawkins
- Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Duchen
- Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
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149
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Increased Lysosomal Exocytosis Induced by Lysosomal Ca 2+ Channel Agonists Protects Human Dopaminergic Neurons from α-Synuclein Toxicity. J Neurosci 2019; 39:5760-5772. [PMID: 31097622 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3085-18.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of misfolded proteins is a common pathological feature of many neurodegenerative disorders, including synucleinopathies such as Parkinson's disease (PD), which is characterized by the presence of α-synuclein (α-syn)-containing Lewy bodies. However, although recent studies have investigated α-syn accumulation and propagation in neurons, the molecular mechanisms underlying α-syn transmission have been largely unexplored. Here, we examined a monogenic form of synucleinopathy caused by loss-of-function mutations in lysosomal ATP13A2/PARK9. These studies revealed that lysosomal exocytosis regulates intracellular levels of α-syn in human neurons. Loss of PARK9 function in patient-derived dopaminergic neurons disrupted lysosomal Ca2+ homeostasis, reduced lysosomal Ca2+ storage, increased cytosolic Ca2+, and impaired lysosomal exocytosis. Importantly, this dysfunction in lysosomal exocytosis impaired α-syn secretion from both axons and soma, promoting α-syn accumulation. However, activation of the lysosomal Ca2+ channel transient receptor potential mucolipin 1 (TRPML1) was sufficient to upregulate lysosomal exocytosis, rescue defective α-syn secretion, and prevent α-syn accumulation. Together, these results suggest that intracellular α-syn levels are regulated by lysosomal exocytosis in human dopaminergic neurons and may represent a potential therapeutic target for PD and other synucleinopathies.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease linked to the accumulation of α-synuclein (α-syn) in patient neurons. However, it is unclear what the mechanism might be. Here, we demonstrate a novel role for lysosomal exocytosis in clearing intracellular α-syn and show that impairment of this pathway by mutations in the PD-linked gene ATP13A2/PARK9 contributes to α-syn accumulation in human dopaminergic neurons. Importantly, upregulating lysosomal exocytosis by increasing lysosomal Ca2+ levels was sufficient to rescue defective α-syn secretion and accumulation in patient neurons. These studies identify lysosomal exocytosis as a potential therapeutic target in diseases characterized by the accumulation of α-syn, including PD.
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150
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Recent Updates on Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells in Hematological Disorders. Stem Cells Int 2019; 2019:5171032. [PMID: 31191673 PMCID: PMC6525795 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5171032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, enormous progress has been made in the field of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Patients' somatic cells such as skin fibroblasts or blood cells can be used to generate disease-specific pluripotent stem cells, which have unlimited proliferation and can differentiate into all cell types of the body. Human iPSCs offer great promises and opportunities for treatments of degenerative diseases and studying disease pathology and drug screening. So far, many iPSC-derived disease models have led to the discovery of novel pathological mechanisms as well as new drugs in the pipeline that have been tested in the iPSC-derived cells for efficacy and potential toxicities. Furthermore, recent advances in genome editing technology in combination with the iPSC technology have provided a versatile platform for studying stem cell biology and regenerative medicine. In this review, an overview of iPSCs, patient-specific iPSCs for disease modeling and drug screening, applications of iPSCs and genome editing technology in hematological disorders, remaining challenges, and future perspectives of iPSCs in hematological diseases will be discussed.
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