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Sharma P, Teymournejad O, Rikihisa Y. Peptide Nucleic Acid Knockdown and Intra-host Cell Complementation of Ehrlichia Type IV Secretion System Effector. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017. [PMID: 28638803 PMCID: PMC5461285 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Survival of Ehrlichia chaffeensis depends on obligatory intracellular infection. One of the barriers to E. chaffeensis research progress has been the inability, using conventional techniques, to generate knock-out mutants for genes essential for intracellular infection. This study examined the use of Peptide Nucleic Acids (PNAs) technology to interrupt type IV secretion system (T4SS) effector protein expression in E. chaffeensis followed by intracellular complementation of the effector to determine its requirement for infection. Successful E. chaffeensis infection depends on the E. chaffeensis-specific T4SS protein effector, ehrlichial translocated factor-1 (Etf-1), which induces Rab5-regulated autophagy to provide host cytosolic nutrients required for E. chaffeensis proliferation. Etf-1 is also imported by host cell mitochondria where it inhibits host cell apoptosis to prolong its infection. We designed a PNA specific to Etf-1 and showed that the PNA bound to the target region of single-stranded Etf-1 RNA using a competitive binding assay. Electroporation of E. chaffeensis with this PNA significantly reduced Etf-1 mRNA and protein, and the bacteria's ability to induce host cell autophagy and infect host cells. Etf-1 PNA-mediated inhibition of ehrlichial Etf-1 expression and E. chaffeensis infection could be intracellularly trans-complemented by ectopic expression of Etf-1-GFP in host cells. These data affirmed the critical role of bacterial T4SS effector in host cell autophagy and E. chaffeensis infection, and demonstrated the use of PNA to analyze the gene functions of obligate intracellular bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratibha Sharma
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Ohio State UniversityColumbus, OH, United States
| | - Omid Teymournejad
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Ohio State UniversityColumbus, OH, United States
| | - Yasuko Rikihisa
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Ohio State UniversityColumbus, OH, United States
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102
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Dyachenko V, Steinmann M, Bangoura B, Selzer M, Munderloh U, Daugschies A, Barutzki D. Co-infection of Trypanosoma pestanai and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in a dog from Germany. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2017; 9:110-114. [PMID: 31014832 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Infections with arthropod-borne pathogens are an increasing threat world-wide that requires heightened vigilance from veterinary and medical practitioners, especially when they involve new or unusual organisms. A dog was presented to a local veterinary clinic in Germany with malaise, pale mucous membranes and stiff joints. Clinical assessment revealed pyrexia, leukopenia and thrombocytopenia. On suspicion of a tick-borne infection, blood samples were examined for clinical and biochemical parameters and subjected to a Anaplasma phagocytophilum-, Borrelia spp.- and Ehrlichia canis-specific real-time PCR. Additionally, a sample of the pre-therapeutic buffy coat was co-cultured with the Ixodes scapularis cell-line ISE6 for 20days. Only the PCR specific for A. phagocytophilum DNA yielded a positive result, and furthermore, Anaplasma morulae were visible in granulocytes and tick cells. After co-culturing, extracellular trypomastigote and epimastigote stages of Trypanosoma sp. with an average length of 29.7μm were observed, featuring a pointed posterior end. Sequence analysis of a 2080bp fragment of the 18S rRNA gene showed 99% identity to the 18S rRNA gene of Trypanosoma pestanai, previously described from a European badger (Meles meles) in France. The dog's condition improved rapidly in response to doxycycline treatment for three weeks. The clinical status normalized and clinical blood parameters were found to be within the reference ranges. To our knowledge this is the first description of T. pestanai infection in a dog, the first detection of T. pestanai in Germany and the first documented co-infection with these two pathogens. Co-infections with unusual opportunistic vector-borne pathogens should be considered, if acute canine granulocytic anaplasmosis is evident.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Dyachenko
- Veterinary Laboratory Freiburg, BioTech Park, Engesserstr. 4b, 79108 Freiburg i. Br., Germany.
| | - M Steinmann
- Veterinary Clinic Selzer, Ippendorfer Allee 14d, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - B Bangoura
- Institute of Parasitology, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 35, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - M Selzer
- Veterinary Clinic Selzer, Ippendorfer Allee 14d, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - U Munderloh
- Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, 219 Hodson Hall, 1980 Folwell Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - A Daugschies
- Institute of Parasitology, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 35, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - D Barutzki
- Veterinary Laboratory Freiburg, BioTech Park, Engesserstr. 4b, 79108 Freiburg i. Br., Germany
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Abstract
Human ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis are acute febrile tick-borne infectious diseases caused by various members from the genera Ehrlichia and Anaplasma. Ehrlichia chaffeensis is the major etiologic agent of human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis (HME), while Anaplasma phagocytophilum is the major cause of human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA). The clinical manifestations of HME and HGA ranges from subclinical to potentially life-threatening diseases associated with multi-organ failure. Macrophages and neutrophils are the major target cells for Ehrlichia and Anaplasma, respectively. The threat to public health is increasing with newly emerging ehrlichial and anaplasma agents, yet vaccines for human ehrlichioses and anaplasmosis are not available, and therapeutic options are limited. This article reviews recent advances in the understanding of HME and HGA.
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104
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Characterization of Anaplasma spp. infection in dogs from Costa Rica. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2017; 8:60-65. [PMID: 31014639 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A cross-sectional study combining serological and molecular techniques for detecting selected Anaplasma species was conducted between 2011 and 2012 in dogs and ticks sampled in all provinces of Costa Rica. Global Anaplasma spp. seroprevalence was 2.7% (11/408) by indirect immunofluorescence assay. The 16S rRNA PCR confirmed active A. phagocytophilum infection only in one dog (0.3%, 1/374); however, the same sample was negative to groEL PCR. Out of 122 Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. ticks analyzed, one (0.8%) was found positive to A. phagocytophilum 16S rRNA PCR but negative when tested by groEL PCR; this tick was collected from a seronegative and PCR negative dog. Both 16S rRNA sequences were 100% (510/510bp) identical to A. phagocytophilum strains isolated in different countries from different hosts. The presence of A. platys was established in four dogs (1%, 4/374) by both 16SrRNA and groEL PCR. Ticks collected from the same dogs tested negative by PCR. The 16S rRNA sequences were 100% identical to the corresponding sequences of A. platys strains isolated from dogs in Croatia and Brazil, however groEL sequences showed variable similarity levels (99-100%) with different strains of A. platys isolated in Chile, Japan and Thailand, pointing out the possible presence of different variants in Central America. Collectively data indicate low prevalence of A. phagocytophilum and A. platys in dogs from Costa Rica. Furthermore, infections seem to occur without clinical signs but with some hematological changes, and seem to resolve without treatment.
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105
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Moniuszko-Malinowska A, Czupryna P, Dunaj J, Swierzbinska R, Guziejko K, Rutkowski R, Zajkowska J, Grygorczuk S, Kondrusik M, Pancewicz S. Evaluation of NF-κB concentration in patients with tick-borne encephalitis, neuroborreliosis, anaplasmosis and Anaplasma phagocythophilum with tick-borne encephalitis virus co-infection. Cytokine 2016; 90:155-160. [PMID: 27918952 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2016.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was the evaluation of NF-κB concentration in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with diagnosis of tick-borne diseases: tick-borne encephalitis (TBE), neuroborreliosis (NB), anaplasmosis (ANA) and patients co-infected with tick-borne encephalitis virus and Anaplasma phagocythophilum (TBE+ANA). Additionally NF-κB concentration during acute and convalescent period was compared. METHODS Sixty-seven patients with diagnosis of tick-borne diseases were included in the study. The control group (CG) consisted of 18 patients hospitalized because of headaches and had lumbar puncture performed. The NF-κB was measured by human inhibitory subunit of NF-κB ELISA Kit during acute and convalescent period. RESULTS In serum the significant differences were observed only in patients with TBE+ANA co-infection. In CSF the concentration of NF-κB was significantly higher in patients with TBE, TBE+ANA co-infection, and patients with NB than in CG. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves analysis showed that NF-κB concentration in CSF differentiated patients with NB with CG; patients co-infected with TBE and ANA with CG and patients with TBE with CG. NF-κB concentration in serum differentiated patients co-infected with TBE and ANA with NB and with ANA, with TBE and with CG. In TBE group the serum NF-κB concentration significantly decreased in convalescent period, while in NB and TBE groups significant CSF decrease of NF-κB concentration was observed. CONCLUSIONS
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Piotr Czupryna
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland
| | - Justyna Dunaj
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland
| | - Renata Swierzbinska
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Guziejko
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland
| | - Ryszard Rutkowski
- Department of Respiratory Diagnostics and Bronchoscopy, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland
| | - Joanna Zajkowska
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland
| | - Sambor Grygorczuk
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland
| | - Maciej Kondrusik
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland
| | - Sławomir Pancewicz
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland
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106
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Deviant Behavior: Tick-Borne Pathogens and Inflammasome Signaling. Vet Sci 2016; 3:vetsci3040027. [PMID: 29056735 PMCID: PMC5606592 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci3040027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In the face of an assault, host cells mount an immediate response orchestrated by innate immunity. Two of the best described innate immune signaling networks are the Toll- and the Nod-like receptor pathways. Extensive work has been done characterizing both signaling cascades with several recent advances on the forefront of inflammasome biology. In this review, we will discuss how more commonly-studied pathogens differ from tick-transmitted microbes in the context of Nod-like receptor signaling and inflammasome formation. Because pathogens transmitted by ticks have unique characteristics, we offer the opinion that these microbes can be used to uncover novel principles of Nod-like receptor biology.
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107
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Truchan HK, Cockburn CL, May LJ, VieBrock L, Carlyon JA. Anaplasma phagocytophilum-Occupied Vacuole Interactions with the Host Cell Cytoskeleton. Vet Sci 2016; 3:vetsci3030025. [PMID: 29056733 PMCID: PMC5606578 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci3030025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Anaplasma phagocytophilum is an obligate intracellular bacterial pathogen of humans and animals. The A. phagocytophium-occupied vacuole (ApV) is a critical host-pathogen interface. Here, we report that the intermediate filaments, keratin and vimentin, assemble on the ApV early and remain associated with the ApV throughout infection. Microtubules localize to the ApV to a lesser extent. Vimentin, keratin-8, and keratin-18 but not tubulin expression is upregulated in A. phagocytophilum infected cells. SUMO-2/3 but not SUMO-1 colocalizes with vimentin filaments that surround ApVs. PolySUMOylation of vimentin by SUMO-2/3 but not SUMO-1 decreases vimentin solubility. Consistent with this, more vimentin exists in an insoluble state in A. phagocytophilum infected cells than in uninfected cells. Knocking down the SUMO-conjugating enzyme, Ubc9, abrogates vimentin assembly at the ApV but has no effect on the bacterial load. Bacterial protein synthesis is dispensable for maintaining vimentin and SUMO-2/3 at the ApV. Withaferin A, which inhibits soluble vimentin, reduces vimentin recruitment to the ApV, optimal ApV formation, and the bacterial load when administered prior to infection but is ineffective once vimentin has assembled on the ApV. Thus, A. phagocytophilum modulates cytoskeletal component expression and co-opts polySUMOylated vimentin to aid construction of its vacuolar niche and promote optimal survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary K Truchan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
| | - Chelsea L Cockburn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
| | - Levi J May
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
| | - Lauren VieBrock
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
| | - Jason A Carlyon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
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108
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Kadkhoda K, Gretchen A. Retrospective Study Investigating the Seroprevalence of Anaplasma phagocytophilum in Manitoba, Canada: 2011-2014. Open Forum Infect Dis 2016; 3:ofw199. [PMID: 27975075 PMCID: PMC5152708 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofw199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human granulocytic anaplasmosis is currently not nationally notifiable in Canada. This for the most part accounts for gross under-estimation of true incidence and prevalence of HGA and would potentially culminate in clinical missed opportunities. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the seroprevalence of Anaplasma phagocytophilum in a Canadian jurisdiction with known established black-legged tick populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamran Kadkhoda
- Cadham Provincial Public Health Laboratory and; Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, and Department of Immunology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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109
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Dumler JS, Sinclair SH, Pappas-Brown V, Shetty AC. Genome-Wide Anaplasma phagocytophilum AnkA-DNA Interactions Are Enriched in Intergenic Regions and Gene Promoters and Correlate with Infection-Induced Differential Gene Expression. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2016; 6:97. [PMID: 27703927 PMCID: PMC5028410 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2016.00097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaplasma phagocytophilum, an obligate intracellular prokaryote, infects neutrophils, and alters cardinal functions via reprogrammed transcription. Large contiguous regions of neutrophil chromosomes are differentially expressed during infection. Secreted A. phagocytophilum effector AnkA transits into the neutrophil or granulocyte nucleus to complex with DNA in heterochromatin across all chromosomes. AnkA binds to gene promoters to dampen cis-transcription and also has features of matrix attachment region (MAR)-binding proteins that regulate three-dimensional chromatin architecture and coordinate transcriptional programs encoded in topologically-associated chromatin domains. We hypothesize that identification of additional AnkA binding sites will better delineate how A. phagocytophilum infection results in reprogramming of the neutrophil genome. Using AnkA-binding ChIP-seq, we showed that AnkA binds broadly throughout all chromosomes in a reproducible pattern, especially at: (i) intergenic regions predicted to be MARs; (ii) within predicted lamina-associated domains; and (iii) at promoters ≤ 3000 bp upstream of transcriptional start sites. These findings provide genome-wide support for AnkA as a regulator of cis-gene transcription. Moreover, the dominant mark of AnkA in distal intergenic regions known to be AT-enriched, coupled with frequent enrichment in the nuclear lamina, provides strong support for its role as a MAR-binding protein and genome “re-organizer.” AnkA must be considered a prime candidate to promote neutrophil reprogramming and subsequent functional changes that belie improved microbial fitness and pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Stephen Dumler
- Department of Pathology, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Valeria Pappas-Brown
- Department of Pathology, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Amol C Shetty
- Informatics Resource Center, Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore, MD, USA
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Basharat Z, Qazi SR, Yasmin A, Ali SA, Baig DN. Prediction of post translation modifications at the contact site between Anaplasma phagocytophilum and human host during autophagosome induction using a bioinformatic approach. Mol Cell Probes 2016; 31:76-84. [PMID: 27618775 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is crucial for maintaining physiological homeostasis, but its role in infectious diseases is not yet adequately understood. The binding of Anaplasma translocated substrate-1 (ATS1) to the human Beclin1 (BECN1) protein is responsible for the modulation of autophagy pathway. ATS1-BECN1 is a novel type of interaction that facilitates Anaplasma phagocytophilum proliferation, leading to intracellular infection via autophagosome induction and segregation from the lysosome. Currently, there is no report of post translational modifications (PTMs) of BECN1 or cross-talk required for ATS-BECN1 complex formation. Prediction/modeling of the cross-talk between phosphorylation and other PTMs (O-β-glycosylation, sumoylation, methylation and palmitoylation) has been attempted in this study, which might be responsible for regulating function after the interaction of ATS1 with BECN1. PTMs were predicted computationally and mapped onto the interface of the docked ATS1-BECN1 complex. Results show that BECN1 phosphorylation at five residues (Thr91, Ser93, Ser96, Thr141 and Ser234), the interplay with O-β-glycosylation at three sites (Thr91, Ser93 and Ser96) with ATS1 may be crucial for attachment and, hence, infection. No other PTM site at the BECN1 interface was predicted to associate with ATS1. These findings may have significant clinical implications for understanding the etiology of Anaplasma infection and for therapeutic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zarrin Basharat
- Microbiology & Biotechnology Research Lab, Department of Environmental Sciences, Fatima Jinnah Women University, 46000 Rawalpindi, Pakistan.
| | - Sarah Rizwan Qazi
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, 75270 Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Azra Yasmin
- Microbiology & Biotechnology Research Lab, Department of Environmental Sciences, Fatima Jinnah Women University, 46000 Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Syed Aoun Ali
- Department of Biological Sciences, Forman Christian College (A Chartered University), 54600 Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Deeba Noreen Baig
- Department of Biological Sciences, Forman Christian College (A Chartered University), 54600 Lahore, Pakistan
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Villar M, López V, Ayllón N, Cabezas-Cruz A, López JA, Vázquez J, Alberdi P, de la Fuente J. The intracellular bacterium Anaplasma phagocytophilum selectively manipulates the levels of vertebrate host proteins in the tick vector Ixodes scapularis. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:467. [PMID: 27561965 PMCID: PMC5000436 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1747-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The intracellular bacteria Anaplasma phagocytophilum are emerging zoonotic pathogens affecting human and animal health, and a good model for the study of tick-host-pathogen interactions. This tick-borne pathogen is transmitted by Ixodes scapularis in the United States where it causes human granulocytic anaplasmosis. Tick midguts and salivary glands play a major role during tick feeding and development, and in pathogen acquisition, multiplication and transmission. Vertebrate host proteins are found in tick midguts after feeding and have been described in the salivary glands of fed and unfed ticks, suggesting a role for these proteins during tick feeding and development. Furthermore, recent results suggested the hypothesis that pathogen infection affects tick metabolic processes to modify host protein digestion and persistence in the tick with possible implications for tick physiology and pathogen life-cycle. Methods To address this hypothesis, herein we used I. scapularis female ticks fed on uninfected and A. phagocytophilum-infected sheep to characterize host protein content in midguts and salivary glands by proteomic analysis of tick tissues. Results The results evidenced a clear difference in the host protein content between tick midguts and salivary glands in response to infection suggesting that A. phagocytophilum selectively manipulates the levels of vertebrate host proteins in ticks in a tissue-specific manner to facilitate pathogen infection, multiplication and transmission while preserving tick feeding and development. The mechanisms by which A. phagocytophilum manipulates the levels of vertebrate host proteins are not known, but the results obtained here suggested that it might include the modification of proteolytic pathways. Conclusions The results of this study provided evidence to support that A. phagocytophilum affect tick proteolytic pathways to selectively manipulate the levels of vertebrate host proteins in a tissue-specific manner to increase tick vector capacity. Investigating the biological relevance of host proteins in tick biology and pathogen infection and the mechanisms used by A. phagocytophilum to manipulate host protein content is essential to advance our knowledge of tick-host-pathogen molecular interactions. These results have implications for the identification of new targets for the development of vaccines for the control of tick-borne diseases. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-016-1747-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Villar
- SaBio. Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13005, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Vladimir López
- SaBio. Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13005, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Nieves Ayllón
- SaBio. Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13005, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Alejandro Cabezas-Cruz
- University Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Juan A López
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Vázquez
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Alberdi
- SaBio. Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13005, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - José de la Fuente
- SaBio. Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13005, Ciudad Real, Spain. .,Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA.
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Anaplasma marginale Actively Modulates Vacuolar Maturation during Intracellular Infection of Its Tick Vector, Dermacentor andersoni. Appl Environ Microbiol 2016; 82:4715-4731. [PMID: 27235428 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01030-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Tick-borne transmission of bacterial pathogens in the order Rickettsiales is responsible for diverse infectious diseases, many of them severe, in humans and animals. Transmission dynamics differ among these pathogens and are reflected in the pathogen-vector interaction. Anaplasma marginale has been shown to establish and maintain infectivity within Dermacentor spp. for weeks to months while escaping the complex network of vacuolar peptidases that are responsible for digestion of the tick blood meal. How this prolonged maintenance of infectivity in a potentially hostile environment is achieved has been unknown. Using the natural vector Dermacentor andersoni, we demonstrated that A. marginale-infected tick vacuoles (AmVs) concurrently recruit markers of the early endosome (Rab5), recycling endosome (Rab4 and Rab11), and late endosome (Rab7), are maintained near neutral pH, do not fuse with lysosomes, exclude the protease cathepsin L, and engage the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus for up to 21 days postinfection. Maintenance of this safe vacuolar niche requires active A. marginale protein synthesis; in its absence, the AmVs mature into acidic, protease-active phagolysosomes. Identification of this bacterially directed modeling of the tick midgut endosome provides a mechanistic basis for examination of the differences in transmission efficiency observed among A. marginale strains and among vector populations. IMPORTANCE Ticks transmit a variety of intracellular bacterial pathogens that cause significant diseases in humans and animals. For successful transmission, these bacterial pathogens must first gain entry into the tick midgut digestive cells, avoid digestion, and establish a replicative niche without harming the tick vector. Little is known about how this replicative niche is established and maintained. Using the ruminant pathogen A. marginale and its natural tick vector, D. andersoni, this study characterized the features of the A. marginale niche in the tick midgut and demonstrates that A. marginale protein synthesis is required for the maintenance of this niche. This work opens a new line of inquiry about the pathogen effectors and their targets within the tick that mediate tick-pathogen interactions and ultimately serve as the determinants of pathogen success.
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113
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Anaplasma phagocytophilum Manipulates Host Cell Apoptosis by Different Mechanisms to Establish Infection. Vet Sci 2016; 3:vetsci3030015. [PMID: 29056724 PMCID: PMC5606577 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci3030015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaplasma phagocytophilum is an emerging zoonotic pathogen that causes human and animal granulocytic anaplasmosis and tick-borne fever of ruminants. This obligate intracellular bacterium evolved to use common strategies to establish infection in both vertebrate hosts and tick vectors. Herein, we discuss the different strategies used by the pathogen to modulate cell apoptosis and establish infection in host cells. In vertebrate neutrophils and human promyelocytic cells HL-60, both pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic factors have been reported. Tissue-specific differences in tick response to infection and differential regulation of apoptosis pathways have been observed in adult female midguts and salivary glands in response to infection with A. phagocytophilum. In tick midguts, pathogen inhibits apoptosis through the Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK/STAT) pathway, while in salivary glands, the intrinsic apoptosis pathways is inhibited but tick cells respond with the activation of the extrinsic apoptosis pathway. In Ixodes scapularis ISE6 cells, bacterial infection down-regulates mitochondrial porin and manipulates protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum and cell glucose metabolism to inhibit apoptosis and facilitate infection, whereas in IRE/CTVM20 tick cells, inhibition of apoptosis appears to be regulated by lower caspase levels. These results suggest that A. phagocytophilum uses different mechanisms to inhibit apoptosis for infection of both vertebrate and invertebrate hosts.
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114
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Lee S, Lee SH, VanBik D, Kim NH, Kim KT, Goo YK, Rhee MH, Kwon OD, Kwak D. First molecular detection and phylogenetic analysis of Anaplasma phagocytophilum in shelter dogs in Seoul, Korea. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2016; 7:945-950. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2016.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Lai TH, Parraga ME, Alvarez E, Rikihisa Y. Anaplasma platys Immunoblot Test Using Major Surface Antigens. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2016; 16:581-7. [PMID: 27327629 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2016.1964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaplasma platys is an uncultivable tick-borne obligatory intracellular bacterium, which is known to infect platelets of dogs. A. platys causes infectious canine cyclic thrombocytopenia in subtropical and tropical regions throughout the world. Several cases of human infection with A. platys infection have also been reported. However, seroprevalence of A. platys exposure and infection has not been determined in most of the regions, in part, due to lack of a simple and reliable assay method. Furthermore, A. platys antigens recognized by dogs are unknown. We previously sequenced gene encoding A. platys major outer membrane proteins P44 and Omp-1X. In the present study, we obtained purified recombinant A. platys P44 and Omp-1X proteins, and using them as antigens in immunoblotting examined seroreactivity in dogs. Of 34 specimens from Venezuela where A. platys infection was previously reported, 25 specimens (73.5%) reacted to rAplP44 and/or rAplOMP-1X. Neither Anaplasma phagocytophilum-seropositive (N = 10) nor A. phagocytophilum-seronegative canine specimens (N = 10) from the geographic regions where A. platys infection has never been reported, reacted rAplP44 or rAplOMP-1X. The result indicates a high A. platys seroprevalence rate in tested dogs from Venezuela and suggests that the immunoblot analysis based on recombinant A. platys major outer membrane proteins can provide a simple and defined tool to enlighten the prevalence of A. platys infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzung-Huei Lai
- 1 Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio
| | - Maria E Parraga
- 2 Departamento Médico-Quirúrgico, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Central de Venezuela , Maracay, Estado Aragua, Venezuela
| | - Elizabeth Alvarez
- 3 Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Yasuko Rikihisa
- 1 Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio
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Nieto NC, Salkeld DJ. Epidemiology and Genetic Diversity of Anaplasma phagocytophilum in the San Francisco Bay Area, California. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2016; 95:50-4. [PMID: 27139447 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.15-0707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
In California, the agent of human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA), Anaplasma phagocytophilum, is transmitted by western black-legged ticks (Ixodes pacificus). Cases of HGA are infrequent in California but do occur annually. We investigated nymphal and adult western black-legged tick populations in 20 recreational areas in California's San Francisco Bay Area (Marin, Napa, San Mateo, Santa Clara, Santa Cruz, and Sonoma counties). Overall, prevalence of A. phagocytophilum in adult ticks was 0.8% (11/1,465), and in nymphal ticks was 4.2% (24/568), though presence was patchy and prevalence varied locally. We detected significant sequence variation in our quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR)-positive samples. This included four sequences that grouped within a clade that contains clinical human and veterinary isolates as well as four others that grouped with sequences from PCR-positive lizards from northern California. Tick populations in our study sites harbor genetically diverse strains of A. phagocytophilum, which may influence potential risk in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan C Nieto
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona.
| | - Daniel J Salkeld
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado. Woods Center for the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, California
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Cabezas-Cruz A, Alberdi P, Ayllón N, Valdés JJ, Pierce R, Villar M, de la Fuente J. Anaplasma phagocytophilum increases the levels of histone modifying enzymes to inhibit cell apoptosis and facilitate pathogen infection in the tick vector Ixodes scapularis. Epigenetics 2016; 11:303-19. [PMID: 27019326 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2016.1163460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic mechanisms have not been characterized in ticks despite their importance as vectors of human and animal diseases worldwide. The objective of this study was to characterize the histones and histone modifying enzymes (HMEs) of the tick vector Ixodes scapularis and their role during Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection. We first identified 5 histones and 34 HMEs in I. scapularis in comparison with similar proteins in model organisms. Then, we used transcriptomic and proteomic data to analyze the mRNA and protein levels of I. scapularis histones and HMEs in response to A. phagocytophilum infection of tick tissues and cultured cells. Finally, selected HMEs were functionally characterized by pharmacological studies in cultured tick cells. The results suggest that A. phagocytophilum manipulates tick cell epigenetics to increase I. scapularis p300/CBP, histone deacetylase, and Sirtuin levels, resulting in an inhibition of cell apoptosis that in turn facilitates pathogen infection and multiplication. These results also suggest that a compensatory mechanism might exist by which A. phagocytophilum manipulates tick HMEs to regulate transcription and apoptosis in a tissue-specific manner to facilitate infection, but preserving tick fitness to guarantee survival of both pathogens and ticks. Our study also indicates that the pathogen manipulates arthropod and vertebrate cell epigenetics in similar ways to inhibit the host response to infection. Epigenetic regulation of tick biological processes is an essential element of the infection by A. phagocytophilum and the study of the mechanisms and principal actors involved is likely to provide clues for the development of anti-tick drugs and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Cabezas-Cruz
- a University Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Center d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille , Lille , France
| | - Pilar Alberdi
- b SaBio. Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Cinegéticos, IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM , Ciudad Real , Spain
| | - Nieves Ayllón
- b SaBio. Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Cinegéticos, IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM , Ciudad Real , Spain
| | - James J Valdés
- c Institute of Parasitology, Biology Center of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , Branisovska 31, Budweis, České Budějovice , Czech Republic.,d Department of Virology , Veterinary Research Institute , Hudcova 70, Brno , Czech Republic
| | - Raymond Pierce
- a University Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Center d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille , Lille , France
| | - Margarita Villar
- b SaBio. Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Cinegéticos, IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM , Ciudad Real , Spain
| | - José de la Fuente
- b SaBio. Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Cinegéticos, IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM , Ciudad Real , Spain.,e Department of Veterinary Pathobiology , Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University , Stillwater , OK , USA
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118
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Di Domenico M, Pascucci I, Curini V, Cocco A, Dall'Acqua F, Pompilii C, Cammà C. Detection of Anaplasma phagocytophilum genotypes that are potentially virulent for human in wild ruminants and Ixodes ricinus in Central Italy. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2016; 7:782-787. [PMID: 27020736 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2016.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA) is an emerging tick-borne zoonosis worldwide. As is the case for many tick-borne diseases, the epidemiological cycle is associated to the environmental conditions, including the presence of wild vertebrate reservoir hosts, vectors, climate and vegetation. In this study a total number of 87 spleen samples of wild ruminants carcasses from Central Italy, and 77 Ixodes ricinus collected from the same dead animals were screened for Anaplasma phagocytophilum by using Real Time PCR. A. phagocytophilum DNA was detected in 75%, 66.7% and 54.2% of the spleen samples from red deer (Cervus elaphus), Apennine chamois (Rupicapra pyrenaica ornata) and roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) respectively, whereas it was detected in the 31.2% of I. ricinus. A total of 27 positive samples were characterized by sequencing a portion of the groEL gene. Two A. phagocytophilum lineages could clearly be delineated from the phylogenetic tree. Four sequences from red deer, 2 from I. ricinus and 1 from Apennine chamois clustered into lineage I together with those previously described as virulent genotypes related to HGA. The presence of A. phagocytophilum DNA in the Apennine chamois represents the first report for this Italian endemic subspecies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Di Domenico
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise, Teramo, Italy
| | - I Pascucci
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise, Teramo, Italy
| | - V Curini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise, Teramo, Italy
| | - A Cocco
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise, Teramo, Italy
| | - F Dall'Acqua
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise, Teramo, Italy
| | - C Pompilii
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise, Teramo, Italy
| | - C Cammà
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise, Teramo, Italy.
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Alpha proteobacteria of genusAnaplasma(Rickettsiales: Anaplasmataceae): Epidemiology and characteristics ofAnaplasmaspecies related to veterinary and public health importance. Parasitology 2016; 143:659-85. [DOI: 10.1017/s0031182016000238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
SUMMARYTheAnaplasmaspecies are important globally distributed tick-transmitted bacteria of veterinary and public health importance. These pathogens, cause anaplasmosis in domestic and wild animal species including humans.Rhipicephalus, Ixodes, DermacentorandAmblyommagenera of ticks are the important vectors ofAnaplasma.Acute anaplasmosis is usually diagnosed upon blood smear examination followed by antibodies and nucleic acid detection. All age groups are susceptible but prevalence increases with age. Serological cross-reactivity is one of the important issues amongAnaplasmaspecies. They co-exist and concurrent infections occur in animals and ticks in same geographic area. These are closely related bacteria and share various common attributes which should be considered while developing vaccines and diagnostic assays. Movement of susceptible animals from non-endemic to endemic regions is the major risk factor of bovine/ovine anaplasmosis and tick-borne fever. Tetracyclines are currently available drugs for clearance of infection and treatment in humans and animals. Worldwide vaccine is not yet available. Identification, elimination of reservoirs, vector control (chemical and biological), endemic stability, habitat modification, rearing of tick resistant breeds, chemotherapy and tick vaccination are major control measures of animal anaplasmosis. Identification of reservoirs and minimizing the high-risk tick exposure activities are important control strategies for human granulocytic anaplasmosis.
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120
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Foley J, Stephenson N, Cubilla MP, Qurollo B, Breitschwerdt EB. A putative marker for human pathogenic strains of Anaplasma phagocytophilum correlates with geography and host, but not human tropism. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2016; 7:390-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2015.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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121
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Truchan HK, Cockburn CL, Hebert KS, Magunda F, Noh SM, Carlyon JA. The Pathogen-Occupied Vacuoles of Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Anaplasma marginale Interact with the Endoplasmic Reticulum. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2016; 6:22. [PMID: 26973816 PMCID: PMC4771727 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2016.00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Anaplasma consists of tick-transmitted obligate intracellular bacteria that invade white or red blood cells to cause debilitating and potentially fatal infections. A. phagocytophilum, a human and veterinary pathogen, infects neutrophils to cause granulocytic anaplasmosis. A. marginale invades bovine erythrocytes. Evidence suggests that both species may also infect endothelial cells in vivo. In mammalian and arthropod host cells, A. phagocytophilum and A. marginale reside in host cell derived pathogen-occupied vacuoles (POVs). While it was recently demonstrated that the A. phagocytophilum-occupied vacuole (ApV) intercepts membrane traffic from the trans-Golgi network, it is unclear if it or the A. marginale-occupied vacuole (AmV) interacts with other secretory organelles. Here, we demonstrate that the ApV and AmV extensively interact with the host endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in endothelial, myeloid, and/or tick cells. ER lumen markers, calreticulin, and protein disulfide isomerase, and the ER membrane marker, derlin-1, were pronouncedly recruited to the peripheries of both POVs. ApV association with the ER initiated early and continued throughout the infection cycle. Both the ApV and AmV interacted with the rough ER and smooth ER. However, only derlin-1-positive rough ER derived vesicles were delivered into the ApV lumen where they localized with intravacuolar bacteria. Transmission electron microscopy identified multiple ER-POV membrane contact sites on the cytosolic faces of both species' vacuoles that corresponded to areas on the vacuoles' lumenal faces where intravacuolar Anaplasma organisms closely associated. A. phagocytophilum is known to hijack Rab10, a GTPase that regulates ER dynamics and morphology. Yet, ApV-ER interactions were unhindered in cells in which Rab10 had been knocked down, demonstrating that the GTPase is dispensable for the bacterium to parasitize the ER. These data establish the ApV and AmV as pathogen-host interfaces that directly engage the ER in vertebrate and invertebrate host cells and evidence the conservation of ER parasitism between two Anaplasma species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary K Truchan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Chelsea L Cockburn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Kathryn S Hebert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Forgivemore Magunda
- Program in Vector Borne Diseases, Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State UniversityPullman, WA, USA; The Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State UniversityPullman, WA, USA
| | - Susan M Noh
- Program in Vector Borne Diseases, Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State UniversityPullman, WA, USA; Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of AgriculturePullman, WA, USA
| | - Jason A Carlyon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine Richmond, VA, USA
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122
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Gulia-Nuss M, Nuss AB, Meyer JM, Sonenshine DE, Roe RM, Waterhouse RM, Sattelle DB, de la Fuente J, Ribeiro JM, Megy K, Thimmapuram J, Miller JR, Walenz BP, Koren S, Hostetler JB, Thiagarajan M, Joardar VS, Hannick LI, Bidwell S, Hammond MP, Young S, Zeng Q, Abrudan JL, Almeida FC, Ayllón N, Bhide K, Bissinger BW, Bonzon-Kulichenko E, Buckingham SD, Caffrey DR, Caimano MJ, Croset V, Driscoll T, Gilbert D, Gillespie JJ, Giraldo-Calderón GI, Grabowski JM, Jiang D, Khalil SMS, Kim D, Kocan KM, Koči J, Kuhn RJ, Kurtti TJ, Lees K, Lang EG, Kennedy RC, Kwon H, Perera R, Qi Y, Radolf JD, Sakamoto JM, Sánchez-Gracia A, Severo MS, Silverman N, Šimo L, Tojo M, Tornador C, Van Zee JP, Vázquez J, Vieira FG, Villar M, Wespiser AR, Yang Y, Zhu J, Arensburger P, Pietrantonio PV, Barker SC, Shao R, Zdobnov EM, Hauser F, Grimmelikhuijzen CJP, Park Y, Rozas J, Benton R, Pedra JHF, Nelson DR, Unger MF, Tubio JMC, Tu Z, Robertson HM, Shumway M, Sutton G, Wortman JR, Lawson D, Wikel SK, Nene VM, Fraser CM, Collins FH, Birren B, Nelson KE, Caler E, Hill CA. Genomic insights into the Ixodes scapularis tick vector of Lyme disease. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10507. [PMID: 26856261 PMCID: PMC4748124 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 328] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ticks transmit more pathogens to humans and animals than any other arthropod. We describe the 2.1 Gbp nuclear genome of the tick, Ixodes scapularis (Say), which vectors pathogens that cause Lyme disease, human granulocytic anaplasmosis, babesiosis and other diseases. The large genome reflects accumulation of repetitive DNA, new lineages of retro-transposons, and gene architecture patterns resembling ancient metazoans rather than pancrustaceans. Annotation of scaffolds representing ∼57% of the genome, reveals 20,486 protein-coding genes and expansions of gene families associated with tick-host interactions. We report insights from genome analyses into parasitic processes unique to ticks, including host 'questing', prolonged feeding, cuticle synthesis, blood meal concentration, novel methods of haemoglobin digestion, haem detoxification, vitellogenesis and prolonged off-host survival. We identify proteins associated with the agent of human granulocytic anaplasmosis, an emerging disease, and the encephalitis-causing Langat virus, and a population structure correlated to life-history traits and transmission of the Lyme disease agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Gulia-Nuss
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Andrew B. Nuss
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Jason M. Meyer
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Daniel E. Sonenshine
- Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginina 23529, USA
| | - R. Michael Roe
- Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
| | - Robert M. Waterhouse
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - David B. Sattelle
- Centre for Respiratory Biology, UCL Respiratory Department, Division of Medicine, University College London, Rayne Building, 5 University Street, London WC1E 6JF, UK
| | - José de la Fuente
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos, IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo sn, Ciudad Real 13005, Spain
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, 250 McElroy Hall, Stillwater, Oklahama 74078, USA
| | - Jose M. Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, NIAID, Rockville, Maryland 20852, USA
| | - Karine Megy
- VectorBase/EMBL-EBI, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Jyothi Thimmapuram
- Bioinformatics Core, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | | | | | - Sergey Koren
- J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland 20850, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Shelby Bidwell
- J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland 20850, USA
| | - Martin P. Hammond
- VectorBase/EMBL-EBI, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Sarah Young
- Genome Sequencing and Analysis Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Qiandong Zeng
- Genome Sequencing and Analysis Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Jenica L. Abrudan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - Francisca C. Almeida
- Departament de Genètica & Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona E-08028, Spain
| | - Nieves Ayllón
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos, IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo sn, Ciudad Real 13005, Spain
| | - Ketaki Bhide
- Bioinformatics Core, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Brooke W. Bissinger
- Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
| | - Elena Bonzon-Kulichenko
- Vascular Physiopathology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Steven D. Buckingham
- Centre for Respiratory Biology, UCL Respiratory Department, Division of Medicine, University College London, Rayne Building, 5 University Street, London WC1E 6JF, UK
| | - Daniel R. Caffrey
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA
| | - Melissa J. Caimano
- Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, USA
| | - Vincent Croset
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Timothy Driscoll
- Genetics, Bioinformatics, and Computational Biology Program, Virginia Bioinformatics Institute at Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA
| | - Don Gilbert
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - Joseph J. Gillespie
- Genetics, Bioinformatics, and Computational Biology Program, Virginia Bioinformatics Institute at Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA
| | - Gloria I. Giraldo-Calderón
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - Jeffrey M. Grabowski
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- Department Biological Sciences, Markey Center for Structural Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - David Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA
| | - Sayed M. S. Khalil
- Department of Microbial Molecular Biology, Agricultural Genetic Engineering Research Institute, Giza 12619, Egypt
| | - Donghun Kim
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Katherine M. Kocan
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, 250 McElroy Hall, Stillwater, Oklahama 74078, USA
| | - Juraj Koči
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | - Richard J. Kuhn
- Department Biological Sciences, Markey Center for Structural Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Timothy J. Kurtti
- Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA
| | - Kristin Lees
- Department of Neurosystems, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Emma G. Lang
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Ryan C. Kennedy
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Hyeogsun Kwon
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Rushika Perera
- Department Biological Sciences, Markey Center for Structural Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Yumin Qi
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA
| | - Justin D. Radolf
- Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, USA
| | - Joyce M. Sakamoto
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Alejandro Sánchez-Gracia
- Departament de Genètica & Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona E-08028, Spain
| | - Maiara S. Severo
- Department of Entomology, Center for Disease Vector Research, University of California, Riverside, California 92506, USA
| | - Neal Silverman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA
| | - Ladislav Šimo
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | - Marta Tojo
- Department of Pathology, Cambridge Genomic Services, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine-CIMUS-Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
| | - Cristian Tornador
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universidad Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Janice P. Van Zee
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Jesús Vázquez
- Vascular Physiopathology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Filipe G. Vieira
- Departament de Genètica & Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona E-08028, Spain
| | - Margarita Villar
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos, IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo sn, Ciudad Real 13005, Spain
| | - Adam R. Wespiser
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA
| | - Yunlong Yang
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Jiwei Zhu
- Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
| | - Peter Arensburger
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, California 91768, USA
| | | | - Stephen C. Barker
- Parasitology Section, School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Renfu Shao
- GeneCology Research Centre, Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Queensland 4556, Australia
| | - Evgeny M. Zdobnov
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - Frank Hauser
- Department of Biology, Center for Functional and Comparative Insect Genomics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Cornelis J. P. Grimmelikhuijzen
- Department of Biology, Center for Functional and Comparative Insect Genomics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Yoonseong Park
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | - Julio Rozas
- Departament de Genètica & Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona E-08028, Spain
| | - Richard Benton
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Joao H. F. Pedra
- Department of Entomology, Center for Disease Vector Research, University of California, Riverside, California 92506, USA
| | - David R. Nelson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, USA
| | - Maria F. Unger
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - Jose M. C. Tubio
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Immunology, University of Vigo, Vigo 36310, Spain
| | - Zhijian Tu
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA
| | - Hugh M. Robertson
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Martin Shumway
- J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland 20850, USA
| | - Granger Sutton
- J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland 20850, USA
| | | | - Daniel Lawson
- VectorBase/EMBL-EBI, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Stephen K. Wikel
- Department of Medical Sciences, Frank H. Netter MD School of Medicine at Quinnipiac University, Hamden, Connecticut 06518, USA
| | | | - Claire M. Fraser
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
| | - Frank H. Collins
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - Bruce Birren
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | | | - Elisabet Caler
- J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland 20850, USA
| | - Catherine A. Hill
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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Brown WC, Barbet AF. Persistent Infections and Immunity in Ruminants to Arthropod-Borne Bacteria in the Family Anaplasmataceae. Annu Rev Anim Biosci 2015; 4:177-97. [PMID: 26734888 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-animal-022513-114206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Tick-transmitted gram-negative bacteria in the family Anaplasmataceae in the order Rickettsiales cause persistent infection and morbidity and mortality in ruminants. Whereas Anaplasma marginale infection is restricted to ruminants, Anaplasma phagocytophilum is promiscuous and, in addition to causing disease in sheep and cattle, notably causes disease in humans, horses, and dogs. Although the two pathogens invade and replicate in distinct blood cells (erythrocytes and neutrophils, respectively), they have evolved similar mechanisms of antigenic variation in immunodominant major surface protein 2 (MSP2) and MSP2(P44) that result in immune evasion and persistent infection. Furthermore, these bacteria have evolved distinct strategies to cause immune dysfunction, characterized as an antigen-specific CD4 T-cell exhaustion for A. marginale and a generalized immune suppression for A. phagocytophilum, that also facilitate persistence. This indicates highly adapted strategies of Anaplasma spp. to both suppress protective immune responses and evade those that do develop. However, conserved subdominant antigens are potential targets for immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy C Brown
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164;
| | - Anthony F Barbet
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611;
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124
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de la Fuente J, Estrada-Peña A, Cabezas-Cruz A, Kocan KM. Anaplasma phagocytophilum Uses Common Strategies for Infection of Ticks and Vertebrate Hosts. Trends Microbiol 2015; 24:173-180. [PMID: 26718986 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The tick-borne rickettsial pathogen Anaplasma phagocytophilum develops within membrane-bound inclusions in the host cell cytoplasm. This pathogen has evolved with its tick and vertebrate hosts through dynamic processes involving genetic traits of the pathogen and hosts that collectively mediate pathogen infection, development, persistence, and survival. Herein, we challenge the evidence of tick-host-pathogen coevolution by hypothesizing that A. phagocytophilum utilizes common molecular mechanisms for infection in both vertebrate and tick cells, including remodeling of the cytoskeleton, inhibition of cell apoptosis, and manipulation of the immune response. The discovery of these common mechanisms provides evidence that a control strategy could be developed targeted at both vertebrate and tick hosts for more complete control of A. phagocytophilum and its associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- José de la Fuente
- SaBio, IREC, Ronda de Toledo s/n, Ciudad Real, 13005, Spain; Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
| | | | - Alejandro Cabezas-Cruz
- Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille (CIIL), INSERM U1019 - CNRS UMR 8204, Université Lille Nord de France, Institut Pasteur de Lille, 59019 Lille, France
| | - Katherine M Kocan
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
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125
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Guillemi EC, Tomassone L, Farber MD. Tick-borne Rickettsiales: Molecular tools for the study of an emergent group of pathogens. J Microbiol Methods 2015; 119:87-97. [PMID: 26471201 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2015.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The use of molecular techniques in recent years has enhanced the sensitivity and specificity of the diagnosis of Rickettsiales, a bacterial order which includes significant emerging and re-emerging pathogens of humans and animals. Molecular detection enables the accurate identification at the species level, providing additional information on the epidemiology and course of the clinical cases. Moreover, PCR and enzyme restriction analysis of the vector blood meal can be employed to study the tick feeding source and possibly identify pathogen's reservoir. Here, we review the molecular tools available for the identification and characterization of tick-borne bacteria from the genera Rickettsia, Ehrlichia and Anaplasma and for the study of ticks feeding behavior. We summarize the significant criteria for taxonomic identification of Rickettsiales species and propose a procedure algorithm for the classification of bacterial isolates as members of this order.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana C Guillemi
- Inst. de Biotecnología, INTA Castelar. Los Reseros y N. Repetto, 1686 Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Laura Tomassone
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Torino, Largo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Torino, Italy
| | - Marisa D Farber
- Inst. de Biotecnología, INTA Castelar. Los Reseros y N. Repetto, 1686 Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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126
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Atif FA. Anaplasma marginale and Anaplasma phagocytophilum: Rickettsiales pathogens of veterinary and public health significance. Parasitol Res 2015; 114:3941-57. [PMID: 26346451 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-015-4698-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Anaplasma marginale and Anaplasma phagocytophilum are the most important tick-borne bacteria of veterinary and public health significance in the family Anaplasmataceae. The objective of current review is to provide knowledge on ecology and epidemiology of A. phagocytophilum and compare major similarities and differences of A. marginale and A. phagocytophilum. Bovine anaplasmosis is globally distributed tick-borne disease of livestock with great economic importance in cattle industry. A. phagocytophilum, a cosmopolitan zoonotic tick transmitted pathogen of wide mammalian hosts. The infection in domestic animals is generally referred as tick-borne fever. Concurrent infections exist in ticks, domestic and wild animals in same geographic area. All age groups are susceptible, but the prevalence increases with age. Movement of susceptible domestic animals from tick free non-endemic regions to disease endemic regions is the major risk factor of bovine anaplasmosis and tick-borne fever. Recreational activities or any other high-risk tick exposure habits as well as blood transfusion are important risk factors of human granulocytic anaplasmosis. After infection, individuals remain life-long carriers. Clinical anaplasmosis is usually diagnosed upon examination of stained blood smears. Generally, detection of serum antibodies followed by molecular diagnosis is usually recommended. There are problems of sensitivity and cross-reactivity with both the Anaplasma species during serological tests. Tetracyclines are the drugs of choice for treatment and elimination of anaplasmosis in animals and humans. Universal vaccine is not available for either A. marginale or A. phagocytophilum, effective against geographically diverse strains. Major control measures for bovine anaplasmosis and tick-borne fever include rearing of tick-resistant breeds, endemic stability, breeding Anaplasma-free herds, identification of regional vectors, domestic/wild reservoirs and control, habitat modification, biological control, chemotherapy, and vaccinations (anaplasmosis and/or tick vaccination). Minimizing the tick exposure activities, identification and control of reservoirs are important control measures for human granulocytic anaplasmosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhan Ahmad Atif
- Department of Animal Sciences, University College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, 40100, Pakistan.
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127
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Identification and Characterization of Anaplasma phagocytophilum Proteins Involved in Infection of the Tick Vector, Ixodes scapularis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137237. [PMID: 26340562 PMCID: PMC4560377 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaplasma phagocytophilum is an emerging zoonotic pathogen transmitted by Ixodes scapularis that causes human granulocytic anaplasmosis. Here, a high throughput quantitative proteomics approach was used to characterize A. phagocytophilum proteome during rickettsial multiplication and identify proteins involved in infection of the tick vector, I. scapularis. The first step in this research was focused on tick cells infected with A. phagocytophilum and sampled at two time points containing 10–15% and 65–71% infected cells, respectively to identify key bacterial proteins over-represented in high percentage infected cells. The second step was focused on adult female tick guts and salivary glands infected with A. phagocytophilum to compare in vitro results with those occurring during bacterial infection in vivo. The results showed differences in the proteome of A. phagocytophilum in infected ticks with higher impact on protein synthesis and processing than on bacterial replication in tick salivary glands. These results correlated well with the developmental cycle of A. phagocytophilum, in which cells convert from an intracellular reticulated, replicative form to the nondividing infectious dense-core form. The analysis of A. phagocytophilum differentially represented proteins identified stress response (GroEL, HSP70) and surface (MSP4) proteins that were over-represented in high percentage infected tick cells and salivary glands when compared to low percentage infected cells and guts, respectively. The results demonstrated that MSP4, GroEL and HSP70 interact and bind to tick cells, thus playing a role in rickettsia-tick interactions. The most important finding of these studies is the increase in the level of certain bacterial stress response and surface proteins in A. phagocytophilum-infected tick cells and salivary glands with functional implication in tick-pathogen interactions. These results gave a new dimension to the role of these stress response and surface proteins during A. phagocytophilum infection in ticks. Characterization of Anaplasma proteome contributes information on host-pathogen interactions and provides targets for development of novel control strategies for pathogen infection and transmission.
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128
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Stephenson N, Hodzic E, Mapes S, Rejmanek D, Foley J. A real-time PCR assay for differentiating pathogenic Anaplasma phagocytophilum from an apathogenic, woodrat-adapted genospecies from North America. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2015; 6:774-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Li H, Zheng YC, Ma L, Jia N, Jiang BG, Jiang RR, Huo QB, Wang YW, Liu HB, Chu YL, Song YD, Yao NN, Sun T, Zeng FY, Dumler JS, Jiang JF, Cao WC. Human infection with a novel tick-borne Anaplasma species in China: a surveillance study. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2015; 15:663-70. [DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(15)70051-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Lin J, Karlsson M, Olofson AS, Belák S, Malmsten J, Dalin AM, Widén F, Norder H. High prevalence of hepatitis e virus in Swedish moose--a phylogenetic characterization and comparison of the virus from different regions. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122102. [PMID: 25906163 PMCID: PMC4408071 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infects a range of species, including humans, pigs, wild boars and deer. Zoonotic transmission may contribute to the high HEV seroprevalence in the human population of many countries. A novel divergent HEV from moose (Alces alces) in Sweden was recently identified by partial genome sequencing. Since only one strain was found, its classification within the HEV family, prevalence in moose and zoonotic potential was unclear. We therefore investigated samples from 231 moose in seven Swedish counties for HEV, and sequenced a near complete moose HEV genome. Phylogenetic analysis to classify this virus within the family Hepeviridae and to explore potential host specific determinants was performed. METHODS AND FINDINGS The HEV prevalence of moose was determined by PCR (marker for active infection) and serological assays (marker of past infection) of sera and 51 fecal samples from 231 Swedish moose. Markers of active and past infection were found in 67 (29%) animals, while 34 (15%) were positive for HEV RNA, 43 (19%) were seropositive for anti-HEV antibodies, and 10 (4%) had both markers. The number of young individuals positive for HEV RNA was larger than for older individuals, and the number of anti-HEV antibody positive individuals increased with age. The high throughput sequenced moose HEV genome was 35-60% identical to existing HEVs. Partial ORF1 sequences from 13 moose strains showed high similarity among them, forming a distinct monophyletic clade with a common ancestor to HEV genotype 1-6 group, which includes members known for zoonotic transmission. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates a high frequency of HEV in moose in Sweden, with markers of current and past infection demonstrated in 30% of the animals. Moose is thus an important animal reservoir of HEV. The phylogenetic relationship demonstrated that the moose HEV belonged to the genotype 1-6 group, which includes strains that also infect humans, and therefore may signify a potential for zoonotic transmission of this HEV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Lin
- Department of Virology, Immunobiology and Parasitology (VIP), National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Department of Biomedical Science and Veterinary Public Health, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marie Karlsson
- Department of Infectious Diseases/Section of Clinical Virology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ann-Sophie Olofson
- Department of Virology, Immunobiology and Parasitology (VIP), National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sándor Belák
- Department of Virology, Immunobiology and Parasitology (VIP), National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Department of Biomedical Science and Veterinary Public Health, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jonas Malmsten
- Department of Pathology and Wildlife Diseases, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden
- Division of Reproduction, Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anne-Marie Dalin
- Division of Reproduction, Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Frederik Widén
- Department of Virology, Immunobiology and Parasitology (VIP), National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Department of Biomedical Science and Veterinary Public Health, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Heléne Norder
- Department of Infectious Diseases/Section of Clinical Virology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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131
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Ayllón N, Villar M, Galindo RC, Kocan KM, Šíma R, López JA, Vázquez J, Alberdi P, Cabezas-Cruz A, Kopáček P, de la Fuente J. Systems biology of tissue-specific response to Anaplasma phagocytophilum reveals differentiated apoptosis in the tick vector Ixodes scapularis. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005120. [PMID: 25815810 PMCID: PMC4376793 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaplasma phagocytophilum is an emerging pathogen that causes human granulocytic anaplasmosis. Infection with this zoonotic pathogen affects cell function in both vertebrate host and the tick vector, Ixodes scapularis. Global tissue-specific response and apoptosis signaling pathways were characterized in I. scapularis nymphs and adult female midguts and salivary glands infected with A. phagocytophilum using a systems biology approach combining transcriptomics and proteomics. Apoptosis was selected for pathway-focused analysis due to its role in bacterial infection of tick cells. The results showed tissue-specific differences in tick response to infection and revealed differentiated regulation of apoptosis pathways. The impact of bacterial infection was more pronounced in tick nymphs and midguts than in salivary glands, probably reflecting bacterial developmental cycle. All apoptosis pathways described in other organisms were identified in I. scapularis, except for the absence of the Perforin ortholog. Functional characterization using RNA interference showed that Porin knockdown significantly increases tick colonization by A. phagocytophilum. Infection with A. phagocytophilum produced complex tissue-specific alterations in transcript and protein levels. In tick nymphs, the results suggested a possible effect of bacterial infection on the inhibition of tick immune response. In tick midguts, the results suggested that A. phagocytophilum infection inhibited cell apoptosis to facilitate and establish infection through up-regulation of the JAK/STAT pathway. Bacterial infection inhibited the intrinsic apoptosis pathway in tick salivary glands by down-regulating Porin expression that resulted in the inhibition of Cytochrome c release as the anti-apoptotic mechanism to facilitate bacterial infection. However, tick salivary glands may promote apoptosis to limit bacterial infection through induction of the extrinsic apoptosis pathway. These dynamic changes in response to A. phagocytophilum in I. scapularis tissue-specific transcriptome and proteome demonstrated the complexity of the tick response to infection and will contribute to characterize gene regulation in ticks. The continuous human exploitation of environmental resources and the increase in human outdoor activities, which have allowed for the contact with arthropod vectors normally present in the field, has promoted the emergence and resurgence of vector-borne pathogens. Among these, Anaplasma phagocytophilum is an emerging bacterial pathogen transmitted to humans and other vertebrate hosts by ticks as they take a blood meal that causes human granulocytic anaplasmosis in the United States, Europe and Asia, with increasing numbers of affected people every year. Tick response to pathogen infection has been only partially characterized. In this study, global tissue-specific response and apoptosis signaling pathways were characterized in tick nymphs and adult female midguts and salivary glands infected with A. phagocytophilum using a systems biology approach combining transcriptomics and proteomics. The results demonstrated dramatic and complex tissue-specific response to A. phagocytophilum in the tick vector Ixodes scapularis, which reflected pathogen developmental cycle and the impact on tick apoptosis pathways. These dynamic changes in response to A. phagocytophilum in I. scapularis tissue-specific transcriptome and proteome demonstrated the complexity of the tick response to infection and contributes information on tick-pathogen interactions and for development of novel control strategies for pathogen infection and transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nieves Ayllón
- SaBio. Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC, CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Margarita Villar
- SaBio. Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC, CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Ruth C. Galindo
- SaBio. Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC, CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ciudad Real, Spain
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Katherine M. Kocan
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Radek Šíma
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, České Budějovice, The Czech Republic
| | - Juan A. López
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Vázquez
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Alberdi
- SaBio. Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC, CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Alejandro Cabezas-Cruz
- SaBio. Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC, CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ciudad Real, Spain
- Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille (CIIL), Université Lille Nord de France, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Petr Kopáček
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, České Budějovice, The Czech Republic
| | - José de la Fuente
- SaBio. Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC, CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ciudad Real, Spain
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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132
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Restifo MM, Bedenice D, Thane KE, Mazan MR. Cavitary effusion associated with Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection in 2 equids. J Vet Intern Med 2015; 29:732-5. [PMID: 25711458 PMCID: PMC4895512 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M M Restifo
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, 200 Westboro Rd., N. Grafton, MA, 01536
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Chastagner A, Dugat T, Vourc'h G, Verheyden H, Legrand L, Bachy V, Chabanne L, Joncour G, Maillard R, Boulouis HJ, Haddad N, Bailly X, Leblond A. Multilocus sequence analysis of Anaplasma phagocytophilum reveals three distinct lineages with different host ranges in clinically ill French cattle. Vet Res 2014; 45:114. [PMID: 25487348 PMCID: PMC4334609 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-014-0114-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular epidemiology represents a powerful approach to elucidate the complex epidemiological cycles of multi-host pathogens, such as Anaplasma phagocytophilum. A. phagocytophilum is a tick-borne bacterium that affects a wide range of wild and domesticated animals. Here, we characterized its genetic diversity in populations of French cattle; we then compared the observed genotypes with those found in horses, dogs, and roe deer to determine whether genotypes of A. phagocytophilum are shared among different hosts. We sampled 120 domesticated animals (104 cattle, 13 horses, and 3 dogs) and 40 wild animals (roe deer) and used multilocus sequence analysis on nine loci (ankA, msp4, groESL, typA, pled, gyrA, recG, polA, and an intergenic region) to characterize the genotypes of A. phagocytophilum present. Phylogenic analysis revealed three genetic clusters of bacterial variants in domesticated animals. The two principal clusters included 98% of the bacterial genotypes found in cattle, which were only distantly related to those in roe deer. One cluster comprised only cattle genotypes, while the second contained genotypes from cattle, horses, and dogs. The third contained all roe deer genotypes and three cattle genotypes. Geographical factors could not explain this clustering pattern. These results suggest that roe deer do not contribute to the spread of A. phagocytophilum in cattle in France. Further studies should explore if these different clusters are associated with differing disease severity in domesticated hosts. Additionally, it remains to be seen if the three clusters of A. phagocytophilum genotypes in cattle correspond to distinct epidemiological cycles, potentially involving different reservoir hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélie Chastagner
- INRA, UR346 Epidémiologie Animale, F-63122, Saint Genès Champanelle, France.
| | - Thibaud Dugat
- Université Paris-Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, UMR BIPAR, 23 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94706, Maisons-Alfort, France.
| | - Gwenaël Vourc'h
- INRA, UR346 Epidémiologie Animale, F-63122, Saint Genès Champanelle, France.
| | - Hélène Verheyden
- INRA, CEFS, UR035, 24 chemin de Borde Rouge - Auzeville, CS 52627, F-31326, Castanet Tolosan, France.
| | - Loïc Legrand
- LABÉO - Frank Duncombe, Unite Risques Microbiens (U2RM), Normandie Universite, EA 4655, Caen, Normandy, France.
| | - Véronique Bachy
- Laboratoire Vétérinaire Départemental du Rhône, Campus vétérinaire VetAgro Sup, 1 avenue Bourgelat, 69280, Marcy l'Etoile, France.
| | - Luc Chabanne
- Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, Jeune Equipe Hémopathogènes Vectorisés, F-69280, Marcy l'Etoile, France.
| | - Guy Joncour
- Groupe Vétérinaire de Callac, 26 rue du Cleumeur, 22160, Callac, France.
| | - Renaud Maillard
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Unité pathologie des ruminants, 23 Chemin des Capelles, 31076, Toulouse, France.
| | - Henri-Jean Boulouis
- Université Paris-Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, UMR BIPAR, 23 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94706, Maisons-Alfort, France.
| | - Nadia Haddad
- Université Paris-Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, UMR BIPAR, 23 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94706, Maisons-Alfort, France.
| | - Xavier Bailly
- INRA, UR346 Epidémiologie Animale, F-63122, Saint Genès Champanelle, France.
| | - Agnès Leblond
- INRA, UR346 Epidémiologie Animale, F-63122, Saint Genès Champanelle, France. .,Département Hippique, VetAgroSup, F-69280, Marcy L'Etoile, France.
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Prevalence and Diversity among Anaplasma phagocytophilum Strains Originating from Ixodes ricinus Ticks from Northwest Norway. J Pathog 2014; 2014:824897. [PMID: 25215241 PMCID: PMC4158564 DOI: 10.1155/2014/824897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The tick-borne pathogen Anaplasma phagocytophilum causes great concern for livestock farmers. Tick-borne fever is a widespread disease in Norway, and antibodies have been produced amongst sheep, roe deer, red deer, and moose. The main vector Ixodes ricinus is found along the Norwegian coastline as far north as the Arctic Circle. A total number of 1804 I. ricinus ticks were collected and the prevalence of the pathogen was determined by species-specific qPCR. The overall infection rate varied from 2.83% to 3.32%, but there were no significant differences (p = 0.01) in the overall infection rate in 2010, 2011, or 2012. A multilocus sequencing analysis was performed to further characterise the isolates. The genotyping of 27 strains resulted in classification into 19 different sequences types (ST), none of which was found in the MLST database. The nucleotide diversity was for every locus <0.01, and the number of SNPs was between 1 and 2.8 per 100 bp. The majority of SNPs were synonymous. A goeBURST analysis demonstrated that the strains from northwest Norway cluster together with other Norwegian strains in the MLST database and the strains that are included in this study constitute clonal complexes (CC) 9, 10, and 11 in addition to the singleton.
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Sicard M, Dittmer J, Grève P, Bouchon D, Braquart-Varnier C. A host as an ecosystem:Wolbachiacoping with environmental constraints. Environ Microbiol 2014; 16:3583-607. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Sicard
- Institut des Sciences de l'Évolution; UMR CNRS 5554; Équipe Génomique de l'adaptation; Université Montpellier 2; Place Eugène Bataillon Montpellier Cedex 05 F-34095 France
- Laboratoire Écologie et Biologie des Interactions; UMR CNRS 7267; Équipe Écologie Évolution Symbiose; Université de Poitiers; 5, Rue Albert Turpin Poitiers Cedex 9 F-86073 France
| | - Jessica Dittmer
- Laboratoire Écologie et Biologie des Interactions; UMR CNRS 7267; Équipe Écologie Évolution Symbiose; Université de Poitiers; 5, Rue Albert Turpin Poitiers Cedex 9 F-86073 France
| | - Pierre Grève
- Laboratoire Écologie et Biologie des Interactions; UMR CNRS 7267; Équipe Écologie Évolution Symbiose; Université de Poitiers; 5, Rue Albert Turpin Poitiers Cedex 9 F-86073 France
| | - Didier Bouchon
- Laboratoire Écologie et Biologie des Interactions; UMR CNRS 7267; Équipe Écologie Évolution Symbiose; Université de Poitiers; 5, Rue Albert Turpin Poitiers Cedex 9 F-86073 France
| | - Christine Braquart-Varnier
- Laboratoire Écologie et Biologie des Interactions; UMR CNRS 7267; Équipe Écologie Évolution Symbiose; Université de Poitiers; 5, Rue Albert Turpin Poitiers Cedex 9 F-86073 France
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136
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Jahfari S, Coipan EC, Fonville M, van Leeuwen AD, Hengeveld P, Heylen D, Heyman P, van Maanen C, Butler CM, Földvári G, Szekeres S, van Duijvendijk G, Tack W, Rijks JM, van der Giessen J, Takken W, van Wieren SE, Takumi K, Sprong H. Circulation of four Anaplasma phagocytophilum ecotypes in Europe. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:365. [PMID: 25127547 PMCID: PMC4153903 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anaplasma phagocytophilum is the etiological agent of granulocytic anaplasmosis in humans and animals. Wild animals and ticks play key roles in the enzootic cycles of the pathogen. Potential ecotypes of A. phagocytophilum have been characterized genetically, but their host range, zoonotic potential and transmission dynamics has only incompletely been resolved. METHODS The presence of A. phagocytophilum DNA was determined in more than 6000 ixodid ticks collected from the vegetation and wildlife, in 289 tissue samples from wild and domestic animals, and 69 keds collected from deer, originating from various geographic locations in The Netherlands and Belgium. From the qPCR-positive lysates, a fragment of the groEL-gene was amplified and sequenced. Additional groEL sequences from ticks and animals from Europe were obtained from GenBank, and sequences from human cases were obtained through literature searches. Statistical analyses were performed to identify A. phagocytophilum ecotypes, to assess their host range and their zoonotic potential. The population dynamics of A. phagocytophilum ecotypes was investigated using population genetic analyses. RESULTS DNA of A. phagocytophilum was present in all stages of questing and feeding Ixodes ricinus, feeding I. hexagonus, I. frontalis, I. trianguliceps, and deer keds, but was absent in questing I. arboricola and Dermacentor reticulatus. DNA of A. phagocytophilum was present in feeding ticks and tissues from many vertebrates, including roe deer, mouflon, red foxes, wild boar, sheep and hedgehogs but was rarely found in rodents and birds and was absent in badgers and lizards. Four geographically dispersed A. phagocytophilum ecotypes were identified, that had significantly different host ranges. All sequences from human cases belonged to only one of these ecotypes. Based on population genetic parameters, the potentially zoonotic ecotype showed significant expansion. CONCLUSION Four ecotypes of A. phagocytophilum with differential enzootic cycles were identified. So far, all human cases clustered in only one of these ecotypes. The zoonotic ecotype has the broadest range of wildlife hosts. The expansion of the zoonotic A. phagocytophilum ecotype indicates a recent increase of the acarological risk of exposure of humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hein Sprong
- Laboratory for Zoonoses and Environmental Microbiology, National Institute for Public Health and Environment (RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, P,O, Box 1, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
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McCracken JM, Allen LAH. Regulation of human neutrophil apoptosis and lifespan in health and disease. J Cell Death 2014; 7:15-23. [PMID: 25278783 PMCID: PMC4167320 DOI: 10.4137/jcd.s11038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2014] [Revised: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils (also called polymorphonuclear leukocytes, PMNs) are the most abundant white blood cells in humans and play a central role in innate host defense. Another distinguishing feature of PMNs is their short lifespan. Specifically, these cells survive for less than 24 hours in the bloodstream and are inherently pre-programed to die by constitutive apoptosis. Recent data indicate that this process is regulated by intracellular signaling and changes in gene expression that define an “apoptosis differentiation program.” Infection typically accelerates neutrophil turnover, and as such, phagocytosis-induced cell death (PICD) and subsequent clearance of the corpses by macrophages are essential for control of infection and resolution of the inflammatory response. Herein we reprise recent advances in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of neutrophil apoptosis with a focus on regulatory factors and pathway intermediates that are specific to this cell type. In addition, we summarize mechanisms whereby perturbation of PMN death contributes directly to the pathogenesis of many infectious and inflammatory disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna M McCracken
- Inflammation Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA. ; Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Lee-Ann H Allen
- Inflammation Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA. ; Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA. ; Department of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA. ; Veteran's Administration Medical Center, Iowa City, IA, USA
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138
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Berzina I, Krudewig C, Silaghi C, Matise I, Ranka R, Müller N, Welle M. Anaplasma phagocytophilum DNA amplified from lesional skin of seropositive dogs. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2014; 5:329-35. [PMID: 24637068 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2013.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Canine granulocytic anaplasmosis (CGA) is caused by the rickettsial microorganism Anaplasma phagocytophilum. CGA is typically characterized by fever, thrombocytopenia, lethargy, anorexia, arthropy, and other nonspecific clinical signs. Skin lesions have been described in naturally infected lambs and humans. The pathophysiology of CGA is not entirely clear, and the persistence of the organism after the resolution of clinical signs has been described. The aim of the study was to investigate if A. phagocytophilum can be detected in canine lesional skin biopsies from A. phagocytophilum-seropositive dogs with etiologically unclear skin lesions that improved after the treatment with doxycycline. Paraffin-embedded lesional skin biopsies were allocated into separate groups: biopsies from A. phagocytophilum-seropositive dogs responsive to treatment with doxycycline (n=12), biopsies from A. phagocytophilum-seronegative dogs (n=2), and biopsies in which skin lesions histopathologically resembled a tick bite (n=10). The serological status of the latter group was unknown. Histology of the seropositive and seronegative dog skin lesions did not indicate an etiology. DNA was extracted, and a conventional PCR for partial 16S rRNA gene was performed. Anaplasma phagocytophilum DNA was amplified from 4/12 seropositive dogs' skin biopsies. All sequences were 100% identical to the prototype A. phagocytophilum human strain (GenBank accession number U02521). Anaplasma phagocytophilum was not amplified from the 2 seronegative and 10 suspected tick bite dogs. Serum antibody titers of the PCR-positive dogs ranged from 1:200 to 1:2048. Histopathologically, a mild-to-moderate perivascular to interstitial dermatitis composed of a mixed cellular infiltrate and mild-to-moderate edema was seen in all seropositive dogs. In 8/12 seropositive dogs, vascular changes as vasculopathy, fibrinoid necrosis of the vessel walls, and leukocytoclastic changes were observed. In summary, our results support the hypothesis that the persistence of A. phagocytophilum in the skin may be causative for otherwise unexplained skin lesions in seropositive dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inese Berzina
- Preclinical Institute, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Latvia University of Agriculture, Jelgava, Latvia; Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Christiane Krudewig
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Cornelia Silaghi
- Institute for Comparative Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Ilze Matise
- Preclinical Institute, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Latvia University of Agriculture, Jelgava, Latvia
| | - Renate Ranka
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Center, Riga, Latvia
| | - Norbert Müller
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Monika Welle
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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139
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Härtwig V, von Loewenich FD, Schulze C, Straubinger RK, Daugschies A, Dyachenko V. Detection of Anaplasma phagocytophilum in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides) from Brandenburg, Germany. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2014; 5:277-80. [PMID: 24512760 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2013.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Revised: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Anaplasma phagocytophilum is an obligate intracellular and tick-transmitted bacterium, which causes granulocytic anaplasmosis in animals and humans. Although infection with A. phagocytophilum in domestic animals and vector ticks is documented, there is sparse information on the occurrence of A. phagocytophilum in wild animals. Red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) as well as raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides) are wildlife species highly abundant in certain areas of Germany and represent a potential wildlife reservoir for zoonotic diseases. To obtain data about the occurrence of A. phagocytophilum in these animals, red fox and raccoon dog carcasses (hunted or found dead) were collected from January to September 2009 in the Federal State of Brandenburg, Germany. Lung tissue samples were subjected to DNA extraction and were examined for the presence of A. phagocytophilum DNA by means of real-time PCR. Anaplasma phagocytophilum was detected in 10 out of 122 (8.2%) lungs of red foxes and in 3 out of 13 (23%) lungs of raccoon dogs. To the best of our knowledge, A. phagocytophilum was detected for the first time in red foxes and raccoon dogs in Germany.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Härtwig
- Institute of Parasitology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Leipzig, Germany
| | | | | | - Reinhard K Straubinger
- Institute for Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Department for Veterinary Science, Faculty for Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Arwid Daugschies
- Institute of Parasitology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Leipzig, Germany
| | - Viktor Dyachenko
- Institute for Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Department for Veterinary Science, Faculty for Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Germany.
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Christie PJ, Whitaker N, González-Rivera C. Mechanism and structure of the bacterial type IV secretion systems. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2014; 1843:1578-91. [PMID: 24389247 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2013.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The bacterial type IV secretion systems (T4SSs) translocate DNA and protein substrates to bacterial or eukaryotic target cells generally by a mechanism dependent on direct cell-to-cell contact. The T4SSs encompass two large subfamilies, the conjugation systems and the effector translocators. The conjugation systems mediate interbacterial DNA transfer and are responsible for the rapid dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes and virulence determinants in clinical settings. The effector translocators are used by many Gram-negative bacterial pathogens for delivery of potentially hundreds of virulence proteins to eukaryotic cells for modulation of different physiological processes during infection. Recently, there has been considerable progress in defining the structures of T4SS machine subunits and large machine subassemblies. Additionally, the nature of substrate translocation sequences and the contributions of accessory proteins to substrate docking with the translocation channel have been elucidated. A DNA translocation route through the Agrobacterium tumefaciens VirB/VirD4 system was defined, and both intracellular (DNA ligand, ATP energy) and extracellular (phage binding) signals were shown to activate type IV-dependent translocation. Finally, phylogenetic studies have shed light on the evolution and distribution of T4SSs, and complementary structure-function studies of diverse systems have identified adaptations tailored for novel functions in pathogenic settings. This review summarizes the recent progress in our understanding of the architecture and mechanism of action of these fascinating machines, with emphasis on the 'archetypal' A. tumefaciens VirB/VirD4 T4SS and related conjugation systems. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Protein trafficking and secretion in bacteria. Guest Editors: Anastassios Economou and Ross Dalbey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Christie
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, UT-Houston Medical School, 6431 Fannin, JFB1.765, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Neal Whitaker
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, UT-Houston Medical School, 6431 Fannin, JFB1.765, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Christian González-Rivera
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, UT-Houston Medical School, 6431 Fannin, JFB1.765, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Wood DO, Wood RR, Tucker AM. Genetic systems for studying obligate intracellular pathogens: an update. Curr Opin Microbiol 2013; 17:11-6. [PMID: 24581687 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2013.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Revised: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Rapid advancements in the genetic manipulation of obligate intracellular bacterial pathogens have been made over the past two years. In this paper we attempt to summarize the work published since 2011 that documents these exciting accomplishments. Although each genus comprising this diverse group of pathogens poses unique problems, requiring modifications of established techniques and the introduction of new tools, all appear amenable to genetic analysis. Significantly, the field is moving forward from a focus on the identification and development of genetic techniques to their application in addressing crucial questions related to mechanisms of bacterial pathogenicity and the requirements of obligate intracellular growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- David O Wood
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, 501 Aubrey Green Drive, Mobile, AL 36688-0002, United States.
| | - Raphael R Wood
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, 501 Aubrey Green Drive, Mobile, AL 36688-0002, United States
| | - Aimee M Tucker
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, 501 Aubrey Green Drive, Mobile, AL 36688-0002, United States
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Abstract
A novel virus was detected in a sample collected from a Swedish moose (Alces alces). The virus was suggested as a member of the Hepeviridae family, although it was found to be highly divergent from the known four genotypes (gt1–4) of hepatitis E virus (HEV). Moose are regularly hunted for consumption in the whole of Scandinavia. Thus, the finding of this virus may be important from several aspects: (a) as a new diverged HEV in a new animal species, and (b) potential unexplored HEV transmission pathways for human infections. Considering these aspects, we have started the molecular characterization of this virus. A 5.1 kb amplicon was sequenced, and corresponded to the partial ORF1, followed by complete ORF2, ORF3 and poly(A) sequence. In comparison with existing HEVs, the moose HEV genome showed a general nucleotide sequence similarity of 37–63 % and an extensively divergent putative ORF3 sequence. The junction region between the ORFs was also highly divergent; however, two putative secondary stem–loop structures were retained when compared to gt1–4, but with altered structural appearance. In the phylogenetic analysis, the moose HEV deviated and formed its own branch between the gt1–4 and other divergent animal HEVs. The characterization of this highly divergent genome provides important information regarding the diversity of HEV infecting various mammalian species. However, further studies are needed to investigate its prevalence in the moose populations and possibly in other host species, including the risk for human infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Lin
- Department of Virology, Immunobiology and Parasitology (VIP), National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Heléne Norder
- Department of Infectious Diseases/Section of Clinical Virology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Uhlhorn
- Department of Pathology and Wildlife Diseases, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sándor Belák
- Department of Virology, Immunobiology and Parasitology (VIP), National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Frederik Widén
- Department of Virology, Immunobiology and Parasitology (VIP), National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden
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143
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Truchan HK, Seidman D, Carlyon JA. Breaking in and grabbing a meal: Anaplasma phagocytophilum cellular invasion, nutrient acquisition, and promising tools for their study. Microbes Infect 2013; 15:1017-25. [PMID: 24141091 PMCID: PMC3894830 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2013.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Anaplasma phagocytophilum invades neutrophils to cause the emerging infection, human granulocytic anaplasmosis. Here, we provide a focused review of the A. phagocytophilum invasin-host cell receptor interactions that promote bacterial entry and the degradative and membrane traffic pathways that the organism exploits to route nutrients to the organelle in which it resides. Because its obligatory intracellular nature hinders knock out-complementation approaches, we also discuss the current methods used to study A. phagocytophilum gene function and the potential benefit of applying novel tools that have advanced studies of other obligate intracellular bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary K. Truchan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia
| | - David Seidman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Jason A. Carlyon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia
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Majazki J, Wüppenhorst N, Hartelt K, Birtles R, von Loewenich FD. Anaplasma phagocytophilum strains from voles and shrews exhibit specific ankA gene sequences. BMC Vet Res 2013; 9:235. [PMID: 24283328 PMCID: PMC4220824 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-9-235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Anaplasma phagocytophilum is a Gram-negative bacterium that replicates obligate intracellularly in neutrophils. It is transmitted by Ixodes spp. ticks and causes acute febrile disease in humans, dogs, horses, cats, and livestock. Because A. phagocytophilum is not transmitted transovarially in Ixodes spp., it is thought to depend on reservoir hosts to complete its life cycle. In Europe, A. phagocytophilum was detected in roe deer, red deer, wild boars, and small mammals. In contrast to roe deer, red deer and wild boars have been considered as reservoir hosts for granulocytic anaplasmosis in humans, dogs, and horses according to groESL- and ankA-based genotyping. A. phagocytophilum variants infecting small mammals in Europe have not been characterized extensively to date. Results We amplified the total ankA open reading frames of 27 strains from voles and shrews. The analysis revealed that they harboured A. phagocytophilum strains that belonged to a distinct newly described ankA gene cluster. Further, we provide evidence that the heterogeneity of ankA gene sequences might have arisen via recombination. Conclusions Based on ankA-based genotyping voles and shrews are unlikely reservoir hosts for granulocytic anaplasmosis in humans, dogs, horses, and livestock in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Majazki
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Strasse 11, Freiburg D-79104, Germany.
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Chastagner A, Bailly X, Leblond A, Pradier S, Vourc'h G. Single genotype of Anaplasma phagocytophilum identified from ticks, Camargue, France. Emerg Infect Dis 2013; 19:825-7. [PMID: 23697386 PMCID: PMC3647497 DOI: 10.3201/eid1905.121003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Wang Y, Chen C, Zhang L. Molecular characterization of Msp2/P44 of Anaplasma phagocytophilum isolated from infected patients and Haemaphysalis longicornis in Laizhou Bay, Shandong Province, China. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78189. [PMID: 24167608 PMCID: PMC3805589 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular characterization of the MSP2/P44 protein of Anaplasma phagocytophilum may determine not only if the bacterium is capable of invading hosts but also whether it generates antigenic variation for the purpose of escaping the host immune response, resulting in various pathologic injuries and serious clinical outcomes. Chinese anaplasmosis patients usually present with serious manifestations, and the fatality rate is as high as 26.5%. In this study, we amplified, cloned and sequenced the msp2/p44 genes of three Chinese A. phagocytophilum isolates from Laizhou Bay, Shandong Province, where human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA) patients present severe clinical manifestations, and analyzed their genetic characterization and structural features. We also compared them with the HZ and Webster A. phagocytophilum strains. The sequences for both strains are available in GenBank. Analyses indicated that Chinese A. phagocytophilum isolates were significantly different from the HZ and Webster strains in terms of nucleotide sequences, amino acid sequences and protein secondary and tertiary structures. Moreover, the number of immunologic B-cell epitopes (19) of the MSP2 protein of the Chinese isolates was higher than that of the A. phagocytophilum strains HZ (16) and Webster (9). This genetic diversity of the MSP2/P44 protein of Chinese A. phagocytophilum isolates might be relevant and might have serious clinical outcomes. This observation could provide a clue to further understand the pathogenesis of Chinese A. phagocytophilum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wang
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang Province, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Rickettsiology, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chuangfu Chen
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang Province, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (LJZ); (CFC)
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- Department of Rickettsiology, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (LJZ); (CFC)
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Dong T, Qu Z, Zhang L. Detection of A. phagocytophilum and E. chaffeensis in patient and mouse blood and ticks by a duplex real-time PCR assay. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74796. [PMID: 24023963 PMCID: PMC3762869 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA) and human monocytic ehrlichiosis (HME) are emerging, tick-borne, zoonotic infectious diseases caused by Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Ehrlichia chaffeensis, respectively. Early diagnosis is essential for rapid clinical treatment to avoid misdiagnosis and severe patient outcomes. Simple, sensitive and reliable diagnostic methods are urgently needed. In this study, we developed a duplex real-time PCR assay targeting the A. phagocytophilum ankA gene and the E. chaffeensis TRP120 gene, respectively. The lowest limit of detection of the duplex real-time PCR assay was 100 copies of the targeted A. phagocytophilum ankA gene and the E. chaffeensis TRP120 gene per reaction, and the specificity was 100%. Detection in blood DNA samples from the acute stage of illness for 22 HGA cases and 8 HME cases indicated that the duplex real-time PCR assay was more sensitive than the nested PCR assay. The infection of Citellusundulatus Pallas with A. phagocytophilum and E. chaffeensis was first confirmed in Xinjiang Province and the positive rate was 3.1% for A. phagocytophilum, 6.3% for E. chaffeensis and 3.1% for co-infection with both pathogens. The rates of A. phagocytophilum and E. chaffeensis infection of D. silvarum ticks collected from Shanxi Province were 8.2% and 14.8%, respectively, and the co-infection rate was 3.3%. The rates of A. phagocytophilum and E. chaffeensis infection in H. longicornis ticks collected from Shandong Province were 1.6% and 6.3%, respectively, and the co-infection rate was 1.6%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuo Dong
- School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
- Department of Anaplasma, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Zhangyi Qu
- School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
- * E-mail: (LJZ); (ZYQ)
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- Department of Anaplasma, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (LJZ); (ZYQ)
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148
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Siska WD, Tuttle RE, Messick JB, Bisby TM, Toth B, Kritchevsky JE. Clinicopathologic Characterization of Six Cases of Equine Granulocytic Anaplasmosis In a Nonendemic Area (2008-2011). J Equine Vet Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2012.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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149
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Stuen S, Granquist EG, Silaghi C. Anaplasma phagocytophilum--a widespread multi-host pathogen with highly adaptive strategies. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2013; 3:31. [PMID: 23885337 PMCID: PMC3717505 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2013.00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 368] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacterium Anaplasma phagocytophilum has for decades been known to cause the disease tick-borne fever (TBF) in domestic ruminants in Ixodes ricinus-infested areas in northern Europe. In recent years, the bacterium has been found associated with Ixodes-tick species more or less worldwide on the northern hemisphere. A. phagocytophilum has a broad host range and may cause severe disease in several mammalian species, including humans. However, the clinical symptoms vary from subclinical to fatal conditions, and considerable underreporting of clinical incidents is suspected in both human and veterinary medicine. Several variants of A. phagocytophilum have been genetically characterized. Identification and stratification into phylogenetic subfamilies has been based on cell culturing, experimental infections, PCR, and sequencing techniques. However, few genome sequences have been completed so far, thus observations on biological, ecological, and pathological differences between genotypes of the bacterium, have yet to be elucidated by molecular and experimental infection studies. The natural transmission cycles of various A. phagocytophilum variants, the involvement of their respective hosts and vectors involved, in particular the zoonotic potential, have to be unraveled. A. phagocytophilum is able to persist between seasons of tick activity in several mammalian species and movement of hosts and infected ticks on migrating animals or birds may spread the bacterium. In the present review, we focus on the ecology and epidemiology of A. phagocytophilum, especially the role of wildlife in contribution to the spread and sustainability of the infection in domestic livestock and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snorre Stuen
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science Sandnes, Norway.
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150
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Tappe J, Strube C. Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Rickettsia spp. infections in hard ticks (Ixodes ricinus) in the city of Hanover (Germany): revisited. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2013; 4:432-8. [PMID: 23838023 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2013.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Revised: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to determine the prevalence of Rickettsiales (A. phagocytophilum and Rickettsia spp.) in 2100 I. ricinus ticks collected at 10 different sampling sites every month during the tick season 2010 in the city of Hanover, northern Germany. At the same time, the results served as a fifth-year-follow-up study to monitor whether changes or stagnation of tick infection rates - possibly due to climate change--were obvious or not. To detect infections with A. phagocytophilum and/or Rickettsia spp., tick samples were analysed by quantitative real-time PCR. Differentiation of Rickettsia species was accomplished using real-time pyrosequencing technology. Overall, 4.5% (94/2100) of the collected ticks were tested positive for A. phagocytophilum and 26.2% (551/2100) were positive for Rickettsia spp. infections. Species differentiation of Rickettsia-positive ticks via real-time pyrosequencing was possible in 48.6% (268/551) of samples, which were all identified as R. helvetica. Coinfections with both pathogens were found in 1.0% (20/2100) of ticks. Statistically significant seasonal fluctuations between sampling months as well as local differences between sampling sites were detected for Rickettsia spp. infection rates. For A. phagocytophilum infections, only significant seasonal variations were found. When comparing infection rates of Hanoverian ticks in 2010 to those in 2005, infection rates of A. phagocytophilum-infected nymphs increased statistically significant (P=0.008, power: 0.762) from 2.3% in 2005 (Schicht et al., 2011) to 4.5% in 2010. Rickettsia spp. infections in female ticks decreased significantly (P=0.049, power: 0.491) from 41.8% in 2005 (Schicht et al., 2012) to 32.4% in 2010. Comparison of the remaining tick stages showed no statistically significant differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Tappe
- Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Buenteweg 17, 30559 Hanover, Germany
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