101
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Bubonja-Sonje M, Mustac E, Brunn A, Deckert M, Abram M. Listeriosis in pregnancy: case report and retrospective study. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2012; 26:321-3. [PMID: 23039339 DOI: 10.3109/14767058.2012.733780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Listeria monocytogenes usually causes mild maternal illness, but can be devastating to the fetus. CASE Listeriosis in a pregnant patient successfully treated with empiric antibiotic therapy is described. After induced delivery, despite severe placental infection, a healthy infant was born. Additionally, archived placental specimens with similar pathological manifestation were evaluated for evidence of L. monocytogenes. CONCLUSION It is important to emphasize the value of associating maternal data and clinical and laboratory findings of the newborn with the pathologic placental findings to get better results in the etiologic diagnosis of the listeriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Bubonja-Sonje
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, University Hospital Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia.
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102
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Alessandria V, Rantsiou K, Dolci P, Zeppa G, Cocolin L. A comparison of gene expression ofListeria monocytogenes in vitroand in the soft cheese Crescenza. INT J DAIRY TECHNOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/1471-0307.12008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Alessandria
- DIVAPRA; Sector of Agricultural Microbiology and Food Technology; Faculty of Agriculture; University of Turin; Turin; Italy
| | - Kalliopi Rantsiou
- DIVAPRA; Sector of Agricultural Microbiology and Food Technology; Faculty of Agriculture; University of Turin; Turin; Italy
| | - Paola Dolci
- DIVAPRA; Sector of Agricultural Microbiology and Food Technology; Faculty of Agriculture; University of Turin; Turin; Italy
| | - Giuseppe Zeppa
- DIVAPRA; Sector of Agricultural Microbiology and Food Technology; Faculty of Agriculture; University of Turin; Turin; Italy
| | - Luca Cocolin
- DIVAPRA; Sector of Agricultural Microbiology and Food Technology; Faculty of Agriculture; University of Turin; Turin; Italy
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103
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Rowe JH, Ertelt JM, Xin L, Way SS. Listeria monocytogenes cytoplasmic entry induces fetal wastage by disrupting maternal Foxp3+ regulatory T cell-sustained fetal tolerance. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002873. [PMID: 22916020 PMCID: PMC3420962 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 07/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the intracellular bacterium Listeria monocytogenes has an established predilection for disseminated infection during pregnancy that often results in spontaneous abortion or stillbirth, the specific host-pathogen interaction that dictates these disastrous complications remain incompletely defined. Herein, we demonstrate systemic maternal Listeria infection during pregnancy fractures fetal tolerance and triggers fetal wastage in a dose-dependent fashion. Listeria was recovered from the majority of concepti after high-dose infection illustrating the potential for in utero invasion. Interestingly with reduced inocula, fetal wastage occurred without direct placental or fetal invasion, and instead paralleled reductions in maternal Foxp3(+) regulatory T cell suppressive potency with reciprocal expansion and activation of maternal fetal-specific effector T cells. Using mutants lacking virulence determinants required for in utero invasion, we establish Listeria cytoplasmic entry is essential for disrupting fetal tolerance that triggers maternal T cell-mediated fetal resorption. Thus, infection-induced reductions in maternal Foxp3(+) regulatory T cell suppression with ensuing disruptions in fetal tolerance play critical roles in pathogenesis of immune-mediated fetal wastage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sing Sing Way
- Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology, Center for Infectious Disease and Microbiology Translational Research, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
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104
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Identification of viable Listeria species based on reverse transcription-multiplex PCR (RT-MPCR) and restriction digestion. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2012; 76:1189-94. [PMID: 22790945 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.120066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A novel method for the identification of viable Listeria species was developed based on reverse transcription-multiplex PCR (RT-MPCR) and restriction digestion. The targets for RT-MPCR were iap mRNAs whose genes are common to all Liseria species. A set of five primers was used in this study. Two of them were genus specific, and the other three were specific to L. monocytogenase, L. innocua, and L. grayi respectively. By RT-MPCR, L. monocytogenese, L. innocua, L. grayi, and a group of Listeria species, including L. ivanovii, L. welshimeri, and L. seeligeri, were specifically identified. To differentiate the latter three Listeria species, RT-MPCR products were subjected to digestion with HpaI and ScaI. The sensitivity of RT-MPCR in detecting Listeria species was determined to be 50 CFU/mL. RT-MPCR was found to discriminate between viable and nonviable cells and to detect viable Listeria species in a food model.
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105
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Miya S, Takahashi H, Kamimura C, Nakagawa M, Kuda T, Kimura B. Highly discriminatory typing method for Listeria monocytogenes using polymorphic tandem repeat regions. J Microbiol Methods 2012; 90:285-91. [PMID: 22677602 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2012.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Revised: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Tandem repeats (TR), which are repetitive nucleotide sequences in DNA, are polymorphic both in repeat number and sequence. In this study, we developed a new typing method, multilocus TR sequence analysis (MLTSA), for the foodborne pathogen Listeria monocytogenes using sequence polymorphisms in three tandem repeat regions. The obtained dendrogram clustered L. monocytogenes strains of lineage I and lineage II separately, and formed three groups within the lineage I cluster, each of which included one of the three major L. monocytogenes epidemic clones (ECI, ECIa, and ECII). These results were consistent with a previously established virulence-gene-based MLST method. In comparison, our method grouped some epidemiologically related isolates together, which virulence-gene-based MLST did not. Moreover, our method, using three tandem repeat regions, showed a higher discriminatory power than the MLST method, which uses six virulence gene regions. This MLTSA approach using sequence polymorphisms in TR regions could be a useful tool in the epidemiological study of L. monocytogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoko Miya
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Marine Science, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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106
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Upadhyay A, Johny AK, Amalaradjou MAR, Ananda Baskaran S, Kim KS, Venkitanarayanan K. Plant-derived antimicrobials reduce Listeria monocytogenes virulence factors in vitro, and down-regulate expression of virulence genes. Int J Food Microbiol 2012; 157:88-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2012.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Revised: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 04/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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107
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Fox EM, deLappe N, Garvey P, McKeown P, Cormican M, Leonard N, Jordan K. PFGE analysis of Listeria monocytogenes isolates of clinical, animal, food and environmental origin from Ireland. J Med Microbiol 2012; 61:540-547. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.036764-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Edward M. Fox
- Veterinary Sciences Centre, School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- Teagasc, Moorepark Food Reaserch Centre, Cork, Ireland
| | - Niall deLappe
- School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | | | - Paul McKeown
- Health Protection Surveillance Centre, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Martin Cormican
- School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Nola Leonard
- Veterinary Sciences Centre, School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Kieran Jordan
- Teagasc, Moorepark Food Reaserch Centre, Cork, Ireland
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108
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How can the microbiologist help in diagnosing neonatal sepsis? Int J Pediatr 2012; 2012:120139. [PMID: 22319539 PMCID: PMC3272815 DOI: 10.1155/2012/120139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Revised: 09/15/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Neonatal sepsis can be classified into two subtypes depending upon whether the onset of symptoms is before 72 hours of life (early-onset neonatal sepsis—EONS) or later (late-onset neonatal sepsis—LONS). These definitions have contributed greatly to diagnosis and treatment by identifying which microorganisms are likely to be responsible for sepsis during these periods and the expected outcomes of infection. This paper focuses on the tools that microbiologist can offer to diagnose and eventually prevent neonatal sepsis. Here, we discuss the advantages and limitation of the blood culture, the actual gold standard for sepsis diagnosis. In addition, we examine the utility of molecular techniques in the diagnosis and management of neonatal sepsis.
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109
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Sitohy MZ, Mahgoub SA, Osman AO. In vitro and in situ antimicrobial action and mechanism of glycinin and its basic subunit. Int J Food Microbiol 2011; 154:19-29. [PMID: 22236762 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Revised: 11/26/2011] [Accepted: 12/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Glycinin, basic subunit and β-conglycinin were isolated from soybean protein isolate and tested for their antimicrobial action against pathogenic and spoilage bacteria as compared to penicillin. The three fractions exhibited antibacterial activities equivalent to or higher than penicillin in the next order; basic subunit>glycinin>β-conglycinin with MIC of 50, 100 and 1000 μg/mL, respectively. The IC(50%) values of the basic subunit, glycinin and β-conglycinin against Listeria\monocytogenes were 15, 16 and 695 μg/mL, against Bacillussubtilis were 17, 20, and 612 μg/mL, and against S. Enteritidis were 18, 21 and 526 μg/mL, respectively. Transmission electron microscopy images of L. monocytogenes and S. Enteritidis exhibited bigger sizes and separation of cell wall from cell membrane when treated with glycinin or basic subunit. Scanning electron microscopy of B. subtilis indicated signs of irregular wrinkled outer surface, fragmentation, adhesion and aggregation of damaged cells or cellular debris when treated with glycinin or the basic subunits but not with penicillin. All tested substances particularly the basic subunit showed increased concentration-dependent cell permeation assessed by crystal violet uptake. The antimicrobial action of glycinin and basic subunit was swifter than that of penicillin. The cell killing efficiency was in the following descending order; basic subunit>glycinin>penicillin>β-conglycinin and the susceptibility of the bacteria to the antimicrobial agents was in the next order: L. monocytogenes>B. Subtilis>S. Enteritidis. Adding glycinin and the basic subunit to pasteurized milk inoculated with the three bacteria; L. monocytogenes, B. Subtilis and S. Enteritidis (ca. 5 log CFU/mL) could inhibit their propagation after 16-20 days storage at 4 °C by 2.42-2.98, 4.25-4.77 and 2.57-3.01 log and by 3.22-3.78, 5.65-6.27 and 3.35-3.72 log CFU/mL, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Z Sitohy
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt.
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110
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Development of a predictive model describing the growth of Listeria Monocytogenes in Kimbab. Food Sci Biotechnol 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-011-0185-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022] Open
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111
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ZHAO KAI, SUN XIAOFEI, ZHAO XINGHAI, QI BAOMIN, TANG XUEMING. SITE-DIRECTED MUTAGENESIS, ISOLATION AND PURIFICATION OF LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES LISTERIOLYSIN O AND ITS IMMUNOGENICITY. J Food Saf 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4565.2011.00348.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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112
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Penduka D, Okoh AI. In vitro anti-listerial activities of crude n-hexane and aqueous extracts of Garcinia kola (heckel) seeds. Int J Mol Sci 2011; 12:6952-65. [PMID: 22072929 PMCID: PMC3211020 DOI: 10.3390/ijms12106952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2011] [Revised: 09/19/2011] [Accepted: 10/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We assessed the anti-Listerial activities of crude n-hexane and aqueous extracts of Garcinia kola seeds against a panel of 42 Listeria isolates previously isolated from wastewater effluents in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa and belonging to Listeria monocytogenes, Listeria grayi and Listeria ivanovii species. The n-hexane fraction was active against 45% of the test bacteria with zones of inhibition ranging between 8-17 mm, while the aqueous fraction was active against 29% with zones of inhibition ranging between 8-11 mm. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were within the ranges of 0.079-0.625 mg/mL for the n-hexane extract and 10 to >10 mg/mL for the aqueous extract. The rate of kill experiment carried out for the n-hexane extract only, revealed complete elimination of the initial bacterial population for L. grayi (LAL 15) at 3× and 4× MIC after 90 and 60 min; L. monocytogenes (LAL 8) at 3× and 4× MIC after 60 and 15 min; L. ivanovii (LEL 18) at 3× and 4× MIC after 120 and 15 min; L. ivanovii (LEL 30) at 2, 3 and 4× MIC values after 105, 90 and 15 min exposure time respectively. The rate of kill activities were time- and concentration-dependant and the extract proved to be bactericidal as it achieved a more than 3log(10) decrease in viable cell counts after 2 h exposure time for all of the four test organisms at 3× and 4× MIC values. The results therefore show the potential presence of anti-Listerial compounds in Garcinia kola seeds that can be exploited in effective anti-Listerial chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dambudzo Penduka
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa; E-Mail:
| | - Anthony I. Okoh
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa; E-Mail:
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113
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Tsai YHL, Maron SB, McGann P, Nightingale KK, Wiedmann M, Orsi RH. Recombination and positive selection contributed to the evolution of Listeria monocytogenes lineages III and IV, two distinct and well supported uncommon L. monocytogenes lineages. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2011; 11:1881-90. [PMID: 21854875 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2011.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2011] [Revised: 08/03/2011] [Accepted: 08/04/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Listeriamonocytogenes lineages III and IV represent two uncommon lineages of the human and animal pathogen L. monocytogenes, characterized by occurrence of unusual phenotypic and genetic characteristics that differentiate them from the common lineages I and II. To gain further insights into the evolution of lineages III and IV, we amplified and sequenced housekeeping genes (i.e., gap, prs, purM, ribC, and sigB), internalin genes (i.e., inlA, inlB, inlC, inlG, inlC2, inlD, inlE, inlF, and inlH) and the virulence gene cluster containing prfA, plcA, hly, mpl, actA, and plcB for lineages III (n = 7) and IV (n = 4) isolates. Phylogenetic analyses of the sequences obtained along with previously reported sequence data for 40 isolates representing lineages I (n = 18), II (n = 21), and III (n = 1), showed that lineages III and IV represent divergent and monophyletic lineages. The virulence gene cluster as well as the inlAB operon were present in all isolates, with inlF absent from all lineages III and IV isolates. While all lineage IV isolates contained only inlC (in addition to inlAB), lineage III isolates showed considerable diversity with regard to internalin gene presence, including presence of (i) only inlC (n = 2), (ii) inlC and inlGC2DE (n = 3), (iii) only inlGC2DE (n = 2), and (iv) inlC and inlC2DE (n = 1). In addition to evidence for horizontal gene transfer events, among lineages III and IV isolates, in prs, actA, plcB, mpl, inlA, inlB, inlG, inlD, and inlE, we also found significant evidence for positive selection in the hly promoter region and, along the lineages III and IV branches, for actA (including in sites recognized for interactions with proteins involved in actin tail polymerization). In conclusion, lineages III and IV represent two distinct monophyletic groups with contributions of intragenic recombination to the evolution of their internalin genes as well as contributions of positive selection to evolution of the virulence genes island.
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114
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Inhibition of Listeria monocytogenes by resident biofilms present on wooden shelves used for cheese ripening. Food Control 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2011.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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115
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Mraheil MA, Billion A, Mohamed W, Rawool D, Hain T, Chakraborty T. Adaptation of Listeria monocytogenes to oxidative and nitrosative stress in IFN-γ-activated macrophages. Int J Med Microbiol 2011; 301:547-55. [PMID: 21697010 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2011.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2010] [Revised: 03/29/2011] [Accepted: 05/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
IFN-γ-activated macrophages are considered to be the primary effector cells in host defense against Listeria monocytogenes infections. However despite the induction of the complex host defense mechanisms, survival of L. monocytogenes in activated macrophages is still observed. Here we used a whole genome-based transcriptome approach to examine for bacterial genes specifically induced in IFN-γ-activated macrophages. We demonstrated that cells activated by IFN-γ had elevated oxidative and nitrosative stress levels in both the activated macrophages as well as in the intracellular replicating bacteria isolated from these infected cells. We found that a subset of 21 transcripts were specifically differentially regulated in bacteria growing in cells pretreated with IFN-γ. Bioinformatics and functional analysis revealed that many of these genes have roles involved in overcoming oxidative stress and contribute to bacterial survival within activated macrophages. We detected increased transcription of the putative trpE gene of L. monocytogenes, encoding an anthranilate synthase, in bacteria growing in IFN-γ cells indicating host cell metabolic restriction of bacterial growth. Indeed we found enhanced activation of host cell genes involved in the kynurenine pathway indicating an increased need of L. monocytogenes for tryptophan during replication in IFN-γ-activated macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mobarak Abu Mraheil
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany.
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116
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Mattila M, Lindström M, Somervuo P, Markkula A, Korkeala H. Role of flhA and motA in growth of Listeria monocytogenes at low temperatures. Int J Food Microbiol 2011; 148:177-83. [PMID: 21683466 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2010] [Revised: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
While temperature-dependent induction of flagella is a well-characterized phenomenon in Listeria monocytogenes, the essentiality of increased flagellum production during growth at low temperatures remains unclear. To study this relationship, we compared the relative expression levels of two motility genes, flhA and motA, at 3°C, 25°C and 37°C in L. monocytogenes strain EGD-e by using qRT-PCR, and compared the growth curves, motility, and flagellation between the wild-type and flhA and motA deletion mutants. The relative expression levels of flhA and motA at 3°C were significantly higher than at 37°C (p<0.01). At 3°C, the level of flhA transcripts was also significantly higher than at 25°C (p<0.01). Growth curve analysis showed that at 3°C both the growth rates and maximum optical densities of ΔflhA and ΔmotA strains at 600 nm were significantly lower than those of the wild-type (p<0.001), while no significant differences were observed between the wild-type and the mutants at 37°C, and 25°C. Mutant strains ΔflhA and ΔmotA were nonmotile at all three temperatures. At 25°C, the number of flagellated cells of ΔmotA was notably reduced compared with the wild-type, whereas ΔflhA appeared nonflagellated at all temperatures. The results suggest that flhA and motA play a role in the cold tolerance of L. monocytogenes strain EGD-e, and that motile flagella may be needed for optimal cold stress response of L. monocytogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjami Mattila
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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117
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Sagong HG, Park SH, Choi YJ, Ryu S, Kang DH. Inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella Typhimurium, and Listeria monocytogenes in orange and tomato juice using ohmic heating. J Food Prot 2011; 74:899-904. [PMID: 21669065 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-10-552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The effects of ohmic heating on reduction of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella Typhimurium, and Listeria monocytogenes in orange and tomato juice were investigated. Orange and tomato juice inoculated with E. coli O157:H7, Salmonella Typhimurium, and L. monocytogenes were subjected to ohmic heating with selected parameters including electric field strength from 10 to 20 V/cm and treatment times from 0 to 540 s. The number of pathogens was reduced by increasing the electric field strength from 10 to 20 V/cm as well as increasing treatment time. The population of E. coli O157:H7 was reduced more than 5 log after 120, 210, and 540 s of treatment in orange juice with 20, 15, and 10 V/cm electric field strengths, respectively. In tomato juice, levels of E. coli O157:H7 were reduced more than 5 log after 90, 180, and 480 s with the same electric field strengths. Similar phenomena were observed for Salmonella Typhimurium and L. monocytogenes, but E. coli O157:H7 was the most resistant to ohmic heating treatment. These results show that ohmic heating is potentially useful for inactivation of E. coli O157:H7, Salmonella Typhimurium, and L. monocytogenes and that the effect of inactivation depends on applied electric field strength, treatment time, pathogen species, and type of juice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hun-Gu Sagong
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, San 56-1, Sillim-dong, Kwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Korea
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118
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Wang L, Li Y, Chu J, Xu Z, Zhong Q. Development and application of a simple loop-mediated isothermal amplification method on rapid detection of Listeria monocytogenes strains. Mol Biol Rep 2011; 39:445-9. [PMID: 21573733 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-011-0757-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2010] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) method for rapid detection of the food-borne L. monocytogenes strains had been developed and evaluated in this study. The optimal reaction condition was 65 °C for 45 min, with the detection limit as 1 pg DNA/tube and 100 CFU/reaction. Application of the established LAMP assay was performed on 182 food-borne L. monocytogenes strains using a rapid procedure and easy result confirmation, with the sensitivity of LAMP versus PCR assays as 96.7% (176/182) and 91.2% (166/182), respectively; with 100% specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) for both assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Food Safety Key Laboratory of Guangdong Province, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
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119
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Lamont RF, Sobel J, Mazaki-Tovi S, Kusanovic JP, Vaisbuch E, Kim SK, Uldbjerg N, Romero R. Listeriosis in human pregnancy: a systematic review. J Perinat Med 2011; 39:227-36. [PMID: 21517700 PMCID: PMC3593057 DOI: 10.1515/jpm.2011.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Listeria is commonly found in processed and prepared foods and listeriosis is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Preventative measures are well prescribed and monitoring and voluntary recall of contaminated products has resulted in a 44% reduction in the prevalence of perinatal listeriosis in the USA. Pregnant women are at high risk for listeriosis, but symptoms are non-specific and diagnosis is difficult. The intracellular life-cycle of Listeria protects the bacterium from host innate and adaptive immune responses. Antibiotic treatment requires agents able to penetrate, distribute, and remain stable within host cells. Prolonged use of high-dose ampicillin can significantly improve neonatal outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald F. Lamont
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland and Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Jack Sobel
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Shali Mazaki-Tovi
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland and Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Juan Pedro Kusanovic
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland and Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Edi Vaisbuch
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland and Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Sun Kwon Kim
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland and Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Niels Uldbjerg
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland and Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Roberto Romero
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland and Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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120
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Indrawattana N, Nibaddhasobon T, Sookrung N, Chongsa-nguan M, Tungtrongchitr A, Makino SI, Tungyong W, Chaicumpa W. Prevalence of Listeria monocytogenes in raw meats marketed in Bangkok and characterization of the isolates by phenotypic and molecular methods. JOURNAL OF HEALTH, POPULATION, AND NUTRITION 2011; 29:26-38. [PMID: 21528788 PMCID: PMC3075055 DOI: 10.3329/jhpn.v29i1.7565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes causes listeriosis characterized by septicaemia, encephalitis, and abortion or stillbirth. Regular monitoring of its prevalence in food and characterization of its phenotypes and genotypes are necessary for disease surveillance and tracing the epidemic outbreaks. In this study, the prevalence of L. monocytogenes in raw meats marketed in Bangkok was 15.4%. The bacteria isolated from meat were serotyped and genotyped using enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus-polymerase chain reaction (ERIC-PCR). Their virulence-associated genes, antimicrobial susceptibility, and ability to invade intestinal epithelial cells were studied. All 22 L. monocytogenes strains isolated from 104 raw meat samples carried virulence-associated genes, such as actA, flaA, hlyA, lap, inlA, inlB, and prfA. These were serotype 4b, suggesting their pathogenic and epidemic potential. These isolates could be classified into six ERIC-PCR groups: A-E The majority (59.1%) of the isolates belonged to Group A, and three isolates were Group D which was closely related to the Group A. Two isolates each were Group C and E, and one isolate each was group B and F. Although the isolates belonged to the same serotype and genotype and were all equipped with the virulence-associated genes, they showed a different cell invasion capability and antibiotic susceptibility. All the isolates were susceptible to ampicillin, amikacin, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, imipenem, penicillin G, sulphamethoxazole-trimethoprim, and tetracycline. However, one isolate showed only intermediate susceptibility to tetracycline. The data provide the first molecular insight into the L. monocytogenes isolates in Thailand and elucidate a potential risk of people contracting listeriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitaya Indrawattana
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Tanaporn Nibaddhasobon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Nitat Sookrung
- Office for Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Manas Chongsa-nguan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Anchalee Tungtrongchitr
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Sou-ichi Makino
- Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Witawat Tungyong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Wanpen Chaicumpa
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
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121
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Sagong HG, Lee SY, Chang PS, Heu S, Ryu S, Choi YJ, Kang DH. Combined effect of ultrasound and organic acids to reduce Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella Typhimurium, and Listeria monocytogenes on organic fresh lettuce. Int J Food Microbiol 2011; 145:287-92. [PMID: 21276633 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2010] [Revised: 12/30/2010] [Accepted: 01/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study was performed to compare the effectiveness of individual treatments (ultrasound and organic acids) and their combination on reducing foodborne pathogens on organic fresh lettuce. Lettuce leaves were inoculated with a cocktail of three strains each of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella Typhimurium, and Listeria monocytogenes and treated with ultrasound (40 kHz) alone, organic acids (0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 1.0, and 2.0%--malic acid, lactic acid, and citric acid) alone and combined with ultrasound and organic acids for 5 min. For all 3 pathogens, the combined treatment of ultrasound and organic acids resulted in additional 0.8 to 1.0 log reduction compared to individual treatments, without causing significant quality change (color and texture) on lettuce during 7 day storage. The maximum reductions of E. coli O157:H7, S. Typhimurium, and L. monocytogenes were 2.75, 3.18, and 2.87 log CFU/g observed after combined treatment with ultrasound and 2% organic acid for 5 min, respectively. Our results suggest that the combined treatment of ultrasound with organic acids was effective at increasing pathogen reduction compared to individual treatments without significantly affecting quality, and demonstrates its potential as a novel method to increase the microbial safety on organic fresh lettuce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hun-Gu Sagong
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Republic of Korea
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122
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Fox EM, Leonard N, Jordan K. Molecular diversity of Listeria monocytogenes isolated from Irish dairy farms. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2011; 8:635-41. [PMID: 21247298 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2010.0806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Many foods originate on the farm where cross-contamination with pathogens can occur, with implications for human health. This study characterized a bank of 51 Listeria monocytogenes isolates originating from 12 farms located in Ireland by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) to establish the molecular diversity of the isolate collection, and examine transmission patterns of L. monocytogenes across the farm environment, and also determined resistances against five different antibiotics (ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, penicillin G, and tetracycline). Analysis using a combination of AscI and ApaI digestion showed the 51 isolates comprised a total of 40 individual PFGE types, compared to individual restriction enzyme analysis, which was less discriminatory (36 types with ApaI analysis and 38 types with AscI analysis). Four of the PFGE types were common to multiple farms, and five farms had isolates with indistinguishable PFGE types in multiple locations on the farm. Indistinguishable PFGE types were common to multiple farms in different geographical locations up to ~200 km apart, and were found in a variety of different sample types, indicating multiple niches for the organism in the dairy farm environment. The presence of L. monocytogenes in samples related to animals other than cattle indicated that there are multiple possible vectors of contamination. The farm environment harbors a diverse collection of L. monocytogenes isolates that must be considered as possible agents of food contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward M Fox
- Teagasc, Moorepark Food Research Centre, Fermoy, County Cork, Ireland
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123
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Whitney JB, Mirshahidi S, Lim SY, Goins L, Ibegbu CC, Anderson DC, Raybourne RB, Frankel FR, Lieberman J, Ruprecht RM. Prior exposure to an attenuated Listeria vaccine does not reduce immunogenicity: pre-clinical assessment of the efficacy of a Listeria vaccine in the induction of immune responses against HIV. JOURNAL OF IMMUNE BASED THERAPIES AND VACCINES 2011; 9:2. [PMID: 21244649 PMCID: PMC3033796 DOI: 10.1186/1476-8518-9-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2010] [Accepted: 01/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background We have evaluated an attenuated Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) candidate vaccine vector in nonhuman primates using a delivery regimen relying solely on oral vaccination. We sought to determine the impact of prior Lm vector exposure on the development of new immune responses against HIV antigens. Findings Two groups of rhesus macaques one Lm naive, the other having documented prior Lm vector exposures, were evaluated in response to oral inoculations of the same vector expressing recombinant HIV-1 Gag protein. The efficacy of the Lm vector was determined by ELISA to assess the generation of anti-Listerial antibodies; cellular responses were measured by HIV-Gag specific ELISpot assay. Our results show that prior Lm exposures did not diminish the generation of de novo cellular responses against HIV, as compared to Listeria-naïve monkeys. Moreover, empty vector exposures did not elicit potent antibody responses, consistent with the intracellular nature of Lm. Conclusions The present study demonstrates in a pre-clinical vaccine model, that prior oral immunization with an empty Lm vector does not diminish immunogenicity to Lm-expressed HIV genes. This work underscores the need for the continued development of attenuated Lm as an orally deliverable vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- James B Whitney
- Division of Viral Pathogenesis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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124
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Renier S, Hébraud M, Desvaux M. Molecular biology of surface colonization by Listeria monocytogenes: an additional facet of an opportunistic Gram-positive foodborne pathogen. Environ Microbiol 2010; 13:835-50. [PMID: 21087384 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2010.02378.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The opportunistic and facultative intracellular pathogenic bacterium Listeria monocytogenes causes a rare but severe foodborne disease called listeriosis, the outcome of which can be fatal. The infection cycle and key virulence factors are now well characterized in this species. Nonetheless, this knowledge has not prevented the re-emergence of listeriosis, as recently reported in several European countries. Listeria monocytogenes is particularly problematic in the food industry since it can survive and multiply under conditions frequently used for food preservation. Moreover, this foodborne pathogen also forms biofilms, which increase its persistence and resistance in industrial production lines, leading to contamination of food products. Significant differences have been reported regarding the ability of different isolates to form biofilms, but no clear correlation can be established with serovars or lineages. The architecture of listerial biofilms varies greatly from one strain to another as it ranges from bacterial monolayers to the most recently described network of knitted chains. While the role of polysaccharides as part of the extracellular matrix contributing to listerial biofilm formation remains elusive, the importance of eDNA has been demonstrated. The involvement of flagella in biofilm formation has also been pointed out, but their exact role in the process remains to be clarified because of conflicting results. Two cell-cell communication systems LuxS and Agr have been shown to take part in the regulation of biofilm formation. Several additional molecular determinants have been identified by functional genetic analyses, such as the (p)ppGpp synthetase RelA and more recently BapL. Future directions and questions about the molecular mechanisms of biofilm formation in L. monocytogenes are further discussed, such as correlation between clonal complexes as revealed by MLST and biofilm formation, the swarming over swimming regulation hypothesis regarding the role of the flagella, and the involvement of microbial surface components recognizing adhesive matrix molecules in the colonization of abiotic and biotic surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Renier
- INRA, UR454 Microbiology, F-63122 Saint-Genès Champanelle, France
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125
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Wang Z, Miu T, Xu H, Duan N, Ding X, Li S. Sensitive immunoassay of Listeria monocytogenes with highly fluorescent bioconjugated silica nanoparticles probe. J Microbiol Methods 2010; 83:179-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2010.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2010] [Revised: 08/13/2010] [Accepted: 08/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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126
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Bubonja Sonje M, Abram M, Stenzel W, Deckert M. Listeria monocytogenes (delta-actA mutant) infection in tumor necrosis factor receptor p55-deficient neonatal mice. Microb Pathog 2010; 49:186-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2010.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2010] [Revised: 05/20/2010] [Accepted: 05/22/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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127
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O’Connor L, O’Leary M, Leonard N, Godinho M, O’Reilly C, Egan J, O’Mahony R. The characterization of Listeria spp. isolated from food products and the food-processing environment. Lett Appl Microbiol 2010; 51:490-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2010.02928.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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128
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Chen BY, Pyla R, Kim TJ, Silva JL, Jung YS. Incidence and persistence of Listeria monocytogenes in the catfish processing environment and fresh fillets. J Food Prot 2010; 73:1641-50. [PMID: 20828470 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-73.9.1641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Incidence of Listeria spp. in whole raw catfish, catfish fillets, and processing environments from two catfish processing facilities was determined in August 2008 and August 2009. Thirty-nine (18.4%) of 212 samples collected in August 2008 were positive for Listeria monocytogenes. Prevalences of Listeria species L. innocua and L. seeligeri-L. welshimeri-L. ivanovii were 11.3 and 23.6%, respectively. Of 209 samples collected in August 2009, 12.4% were positive for L. monocytogenes, 11% for L. innocua, and 19.6% for L. seeligeri-L. welshimeri-L. ivanovii. No Listeria grayi was detected in any of the samples. L. monocytogenes was not found in catfish skins and intestines, but was detected in catfish fillets, on food contact surfaces, and on non-food contact surfaces with frequencies of 45.0, 12.0, and 11.1%, respectively. In August 2008 isolates, serotypes 1/2b (62.2%) and 3b (15.6%) were frequently isolated, whereas the majority of the August 2009 isolates (92.3%) were serotype 1/2b. Genotyping analyses revealed that some genotypes of L. monocytogenes isolates were detected in one facility even after a year, but no persistence of L. monocytogenes was observed in the other facility. In addition, some L. monocytogenes isolates from fresh fillets showed genotypes that were either identical, or more than 90% similar, to those of L. monocytogenes isolates from food contact surfaces in the processing lines. The results of this study suggest that processing environment rather than whole raw catfish is an important source of L. monocytogenes contamination in the catfish fillets. These results should assist the catfish industry to develop better control and prevention strategies for L. monocytogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bang-Yuan Chen
- Department of Food Science, Nutrition and Health Promotion, Mississippi State University, Mississippi 39762, USA
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129
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Suo B, He Y, Tu SI, Shi X. A multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction for simultaneous detection of Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli O157, and Listeria monocytogenes in meat products. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2010; 7:619-28. [PMID: 20113204 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2009.0430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To achieve an effective detection of Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli O157, and Listeria monocytogenes in meat products, a multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) coupled with a multipathogen enrichment strategy was developed in this study. Pathogen-specific DNA sequences in the invA, rfbE, and hlyA genes were employed to design primers and TaqMan probes for identifying Salmonella spp., E. coli O157, and L. monocytogenes, respectively. An internal amplification control (IAC) utilizing a novel DNA sequence from human adenovirus was incorporated into the multiplex PCR assay to indicate false-negative results. Concurrent amplifications of multiple targets and IAC were thoroughly evaluated and optimized to minimize PCR competitions. Combined with a multipathogen enrichment in a selective enrichment broth for Salmonella, Escherichia, and Listeria (SEL), the multiplex real-time PCR assay was able to simultaneously detect all of the three organisms in artificially contaminated ground beef at a detection sensitivity of <18 CFU/10 g ground beef. Applying the assay to 26 retail meat samples including beef, chicken, turkey, and pork revealed that 12 samples were positive for one of the organisms and 3 samples were positive for two of the organisms after a 20-h enrichment in SEL. The remaining meat samples tested negative for all of the organisms by only showing amplification of the IAC. These results were confirmed by traditional culture methods testing for each individual species. Taken together, the multiplex real-time PCR assay combined with multipathogen enrichment is a rapid and reliable method for effectively screening single or multiple pathogen occurrences in various meat products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Suo
- Joint Sino-U.S. Food Safety Research Center and Bor Luh Food Safety Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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130
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Davis JA, Jackson CR. Comparative antimicrobial susceptibility of Listeria monocytogenes, L. innocua, and L. welshimeri. Microb Drug Resist 2010; 15:27-32. [PMID: 19216646 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2009.0863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study compared antimicrobial susceptibility of Listeria innocua, L. welshimeri, and L. monocytogenes isolated from various sources. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using a microbroth procedure with Sensititre minimum inhibitory concentration plates containing 18 antimicrobials. Resistant isolates were analyzed for the presence of antimicrobial resistance genes using PCR. The majority of L. monocytogenes isolates were resistant to oxacillin (99%, 89/90) and ceftriaxone (72%, 65/90), while few isolates were resistant to clindamycin (21%, 19/90) and ciprofloxacin (2%, 2/90). When selected sources of L. monocytogenes are compared, resistance to ceftriaxone, clindamycin, and oxacillin ranged from 27% to 86%, 7% to 43%, and 96% to 100%, respectively. Resistance to ciprofloxacin (6%, 2/34), quinupristin/dalfopristin (7%, 1/14), and tetracycline (7%, 1/15) was observed with L. monocytogenes isolated from food, animal, and environmental sources, respectively. All L. welshimeri isolates (6/6) were resistant to streptomycin, quinupristin/dalfopristin, ciprofloxacin, rifampin, oxacillin, penicillin, and clindamycin, while most isolates (67%, 4/6) were resistant to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. All L. innocua isolates (4/4) were resistant to oxacillin and penicillin, whereas 75% (3/4) of isolates were resistant to tetracycline, ceftriaxone, and clindamycin. Resistant isolates were negative for aadA, strA-B, sul I-II, penA, vat(A-E), vga(A-B), and vgb(A-B). However, tetM was detected among tetracycline-resistant isolates. L. welshimeri was resistant to more of the tested antimicrobials than the other two Listeria species tested, but resistance was not attributed to selected resistance genes. These data demonstrate the variability in resistance among Listeria species. However, the human pathogen L. monocytogenes appears to be the least resistant among the tested species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnnie A Davis
- Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit, Richard B. Russell Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, Georgia 30605, USA
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131
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Farzan A, Friendship RM, Cook A, Pollari F. Occurrence of Salmonella, Campylobacter, Yersinia enterocolitica, Escherichia coli O157 and Listeria monocytogenes in Swine. Zoonoses Public Health 2010; 57:388-96. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2009.01248.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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132
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Martin EM, O’Bryan CA, Lary RY, Griffis CL, Vaughn KL, Marcy JA, Ricke SC, Crandall PG. Spray application of liquid smoke to reduce or eliminate Listeria monocytogenes surface inoculated on frankfurters. Meat Sci 2010; 85:640-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2010.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2009] [Revised: 11/06/2009] [Accepted: 03/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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133
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Chen BY, Pyla R, Kim TJ, Silva JL, Jung YS. Prevalence and contamination patterns of Listeria monocytogenes in catfish processing environment and fresh fillets. Food Microbiol 2010; 27:645-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2010.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2009] [Revised: 02/19/2010] [Accepted: 02/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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134
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Chen X, Xu J, Mu X, Hu Y, Hu G, Duan H, Zhang T, Lin H, Zhang W. Effects of rhynchophylline and isorhynchophylline on nitric oxide and endothelin-1 secretion from RIMECs induced by Listeriolysin O in vitro. Vet Microbiol 2010; 143:262-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2009] [Revised: 11/09/2009] [Accepted: 11/10/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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135
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Tsuchiya K, Hara H, Kawamura I, Nomura T, Yamamoto T, Daim S, Dewamitta SR, Shen Y, Fang R, Mitsuyama M. Involvement of absent in melanoma 2 in inflammasome activation in macrophages infected with Listeria monocytogenes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:1186-95. [PMID: 20566831 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1001058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes invades the cytoplasm of macrophages and induces the activation of caspase-1 and the subsequent maturation of IL-1beta and IL-18. Although apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase-activating and recruitment domain (ASC), an adaptor protein of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (Nod)-like receptors, has been shown to play an essential role in inducing this cellular response to L. monocytogenes, the mechanism has not been fully elucidated. In this study, we demonstrate the role of absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2), a recently described receptor of cytosolic DNA, in the activation of caspase-1 upon infection with L. monocytogenes. Secretion of IL-1beta and IL-18 from Nod-like receptor family, pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) and Nod-like receptor family, caspase-activating and recruitment domain containing 4 (NLRC4) knockout macrophages in response to L. monocytogenes was only slightly decreased compared with the levels secreted from wild-type macrophages, whereas secretion from ASC knockout macrophages was completely impaired, suggesting that receptors other than NLRP3 and NLRC4 also take part in inflammasome activation in an ASC-dependent manner. To identify such receptors, the abilities of several receptor candidates (NLRP2, NLRP6, NLRP12, and AIM2) to induce the secretion of IL-1beta in response to L. monocytogenes were compared using the inflammasome system reconstructed in HEK293 cells. Among these receptor candidates, AIM2 conferred the highest responsiveness to the bacterium on HEK293 cells. Knockdown of AIM2 significantly decreased the secretion of IL-1beta and IL-18 from L. monocytogenes-infected macrophages. These results suggest that AIM2, in cooperation with NLRP3 and NLRC4, plays an important role in the activation of caspase-1 during L. monocytogenes infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohsuke Tsuchiya
- Department of Microbiology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
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136
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Clauss HE, Lorber B. Central nervous system infection with Listeria monocytogenes. Curr Infect Dis Rep 2010; 10:300-6. [PMID: 18765103 DOI: 10.1007/s11908-008-0049-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The foodborne pathogen Listeria monocytogenes has a particular tropism for the central nervous system and can produce infection in the meninges and brain substance. Well-recognized clinical syndromes include meningitis, brain abscess, rhombencephalitis, and spinal cord abscess; simultaneous infection of the meninges and brain is common. Although it is an uncommon cause of infection in the population at large, L. monocytogenes is an important cause of central nervous system infection in those with impaired cell-mediated immunity, whether due to underlying disease or treatment with immunosuppressive therapeutic agents; it is the etiology in 20% of bacterial meningitis cases in neonates and in 20% of cases in those older than 50 years. Ampicillin is considered the treatment of choice, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole is recommended for those allergic to penicillin. At-risk patients should be advised to avoid unpasteurized milk and soft cheeses along with deli-style, ready-to-eat prepared meats, particularly poultry products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather E Clauss
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Temple University Hospital, Broad and Ontario Streets, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
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137
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Changing etiology of community-acquired bacterial meningitis in adults: a nationwide multicenter study in Korea. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2010; 29:793-800. [PMID: 20432052 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-010-0929-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2009] [Accepted: 04/03/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiologic data on the etiologic organisms is important for appropriate empirical antibiotic treatment of bacterial meningitis. We identified the etiologies of community-acquired bacterial meningitis in Korean adults and the associated epidemiological factors. A retrospective, multicenter nationwide study was carried out. Patients 18 years of age or older with community-acquired bacterial meningitis with a confirmed pathogen were enrolled. Demographic, clinical, and microbiological data were collected. One hundred and ninety-five cases were collected. Streptococcus pneumoniae was the most common pathogen (50.8%), followed by Staphylococcus aureus (10.3%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (7.7%), Listeria monocytogenes (6.7%), and group B Streptococcus (3.1%). The penicillin resistance rate of the S. pneumoniae was 60.3%; 40.0% of the organisms were not susceptible to third-generation cephalosporins. The combination of third-generation cephalosporin with vancomycin was used in 76.3% of cases. Steroids were given before or with the first dose of antibiotics in 37.4% of patients. The 30-day mortality rate was 20.5% and neurological sequelae developed in 15.6% of cases. S. pneumoniae was the most common organism identified in community-acquired bacterial meningitis among Korean adults. S. aureus, K. pneumoniae, L. monocytogenes, and group B Streptococcus were also common. S. pneumoniae had high rates of resistance to penicillin and third-generation cephalosporins.
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138
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Evaluation of immunomagnetic separation in combination with ALOA Listeria chromogenic agar for the isolation and identification of Listeria monocytogenes in ready-to-eat foods. J Microbiol Methods 2010; 81:153-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2010.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2009] [Revised: 02/27/2010] [Accepted: 02/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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139
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Lee HJ, Kim WJ. Isolation and characterization of anti-listerial and amylase sensitive enterocin producing Enterococcus faecium DB1 from Gajami-sikhae, a fermented flat fish in Korea. Food Sci Biotechnol 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-010-0053-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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140
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Duodu S, Holst-Jensen A, Skjerdal T, Cappelier JM, Pilet MF, Loncarevic S. Influence of storage temperature on gene expression and virulence potential of Listeria monocytogenes strains grown in a salmon matrix. Food Microbiol 2010; 27:795-801. [PMID: 20630322 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2010.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2009] [Revised: 03/29/2010] [Accepted: 04/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Little is understood about the impact of environmental conditions on the virulence plasticity of Listeria monocytogenes strains grown in food. In this report, we monitored changes in the virulence properties of one high virulent (CCUG 3998) and one low virulent (442) L. monocytogenes strains grown on raw salmon (Salmo salar L.). The effect of temperature exposures (0 degrees C, 4 degrees C and 20 degrees C) on the expression levels of virulence genes (hlyA, actA, inlA and prfA), invasion into Caco-2 cells and in vivo mouse infection was analysed. Our results showed that L. monocytogenes virulence genes are differentially expressed when salmon is stored at different temperatures. Of the four virulence genes, the transcript levels for inlA were strongly affected, which correlated with the strain's virulence capacity as assessed by Caco-2 cells. In contrast to CCUG 3998, the virulence of strain 442 was altered with tested conditions. This strain maintains its low virulence status as far as salmon is stored at lower temperatures, but increases its virulence at higher temperatures. These results lead to the indication that exposure to abuse temperature conditions might influence the virulence potential of low pathogenic L. monocytogenes strains in salmon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Duodu
- National Veterinary Institute, Ullevaalsveien 68, Sentrum N-0106, Oslo, Norway.
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141
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Development of an oligonucleotide-based microarray to detect multiple foodborne pathogens. Mol Cell Probes 2010; 24:77-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2009.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2009] [Revised: 09/28/2009] [Accepted: 10/06/2009] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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142
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Orthotopic Liver Transplantation: Is There a Risk for Listeria monocytogenes Infection? Case Rep Med 2010; 2010:901894. [PMID: 20300589 PMCID: PMC2837907 DOI: 10.1155/2010/901894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2009] [Revised: 02/14/2010] [Accepted: 02/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunosuppression of any kind is a known risk factor for infection with Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes). Particularly, patients with impaired liver function are at increased risk of developing an aggravated course of infection with this bacterial pathogen (see Nolla-Salas et al.; 2002 and Cabellos et al.; 2008). It is a well-known pathogen in immunocompromised patients, but has only seldom been reported following orthotopic liver transplantation. Invasion of the central nervous system presenting as meningitis or meningoencephalitis and bacteremia are the principal clinical manifestations of listerial infections (see Brouwer et al.; 2006). We present an account of a case of a patient who developed L. monocytogenes meningitis during the early period after liver transplantation.
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143
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Oevermann A, Zurbriggen A, Vandevelde M. Rhombencephalitis Caused by Listeria monocytogenes in Humans and Ruminants: A Zoonosis on the Rise? Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis 2010; 2010:632513. [PMID: 20204066 PMCID: PMC2829626 DOI: 10.1155/2010/632513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2009] [Accepted: 11/25/2009] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Listeriosis is an emerging zoonotic infection of humans and ruminants worldwide caused by Listeria monocytogenes (LM). In both host species, CNS disease accounts for the high mortality associated with listeriosis and includes rhombencephalitis, whose neuropathology is strikingly similar in humans and ruminants. This review discusses the current knowledge about listeric encephalitis, and involved host and bacterial factors. There is an urgent need to study the molecular mechanisms of neuropathogenesis, which are poorly understood. Such studies will provide a basis for the development of new therapeutic strategies that aim to prevent LM from invading the brain and spread within the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Oevermann
- Neurocenter, Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Zurbriggen
- Neurocenter, Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marc Vandevelde
- Division of Clinical Neurology, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
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144
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Chen Y, Liu XM, Yan JW, Li XG, Mei LL, Mao QF, Ma Y. Foodborne pathogens in retail oysters in south China. BIOMEDICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES : BES 2010; 23:32-36. [PMID: 20486433 DOI: 10.1016/s0895-3988(10)60028-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the occurrence of important foodborne pathogens in shellstock Pacific oysters in the food markets in South China. METHODS From July 2007 to June 2008, retail oysters were collected in different seasons from South China and analyzed for the prevalence and levels of Listeria monocytogenes, Vibrio vulnificus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus. RESULTS None of L. monocytogenes could be detected in any of the 202 oyster samples tested, while E vulnificus and V. parahaemolyticus could be detected in 67 (54.9%) and 109 (89.3%) of the 122 oyster samples analyzed, respectively, with an MPN (most probable number) value greater than or equal to 3. V. vulnificus and V. parahaemolyticus with a more than 102 MPN/g were found in 36 (29.5%) and 59 (48.4%) of the 122 oyster samples, respectively. The tdh and trh genes were detected in 4 (0.3%) and 8 (0.6%) of the 1 349 V parahaemolyticus isolates, respectively. Of the 122 samples, 4 (3.3%) was positive for either tdh or trh. The levels of V. vulnificus and total V. parahaemolyticus in oysters in South China varied in different seasons. CONCLUSION V. vulnificus and pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus are frequently found in oysters in south China, which may pose a potential threat to public health. Data presented here will be useful for the microbiological risk assessment in oysters in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chen
- National Institute for Nutrition and Food Safety, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China.
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145
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Marcus R, Hurd S, Mank L, Mshar P, Phan Q, Jackson K, Watarida K, Salfinger Y, Kim S, Ishida ML, Kissler B. Chicken salad as the source of a case of Listeria monocytogenes infection in Connecticut. J Food Prot 2009; 72:2602-6. [PMID: 20003746 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-72.12.2602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Listeriosis is a severe infection with high morbidity and mortality. We report a fatal case of listeriosis in a patient with a history of Crohn's disease who consumed chicken salad purchased from a retail food establishment before developing listeriosis. As part of the regulatory testing programs, the U.S. Department of Agriculture Food Safety and Inspection Service and the Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Affairs found that chicken products from a single food-production establishment were contaminated with Listeria monocytogenes, resulting in a product recall. The case patient's Listeria isolate was subtyped by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and matched the Listeria isolates from the recalled chicken products. Identification of the source of Listeria involved collaboration among two state public health laboratories and epidemiologists and state and federal regulatory agencies. PFGE typing can be used to reveal correlations between clusters of human illness and contaminated food products and to rapidly identify sources of Listeria infection to allow implementation of corrective actions at both the state and national levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruthanne Marcus
- School of Public Health, Emerging Infections Program, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA.
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146
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Dumas E, Meunier B, Berdagué JL, Chambon C, Desvaux M, Hébraud M. The origin of Listeria monocytogenes 4b isolates is signified by subproteomic profiling. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2009; 1794:1530-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2009.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2009] [Revised: 06/17/2009] [Accepted: 06/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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147
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Poltronieri P, de Blasi M, D'Urso O. Detection of Listeria monocytogenes through real-time PCR and biosensor methods. PLANT, SOIL AND ENVIRONMENT 2009; 55:363-369. [DOI: 10.17221/139/2009-pse] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2025]
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148
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Chen BY, Kim TJ, Silva JL, Jung YS. Positive Correlation Between the Expression of inlA and inlB Genes of Listeria monocytogenes and Its Attachment Strength on Glass Surface. FOOD BIOPHYS 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11483-009-9128-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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149
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Some Listeria monocytogenes outbreak strains demonstrate significantly reduced invasion, inlA transcript levels, and swarming motility in vitro. Appl Environ Microbiol 2009; 75:5647-58. [PMID: 19581477 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00367-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes can cause a severe invasive food-borne disease known as listeriosis, and large outbreaks of this disease occur occasionally. Based on molecular-subtype data, epidemic clone (EC) strains have been defined, including ECI and ECIa, which have caused listeriosis outbreaks on different continents. While a number of molecular-subtyping studies of outbreak strains have been reported, few comprehensive data sets of virulence-associated characteristics of these strains are available. We assembled a set of human clinical isolates from 15 outbreaks that occurred worldwide between 1975 and 2002. Initial characterization of these strains showed significant variation in the ability to invade human Caco-2 intestinal epithelial cells and HepG2 hepatic cells; four strains showed consistently reduced invasion in both cell lines. DNA sequencing of inlA, which encodes a protein required for efficient Caco-2 and HepG2 invasion, showed that none of the invasion-attenuated strains contained known virulence-attenuating mutations in inlA. Phylogenetic analyses of inlA sequences revealed a well-supported clade containing a fully invasive ECI strain and three invasion-attenuated ECI strains, along with a fully invasive ECIa strain and an invasion-attenuated ECIa strain. Of the four invasion-attenuated strains, one strain showed both reduced inlA transcript levels and impaired swarming, one strain showed reduced inlA transcript levels, and two strains showed reduced swarming. Overall, our data show that (i) L. monocytogenes strains from outbreaks vary significantly in invasion efficiency and (ii) different mechanisms may contribute to reduced invasion efficiency. Association between EC strains and listeriosis outbreaks may involve characteristics other than virulence phenotypes, including survival and growth in food-associated environments.
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150
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Fox E, O'Mahony T, Clancy M, Dempsey R, O'Brien M, Jordan K. Listeria monocytogenes in the Irish dairy farm environment. J Food Prot 2009; 72:1450-6. [PMID: 19681268 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-72.7.1450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a potentially lethal foodborne pathogen commonly found in the environment. European Union hygiene legislation places responsibility for safety on primary production facilities, including farms, as part of a policy to introduce traceability throughout the food chain. This study aimed to determine the occurrence of L. monocytogenes in the Irish dairy farm environment and in particular the milking facility. Two hundred ninety-eight environmental samples were collected from 16 farms in the southern region of Ireland. A number of farms within the group supply raw milk to the unpasteurized milk cheese industry. The samples taken included cow feces, milk, silage, soil, water, etc. Samples were enriched in Listeria enrichment broth and incubated for 48 h, followed by plating on chromogenic agar Listeria Ottavani & Agosti and further incubation of the plates for 24 to 48 h. Presumptive L. monocytogenes isolates were purified and confirmed by PCR targeting the hly gene. Overall, 19% of the samples (57 of 298) were positive for L. monocytogenes. These were serotyped using conventional and PCR methods; serotypes 1/2a, 1/2b, and 4b made up 78% of the typeable isolates. A correlation was found between the level of hygiene standards on the farm and the occurrence of L. monocytogenes. There was little difference in the occurrence of L. monocytogenes between farms supplying milk to the unpasteurized milk cheese industry and those supplying milk for processing. This study demonstrates the prevalence of L. monocytogenes in the dairy farm environment and the need for good hygiene practices to prevent its entry into the food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Fox
- Teagasc, Moorepark Food Research Centre, Cork, Ireland
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