101
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Hartmann N, McMurtrey C, Sorensen ML, Huber ME, Kurapova R, Coleman FT, Mizgerd JP, Hildebrand W, Kronenberg M, Lewinsohn DM, Harriff MJ. Riboflavin Metabolism Variation among Clinical Isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae Results in Differential Activation of Mucosal-associated Invariant T Cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2019; 58:767-776. [PMID: 29356555 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2017-0290oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is an important bacterial pathogen that causes a range of noninvasive and invasive diseases. The mechanisms underlying variability in the ability of S. pneumoniae to transition from nasopharyngeal colonization to disease-causing pathogen are not well defined. Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are prevalent in mucosal tissues such as the airways and are believed to play an important role in the early response to infection with bacterial pathogens. The ability of MAIT cells to recognize and contain infection with S. pneumoniae is not known. In the present study, we analyzed MAIT-cell responses to infection with clinical isolates of S. pneumoniae serotype 19A, a serotype linked to invasive pneumococcal disease. We found that although MAIT cells were capable of responding to human dendritic and airway epithelial cells infected with S. pneumoniae, the magnitude of response to different serotype 19A isolates was determined by genetic differences in the expression of the riboflavin biosynthesis pathway. MAIT-cell release of cytokines correlated with differences in the ability of MAIT cells to respond to and control S. pneumoniae in vitro and in vivo in a mouse challenge model. Together, these results demonstrate first that there are genetic differences in riboflavin metabolism among clinical isolates of the same serotype and second that these likely determine MAIT-cell function in response to infection with S. pneumoniae. These differences are critical when considering the role that MAIT cells play in early responses to pneumococcal infection and determining whether invasive disease will develop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Hartmann
- 1 La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, San Diego, California
| | - Curtis McMurtrey
- 2 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Michelle L Sorensen
- 3 Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Megan E Huber
- 3 Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Regina Kurapova
- 3 Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Fadie T Coleman
- 4 Pulmonary Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - Joseph P Mizgerd
- 4 Pulmonary Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - William Hildebrand
- 2 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | | | - David M Lewinsohn
- 3 Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon.,5 VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon
| | - Melanie J Harriff
- 3 Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon.,5 VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon
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102
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Anil N. Mucosal-associated invariant T cells: new players in CF lung disease? Inflamm Res 2019; 68:633-638. [PMID: 31201438 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-019-01259-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The past decade has witnessed a surge in research centered around exploring the role of the enigmatic innate immune-like lymphocyte MAIT cell in human disease. Recent evidence has led to the elucidation of its role as a potent defender at mucosal surfaces including lungs due to its capacity to mount a formidable immediate response to bacterial pathogens. MAIT cells have a unique attribute of recognizing microbial ligands in conjunction with non-classical MHC-related protein MR1. Recent studies have demonstrated their contribution in the pathogenesis of chronic pulmonary disorders including asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Several cellular players including innate immune cells are active contributors in the immune imbalance present in cystic fibrosis(CF) lung. This immune dysregulation serves as a central pivot in disease pathogenesis, responsible for causing immense structural damage in the CF lung. The present review focuses on understanding the role of MAIT cells in CF lung disease. Future studies directed at understanding the possible relationship between MAIT cells and regulatory T cells (Tregs) in CF lung disease could unravel a holistic picture where a combination of antimicrobial effects of MAIT cells and anti-inflammatory effects of Tregs could be exploited in synergy to alleviate the rapid deterioration of lung function in CF lung disease due to the underlying complex interplay between persistent infection and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Anil
- Centre For Stem Cell Tissue Engineering and Biomedical Excellence, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.
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103
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Counoupas C, Triccas JA. The generation of T-cell memory to protect against tuberculosis. Immunol Cell Biol 2019; 97:656-663. [PMID: 31127962 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) kills more individuals each year than any other single pathogen and a more effective vaccine is critical for the global control of the disease. Although there has been recent progress in the clinical testing of candidates, no new vaccine has been licensed for use and correlates of protective immunity in humans have not been defined. Prior Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection does not appear to confer long-term protective immunity in humans; thus mimicking the natural immune response to infection may not be a suitable approach to develop improved TB vaccines. Data from animal testing are used to progress vaccines through the "vaccine pipeline", but studies in animals have not been able to predict efficacy in humans. Furthermore, although the generation of conventional CD4+ T-cell responses are considered necessary to control infection with M. tuberculosis, these do not necessarily correlate with protection induced by candidate vaccines and other immune components may play a role, including donor unrestricted T cells, tissue-resident memory T cells and anti-M. tuberculosis antibodies. This review will summarize the current understanding of the protective immune responses following M. tuberculosis infection or vaccination, with a particular focus on vaccines that have recently entered clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Counoupas
- Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Tuberculosis Research Program, Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - James A Triccas
- Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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104
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Wong EB, Gold MC, Meermeier EW, Xulu BZ, Khuzwayo S, Sullivan ZA, Mahyari E, Rogers Z, Kløverpris H, Sharma PK, Worley AH, Lalloo U, Baijnath P, Ambaram A, Naidoo L, Suleman M, Madansein R, McLaren JE, Ladell K, Miners KL, Price DA, Behar SM, Nielsen M, Kasprowicz VO, Leslie A, Bishai WR, Ndung’u T, Lewinsohn DM. TRAV1-2 + CD8 + T-cells including oligoconal expansions of MAIT cells are enriched in the airways in human tuberculosis. Commun Biol 2019; 2:203. [PMID: 31231693 PMCID: PMC6549148 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0442-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells typically express a TRAV1-2+ semi-invariant TCRα that enables recognition of bacterial, mycobacterial, and fungal riboflavin metabolites presented by MR1. MAIT cells are associated with immune control of bacterial and mycobacterial infections in murine models. Here, we report that a population of pro-inflammatory TRAV1-2+ CD8+ T cells are present in the airways and lungs of healthy individuals and are enriched in bronchoalveolar fluid of patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis (TB). High-throughput T cell receptor analysis reveals oligoclonal expansions of canonical and donor-unique TRAV1-2+ MAIT-consistent TCRα sequences within this population. Some of these cells demonstrate MR1-restricted mycobacterial reactivity and phenotypes suggestive of MAIT cell identity. These findings demonstrate enrichment of TRAV1-2+ CD8+ T cells with MAIT or MAIT-like features in the airways during active TB and suggest a role for these cells in the human pulmonary immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily B. Wong
- Africa Health Research Institute, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Marielle C. Gold
- Department of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR USA
- VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR USA
| | - Erin W. Meermeier
- Department of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR USA
| | - Bongiwe Z. Xulu
- Africa Health Research Institute, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Sharon Khuzwayo
- Africa Health Research Institute, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | | | - Eisa Mahyari
- Division of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology (BCB), Department of Medical Informatics and Clinical Epidemiology (DMICE), Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR USA
| | - Zoe Rogers
- Africa Health Research Institute, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Hénrik Kløverpris
- Africa Health Research Institute, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
- Institute for Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Umesh Lalloo
- Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
| | - Prinita Baijnath
- Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
- Department of Pulmonology, Inkosi Albert Luthuli Hospital, Durban, South Africa
| | - Anish Ambaram
- Department of Pulmonology, Inkosi Albert Luthuli Hospital, Durban, South Africa
| | - Leon Naidoo
- Department of Pulmonology, Inkosi Albert Luthuli Hospital, Durban, South Africa
| | - Moosa Suleman
- Department of Pulmonology, Inkosi Albert Luthuli Hospital, Durban, South Africa
- Department of Pulmonology & Critical Care, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Rajhmun Madansein
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Centre for AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Durban, South Africa
| | - James E. McLaren
- Institute of Infection & Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, Wales UK
| | - Kristin Ladell
- Institute of Infection & Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, Wales UK
| | - Kelly L. Miners
- Institute of Infection & Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, Wales UK
| | - David A. Price
- Institute of Infection & Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, Wales UK
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland USA
| | - Samuel M. Behar
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA USA
| | - Morten Nielsen
- Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Bio and Health Informatics, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Victoria O. Kasprowicz
- Africa Health Research Institute, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Alasdair Leslie
- Africa Health Research Institute, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - William R. Bishai
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Thumbi Ndung’u
- Africa Health Research Institute, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA USA
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - David M. Lewinsohn
- Department of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR USA
- VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR USA
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105
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Joosten SA, Ottenhoff TH, Lewinsohn DM, Hoft DF, Moody DB, Seshadri C. Harnessing donor unrestricted T-cells for new vaccines against tuberculosis. Vaccine 2019; 37:3022-3030. [PMID: 31040086 PMCID: PMC6525272 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) prevents extrapulmonary tuberculosis (TB) and death among infants but fails to consistently and sufficiently prevent pulmonary TB in adults. Thus, TB remains the leading infectious cause of death worldwide, and new vaccine approaches are urgently needed. T-cells are important for protective immunity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), but the optimal T-cell antigens to be included in new vaccines are not established. T-cells are often thought of as responding mainly to peptide antigens presented by polymorphic major histocompatibility complex (MHC) I and II molecules. Over the past two decades, the number of non-peptidic Mtb derived antigens for αβ and γδ T-cells has expanded rapidly, creating broader perspectives about the types of molecules that could be targeted by T-cell-based vaccines against TB. Many of these non-peptide responsive T-cell subsets in humans are activated in a manner that is unrestricted by classical MHC-dependent antigen-presenting systems, but instead require essentially nonpolymorphic presentation systems. These systems are Cluster of differentiation 1 (CD1), MHC related protein 1 (MR1), butyrophilin 3A1, as well as the nonclassical MHC class Ib family member HLA-E. Thus, the resulting T-cell responses can be shared among a genetically diverse population, creating the concept of donor-unrestricted T-cells (DURTs). Here, we review evidence that DURTs are an abundant component of the human immune system and recognize many antigens expressed by Mtb, including antigens that are expressed in BCG and other candidate whole cell vaccines. Further, DURTs exhibit functional diversity and demonstrate the ability to control microbial infection in small animal models. Finally, we outline specific knowledge gaps and research priorities that must be addressed to realize the full potential of DURTs as part of new TB vaccines approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone A. Joosten
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Tom H.M. Ottenhoff
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - David M. Lewinsohn
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, USA
| | - Daniel F. Hoft
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, Doisy Research Center, 8th floor, 1100 S. Grand Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - D. Branch Moody
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Boston, Harvard Medical School, USA
| | - Chetan Seshadri
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, USA,Tuberculosis Research & Training Center, University of Washington, Seattle, USA,Corresponding author at: University of Washington Medical Center, 750 Republican Street, Room E663, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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106
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MR1-dependent antigen presentation. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 84:58-64. [PMID: 30449535 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
MR1 is a non-classical class I molecule that is highly conserved among mammals. Though discovered in 1995, only recently have MR1 ligands and antigens for MR1-restricted T cells been described. Unlike the traditional class I molecules HLA-A, -B, and -C, little MR1 is on the cell surface. Rather, MR1 resides in discrete intracellular vesicles and the endoplasmic reticulum, and can present non-peptidic small molecules such as those found in the riboflavin biosynthesis pathway. Since mammals do not synthesize riboflavin, MR1 can serve as a sensor of the microbial metabolome and could be key to the early detection of intracellular infection. This review will summarize the current understanding of MR1-dependent antigen presentation.
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107
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O’Brien EC, McLoughlin RM. Considering the ‘Alternatives’ for Next-Generation Anti-Staphylococcus aureus Vaccine Development. Trends Mol Med 2019; 25:171-184. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2018.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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108
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Bánki Z, Krabbendam L, Klaver D, Leng T, Kruis S, Mehta H, Müllauer B, Orth-Höller D, Stoiber H, Willberg CB, Klenerman P. Antibody opsonization enhances MAIT cell responsiveness to bacteria via a TNF-dependent mechanism. Immunol Cell Biol 2019; 97:538-551. [PMID: 30695101 PMCID: PMC6767153 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are an abundant human T-cell subset with antimicrobial properties. They can respond to bacteria presented via antigen-presenting cells (APCs) such as macrophages, which present bacterially derived ligands from the riboflavin synthesis pathway on MR1. Moreover, MAIT cells are also highly responsive to cytokines which enhance and even substitute for T-cell receptor-mediated signaling. The mechanisms leading to an efficient presentation of bacteria to MAIT cells by APCs have not been fully elucidated. Here, we showed that the monocytic cell line THP-1 and B cells activated MAIT cells differentially in response to Escherichia coli. THP-1 cells were generally more potent in inducing IFNγ and IFNγ/TNF production by MAIT cells. Furthermore, THP-1, but not B, cells produced TNF upon bacterial stimulation, which in turn supported IFNγ production by MAIT cells. Finally, we addressed the role of antibody-dependent opsonization of bacteria in the activation of MAIT cells using in vitro models. We found that opsonization had a substantial impact on downstream MAIT cell activation by monocytes. This was associated with enhanced activation of monocytes and increased TNF release. Importantly, this TNF acted in concert with other cytokines to drive MAIT cell activation. These data indicate both a significant interaction between adaptive and innate immunity in the response to bacteria, and an important role for TNF in MAIT cell triggering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Bánki
- Division of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lisette Krabbendam
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Dominik Klaver
- Division of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Tianqi Leng
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Simon Kruis
- Division of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Hema Mehta
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Brigitte Müllauer
- Division of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Dorothea Orth-Höller
- Division of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Heribert Stoiber
- Division of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Paul Klenerman
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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109
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Juno JA, Wragg KM, Amarasena T, Meehan BS, Mak JYW, Liu L, Fairlie DP, McCluskey J, Eckle SBG, Kent SJ. MAIT Cells Upregulate α4β7 in Response to Acute Simian Immunodeficiency Virus/Simian HIV Infection but Are Resistant to Peripheral Depletion in Pigtail Macaques. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 202:2105-2120. [PMID: 30777923 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are nonconventional T lymphocytes that recognize bacterial metabolites presented by MR1. Whereas gut bacterial translocation and the loss/dysfunction of peripheral MAIT cells in HIV infection is well described, MAIT cells in nonhuman primate models are poorly characterized. We generated a pigtail macaque (PTM)-specific MR1 tetramer and characterized MAIT cells in serial samples from naive and SIV- or simian HIV-infected PTM. Although PTM MAIT cells generally resemble the phenotype and transcriptional profile of human MAIT cells, they exhibited uniquely low expression of the gut-homing marker α4β7 and were not enriched at the gut mucosa. PTM MAIT cells responded to SIV/simian HIV infection by proliferating and upregulating α4β7, coinciding with increased MAIT cell frequency in the rectum. By 36 wk of infection, PTM MAIT cells were activated and exhibited a loss of Tbet expression but were not depleted as in HIV infection. Our data suggest the following: 1) MAIT cell activation and exhaustion is uncoupled from the hallmark depletion of MAIT cells during HIV infection; and 2) the lack of PTM MAIT cell enrichment at the gut mucosa may prevent depletion during chronic infection, providing a model to assess potential immunotherapeutic approaches to modify MAIT cell trafficking during HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Juno
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Victoria 3000, Australia;
| | - Kathleen M Wragg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Thakshila Amarasena
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Bronwyn S Meehan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Jeffrey Y W Mak
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Queensland 4072, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, The University of Queensland, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Ligong Liu
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Queensland 4072, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, The University of Queensland, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - David P Fairlie
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Queensland 4072, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, The University of Queensland, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - James McCluskey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Sidonia B G Eckle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Stephen J Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Victoria 3000, Australia.,Melbourne Sexual Health Centre and Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Health, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Victoria 3053, Australia; and.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
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110
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Malka-Ruimy C, Ben Youssef G, Lambert M, Tourret M, Ghazarian L, Faye A, Caillat-Zucman S, Houdouin V. Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cell Levels Are Reduced in the Peripheral Blood and Lungs of Children With Active Pulmonary Tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2019; 10:206. [PMID: 30853958 PMCID: PMC6396712 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are unconventional, semi-invariant T lymphocytes that recognize microbial-derived vitamin B2 (riboflavin) biosynthesis precursor derivatives presented by the monomorphic MHC class 1-related (MR1) molecule. Upon microbial infection, MAIT cells rapidly produce cytokines and cytotoxic effectors, and are thus important players in anti-microbial defense. MAIT cells are protective in experimental models of infection and are decreased in the blood of adult patients with bacterial infections, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). In children, the risk of rapid progression to active tuberculosis (TB) following Mtb infection is higher than in adults. Whether MAIT cells influence the outcome of Mtb infection in children is therefore, an important issue. We analyzed MAIT cell numbers and phenotype in 115 children investigated for pulmonary TB and determined their potential correlation with disease progression. MAIT cells were reduced in numbers and activated in the peripheral blood of children with active TB as compared to those with latent TB infection (LTBI) and healthy children. Moreover, MAIT cells did not accumulate and did not proliferate in the lung of children with active TB. These results suggest that MAIT cells may be important in preventing progression of Mtb infection to active TB in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Malka-Ruimy
- INSERM UMR1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Ghada Ben Youssef
- INSERM UMR1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Marion Lambert
- INSERM UMR1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Marie Tourret
- INSERM UMR1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Liana Ghazarian
- INSERM UMR1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Albert Faye
- Service de Pédiatrie Générale, Hôpital Robert Debré, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Caillat-Zucman
- INSERM UMR1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France.,Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Hôpital Saint Louis, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Véronique Houdouin
- INSERM UMR1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France.,Service des Maladies Digestives et Respiratoires de l'Enfant, Hôpital Robert Debré, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
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111
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Kim EY, Oldham WM. Innate T cells in the intensive care unit. Mol Immunol 2019; 105:213-223. [PMID: 30554082 PMCID: PMC6331274 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Rapid onset of acute inflammation is a hallmark of critical illnesses that bring patients to the intensive care unit (ICU). In critical illness, innate T cells rapidly reach full activation and drive a robust acute inflammatory response. As "cellular adjuvants," innate T cells worsen inflammation and mortality in several common critical illnesses including sepsis, ischemia-reperfusion injury, stroke, and exacerbations of respiratory disease. Interestingly, innate T cell subsets can also promote a protective and anti-inflammatory response in sepsis, ischemia-reperfusion injury, and asthma. Therapies that target innate T cells have been validated in several models of critical illness. Here, we review the role of natural killer T (NKT) cells, mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells and γδ T cells in clinical and experimental critical illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edy Yong Kim
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Boston, MA, 02115, United States; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, United States.
| | - William M Oldham
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Boston, MA, 02115, United States; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, United States
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112
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Satti I, McShane H. Current approaches toward identifying a correlate of immune protection from tuberculosis. Expert Rev Vaccines 2018; 18:43-59. [PMID: 30466332 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2019.1552140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mycobacterium tuberculosis kills more people than any other pathogen. Vaccination is the most cost-effective control measure for any infectious disease. Development of an effective vaccine against tuberculosis is hindered by the uncertain predictive value of preclinical animal models, incomplete understanding of protective immunity and lack of validated immune correlates of protection (COP). AREAS COVERED Here we review what is known about protective immunity against M.tb, the preclinical and clinical cohorts that can be utilized to identify COP, and COP that have been identified to date. EXPERT COMMENTARY The identification of COP would allow the rational design and development of vaccine candidates which can then be optimized and prioritized based on the induction of these immune responses. Once validated in field efficacy trials, such COP could potentially facilitate the development and licensure of vaccines, in combination with human efficacy data. The identification and validation of COP would represent a very significant advance in TB vaccine development. Every opportunity to collect samples and cohorts on which to cross-validate pre-existing COP and identify novel COP should be exploited. Furthermore, global cooperation and collaboration on such samples will ensure that the utility of such precious samples is fully exploited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Satti
- a Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine , University of Oxford , Oxford , UK
| | - Helen McShane
- a Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine , University of Oxford , Oxford , UK
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113
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Dumas A, Corral D, Colom A, Levillain F, Peixoto A, Hudrisier D, Poquet Y, Neyrolles O. The Host Microbiota Contributes to Early Protection Against Lung Colonization by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2656. [PMID: 30487801 PMCID: PMC6246741 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by the airborne bacterial pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis, remains a major source of morbidity and mortality worldwide. So far, the study of host-pathogen interactions in TB has mostly focused on the physiology and virulence of the pathogen, as well as, on the various innate and adaptive immune compartments of the host. Microbial organisms endogenous to our body, the so-called microbiota, interact not only with invading pathogens, but also with our immune system. Yet, the impact of the microbiota on host defense against M. tuberculosis remains poorly understood. In order to address this question, we adapted a robust and reproducible mouse model of microbial dysbiosis based on a combination of wide-spectrum antibiotics. We found that microbiota dysbiosis resulted in an increased early colonization of the lungs by M. tuberculosis during the first week of infection, correlating with an altered diversity of the gut microbiota during this time period. At the cellular level, no significant difference in the recruitment of conventional myeloid cells, including macrophages, dendritic cells and neutrophils, to the lungs could be detected during the first week of infection between microbiota-competent and -deficient mice. At the molecular level, microbiota depletion did not impact the global production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interferon (IFN)γ, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α and interleukin (IL)-1β in the lungs. Strikingly, a reduced number of mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, a population of innate-like lymphocytes whose development is known to depend on the host microbiota, was observed in the lungs of the antibiotics-treated animals after 1week of infection. These cells produced less IL-17A in antibiotics-treated mice. Notably, dysbiosis correction through the inoculation of a complex microbiota in antibiotics-treated animals reversed these phenotypes and improved the ability of MAIT cells to proliferate. Altogether, our results demonstrate that the host microbiota contributes to early protection of lung colonization by M. tuberculosis, possibly through sustaining the function(s) of MAIT cells. Our study calls for a better understanding of the impact of the microbiota on host-pathogen interactions in TB. Ultimately, this study may help to develop novel therapeutic approaches based on the use of beneficial microbes, or components thereof, to boost anti-mycobacterial immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexia Dumas
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Dan Corral
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - André Colom
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Florence Levillain
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Antonio Peixoto
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Denis Hudrisier
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Yannick Poquet
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Olivier Neyrolles
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
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114
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Tuning of human MAIT cell activation by commensal bacteria species and MR1-dependent T-cell presentation. Mucosal Immunol 2018; 11:1591-1605. [PMID: 30115998 PMCID: PMC6279574 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-018-0072-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Human mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cell receptors (TCRs) recognize bacterial riboflavin pathway metabolites through the MHC class 1-related molecule MR1. However, it is unclear whether MAIT cells discriminate between many species of the human microbiota. To address this, we developed an in vitro functional assay through human T cells engineered for MAIT-TCRs (eMAIT-TCRs) stimulated by MR1-expressing antigen-presenting cells (APCs). We then screened 47 microbiota-associated bacterial species from different phyla for their eMAIT-TCR stimulatory capacities. Only bacterial species that encoded the riboflavin pathway were stimulatory for MAIT-TCRs. Most species that were high stimulators belonged to Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria phyla, whereas low/non-stimulator species were primarily Actinobacteria or Firmicutes. Activation of MAIT cells by high- vs low-stimulating bacteria also correlated with the level of riboflavin they secreted or after bacterial infection of macrophages. Remarkably, we found that human T-cell subsets can also present riboflavin metabolites to MAIT cells in a MR1-restricted fashion. This T-T cell-mediated signaling also induced IFNγ, TNF and granzyme B from MAIT cells, albeit at lower level than professional APC. These findings suggest that MAIT cells can discriminate and categorize complex human microbiota through computation of TCR signals depending on antigen load and presenting cells, and fine-tune their functional responses.
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115
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D’Souza C, Chen Z, Corbett AJ. Revealing the protective and pathogenic potential of MAIT cells. Mol Immunol 2018; 103:46-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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116
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Abstract
Tuberculosis kills more people worldwide than any other single infectious disease agent, a threat made more dire by the spread of drug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Development of new vaccines capable of preventing TB disease and new Mtb infection are an essential component of the strategy to combat the TB epidemic. Accordingly, the WHO considers the development of new TB vaccines a major public health priority. In October 2017, the WHO convened a consultation with global leaders in the TB vaccine development field to emphasize the WHO commitment to this effort and to facilitate creative approaches to the discovery and development of TB vaccine candidates. This review summarizes the presentations at this consultation, updated with scientific literature references, and includes discussions of the public health need for a TB vaccine; the status of efforts to develop vaccines to replace or potentiate BCG in infants and develop new TB vaccines for adolescents and adults; strategies being employed to diversify vaccine platforms; and new animal models being developed to facilitate TB vaccine development. A perspective on the status of these efforts from the major funders and organizational contributors also is included. This presentation highlights the extraordinary progress being made to develop new TB vaccines and provided a clear picture of the exciting development pathways that are being explored.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Johan Vekemans
- Initiative for Vaccine Research, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
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117
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Abstract
Tuberculosis kills more people worldwide than any other single infectious disease agent, a threat made more dire by the spread of drug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Development of new vaccines capable of preventing TB disease and new Mtb infection are an essential component of the strategy to combat the TB epidemic. Accordingly, the WHO considers the development of new TB vaccines a major public health priority. In October 2017, the WHO convened a consultation with global leaders in the TB vaccine development field to emphasize the WHO commitment to this effort and to facilitate creative approaches to the discovery and development of TB vaccine candidates. This review summarizes the presentations at this consultation, updated with scientific literature references, and includes discussions of the public health need for a TB vaccine; the status of efforts to develop vaccines to replace or potentiate BCG in infants and develop new TB vaccines for adolescents and adults; strategies being employed to diversify vaccine platforms; and new animal models being developed to facilitate TB vaccine development. A perspective on the status of these efforts from the major funders and organizational contributors also is included. This presentation highlights the extraordinary progress being made to develop new TB vaccines and provided a clear picture of the exciting development pathways that are being explored.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Johan Vekemans
- Initiative for Vaccine Research, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
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118
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Schubert K, Olde Damink SWM, von Bergen M, Schaap FG. Interactions between bile salts, gut microbiota, and hepatic innate immunity. Immunol Rev 2018; 279:23-35. [PMID: 28856736 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Bile salts are the water-soluble end products of hepatic cholesterol catabolism that are released into the duodenum and solubilize lipids due to their amphipathic structure. Bile salts also act as endogenous ligands for dedicated nuclear receptors that exert a plethora of biological processes, mostly related to metabolism. Bile salts are actively reclaimed in the distal part of the small intestine, released into the portal system, and subsequently extracted by the liver. This enterohepatic cycle is critically dependent on dedicated bile salt transporters. In the intestinal lumen, bile salts exert direct antimicrobial activity based on their detergent property and shape the gut microbiota. Bile salt metabolism by gut microbiota serves as a mechanism to counteract this toxicity and generates bile salt species that are distinct from those of the host. Innate immune cells of the liver play an important role in the early recognition and effector response to invading microbes. Bile salts signal primarily via the membrane receptor TGR5 and the intracellular farnesoid-x receptor, both present in innate immune cells. In this review, the interactions between bile salts, gut microbiota, and hepatic innate immunity are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Schubert
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Helmholtz Center for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Steven W M Olde Damink
- Department of Surgery, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Martin von Bergen
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Helmholtz Center for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany.,Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biosciences, Pharmacy and Psychology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Frank G Schaap
- Department of Surgery, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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119
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MAIT cells protect against pulmonary Legionella longbeachae infection. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3350. [PMID: 30135490 PMCID: PMC6105587 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05202-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosal associated invariant T (MAIT) cells recognise conserved microbial metabolites from riboflavin synthesis. Striking evolutionary conservation and pulmonary abundance implicate them in antibacterial host defence, yet their functions in protection against clinically important pathogens are unknown. Here we show that mouse Legionella longbeachae infection induces MR1-dependent MAIT cell activation and rapid pulmonary accumulation of MAIT cells associated with immune protection detectable in immunocompetent host animals. MAIT cell protection is more evident in mice lacking CD4+ cells, and adoptive transfer of MAIT cells rescues immunodeficient Rag2-/-γC-/- mice from lethal Legionella infection. Protection is dependent on MR1, IFN-γ and GM-CSF, but not IL-17A, TNF or perforin, and enhanced protection is detected earlier after infection of mice antigen-primed to boost MAIT cell numbers before infection. Our findings define a function for MAIT cells in protection against a major human pathogen and indicate a potential role for vaccination to enhance MAIT cell immunity.
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120
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Trottein F, Paget C. Natural Killer T Cells and Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells in Lung Infections. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1750. [PMID: 30116242 PMCID: PMC6082944 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system has been traditionally divided into two arms called innate and adaptive immunity. Typically, innate immunity refers to rapid defense mechanisms that set in motion within minutes to hours following an insult. Conversely, the adaptive immune response emerges after several days and relies on the innate immune response for its initiation and subsequent outcome. However, the recent discovery of immune cells displaying merged properties indicates that this distinction is not mutually exclusive. These populations that span the innate-adaptive border of immunity comprise, among others, CD1d-restricted natural killer T cells and MR1-restricted mucosal-associated invariant T cells. These cells have the unique ability to swiftly activate in response to non-peptidic antigens through their T cell receptor and/or to activating cytokines in order to modulate many aspects of the immune response. Despite they recirculate all through the body via the bloodstream, these cells mainly establish residency at barrier sites including lungs. Here, we discuss the current knowledge into the biology of these cells during lung (viral and bacterial) infections including activation mechanisms and functions. We also discuss future strategies targeting these cell types to optimize immune responses against respiratory pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Trottein
- Univ. Lille, U1019 – UMR 8204 – CIIL – Centre d’Infection et d’Immunité de Lille, Lille, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 8204, Lille, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1019, Lille, France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lille, Lille, France
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Christophe Paget
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1100, Centre d’Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires (CEPR), Tours, France
- Université de Tours, Tours, France
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121
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Meermeier EW, Harriff MJ, Karamooz E, Lewinsohn DM. MAIT cells and microbial immunity. Immunol Cell Biol 2018; 96:607-617. [PMID: 29451704 PMCID: PMC6045460 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, the most abundant T-cell subset in humans, are increasingly being recognized for their importance in microbial immunity. MAIT cells accumulate in almost every mucosal tissue examined, including the lung, liver and intestinal tract, where they can be activated through T-cell receptor (TCR) triggering as well as cytokine stimulation in response to a host of microbial products. In this review, we specifically discuss MAIT cell responses to bacterial and fungal infections, with a focus on responses that are both MR1-dependent and -independent, the evidence for diversity in MAIT TCR usage in response to discrete microbial products, protective immunity induced by MAIT cells, and MAIT cell antimicrobial functions in the context of these infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin W Meermeier
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
- Research and Development, VA Portland Health Care Center, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Melanie J Harriff
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
- Research and Development, VA Portland Health Care Center, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Elham Karamooz
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
- Research and Development, VA Portland Health Care Center, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - David M Lewinsohn
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
- Research and Development, VA Portland Health Care Center, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
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122
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Chiba A, Murayama G, Miyake S. Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells in Autoimmune Diseases. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1333. [PMID: 29942318 PMCID: PMC6004381 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are innate T cells restricted by MHC-related molecule 1 (MR1). MAIT cells express semi-invariant T-cell receptors TRAV1-2-TRAJ33/12/20 in humans and TRAV1-TRAJ33 in mice. MAIT cells recognize vitamin B2 biosynthesis derivatives presented by MR1. Similar to other innate lymphocytes, MAIT cells are also activated by cytokines in the absence of exogenous antigens. MAIT cells have the capacity to produce cytokines, such as IFNγ, TNFα, and IL-17, and cytotoxic proteins, including perforin and granzyme B. MAIT cells were originally named after their preferential location in the mucosal tissue of the gut, but they are also abundant in other peripheral organs, including the liver and lungs. In humans, the frequency of MAIT cells is high in peripheral blood, and these cells constitute approximately 5% of circulating CD3+ cells. Their abundance in tissues and rapid activation following stimulation have led to great interest in their function in various types of immune diseases. In this review, first, we will briefly introduce key information of MAIT cell biology required for better understating their roles in immune responses, and then describe how MAIT cells are associated with autoimmune and other immune diseases in humans. Moreover, we will discuss their functions based on information from animal models of autoimmune and immunological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asako Chiba
- Department of Immunology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Goh Murayama
- Department of Immunology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sachiko Miyake
- Department of Immunology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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123
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Setsu T, Yamagiwa S, Tominaga K, Kimura N, Honda H, Kamimura H, Tsuchiya A, Takamura M, Terai S. Persistent reduction of mucosal-associated invariant T cells in primary biliary cholangitis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 33:1286-1294. [PMID: 29266628 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.14076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells constitute a novel subset of innate-like T lymphocytes characterized by a semi-invariant T-cell receptor repertoire capable of recognizing bacterial products. Considering the abundance of MAIT cells in the liver and the possible association between bacterial infections and primary biliary cholangitis (PBC), we aimed to analyze the involvement of MAIT cells in the immunopathogenesis of PBC. METHODS Peripheral blood and liver biopsy specimens were collected from 25 patients with PBC and 19 patients with chronic viral hepatitis. Surgically removed liver tissues distant from tumors in patients with metastatic liver tumors were used as controls. Mononuclear cells were separated using Ficoll gradient, and the expression of various markers was investigated by flow cytometry. Cytokine production was investigated using blood MAIT cells after stimulation by anti-CD3/CD28-coupled beads with/without interleukin-7 (IL-7). RESULTS Mucosal-associated invariant T cells were significantly reduced in both the blood and liver of PBC patients compared with those in controls. MAIT cells in the blood of PBC patients expressed significantly lower levels of activation markers and IL-7 receptor. Moreover, MAIT cells in the blood of PBC patients showed impaired production of cytokines, especially tumor necrosis factor alpha, after in vitro stimulation with IL-7. Interestingly, even after biochemical responses were achieved by ursodeoxycholic acid treatment, the frequencies of MAIT cells did not fully recover to normal levels. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggested that MAIT cells were activated, exhausted, and persistently depleted in PBC patients even after ursodeoxycholic acid treatment, possibly as a consequence of persistent liver inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Setsu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yamagiwa
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Kentaro Tominaga
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Naruhiro Kimura
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hiroki Honda
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hiroteru Kamimura
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Atsunori Tsuchiya
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Masaaki Takamura
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Shuji Terai
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
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124
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Meermeier EW, Lewinsohn DM. Early clearance versus control: what is the meaning of a negative tuberculin skin test or interferon-gamma release assay following exposure to Mycobacterium tuberculosis? F1000Res 2018; 7. [PMID: 29904578 PMCID: PMC5974584 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.13224.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The elimination of tuberculosis (TB) cannot reasonably be achieved by treatment of individual cases and will require an improved vaccine or immunotherapy. A challenge in developing an improved TB vaccine has been the lack of understanding what is needed to generate sterilizing immunity against
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. Several epidemiological observations support the hypothesis that humans can eradicate Mtb following exposure. This has been termed early clearance and is defined as elimination of Mtb infection prior to the development of an adaptive immune response, as measured by a tuberculin skin test or interferon-gamma release assay. Here, we examine research into the likelihood of and possible mechanisms responsible for early clearance in household contacts of patients with active TB. We explore both innate and adaptive immune responses in the lung. Enhanced understanding of these mechanisms could be harnessed for the development of a preventative vaccine or immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin W Meermeier
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, USA
| | - David M Lewinsohn
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, USA.,Department of Medicine, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA
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125
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Kjer-Nielsen L, Corbett AJ, Chen Z, Liu L, Mak JY, Godfrey DI, Rossjohn J, Fairlie DP, McCluskey J, Eckle SB. An overview on the identification of MAIT cell antigens. Immunol Cell Biol 2018; 96:573-587. [PMID: 29656544 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mucosal associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are restricted by the monomorphic MHC class I-like molecule, MHC-related protein-1 (MR1). Until 2012, the origin of the MAIT cell antigens (Ags) was unknown, although it was established that MAIT cells could be activated by a broad range of bacteria and yeasts, possibly suggesting a conserved Ag. Using a combination of protein chemistry, mass spectrometry, cellular biology, structural biology and small molecule chemistry, we discovered MR1 ligands derived from folic acid (vitamin B9) and from an intermediate in the microbial biosynthesis of riboflavin (vitamin B2). While the folate derivative 6-formylpterin generally inhibited MAIT cell activation, two riboflavin pathway derivatives, 5-(2-oxopropylideneamino)-6-D-ribitylaminouracil and 5-(2-oxoethylideneamino)-6-D-ribitylaminouracil, were potent MAIT cell agonists. Other intermediates and derivatives of riboflavin synthesis displayed weak or no MAIT cell activation. Collectively, these studies revealed that in addition to peptide and lipid-based Ags, small molecule natural product metabolites are also ligands that can activate T cells expressing αβ T-cell receptors, and here we recount this discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Kjer-Nielsen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Alexandra J Corbett
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Zhenjun Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Ligong Liu
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Jeffrey Yw Mak
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Dale I Godfrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.,Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - David P Fairlie
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - James McCluskey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Sidonia Bg Eckle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
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126
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Interleukin-18 Is Critical for Mucosa-Associated Invariant T Cell Gamma Interferon Responses to Francisella Species In Vitro but Not In Vivo. Infect Immun 2018; 86:IAI.00117-18. [PMID: 29507084 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00117-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosa-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are a subset of innate T cells that express a semi-invariant Vα chain paired with limited Vβ chains. MAIT cells are activated by riboflavin metabolite derivatives presented by the nonpolymorphic major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I)-like molecule MR1. The precise mechanisms required to activate MAIT cells are an area of intense interest. Here we used two closely related intracellular pathogens with distinct inflammasome activation phenotypes to probe the role of innate cytokines in MAIT cell activation. Using an in vitro assay containing transgenic murine MAIT cells, we show that macrophages infected with Francisella novicida, a strong inflammasome activator, released high levels of interleukin-18 (IL-18) and stimulated high levels of MAIT cell gamma interferon (IFN-γ) through a partially MR1-independent pathway. In contrast, macrophages infected with Francisella tularensis live vaccine strain (LVS), a weak inflammasome activator, generated little IL-18 and stimulated low MAIT cell IFN-γ through an MR1-dependent pathway. By manipulating the quantities of IL-18 in these cultures, we show that the IL-18 concentration is sufficient to influence the magnitude of MAIT cell IFN-γ production. Correspondingly, infected IL-18-deficient macrophages failed to induce substantial MAIT cell IFN-γ. In contrast, we found that MAIT cell IFN-γ production in the lungs of IL-18-deficient mice was not significantly different from that in WT mice during F. tularensis LVS pulmonary infection. Overall, we demonstrate that while IL-18 is essential for the MAIT cell IFN-γ response in vitro, it is not essential for MAIT cell IFN-γ production during in vivo LVS pulmonary infection, suggesting that additional signals can drive MAIT cell IFN-γ production in vivo.
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127
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van der Geest KSM, Kroesen BJ, Horst G, Abdulahad WH, Brouwer E, Boots AMH. Impact of Aging on the Frequency, Phenotype, and Function of CD161-Expressing T Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:752. [PMID: 29725326 PMCID: PMC5917671 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune-aging is associated with perturbed immune responses in the elderly. CD161-expressing T cells, i.e., the previously described subsets of CD161+ CD4+ T cells, CD161high CD8+ T cells, and CD161int CD8+ T cells, are highly functional, pro-inflammatory T cells. These CD161-expressing T cells are critical in immunity against microbes, while possibly contributing to autoimmune diseases. So far, little is known about the impact of aging on the frequency, phenotype, and function of these CD161-expressing T cells. In the current study, we investigated the impact of aging on CD161+ CD4+ T cells, CD161high CD8+ T cells, and CD161int CD8+ T cells in peripheral blood samples of 96 healthy subjects (age 20–84). Frequencies of CD161+ CD4+ T cells and CD161int CD8+ T cells were stable with aging, whereas frequencies of CD161high CD8+ T cells declined. Although CD161high CD8+ T cells were mostly T cell receptor-Vα7.2+ mucosal-associated invariant T cells, CD161 expressing CD4+ and CD8+ T cells showed a limited expression of markers for gamma–delta T cells or invariant natural killer (NK) T cells, in both young and old subjects. In essence, CD161-expressing T cells showed a similar memory phenotype in young and old subjects. The expression of the inhibitory NK receptor KLRG1 was decreased on CD161+ CD4+ T cells of old subjects, whereas the expression of other NK receptors by CD161-expressing T cells was unaltered with age. The expression of cytotoxic effector molecules was similar in CD161high and CD161int CD8+ T cells of young and old subjects. The ability to produce pro-inflammatory cytokines was preserved in CD161high and CD161int CD8+ T cells of old subjects. However, the percentages of IFN-γ+ and interleukin-17+ cells were significantly lower in CD161+ CD4+ T cells of old individuals than those of young individuals. In addition, aging was associated with a decrease of nonclassic T helper 1 cells, as indicated by decreased percentages of CD161-expressing cells within the IFN-γ+ CD4+ T cell compartment of old subjects. Taken together, aging is associated with a numerical decline of circulating CD161high CD8+ T cells, as well as a decreased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines by CD161+ CD4+ T cells. These aging-associated changes could contribute to perturbed immunity in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kornelis S M van der Geest
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Bart-Jan Kroesen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Gerda Horst
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Wayel H Abdulahad
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.,Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth Brouwer
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Annemieke M H Boots
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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128
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Gupta N, Kumar R, Agrawal B. New Players in Immunity to Tuberculosis: The Host Microbiome, Lung Epithelium, and Innate Immune Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:709. [PMID: 29692778 PMCID: PMC5902499 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a highly contagious infection and devastating chronic disease, causing 10.4 million new infections and 1.8 million deaths every year globally. Efforts to control and eradicate TB are hampered by the rapid emergence of drug resistance and limited efficacy of the only available vaccine, BCG. Immunological events in the airways and lungs are of major importance in determining whether exposure to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) results in successful infection or protective immunity. Several studies have demonstrated that the host microbiota is in constant contact with the immune system, and thus continually directs the nature of immune responses occurring during new infections. However, little is known about its role in the eventual outcome of the mycobacterial infection. In this review, we highlight the changes in microbial composition in the respiratory tract and gut that have been linked to the alteration of immune responses, and to the risk, prevention, and treatment of TB. In addition, we summarize our current understanding of alveolar epithelial cells and the innate immune system, and their interaction with Mtb during early infection. Extensive studies are warranted to fully understand the all-inclusive role of the lung microbiota, its interaction with epithelium and innate immune responses and resulting adaptive immune responses, and in the pathogenesis and/or protection from Mtb infection. Novel interventions aimed at influencing the microbiota, the alveolar immune system and innate immunity will shape future strategies of prevention and treatment for TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Gupta
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Rakesh Kumar
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Babita Agrawal
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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129
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Shey MS, Balfour A, Wilkinson KA, Meintjes G. Contribution of APCs to mucosal-associated invariant T cell activation in infectious disease and cancer. Innate Immun 2018; 24:192-202. [PMID: 29631470 PMCID: PMC6139754 DOI: 10.1177/1753425918768695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
APCs such as monocytes and dendritic cells are among the first cells to recognize
invading pathogens and initiate an immune response. The innate response can
either eliminate the pathogen directly, or through presentation of Ags to T
cells, which can help to clear the infection. Mucosal-associated invariant T
(MAIT) cells are among the unconventional T cells whose activation does not
involve the classical co-stimulation during Ag presentation. MAIT cells can be
activated either via presentation of unconventional Ags (such as riboflavin
metabolites) through the evolutionarily conserved major histocompatibility class
I-like molecule, MR1, or directly by cytokines such as IL-12 and IL-18. Given
that APCs produce cytokines and can express MR1, these cells can play an
important role in both pathways of MAIT cell activation. In this review, we
summarize evidence on the role of APCs in MAIT cell activation in infectious
disease and cancer. A better understanding of the interactions between APCs and
MAIT cells is important in further elucidating the role of MAIT cells in
infectious diseases, which may facilitate the design of novel interventions such
as vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muki Shehu Shey
- 1 Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa.,2 Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa
| | - Avuyonke Balfour
- 1 Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa.,2 Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa
| | - Katalin Andrea Wilkinson
- 1 Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa.,2 Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa.,3 The Francis Crick Institute, Midland Road, London, NW1 2AT
| | - Graeme Meintjes
- 1 Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa.,2 Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa
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130
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Varelias A, Bunting MD, Ormerod KL, Koyama M, Olver SD, Straube J, Kuns RD, Robb RJ, Henden AS, Cooper L, Lachner N, Gartlan KH, Lantz O, Kjer-Nielsen L, Mak JY, Fairlie DP, Clouston AD, McCluskey J, Rossjohn J, Lane SW, Hugenholtz P, Hill GR. Recipient mucosal-associated invariant T cells control GVHD within the colon. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:1919-1936. [PMID: 29629900 DOI: 10.1172/jci91646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are a unique innate-like T cell subset that responds to a wide array of bacteria and yeast through recognition of riboflavin metabolites presented by the MHC class I-like molecule MR1. Here, we demonstrate using MR1 tetramers that recipient MAIT cells are present in small but definable numbers in graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) target organs and protect from acute GVHD in the colon following bone marrow transplantation (BMT). Consistent with their preferential juxtaposition to microbial signals in the colon, recipient MAIT cells generate large amounts of IL-17A, promote gastrointestinal tract integrity, and limit the donor alloantigen presentation that in turn drives donor Th1 and Th17 expansion specifically in the colon after BMT. Allogeneic BMT recipients deficient in IL-17A also develop accelerated GVHD, suggesting MAIT cells likely regulate GVHD, at least in part, by the generation of this cytokine. Indeed, analysis of stool microbiota and colon tissue from IL-17A-/- and MR1-/- mice identified analogous shifts in microbiome operational taxonomic units (OTU) and mediators of barrier integrity that appear to represent pathways controlled by similar, IL-17A-dependent mechanisms. Thus, MAIT cells act to control barrier function to attenuate pathogenic T cell responses in the colon and, given their very high frequency in humans, likely represent an important population in clinical BMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antiopi Varelias
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, and
| | - Mark D Bunting
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Kate L Ormerod
- Australian Centre for Ecogenomics, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Motoko Koyama
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Stuart D Olver
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jasmin Straube
- Gordon and Jessie Gilmour Leukaemia Research Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Rachel D Kuns
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Renee J Robb
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Andrea S Henden
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia.,The Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Leanne Cooper
- Gordon and Jessie Gilmour Leukaemia Research Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Nancy Lachner
- Australian Centre for Ecogenomics, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Kate H Gartlan
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, and
| | - Olivier Lantz
- INSERM U932 and Department de Biologie des Tumeurs, Institute Curie and Centre d'Investigation Clinique, CICBT507 IGR/Curie, Paris, France
| | - Lars Kjer-Nielsen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Jeffrey Yw Mak
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - David P Fairlie
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - James McCluskey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Infection and Immunity Program and The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute Monash University, Clayton, Australia.,Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Steven W Lane
- Faculty of Medicine, and.,Gordon and Jessie Gilmour Leukaemia Research Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia.,The Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Philip Hugenholtz
- Australian Centre for Ecogenomics, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Geoffrey R Hill
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, and.,The Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
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131
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Jiang J, Cao Z, Shan W, Liu H, Cheng X. 4-1BB expression on MAIT cells is associated with enhanced IFN-γ production and depends on IL-2. Cell Immunol 2018; 328:58-69. [PMID: 29631725 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2018.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The role of MAIT cells in immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in humans is still largely unexplored. In this study, we investigated the functional role of 4-1BB on MAIT cells. We found that 4-1BB was highly up-regulated on MAIT cells from tuberculous pleural effusions following Mtb antigen stimulation and its level of expression correlated with IFN-γ and IL-17 production. 4-1BB expression on MAIT cells in response to Mtb antigens was partially dependent on IL-2 and was associated with common γ chain receptor. By transcriptome sequencing, we identified numerous differentially expressed genes between 4-1BB- and 4-1BB+ MAIT cells. GO enrichment and KEGG pathway analysis of differentially expressed genes identified enriched pathways that included T-cell receptor and NF-κB signaling pathways. It is concluded that 4-1BB has the potential to be used as a biomarker to identify MAIT cells with enhanced IFN-γ and IL-17 responses that might be associated with tuberculosis infection control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Jiang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
| | - Zhihong Cao
- Division of Research, Institute of Tuberculosis, 309(th) Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wanshui Shan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Houming Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoxing Cheng
- Division of Research, Institute of Tuberculosis, 309(th) Hospital, Beijing, China.
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132
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Lal KG, Leeansyah E, Sandberg JK, Eller MA. OMIP-046: Characterization of invariant T cell subset activation in humans. Cytometry A 2018. [PMID: 29533501 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.23357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kerri G Lal
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland.,Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Edwin Leeansyah
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore
| | - Johan K Sandberg
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michael A Eller
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland
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133
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Kurioka A, van Wilgenburg B, Javan RR, Hoyle R, van Tonder AJ, Harrold CL, Leng T, Howson LJ, Shepherd D, Cerundolo V, Brueggemann AB, Klenerman P. Diverse Streptococcus pneumoniae Strains Drive a Mucosal-Associated Invariant T-Cell Response Through Major Histocompatibility Complex class I-Related Molecule-Dependent and Cytokine-Driven Pathways. J Infect Dis 2018; 217:988-999. [PMID: 29267892 PMCID: PMC5854017 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells represent an innate T-cell population that can recognize ligands generated by the microbial riboflavin synthesis pathway, presented via the major histocompatibility complex class I-related molecule (MR1). Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major human pathogen that is also associated with commensal carriage; thus, host control at the mucosal interface is critical. The recognition of pneumococci by MAIT cells has not been defined nor have the genomics and transcriptomics of the riboflavin operon. We observed robust recognition of pneumococci by MAIT cells, using both MR1-dependent and MR1-independent pathways. The pathway used was dependent on the antigen-presenting cell. The riboflavin operon was highly conserved across a range of 571 pneumococci from 39 countries, dating back to 1916, and different versions of the riboflavin operon were also identified in related Streptococcus species. These data indicate an important functional relationship between MAIT cells and pneumococci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Kurioka
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford
| | | | | | - Ryan Hoyle
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford
| | | | | | - Tianqi Leng
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford
| | - Lauren J Howson
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford
| | - Dawn Shepherd
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford
| | - Vincenzo Cerundolo
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford
| | - Angela B Brueggemann
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford
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134
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Howson LJ, Napolitani G, Shepherd D, Ghadbane H, Kurupati P, Preciado-Llanes L, Rei M, Dobinson HC, Gibani MM, Teng KWW, Newell EW, Veerapen N, Besra GS, Pollard AJ, Cerundolo V. MAIT cell clonal expansion and TCR repertoire shaping in human volunteers challenged with Salmonella Paratyphi A. Nat Commun 2018; 9:253. [PMID: 29343684 PMCID: PMC5772558 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02540-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are innate-like T cells that can detect bacteria-derived metabolites presented on MR1. Here we show, using a controlled infection of humans with live Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi A, that MAIT cells are activated during infection, an effect maintained even after antibiotic treatment. At the peak of infection MAIT cell T-cell receptor (TCR)β clonotypes that are over-represented prior to infection transiently contract. Select MAIT cell TCRβ clonotypes that expand after infection have stronger TCR-dependent activation than do contracted clonotypes. Our results demonstrate that host exposure to antigen may drive clonal expansion of MAIT cells with increased functional avidity, suggesting a role for specific vaccination strategies to increase the frequency and potency of MAIT cells to optimize effector function.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation
- Clone Cells/immunology
- Clone Cells/metabolism
- Clone Cells/microbiology
- Healthy Volunteers
- Host-Pathogen Interactions/immunology
- Humans
- Jurkat Cells
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/microbiology
- Middle Aged
- Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells/immunology
- Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells/metabolism
- Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells/microbiology
- Paratyphoid Fever/immunology
- Paratyphoid Fever/metabolism
- Paratyphoid Fever/microbiology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- Salmonella paratyphi A/immunology
- Salmonella paratyphi A/physiology
- Young Adult
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren J Howson
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Giorgio Napolitani
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Dawn Shepherd
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Rd, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Hemza Ghadbane
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
- Immunocore Ltd, 101 Park Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, OX14 4RY, UK
| | - Prathiba Kurupati
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Lorena Preciado-Llanes
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Margarida Rei
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Hazel C Dobinson
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Malick M Gibani
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Karen Wei Weng Teng
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Singapore, 138648, Singapore
| | - Evan W Newell
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Singapore, 138648, Singapore
| | - Natacha Veerapen
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Gurdyal S Besra
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Andrew J Pollard
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Vincenzo Cerundolo
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK.
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135
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Abstract
Tuberculosis is one of the most successful human diseases in our history due in large part to the multitude of virulence factors exhibited by the causative agent, Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Understanding the pathogenic nuances of this organism in the context of its human host is an ongoing topic of study facilitated by isolating cells from model organisms such as mice and non-human primates. However, M. tuberculosis is an obligate intracellular human pathogen, and disease progression and outcome in these model systems can differ from that of human disease. Current in vitro models of infection include primary macrophages and macrophage-like immortalized cell lines as well as the induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cell types. This article will discuss these in vitro model systems in general, what we have learned so far about utilizing them to answer questions about pathogenesis, the potential role of other cell types in innate control of M. tuberculosis infection, and the development of new coculture systems with multiple cell types. As we continue to expand current in vitro systems and institute new ones, the knowledge gained will improve our understanding of not only tuberculosis but all infectious diseases.
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136
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Ghazarian L, Caillat-Zucman S, Houdouin V. Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cell Interactions with Commensal and Pathogenic Bacteria: Potential Role in Antimicrobial Immunity in the Child. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1837. [PMID: 29326714 PMCID: PMC5736530 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are unconventional CD3+CD161high T lymphocytes that recognize vitamin B2 (riboflavin) biosynthesis precursor derivatives presented by the MHC-I related protein, MR1. In humans, their T cell receptor is composed of a Vα7.2-Jα33/20/12 chain, combined with a restricted set of Vβ chains. MAIT cells are very abundant in the liver (up to 40% of resident T cells) and in mucosal tissues, such as the lung and gut. In adult peripheral blood, they represent up to 10% of circulating T cells, whereas they are very few in cord blood. This large number of MAIT cells in the adult likely results from their gradual expansion with age following repeated encounters with riboflavin-producing microbes. Upon recognition of MR1 ligands, MAIT cells have the capacity to rapidly eliminate bacterially infected cells through the production of inflammatory cytokines (IFNγ, TNFα, and IL-17) and cytotoxic effector molecules (perforin and granzyme B). Thus, MAIT cells may play a crucial role in antimicrobial defense, in particular at mucosal sites. In addition, MAIT cells have been implicated in diseases of non-microbial etiology, including autoimmunity and other inflammatory diseases. Although their participation in various clinical settings has received increased attention in adults, data in children are scarce. Due to their innate-like characteristics, MAIT cells might be particularly important to control microbial infections in the young age, when long-term protective adaptive immunity is not fully developed. Herein, we review the data showing how MAIT cells may control microbial infections and how they discriminate pathogens from commensals, with a focus on models relevant for childhood infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liana Ghazarian
- INSERM UMR1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Caillat-Zucman
- INSERM UMR1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France.,Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Hôpital Saint Louis, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Véronique Houdouin
- INSERM UMR1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France.,Service des Maladies Digestives et Respiratoires de l'Enfant, Hôpital Robert Debré, AP-HP, Paris, France
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137
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Wakao H, Sugimoto C, Kimura S, Wakao R. Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells in Regenerative Medicine. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1711. [PMID: 29250077 PMCID: PMC5717033 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although antibiotics to inhibit bacterial growth and small compounds to interfere with the productive life cycle of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have successfully been used to control HIV infection, the recent emergence of the drug-resistant bacteria and viruses poses a serious concern for worldwide public health. Despite intensive scrutiny in developing novel antibiotics and drugs to overcome these problems, there is a dilemma such that once novel antibiotics are launched in markets, sooner or later antibiotic-resistant strains emerge. Thus, it is imperative to develop novel methods to avoid this vicious circle. Here, we discuss the possibility of using induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived, innate-like T cells to control infection and potential application of these cells for cancer treatment. Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells belong to an emerging family of innate-like T cells that link innate immunity to adaptive immunity. MAIT cells exert effector functions without priming and clonal expansion like innate immune cells and relay the immune response to adaptive immune cells through production of relevant cytokines. With these characteristics, MAIT cells are implicated in a wide range of human diseases such as autoimmune, infectious, and metabolic diseases, and cancer. Circulating MAIT cells are often depleted by these diseases and often remain depleted even after appropriate remedy because MAIT cells are susceptible to activation-induced cell death and poor at proliferation in vivo, which threatens the integrity of the immune system. Because MAIT cells have a pivotal role in human immunity, supplementation of MAIT cells into immunocompromised patients suffering from severe depletion of these cells may help recapitulate or recover immunocompetence. The generation of MAIT cells from human iPSCs has made it possible to procure MAIT cells lost from disease. Such technology creates new avenues for cell therapy and regenerative medicine for difficult-to-cure infectious diseases and cancer and contributes to improvement of our welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Wakao
- International Epidemiology, Dokkyo Medical University, Mibu, Japan
| | - Chie Sugimoto
- International Epidemiology, Dokkyo Medical University, Mibu, Japan
| | - Shinzo Kimura
- International Epidemiology, Dokkyo Medical University, Mibu, Japan
| | - Rika Wakao
- Office of Regulatory Science, Pharmaceutical and Medical Device Agency (PMDA), Tokyo, Japan
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138
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Xiao X, Cai J. Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells: New Insights into Antigen Recognition and Activation. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1540. [PMID: 29176983 PMCID: PMC5686390 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, a novel subpopulation of innate-like T cells that express an invariant T cell receptor (TCR)α chain and a diverse TCRβ chain, can recognize a distinct set of small molecules, vitamin B metabolites, derived from some bacteria, fungi but not viruses, in the context of an evolutionarily conserved major histocompatibility complex-related molecule 1 (MR1). This implies that MAIT cells may play unique and important roles in host immunity. Although viral antigens are not recognized by this limited TCR repertoire, MAIT cells are known to be activated in a TCR-independent mechanism during some viral infections, such as hepatitis C virus and influenza virus. In this article, we will review recent works in MAIT cell antigen recognition, activation and the role MAIT cells may play in the process of bacterial and viral infections and pathogenesis of non-infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingxing Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jianping Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
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139
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Kumar V, Ahmad A. Role of MAIT cells in the immunopathogenesis of inflammatory diseases: New players in old game. Int Rev Immunol 2017; 37:90-110. [PMID: 29106304 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2017.1380199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Current advances in immunology have led to the identification of a population of novel innate immune T cells, called mucosa-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells. The cells in humans express an invariant TCRα chain (Vα7.2-Jα33) paired with a limited subset of TCRβ chains (Vβ2, 13 and 22), are restricted by the MHC class I (MH1)-related (MR)-1, and recognize molecules that are produced in the bacterial riboflavin (vitamin B2) biosynthetic pathway. They are present in the circulation, liver and at various mucosal sites (i.e. intestine, lungs and female reproductive tract, etc.). They kill host cells infected with bacteria and yeast, and secrete soluble mediators such as TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-17, etc. The cells regulate immune responses and inflammation associated with a wide spectrum of acute and chronic diseases in humans. Since their discovery in 1993, significant advances have been made in understanding biology of MAIT cells and the potential role of these cells in the pathogenesis of autoimmune, inflammatory and infectious diseases as well as cancer in humans. The purpose of this review is to provide a current state of our knowledge about MAIT cell biology and delineate their role in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases (sterile or caused by infectious agents) and cancer in humans. A better understanding of the role of MAIT cells in human diseases may lead to novel ways of immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Kumar
- a Department of Paediatrics and Child Care , Children's Health Queensland Clinical unit School of Medicine, Mater Research, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland , ST Lucia, Brisbane , Queensland , Australia
| | - Ali Ahmad
- b Laboratory of Innate Immunity, CHU Ste-Justine/Department of Microbiology , Infectious Diseases & Immunology, University of Montreal , Montreal , Quebec , Canada
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Bolte FJ, O’Keefe AC, Webb LM, Serti E, Rivera E, Liang TJ, Ghany M, Rehermann B. Intra-Hepatic Depletion of Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells in Hepatitis C Virus-Induced Liver Inflammation. Gastroenterology 2017; 153:1392-1403.e2. [PMID: 28780074 PMCID: PMC5669813 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Chronic hepatitis affects phenotypes of innate and adaptive immune cells. Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are enriched in the liver as compared with the blood, respond to intra-hepatic cytokines, and (via the semi-invariant T-cell receptor) to bacteria translocated from the gut. Little is known about the role of MAIT cells in livers of patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and their fate after antiviral therapy. METHODS We collected blood samples from 42 patients with chronic HCV infection who achieved a sustained virologic response after 12 weeks of treatment with sofosbuvir and velpatasvir. Mononuclear cells were isolated from blood before treatment, at weeks 4 and 12 during treatment, and 24 weeks after the end of treatment. Liver biopsies were collected from 37 of the patients prior to and at week 4 of treatment. Mononuclear cells from 56 blood donors and 10 livers that were not suitable for transplantation were used as controls. Liver samples were assessed histologically for inflammation and fibrosis. Mononuclear cells from liver and blood were studied by flow cytometry and analyzed for responses to cytokine and bacterial stimulation. RESULTS The frequency of MAIT cells among T cells was significantly lower in blood and liver samples of patients with HCV infection than of controls (median, 1.31% vs 2.32% for blood samples, P = .0048; and median, 4.34% vs 13.40% for liver samples, P = .001). There was an inverse correlation between the frequency of MAIT cells in the liver and histologically determined levels of liver inflammation (r = -.5437, P = .0006) and fibrosis (r = -.5829, P = .0002). MAIT cells from the liver had higher levels of activation and cytotoxicity than MAIT cells from blood (P < .0001). Production of interferon gamma by MAIT cells was dependent on monocyte-derived interleukin 18, and was reduced in patients with HCV infection in response to T-cell receptor-mediated but not cytokine-mediated stimulation, as compared with controls. Anti-viral therapy rapidly decreased liver inflammation and MAIT cell activation and cytotoxicity, and increased the MAIT cell frequency among intra-hepatic but not blood T cells. The MAIT cell response to T-cell receptor-mediated stimulation did not change during the 12 weeks of antiviral therapy. CONCLUSIONS In analyses of paired blood and liver samples from patients with chronic HCV infection before, during, and after antiviral therapy with sofosbuvir and velpatasvir, we found that intrahepatic MAIT cells are activated by monocyte-derived cytokines and depleted in HCV-induced liver inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian J. Bolte
- Immunology Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA,Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ashley C. O’Keefe
- Immunology Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA,Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lauren M. Webb
- Immunology Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA,Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Elisavet Serti
- Immunology Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA,Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Elenita Rivera
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - T. Jake Liang
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Marc Ghany
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Barbara Rehermann
- Immunology Section, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD; Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD.
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141
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Legoux F, Salou M, Lantz O. Unconventional or Preset αβ T Cells: Evolutionarily Conserved Tissue-Resident T Cells Recognizing Nonpeptidic Ligands. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2017; 33:511-535. [PMID: 28661722 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-100616-060725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A majority of T cells bearing the αβ T cell receptor (TCR) are specific for peptides bound to polymorphic classical major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. Smaller subsets of T cells are reactive toward various nonpeptidic ligands associated with nonpolymorphic MHC class-Ib (MHC-Ib) molecules. These cells have been termed unconventional for decades, even though only the composite antigen is different from the one seen by classical T cells. Herein, we discuss the identity of these particular T cells in light of the coevolution of their TCR and MHC-Ib restricting elements. We examine their original thymic development: selection on hematopoietic cells leading to the acquisition of an original differentiation program. Most of these cells acquire memory cell features during thymic maturation and exhibit unique patterns of migration into peripheral nonlymphoid tissues to become tissue resident. Thus, these cells are termed preset T cells, as they also display a variety of effector functions. They may act as microbial or danger sentinels, fight microbes, or regulate tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francois Legoux
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM, U 932, 75005 Paris, France; , ,
| | - Marion Salou
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM, U 932, 75005 Paris, France; , ,
| | - Olivier Lantz
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM, U 932, 75005 Paris, France; , , .,Center of Clinical Investigations, CIC-1428 IGR/Curie, 75005 Paris, France.,Laboratoire d'immunologie clinique, Institut Curie, 75005 Paris, France
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142
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Salou M, Franciszkiewicz K, Lantz O. MAIT cells in infectious diseases. Curr Opin Immunol 2017; 48:7-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2017.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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143
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IL-12 and IL-7 synergize to control mucosal-associated invariant T-cell cytotoxic responses to bacterial infection. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 141:2182-2195.e6. [PMID: 28870466 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacterial respiratory tract infections and exacerbations of chronic lung diseases are commonly caused by nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi). Cell-mediated cytotoxicity might be key to controlling infection, but the responses of NTHi-specific T-cell populations are not well understood. Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are a recently discovered, innate-like subset of T cells with cytotoxic function, the role of which in lung immunity is unclear. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine the mechanisms behind conventional T-cell and MAIT cell cytotoxic responses to NTHi. METHODS Human ex vivo lung explants were infected with a clinical strain of NTHi. Monocyte-derived macrophages were also infected with NTHi in vitro and cocultured with autologous T cells. Cytotoxic responses of T-cell subsets were measured by using flow cytometry. RESULTS We found significant upregulation of the cytotoxic markers CD107a and granzyme B in lung CD4+, CD8+, and MAIT cell populations. We show that MAIT cell cytotoxic responses were upregulated by a combination of both time-dependent antigen presentation and a novel mechanism through which IL-12 and IL-7 synergistically control granzyme B through upregulation of the IL-12 receptor. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our data provide evidence for a cytotoxic role of MAIT cells in the lung and highlight important differences in the control of adaptive and innate-like T-cell responses. Understanding these mechanisms might lead to new therapeutic opportunities to modulate the antibacterial response and improve clinical outcome.
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144
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Sandberg JK, Norrby-Teglund A, Leeansyah E. Bacterial deception of MAIT cells in a cloud of superantigen and cytokines. PLoS Biol 2017; 15:e2003167. [PMID: 28742082 PMCID: PMC5542701 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2003167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The bacterium Staphylococcus aureus is an important cause of the life-threatening condition toxic shock syndrome in humans. Bacterial toxins known as superantigens (SAgs) generate this illness by acting as broad activators of a substantial fraction of all T lymphocytes, bypassing the normally highly stringent T-cell receptor antigen specificity to cause a systemic inflammatory cytokine storm in the host. In a new study, Shaler et al. found that immune cells called mucosa-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells make an unexpectedly large contribution to the SAg response in a largely T-cell receptor–independent, cytokine-driven manner. Subsequent to such activation, the MAIT cells remain unresponsive to stimulation with bacterial antigen. Thus, S. aureus hijacks MAIT cells in the cytokine storm and leaves them functionally impaired. This work provides new insight into the role of MAIT cells in antibacterial immunity and opens new avenues of investigation to understand and possibly treat bacterial toxic shock and sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan K. Sandberg
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Anna Norrby-Teglund
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Edwin Leeansyah
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore
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145
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Franciszkiewicz K, Salou M, Legoux F, Zhou Q, Cui Y, Bessoles S, Lantz O. MHC class I-related molecule, MR1, and mucosal-associated invariant T cells. Immunol Rev 2017; 272:120-38. [PMID: 27319347 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The MHC-related 1, MR1, molecule presents a new class of microbial antigens (derivatives of the riboflavin [Vitamin B2] biosynthesis pathway) to mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells. This raises many questions regarding antigens loading and intracellular trafficking of the MR1/ligand complexes. The MR1/MAIT field is also important because MAIT cells are very abundant in humans and their frequency is modified in many infectious and non-infectious diseases. Both MR1 and the invariant TCRα chain expressed by MAIT cells are strikingly conserved among species, indicating important functions. Riboflavin is synthesized by plants and most bacteria and yeasts but not animals, and its precursor derivatives activating MAIT cells are short-lived unless bound to MR1. The recognition of MR1 loaded with these compounds is therefore an exquisite manner to detect invasive bacteria. Herein, we provide an historical perspective of the field before describing the main characteristics of MR1, its ligands, and the few available data regarding its cellular biology. We then summarize the current knowledge of MAIT cell differentiation and discuss the definition of MAIT cells in comparison to related subsets. Finally, we describe the phenotype and effector activities of MAIT cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Qian Zhou
- Institut curie, Inserm U932, Paris, France
| | - Yue Cui
- Institut curie, Inserm U932, Paris, France
| | | | - Olivier Lantz
- Institut curie, Inserm U932, Paris, France.,Center of Clinical Investigations, CICBT1428 IGR/Curie, Paris, France.,Laboratoire d'Immunologie Clinique, Institut Curie, Paris, France
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146
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Abstract
Tuberculosis remains one of the greatest threats to human health. The causative bacterium, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is acquired by the respiratory route. It is exquisitely adapted to humans and is a prototypic intracellular pathogen of macrophages, with alveolar macrophages being the primary conduit of infection and disease. However, M. tuberculosis bacilli interact with and are affected by several soluble and cellular components of the innate immune system which dictate the outcome of primary infection, most commonly a latently infected healthy human host, in whom the bacteria are held in check by the host immune response within the confines of tissue granuloma, the host histopathologic hallmark. Such individuals can develop active TB later in life with impairment in the immune system. In contrast, in a minority of infected individuals, the early host immune response fails to control bacterial growth, and progressive granulomatous disease develops, facilitating spread of the bacilli via infectious aerosols. The molecular details of the M. tuberculosis-host innate immune system interaction continue to be elucidated, particularly those occurring within the lung. However, it is clear that a number of complex processes are involved at the different stages of infection that may benefit either the bacterium or the host. In this article, we describe a contemporary view of the molecular events underlying the interaction between M. tuberculosis and a variety of cellular and soluble components and processes of the innate immune system.
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147
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Multiple layers of heterogeneity and subset diversity in human MAIT cell responses to distinct microorganisms and to innate cytokines. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017. [PMID: 28630305 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1705759114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosa-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are a large innate-like T-cell subset in humans defined by invariant TCR Vα7.2 use and expression of CD161. MAIT cells recognize microbial riboflavin metabolites of bacterial or fungal origin presented by the monomorphic MR1 molecule. The extraordinary level of evolutionary conservation of MR1 and the limited known diversity of riboflavin metabolite antigens have suggested that MAIT cells are relatively homogeneous and uniform in responses against diverse microbes carrying the riboflavin biosynthesis pathway. The ability of MAIT cells to exhibit microbe-specific functional specialization has not been thoroughly investigated. Here, we found that MAIT cell responses against Escherichia coli and Candida albicans displayed microbe-specific polyfunctional response profiles, antigen sensitivity, and response magnitudes. MAIT cell effector responses against E. coli and C. albicans displayed differential MR1 dependency and TCR β-chain bias, consistent with possible divergent antigen subspecificities between these bacterial and fungal organisms. Finally, although the MAIT cell immunoproteome was overall relatively homogenous and consistent with an effector memory-like profile, it still revealed diversity in a set of natural killer cell-associated receptors. Among these, CD56, CD84, and CD94 defined a subset with higher expression of the transcription factors promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger (PLZF), eomesodermin, and T-bet and enhanced capacity to respond to IL-12 and IL-18 stimulation. Thus, the conserved and innate-like MAIT cells harbor multiple layers of functional heterogeneity as they respond to bacterial or fungal organisms or innate cytokines and adapt their antimicrobial response patterns in a stimulus-specific manner.
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148
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Keller AN, Corbett AJ, Wubben JM, McCluskey J, Rossjohn J. MAIT cells and MR1-antigen recognition. Curr Opin Immunol 2017; 46:66-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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149
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Moreira MDL, Tsuji M, Corbett AJ, Araújo MSS, Teixeira-Carvalho A, Martins-Filho OA, Peruhype-Magalhães V, Coelho-Dos-Reis JG. MAIT-cells: A tailor-made mate in the ancient battle against infectious diseases? Immunol Lett 2017; 187:53-60. [PMID: 28526582 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
It has been almost two decades since the discovery of mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT)-cells. Several advances in the field have been made such as the discovery of the antimicrobial activity of MAIT-cells, the abundance of these cells in human mucosa and in liver and the discovery of ligands able to bind MR1 and activate MAIT-cells. MAIT-cells are a unique subset of innate-like T-cells that express a canonical T-cell receptor with the alpha chain containing hAV7S2 and AJ33 in humans (TCRVα7.2Jα33) and respond to bacterial/fungus vitamin B2 metabolites by an MR1-dependent pathway. Indirect activation is also observed during chronic viral infections by and IL-12/IL-18 pathway. In this review, the mechanisms of activation, the timeline of MAIT-cell development in humans as well as their role in human infection are discussed. On the whole, we believe that harnessing the anti-microbial ability of MAIT-cells could contribute for the design of potent immunotherapies and vaccines against "hard-to-kill" infectious agents that remain as public health threats worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela de Lima Moreira
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Moriya Tsuji
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Affiliate of The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Alexandra Jane Corbett
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Andréa Teixeira-Carvalho
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Bian Y, Shang S, Siddiqui S, Zhao J, Joosten SA, Ottenhoff THM, Cantor H, Wang CR. MHC Ib molecule Qa-1 presents Mycobacterium tuberculosis peptide antigens to CD8+ T cells and contributes to protection against infection. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006384. [PMID: 28475642 PMCID: PMC5435364 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of nonclassical MHC Ib molecules recognizing distinct microbial antigens have been implicated in the immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). HLA-E has been identified to present numerous Mtb peptides to CD8+ T cells, with multiple HLA-E-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) and regulatory T cell lines isolated from patients with active and latent tuberculosis (TB). In other disease models, HLA-E and its mouse homolog Qa-1 can act as antigen presenting molecules as well as regulators of the immune response. However, it is unclear what precise role(s) HLA-E/Qa-1 play in the immune response to Mtb. In this study, we found that murine Qa-1 can bind and present Mtb peptide antigens to CD8+ T effector cells during aerosol Mtb infection. Further, mice lacking Qa-1 (Qa-1-/-) were more susceptible to high-dose Mtb infection compared to wild-type controls, with higher bacterial burdens and increased mortality. The increased susceptibility of Qa-1-/- mice was associated with dysregulated T cells that were more activated and produced higher levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. T cells from Qa-1-/- mice also had increased expression of inhibitory and apoptosis-associated cell surface markers such as CD94/NKG2A, KLRG1, PD-1, Fas-L, and CTLA-4. As such, they were more prone to cell death and had decreased capacity in promoting the killing of Mtb in infected macrophages. Lastly, comparing the immune responses of Qa-1 mutant knock-in mice deficient in either Qa-1-restricted CD8+ Tregs (Qa-1 D227K) or the inhibitory Qa-1-CD94/NKG2A interaction (Qa-1 R72A) with Qa-1-/- and wild-type controls indicated that both of these Qa-1-mediated mechanisms were involved in suppression of the immune response in Mtb infection. Our findings reveal that Qa-1 participates in the immune response to Mtb infection by presenting peptide antigens as well as regulating immune responses, resulting in more effective anti-Mtb immunity. The disease tuberculosis (TB) is caused by the microbe Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), and remains a major public health concern. More research is needed to understand the diverse immune responses against Mtb to develop better vaccines. Mouse Qa-1 and its human counterpart HLA-E are nonclassical MHC I molecules that can activate or inhibit immune responses in a variety of diseases. However, their role during the immune response to Mtb remains unknown. We found that Qa-1 can present Mtb peptides to activate CD8+ T effector cells during aerosol Mtb infection. Further, Mtb-infected mice that lacked Qa-1 (Qa-1-/-) had higher numbers of bacteria and died more often than infected mice that expressed Qa-1 (Qa-1+/+). The lack of Qa-1 results in over-activation of the immune response upon infection, which is less efficient in controlling Mtb. Using mice expressing different mutant forms of Qa-1, we showed that Qa-1 can regulate immune responses against Mtb through the interaction with inhibitory CD94/NKG2A receptors as well as the activation of regulatory CD8+ T cells. We believe our study sheds light on the diverse mechanisms at play in generating protective immune responses against Mtb and will inform future mouse and human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Bian
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Shaobin Shang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Sarah Siddiqui
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Jie Zhao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Simone A. Joosten
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tom H. M. Ottenhoff
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Harvey Cantor
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Division of Immunology, Harvard Medical School Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Chyung-Ru Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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