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An outbreak of Escherichia coli O103:H25 — Bacteriological investigations and genotyping of isolates from food. Int J Food Microbiol 2009; 133:259-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2009.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2008] [Revised: 05/04/2009] [Accepted: 05/25/2009] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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102
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Manna SK, Manna C, Batabyal K, Das B, Golder D, Chattopadhyay S, Biswas BK. Serogroup distribution and virulence characteristics of sorbitol-negative Escherichia coli from food and cattle stool. J Appl Microbiol 2009; 108:658-65. [PMID: 19796127 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04460.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To (i) study the serogroup distribution and virulence characteristics of non-sorbitol-fermenting Escherichia coli isolates from foods of animal origin and cattle faeces and (ii) re-examine the true sorbitol and beta-D-glucuronidase (GUD) reactions of sorbitol-negative (Sor(-)) strains from MacConkey sorbitol agar (SMAC) to assess their phenotypic similarity with E. coli O157. METHODS AND RESULTS One hundred and thirty Sor(-)E. coli were isolated from 556 food samples and 177 cattle stool samples using cefixime tellurite-supplemented SMAC (CT-SMAC) and chromogenic HiCrome MS.O157 agar respectively. Based on typing of somatic antigen, the isolates were classified into 38 serogroups. PCR results identified about 40% strains, belonging to O5, O8, O20, O28, O48, O60, O78, O82, O84, O101, O110, O123, O132, O156, O157, O-rough and OUT as Shiga toxigenic. Majority of O5, O84, O101, O105, O123, O157, O-rough and OUT strains were enterohaemolytic. Further, 39.2% and 63.1% of Sor(-) isolates from CT-SMAC fermented sorbitol in phenol red broth and hydrolysed 4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-glucuronide (MUG) respectively. Members of serogroups O5, O28, O32, O81, O82, O84, O101, O-rough lacked both the sorbitol fermentation (broth test) and GUD activity and might create confusion in phenotypic identification of E. coli O157. CONCLUSIONS Sor(-)E. coli isolates from raw meat, milk, shrimp and cattle stool belonged to 38 serogroups, with E. coli O157 constituting only 14.6% of the isolates. Many of these nonclinical Sor(-) strains were potentially pathogenic. Nearly 39% of these Sor(-)E. coli from CT-SMAC fermented sorbitol in broth, indicating the need for confirmation of sorbitol reaction in broth. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACTS OF THE STUDY Classical sorbitol utilization and GUD tests are not likely definitive tests for E. coli O157. Further improvement of differential media based on these phenotypic properties is necessary for detection of pathogenic serotypes from foods and environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Manna
- West Bengal University of Animal & Fishery Sciences, 37, K. B. Sarani, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
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103
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Modeling the survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, and Salmonella Typhimurium during fermentation, drying, and storage of soudjouk-style fermented sausage. Int J Food Microbiol 2009; 129:244-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2008.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2008] [Revised: 11/03/2008] [Accepted: 12/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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104
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Fate of acid-resistant and non-acid resistant Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli strains in experimentally contaminated French fermented raw meat sausages. Int J Food Microbiol 2008; 129:264-70. [PMID: 19157612 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2008.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2008] [Revised: 09/22/2008] [Accepted: 12/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Both pathogenic and nonpathogenic E. coli exhibit a stress response to sublethal environmental stresses. Several studies have reported acid tolerance and survival characteristics of E. coli O157:H7 in foodstuffs, but there are few reports about the tolerance of non-O157 serogroups (STEC) to organic acids in foods. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of the manufacturing process of French fermented raw meat sausages on the growth and survival of acid-resistant (AR) and non-acid resistant (NAR) STEC strains. The six strains, 3 AR and 3 NAR, were inoculated separately into raw sausage mixture at a level of 10(4)-10(5) CFU/g. A total of 19 batches of sausages were manufactured. A rapid and similar decrease in the number of both AR and NAR STEC strains, from less than 1 to 1.5 log(10) CFU/g, was observed during the first 5 days of fermentation at 20-24 degrees C. This rapid decrease was followed by a more gradual but continuous decrease in STEC counts after drying at 13-14 degrees C, up to day 35. The STEC counts were <10 CFU/g after 35 days for the NAR strains and the same concentration for the AR strains on the best before date (day 60). It was not possible to detect any NAR STEC after 60 days. The present study shows that the process used in the manufacture of French sausages results in a complete destruction of NAR STEC strains after 60 days, but it does not have the same effect on the AR STEC strains.
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105
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Evans J, Knight H, Smith A, Pearce M, Hall M, Foster G, Low J, Gunn G. Cefixime-tellurite rhamnose MacConkey agar for isolation of Vero cytotoxin-producingEscherichia coliserogroup O26 from Scottish cattle and sheep faeces. Lett Appl Microbiol 2008; 47:148-52. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2008.02402.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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106
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Dowd SE, Williams JB. Comparison of Shiga-like toxin II expression between two genetically diverse lineages of Escherichia coli O157:H7. J Food Prot 2008; 71:1673-8. [PMID: 18724763 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-71.8.1673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The existence of two separate lineages of Escherichia coli O157:H7 has previously been reported, and research indicates that one of these lineages (lineage I) might be more pathogenic toward human hosts. We postulated that the lineage more pathogenic expresses higher levels of Shiga toxin 2 (Stx2) than do the nonpathogenic lineage II. A comprehensive set of methodologies were used to investigate the difference in Stx2 protein and mRNA expression between the two lineages. An initial Stx2-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was conducted, and lineage I overall demonstrated significantly more toxin proteins expressed (P < 0.01). Gene expression analyses all showed significantly higher stx2 gene expression in lineage I (P = 0.02). PCR mapping revealed a possible explanation for decreased amounts of stx2 transcripts in the potentially nonpathogenic lineage II isolates, suggesting that genomic changes have modified the toxin-encoding region of the phage. This study provides additional data to support the existence of two diverse lineages of E. coli O157:H7, one of which may have lower pathogenic potential in relation to human hosts. The PCR described also provides a possible screening tool for E. coli O157 populations to differentiate these lineages. This study provides useful information on the ecology of E. coli O157, with broad implications within the clinical, scientific, and livestock industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scot E Dowd
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service Livestock Issues Research Unit, 1604 West FM 1294, Lubbock, Texas 79403, USA.
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107
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Rivas M, Sosa-Estani S, Rangel J, Caletti MG, Vallés P, Roldán CD, Balbi L, Marsano de Mollar MC, Amoedo D, Miliwebsky E, Chinen I, Hoekstra RM, Mead P, Griffin PM. Risk factors for sporadic Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli infections in children, Argentina. Emerg Infect Dis 2008; 14:763-71. [PMID: 18439359 PMCID: PMC2600246 DOI: 10.3201/eid1405.071050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated risk factors for sporadic Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) infection among children in Argentina. We conducted a prospective case-control study in 2 sites and enrolled 150 case-patients and 299 controls. The median age of case-patients was 1.8 years; 58% were girls. Serotype O157:H7 was the most commonly isolated STEC. Exposures associated with infection included eating undercooked beef, living in or visiting a place with farm animals, and contact with a child <5 years of age with diarrhea. Protective factors included the respondent reporting that he or she always washed hands after handling raw beef and the child eating more than the median number of fruits and vegetables. Many STEC infections in children could be prevented by avoiding consumption of undercooked beef, limiting exposure to farm animals and their environment, not being exposed to children with diarrhea, and washing hands after handling raw beef.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Rivas
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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108
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Hussein HS, Bollinger LM. Influence of Selective Media on Successful Detection of Shiga Toxin–ProducingEscherichia coliin Food, Fecal, and Environmental Samples. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2008; 5:227-44. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2008.0081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hussein S. Hussein
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, University of Nevada—Reno, Reno, Nevada
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109
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Hussein HS, Bollinger LM, Hall MR. Growth and enrichment medium for detection and isolation of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in cattle feces. J Food Prot 2008; 71:927-33. [PMID: 18522025 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-71.5.927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Detection methods of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) in cattle feces varied in using enrichment media containing different antibiotic combinations. To examine efficacy of a new detection method for STEC, three O157:H7 (ATCC 43889, 43890, and 43895) and 41 non-O157:H7 (members of the O1, O15, O26, O86, O103, O111, O125, O127, O128, O136, O146, O153, O158, O165, O166, and O169 serogroups) isolates were tested. These isolates were grown in tryptic soy broth for 6 h, and their concentrations were determined before inoculation of tubes containing 1 g of cattle feces (sterile [experiment 1; evaluating growth] and fresh [experiment 2; evaluating enrichment]) to simulate the high and low levels of STEC shedding by cattle (10(5) versus 102 CFU/g feces, respectively). Eight STEC isolates (the three O157:H7 and five non-O157:H7 selected at random) were tested at a very low level (10 CFU/g feces). The feces were incubated in 50 ml of brain heart infusion broth containing potassium tellurite, novobiocin, and vancomycin (2.5, 20, and 40 mg/liter, respectively) and cefixime (50 microg/liter) at 37 degrees C for 12 h and tested for STEC (VTEC [verotoxin-producing E. coli]-Screen assay [agglutination immunoassay]). Potential STEC isolates were recovered, characterized biochemically, serotyped, and tested for toxin production using Vero (African green monkey kidney) cell toxicity assay and agglutination immunoassay. In both experiments, all the STEC isolates used for fecal inoculation were recovered at the concentrations tested. Our medium supported growth of and enrichment for a wide range of STEC isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussein S Hussein
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, University of Nevada-Reno, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA.
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110
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Conedera G, Mattiazzi E, Russo F, Chiesa E, Scorzato I, Grandesso S, Bessegato A, Fioravanti A, Caprioli A. A family outbreak of Escherichia coli O157 haemorrhagic colitis caused by pork meat salami. Epidemiol Infect 2007; 135:311-4. [PMID: 17291366 PMCID: PMC2870571 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268806006807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A family outbreak of Escherichia coli O157 infection was microbiologically associated with consumption of dry-fermented salami made with pork meat only and produced in a local plant. E. coli O157 strains isolated from a wife and husband, both hospitalized with bloody diarrhoea, and from the salami carried vt1, vt2 and eae genes and shared the same PFGE pattern. The food vehicle implicated in this outbreak is unusual because of both the animal species from which it originates and the fermentation and drying steps of the manufacturing process. This could be the first report of an outbreak associated with a product containing pork meat only. Even though sources of contamination other than pork meat could not be excluded, pork products should not be neglected in E. coli O157 outbreak investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Conedera
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Cordenons (PN), Italy.
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111
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Asper DJ, Sekirov I, Finlay BB, Rogan D, Potter AA. Cross reactivity of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7-specific sera with non-O157 serotypes. Vaccine 2007; 25:8262-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.09.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2007] [Revised: 09/22/2007] [Accepted: 09/23/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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112
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Use of activated carbon coated with bentonite for increasing the sensitivity of pcr detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Canadian oyster (Crassostrea gigas) tissue. J Microbiol Methods 2007; 72:67-72. [PMID: 18054100 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2007.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2007] [Revised: 10/23/2007] [Accepted: 10/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A novel method for directly increasing the recovery of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and efficiently eliminating PCR inhibitors in oyster tissue without preenrichment was developed with the use of activated carbon coated with bentonite. The recovery of E. coli O157:H7 was significantly affected by the amount of bentonite used to coat the activated charcoal and the pH value of sample preparations. When 4.2 g of activated carbon were coated with 0.4 g of bentonite and seeded oyster samples were adjusted to a pH of 5.0, a high recovery of E. coli O157:H7 (91.6+/-4.4%) was obtained. Activated carbon, coated with bentonite, allowed the PCR detection of 1.5 x 10(2) CFU/g of oyster tissue which was equivalent to 30 genomic targets per PCR reaction. Without the use of activated carbon coated with bentonite, the minimum level of detection was 1.5 x 10(5) CFU/g of oyster tissue, which is equivalent to 3.0 x 10(4) genomic targets per PCR reaction. Three commercial DNA purification systems were used for comparison. The limit of detection with the Wizard DNA Clean-Up System and the Chelex(R)100 Resin was 1.5 x 10(3) CFU/g of oyster tissue which was equivalent to 3.0 x 10(2) CFU/PCR reaction. The QIAamp DNA Mini Kit resulted in a detection limit of 5 x 10(2) CFU/g of oyster tissue which was equivalent to 5 x 10(2) genomic targets per PCR reaction. The use of activated carbon coated with bentonite is an inexpensive method for removal of PCR inhibitors from tissue samples prior to the release of DNA from target cells resulting in relatively low numbers of target cells detected without enrichment.
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113
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Denno DM, Klein EJ, Young VB, Fox JG, Wang D, Tarr PI. Explaining unexplained diarrhea and associating risks and infections. Anim Health Res Rev 2007; 8:69-80. [PMID: 17692144 DOI: 10.1017/s1466252307001302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal illnesses are common afflictions. However, knowledge of their etiology is often lacking. Moreover, most cases of infections with reportable enteric pathogens (Campylobacter jejuni, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella, Shigella, Yersinia, Cryptosporidia and Giardia) have sporadic modes of acquisition, yet control measures are often biased towards mitigation of risks discerned by outbreak analysis. To determine the etiology of unexplained diarrhea it is important to study populations that can be matched to appropriate controls and to couple thorough classic microbiologic evaluation on receipt of specimens with archiving and outgrowth capabilities. Research evaluations should address the potential roles of a broad panel of candidate bacterial pathogens including diarrheagenic E. coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Helicobacters and jejuni Campylobacters, and also apply novel massively parallel sequencing and nucleic acid detection technologies that allow the detection of viral pathogens. To fill voids in our knowledge regarding sources of known enteric pathogens it will be critical to extend case-control studies to assess risk factors and exposures to patients with non-epidemic illnesses and to appropriate controls. By filling these gaps in our knowledge it should be possible to formulate rational prevention mechanisms for human gastrointestinal illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna M Denno
- Department of Health Services, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
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114
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Bettelheim KA. The non-O157 shiga-toxigenic (verocytotoxigenic) Escherichia coli; under-rated pathogens. Crit Rev Microbiol 2007; 33:67-87. [PMID: 17453930 DOI: 10.1080/10408410601172172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Following a brief review of the ecology of Escherichia coli in general, the role of Shiga-Toxigenic (Verocytotoxigenic) E. coli (STEC) as pathogens is addressed. While STEC belonging to the serogroup O157 have been extensively studied and shown to be involved in many cases and outbreaks of human disease, the importance of STEC belonging to other serogroups has not been recognized as much. This review addresses the problems associated with these pathogens, demonstrating that increasing the awareness of them is a major part of the problem. This review then demonstrates how widespread isolations especially from food animals and human disease have been, discussing in particular STEC belonging to serogroups O8, O26, O103, O111, O113 and O128. The animal host-specificity of these STEC is also reviewed. In conclusion some methods of improving isolation of these pathogens is addressed.
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115
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Gilmour MW, Olson AB, Andrysiak AK, Ng LK, Chui L. Sequence-based typing of genetic targets encoded outside of the O-antigen gene cluster is indicative of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli serogroup lineages. J Med Microbiol 2007; 56:620-628. [PMID: 17446284 PMCID: PMC2884935 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.47053-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Serogroup classifications based upon the O-somatic antigen of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) provide significant epidemiological information on clinical isolates. Each O-antigen determinant is encoded by a unique cluster of genes present between the gnd and galF chromosomal genes. Alternatively, serogroup-specific polymorphisms might be encoded in loci that are encoded outside of the O-antigen gene cluster. Segments of the core bacterial loci mdh, gnd, gcl, ppk, metA, ftsZ, relA and metG for 30 O26 STEC strains have previously been sequenced, and comparative analyses to O157 distinguished these two serogroups. To screen these loci for serogroup-specific traits within a broader range of clinically significant serogroups, DNA sequences were obtained for 19 strains of 10 additional STEC serogroups. Unique alleles were observed at the gnd locus for each examined STEC serogroup, and this correlation persisted when comparative analyses were extended to 144 gnd sequences from 26 O-serogroups (comprising 42 O : H-serotypes). These included O157, O121, O103, O26, O5 : non-motile (NM), O145 : NM, O113 : H21, O111 : NM and O117 : H7 STEC; and furthermore, non-toxin encoding O157, O26, O55, O6 and O117 strains encoded distinct gnd alleles compared to STEC strains of the same serogroup. DNA sequencing of a 643 bp region of gnd was, therefore, sufficient to minimally determine the O-antigen of STEC through molecular means, and the location of gnd next to the O-antigen gene cluster offered additional support for the co-inheritance of these determinants. The gnd DNA sequence-based serogrouping method could improve the typing capabilities for STEC in clinical laboratories, and was used successfully to characterize O121 : H19, O26 : H11 and O177 : NM clinical isolates prior to serological confirmation during outbreak investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W. Gilmour
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3R2, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Adam B. Olson
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Ashleigh K. Andrysiak
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Lai-King Ng
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3R2, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Linda Chui
- Alberta Provincial Laboratory for Public Health, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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116
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Durso LM, Bono JL, Keen JE. Molecular serotyping of Escherichia coli O111:H8. J Microbiol Methods 2007; 69:381-3. [PMID: 17367884 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2007.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2006] [Revised: 01/19/2007] [Accepted: 01/30/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Accurate Escherichia coli serotyping is critical for pathogen diagnosis and surveillance of non-O157 Shiga-toxigenic strains, however few laboratories have this capacity. The molecular serotyping protocol described in this paper targets the somatic and flagellar antigens of E. coli O111:H8 used in traditional serotyping, and can be performed routinely in the laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Durso
- USDA, ARS, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, P.O. Box 166, State Spur 18D, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933, USA.
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117
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SARTZ L, De JONG B, HJERTQVIST M, PLYM-FORSHELL L, ALSTERLUND R, LÖFDAHL S, OSTERMAN B, STÅHL A, ERIKSSON E, HANSSON HB, KARPMAN D. An outbreak of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection in southern Sweden associated with consumption of fermented sausage; aspects of sausage production that increase the risk of contamination. Epidemiol Infect 2007; 136:370-80. [PMID: 17445322 PMCID: PMC2870813 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268807008473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A large outbreak of enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) infections occurred in southern Sweden during autumn 2002. A matched case-control study was performed and indicated an association between consumption of fermented sausage and EHEC infection (odds ratio 5.4, P<0.002). Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis identified a strain of E. coli O157:H7 in clinical faecal isolates, which was identical to a strain isolated from sausage samples obtained from households of infected individuals. A combination of microbiological and epidemiological results established a link between sausage consumption and the outbreak in 30 out of a total of 39 investigated cases. Contaminated beef was suspected to be the source of infection. Delayed start of fermentation, lack of heat-treatment and a short curing period in cold temperature were identified as the main factors enabling EHEC survival. EHEC can survive throughout the entire production process of fermented sausage if curing conditions are inadequate.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. SARTZ
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Sweden
| | - B. De JONG
- Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, Solna, Sweden
| | - M. HJERTQVIST
- Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, Solna, Sweden
| | | | - R. ALSTERLUND
- Regional Center for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Malmö, Sweden
| | - S. LÖFDAHL
- Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, Solna, Sweden
| | - B. OSTERMAN
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, MTC, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
| | - A. STÅHL
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Sweden
| | - E. ERIKSSON
- National Veterinary Institute, Department of Bacteriology, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - H.-B. HANSSON
- Regional Center for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Malmö, Sweden
| | - D. KARPMAN
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Sweden
- Author for correspondence: D. Karpman M.D., Ph.D., Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, 221 85 Lund. ()
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118
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Bosilevac JM, Guerini MN, Brichta-Harhay DM, Arthur TM, Koohmaraie M. Microbiological characterization of imported and domestic boneless beef trim used for ground beef. J Food Prot 2007; 70:440-9. [PMID: 17340881 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-70.2.440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The United States imports lean boneless beef trim from Australia (AUS), New Zealand (NZL), and Uruguay (URY) to meet demand for ground beef production. The reported incidence of and etiological agents responsible for foodborne diseases differ between these countries and the United States. Our objective was to determine whether current U.S. microbiological profiling adequately addresses the potential differences between foreign and domestic beef trim. We compared the hygienic status of imported and domestic (USA) beef trim by enumeration of aerobic bacteria, Enterobacteriaceae, coliforms, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus. We also compared the prevalence of pathogens between imported and domestic samples by screening for the presence of Salmonella, Campylobacter spp., Listeria spp., and non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC). A total of 1,186 samples (487 USA, 220 AUS, 223 NZL, and 256 URY) of boneless beef trim were analyzed. Results of enumeration revealed significant differences between samples from all countries, with the lowest pathogen numbers in samples from AUS and the highest in samples from URY. Six Salmonella isolates (1 NZL, 1 URY, and 4 USA), 79 L. monocytogenes isolates (4 AUS, 5 NZL, 53 URY, and 17 USA), and 7 Campylobacter isolates (1 NZL, 1 URY, 5 USA) were found among the trim samples tested. Non-O157 STEC prevalence was 10% in NZL samples and about 30% in all of the other samples; 99 STEC strains were isolated. Serotyping of these isolates revealed that serotypes associated with hemolytic uremic syndrome were not different in prevalence between imported and domestic beef trim. Although it may be tempting to do so, these data cannot be used to compare the microbiological quality of beef trim between the countries examined. However, these results indicate that the current pathogen monitoring procedures in the United States are adequate for evaluation of imported beef trim.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Bosilevac
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933-0166, USA.
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Wani SA, Samanta I, Munshi ZH, Bhat MA, Nishikawa Y. Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli in healthy goats in India: occurrence and virulence properties. J Appl Microbiol 2006; 100:108-13. [PMID: 16405690 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2005.02759.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To describe the occurrence and virulence gene pattern of shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) in healthy goats of Jammu and Kashmir, India. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 220 E. coli strains belonging to 60 different 'O' serogroups was isolated from 206 local (nonmigratory) and 69 migratory goats. All the 220 strains were screened for the presence of stx(1), stx(2), eaeA and hlyA genes. Twenty-eight E. coli (75.6%) strains from local and nine (24.3%) strains from migratory goats belonging to 18 different serogroups showed at least presence of one virulence gene studied. Twenty-eight strains (16.47%) (belonging to 13 different serogroups) from local goats carried stx(1) gene alone or in combination with stx(2) gene, while as only one strain (2%) from migratory goats possessed stx(2) gene alone. Interestingly in the present study none of the STEC strains carried eaeA gene. Similarly, none of the strains from local goats possessed eaeA and none of the migratory goats possessed stx(1) gene. Eight strains (16%) (belonging to four different serogroups) from migratory goats carried eaeA gene. Twenty-five (14.7%) and seven (14%) strains from local and migratory goats harboured hlyA gene respectively. CONCLUSIONS Healthy goats of Jammu and Kashmir state serve as a reservoir of STEC and EPEC. Further studies in this direction are needed to work out whether or not they are transmitted to humans in this part of world. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study is the first report of isolation of STEC and EPEC strains from healthy goats in Jammu and Kashmir State of India, which could be a source of infection to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Wani
- Bacteriology Laboratory, Division of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, SK University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, India.
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Etcheverría AI, Arroyo GH, Perdigón G, Parma AE. Escherichia coli with anti-O157:H7 activity isolated from bovine colon. J Appl Microbiol 2006; 100:384-9. [PMID: 16430515 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2005.02779.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To isolate bacteria from bovine gastrointestinal tract and investigate their inhibitory effect on Escherichia coli O157:H7 in vitro. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 2400 bacterial colonies were isolated from cattle colonic mucous membrane. Thirteen strains demonstrated the ability to inhibit the growth of E. coli O157:H7. From these, seven were screened for the presence of virulence factors as: stx(1), stx(2), ehxA, eae, st1a and lt1 by polymerase chain reaction. The selected bacteriocin-producing bacteria showed susceptibility to most of the antibiotics used. CONCLUSIONS The strains of E. coli isolated, which exhibit inhibitory activity on E. coli O157:H7 growth by the production of inhibitory substances, may be useful in the control of this pathogen in reservoirs. An important characteristic of these strains was the absence of any of the virulence factors assayed and the susceptibility to most of the antibiotics used for Gram-negative bacteria. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY These microorganisms might be used as probiotic bacteria to reduce the carriage of E. coli O157:H7 in cattle, thus limiting the contamination of carcasses at slaughter and subsequently the contamination of foods and the transfer of this pathogen to man.
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Affiliation(s)
- A I Etcheverría
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Biotecnología. Departamento de Sanidad Animal y Medicina Preventiva, Fac. Cs. Veterinarias, UNCPBA Tandil, Argentina
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Tristão LCS, Gonzalez AGM, Coutinho CAS, Cerqueira AMF, Gomes MJP, Irino K, Guth BEC, Andrade JRC. Virulence markers and genetic relationships of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli strains from serogroup O111 isolated from cattle. Vet Microbiol 2006; 119:358-65. [PMID: 17049189 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2006.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2006] [Revised: 09/07/2006] [Accepted: 09/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains isolated from healthy cattle (O111:NM, seven strains; O111:H8, three strains) in Brazil were studied and compared to previously characterized human strains in regard to their phenotypic and genotypic characteristics to evaluate their pathogenic potential. Most bovine STEC O111 strains were isolated from dairy calves, and strains with genotypes stx1 alone and stx1/stx2 (variant stx2) occurred in different regions. Irrespective of the stx genotype, all strains were positive for eae theta, alpha variants of tir, espA and espB, and for ler, qseA, iha, astA and efa1 genes. Only one strain was negative for EHEC-hlyA and all strains were negative for iha, saa and espP genes and for EAF and bfpA, genetic markers of EPEC. Except for the presence of stx2, bovine strains showed the same profile of putative virulence genes found among the human strains. Similar biochemical behavior was identified among the strains analysed. Two bovine STEC strains produced the localized adherence (LA) phenotype in 6-h tests with Caco-2 (human enterocyte) cells. Intimate attachment (judged by the FAS test) was found in 9 out of 10 bovine strains as it was observed for the human STEC strains. RAPD-PCR analysis showed two distinct RAPD groups among the STEC O111 strains examined. Despite the relative low frequency of STEC O111 strains recovered from cattle no differences in their pathogenic potential were observed compared to some strains isolated from human diarrhea, suggesting that healthy cattle may be a potential source of infection for humans in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana C S Tristão
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Av. 28 de Setembro, 87-Fundos, CEP 20551-030, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Vidovic S, Korber DR. Prevalence of Escherichia coli O157 in Saskatchewan cattle: characterization of isolates by using random amplified polymorphic DNA PCR, antibiotic resistance profiles, and pathogenicity determinants. Appl Environ Microbiol 2006; 72:4347-55. [PMID: 16751550 PMCID: PMC1489585 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02791-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of Escherichia coli O157 associated with feedlot cattle in Saskatchewan was determined in a 10-month longitudinal study (3 feedlots) and a point prevalence study (20 feedlots). The prevalence of E. coli O157 at the three different sites in the horizontal study varied from 2.5 to 45%. The point prevalence of E. coli O157 among Saskatchewan cattle from 20 different feedlots ranged from 0% to a high of 57%. A statistically significant (P = 0.003) positive correlation was determined to exist between the density of cattle and the E. coli O157 prevalence rate. A significant correlation (P = 0.006) was also found between the E. coli O157 percent prevalence and the number of cattle housed/capacity ratio. All 194 E. coli O157 isolates obtained were highly virulent, and random amplified polymorphic DNA PCR analysis revealed that the isolates grouped into 39 different E. coli O157 subtypes, most of which were indigenous to specific feedlots. Two of the most predominant subtypes were detected in 11 different feedlots and formed distinct clusters in two geographic regions in the province. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of the E. coli O157 isolates revealed that 10 were multidrug resistant and that 73 and 5 were resistant to sulfisoxazole and tetracycline, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinisa Vidovic
- Applied Microbiology and Food Science, 51 Campus Drive, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5A8, Canada
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123
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Oteiza JM, Chinen I, Miliwebsky E, Rivas M. Isolation and characterization of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli from precooked sausages (morcillas). Food Microbiol 2006; 23:283-8. [PMID: 16943015 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2005.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2004] [Revised: 04/08/2005] [Accepted: 04/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to establish the microbiological quality of morcillas, typical Argentine sausages, and to investigate the presence of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC). Between October 2001 and October 2002, a total of 100 morcilla samples were analysed. Several samples showed high levels of total aerobic mesophilic bacteria counts, molds and yeasts. The samples analysed contained Enterobacteriaceae (100%) and fecal coliforms (81%), indicating inadequate application of the thermal treatment and deficient hygiene conditions during the elaboration of the product. STEC strains were isolated from three out of 100 (3%) morcilla samples. Two strains (2%) were characterized as E. coli O157:H7 stx2+stx2vh-a/eae/EHEC-hlyA and one strain (1%), as E. coli O26:H11 stx1/eae/EHEC-hlyA. Considering both the high microbial count in all tested samples and the presence of STEC strains in three of them, morcillas should be considered a food unsafe to consume when inadequately cooked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan M Oteiza
- Center for Research and Development of Food Cryotechnology (CIDCA), National University of La Plata, Faculty of Sciences, Calle 47 y 116, (1900) La Plata, Argentina.
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Nielsen EM, Scheutz F, Torpdahl M. Continuous Surveillance of Shiga Toxin–ProducingEscherichia coliInfections by Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis Shows That Most Infections Are Sporadic. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2006; 3:81-7. [PMID: 16602983 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2006.3.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the value of real-time molecular typing of Shiga toxin (Verocytotoxin)-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) infections in order to detect possible outbreaks of infections. All laboratory confirmed STEC infections in Denmark from 2003 to mid 2005 were routinely characterized by serotyping, virulence genes characterization, and subtyping by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) using the PulseNet protocol for STEC O157. The study included 312 STEC isolates representing 50 different O groups and 75 O:H-serotypes, and 68% of the isolates belonged to the eight most common O-groups: O157 (26%), O103 (13%), O146 (8%), O26 (8%), O117 (4%), O145 (3%), O128 (3%), and O111 (2%). The remaining O-groups constituted less than 2% each, and 8.1% of the isolates were O-rough. The eae gene was found in 60% of all isolates, and detection of the two main Shiga toxin genes showed that 40% had stx1 only, 31% had stx2 only, and 29% had both stx1 and stx2. A high diversity was seen within all O groups, and for most of the rare O groups, the number of PFGE profiles equaled the number of isolates. However, one outbreak of E. coli O157 was detected by the routine PFGE typing. The value of "real-time' PFGE typing of the infrequent serotypes is limited if the full scheme for O-grouping or O:H-serotyping is used routinely for all STEC isolates. Possible outbreaks can then be detected by the increased number of isolates within a particular serotype. PFGE typing would then be valuable in subsequent steps of the outbreak investigation. However, routine PFGE typing of the three to five most common O groups will enable early recognition of possible outbreaks.
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125
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Kaufmann M, Zweifel C, Blanco M, Blanco JE, Blanco J, Beutin L, Stephan R. Escherichia coli O157 and non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in fecal samples of finished pigs at slaughter in Switzerland. J Food Prot 2006; 69:260-6. [PMID: 16496563 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-69.2.260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Fecal samples from 630 slaughtered finisher pigs were examined by PCR to assess the shedding of Escherichia coli O157 (rfbE) and Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC, stx). The proportion of positive samples was 7.5% for rfbE and 22% for stx. By colony hybridization, 31 E. coli O157 and 45 STEC strains were isolated, and these strains were further characterized by phenotypic and genotypic traits. Among E. coli O157 strains, 30 were sorbitol positive, 30 had an H type other than H7, and none harbored stx genes. Intimin (eae), enterohemolysin (ehxA), EAST1 (astA), and porcine A/E-associated protein (paa) were present in 10, 3, 26, and 6% of strains. Among them, one eae-gamma1-positive O157:H7 strain testing positive for ehxA and astA and two eae-alpha1-positive O157:H45 strains were classified as enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC). The O157:H45 EPEC harbored the EAF plasmid and the bfpA gene, factors characteristic for typical EPEC. The isolated STEC strains (43 sorbitol positive) belonged to 11 O:H serotypes, including three previously reported in human STEC causing hemolytic uremic syndrome (O9:H-, O26:H-, and O103:H2). All but one strain harbored stx2e. The eae and ehxA genes, which are strongly correlated with human disease, were present in only one O103:H2 strain positive for stx1 and paa, whereas the astA gene was found more frequently (14 strains). High prevalence of STEC was found among finisher pigs, but according to the virulence factors the majority of these strains seem to be of low virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kaufmann
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Switzerland
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Hiramatsu R, Matsumoto M, Sakae K, Miyazaki Y. Ability of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. to survive in a desiccation model system and in dry foods. Appl Environ Microbiol 2005; 71:6657-63. [PMID: 16269694 PMCID: PMC1287607 DOI: 10.1128/aem.71.11.6657-6663.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to determine desiccation tolerances of bacterial strains, the survival of 58 diarrheagenic strains (18 salmonellae, 35 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli [STEC], and 5 shigellae) and of 15 nonpathogenic E. coli strains was determined after drying at 35 degrees C for 24 h in paper disks. At an inoculum level of 10(7) CFU/disk, most of the salmonellae (14/18) and the STEC strains (31/35) survived with a population of 10(3) to 10(4) CFU/disk, whereas all of the shigellae (5/5) and the majority of the nonpathogenic E. coli strains (9/15) did not survive (the population was decreased to less than the detection limit of 10(2) CFU/disk). After 22 to 24 months of subsequent storage at 4 degrees C, all of the selected salmonellae (4/4) and most of the selected STEC strains (12/15) survived, keeping the original populations (10(3) to 10(4) CFU/disk). In contrast to the case for storage at 4 degrees C, all of 15 selected strains (5 strains each of Salmonella spp., STEC O157, and STEC O26) died after 35 to 70 days of storage at 25 degrees C and 35 degrees C. The survival rates of all of these 15 strains in paper disks after the 24 h of drying were substantially increased (10 to 79 times) by the presence of sucrose (12% to 36%). All of these 15 desiccated strains in paper disks survived after exposure to 70 degrees C for 5 h. The populations of these 15 strains inoculated in dried foods containing sucrose and/or fat (e.g., chocolate) were 100 times higher than those in the dried paper disks after drying for 24 h at 25 degrees C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiji Hiramatsu
- Aichi Prefectural Institute of Public Health, 7-6 Nagare Tsuji-machi, Kita-ku, Nagoya 462-8576, Japan.
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127
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Ananou S, Gálvez A, Martínez-Bueno M, Maqueda M, Valdivia E. Synergistic effect of enterocin AS-48 in combination with outer membrane permeabilizing treatments against Escherichia coli O157:H7. J Appl Microbiol 2005; 99:1364-72. [PMID: 16313409 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2005.02733.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To determine the effects of outer membrane (OM) permeabilizing agents on the antimicrobial activity of enterocin AS-48 against Escherichia coli O157:H7 CECT 4783 strain in buffer and apple juice. METHODS AND RESULTS We determined the influence of pH, EDTA, sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) and heat on E. coli O157:H7 CECT 4783 sensitivity to enterocin AS-48 in buffer and in apple juice. Enterocin AS-48 was not active against intact cells of E. coli O157:H7 CECT 4783 at neutral pH. However, cells sublethally injured by OM permeabilizing agents (EDTA, STPP, pH 5, pH 8.6 and heat) became sensitive to AS-48, decreasing the amount of bacteriocin required for inhibition of E. coli O157:H7 CECT 4783. CONCLUSIONS The results presented indicate that enterocin AS-48 could potentially be applied with a considerably wider range of protective agents, such as OM permeabilizing agents, with increased efficacy in inhibiting E. coli O157:H7. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Results from this study support the potential use of enterocin AS-48 to control E. coli O157:H7 in combination with other hurdles.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ananou
- Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
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128
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Abstract
Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) are the pathogenic subgroup of Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing E. coli. EHEC can cause non-bloody and bloody diarrhoea, and the haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS). HUS is a major cause of acute renal failure in children. E. coli O57:H7 is the predominant, but far from being the only, serotype that can cause HUS. The cascade leading from gastrointestinal infection to renal impairment is complex, with the microvascular endothelium being the major histopathological target. EHEC also produce non-Stx molecules, such as cytolethal distending toxin, which can contribute to the endothelial or vascular injury. Because there are no specific therapies for EHEC infections, efficient reservoir and human preventive strategies are important areas of ongoing investigations. This review will focus on the microbiology, epidemiology, and pathophysiology of EHEC-associated diseases, and illustrate future challenges and opportunities for their control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helge Karch
- Institute for Hygiene, and National Consulting Laboratory on Haemolytic Uraemic Syndrome, University Hospital Münster, Robert Koch Str. 41, D-48149 Münster, Germany.
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129
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Abstract
Diarrhea from gastrointestinal infection remains a common problem. In industrialized countries, management is aimed at reducing morbidity and defining groups that may benefit from further investigation. Most infectious diarrhea is self-limiting and only requires supportive management. Viral agents are increasingly recognized as causative agents of epidemic and sporadic diarrhea. In developing countries, diarrhea is a major cause of mortality in children. Oral rehydration therapy, guided by a clinical assessment of the degree of dehydration, is cheap, simple, and effective and remains the mainstay of management of infant diarrhea. Controversies focus on the optimal formulation of oral rehydration solution. A vaccine against rotavirus has the potential to save millions of lives worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen C Cheng
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia
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130
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Hornitzky MA, Mercieca K, Bettelheim KA, Djordjevic SP. Bovine feces from animals with gastrointestinal infections are a source of serologically diverse atypical enteropathogenic Escherichia coli and Shiga toxin-producing E. coli strains that commonly possess intimin. Appl Environ Microbiol 2005; 71:3405-12. [PMID: 16000742 PMCID: PMC1168988 DOI: 10.1128/aem.71.7.3405-3412.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) cells were isolated from 191 fecal samples from cattle with gastrointestinal infections (diagnostic samples) collected in New South Wales, Australia. By using a multiplex PCR, E. coli cells possessing combinations of stx1, stx2, eae, and ehxA were detected by a combination of direct culture and enrichment in E. coli (EC) (modified) broth followed by plating on vancomycin-cefixime-cefsulodin blood (BVCC) agar for the presence of enterohemolytic colonies and on sorbitol MacConkey agar for the presence of non-sorbitol-fermenting colonies. The high prevalence of the intimin gene eae was a feature of the STEC (35 [29.2%] of 120 isolates) and contrasted with the low prevalence (9 [0.5%] of 1,692 fecal samples possessed STEC with eae) of this gene among STEC recovered during extensive sampling of feces from healthy slaughter-age cattle in Australia (M. Hornitzky, B. A. Vanselow, K. Walker, K. A. Bettelheim, B. Corney, P. Gill, G. Bailey, and S. P. Djordjevic, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 68:6439-6445, 2002). Forty-seven STEC serotypes were identified, including O5:H-, O8:H19, O26:H-, O26:H11, O113:H21, O157:H7, O157:H- and Ont:H- which are known to cause severe disease in humans and 23 previously unreported STEC serotypes. Serotypes Ont:H- and O113:H21 represented the two most frequently isolated STEC isolates and were cultured from nine (4.7%) and seven (3.7%) animals, respectively. Fifteen eae-positive E. coli serotypes, considered to represent atypical EPEC, were identified, with O111:H- representing the most prevalent. Using both techniques, STEC cells were cultured from 69 (36.1%) samples and EPEC cells were cultured from 30 (15.7%) samples, including 9 (4.7%) samples which yielded both STEC and EPEC. Culture on BVCC agar following enrichment in EC (modified) broth was the most successful method for the isolation of STEC (24.1% of samples), and direct culture on BVCC agar was the most successful method for the isolation of EPEC (14.1% samples). These studies show that diarrheagenic calves and cattle represent important reservoirs of eae-positive E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Hornitzky
- Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Private Mail Bag 8, Camden, New South Wales 2570, Australia.
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131
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Møller Nielsen E, Jensen C, Lau Baggesen D. Evidence of transmission of verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli O111 from a cattle stable to a child. Clin Microbiol Infect 2005; 11:767-70. [PMID: 16104995 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2005.01213.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Infections with verocytotoxigenic Escherichia coli (VTEC) other than O157 have been assumed to have the same epidemiology as those with VTEC O157, but the source of infection is rarely defined for sporadic cases. This report describes a child with VTEC O111:H- infection who was probably infected by playing in a cattle stable and/or by drinking raw milk from the cows in this stable. E. coli O111 isolates colonising the cattle were indistinguishable from the patient isolate by the use of serotyping, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, and virulence profiling.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Møller Nielsen
- Statens Serum Institut, Unit of Gastrointestinal Infections, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Torres AG, Vazquez-Juarez RC, Tutt CB, Garcia-Gallegos JG. Pathoadaptive mutation that mediates adherence of shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O111. Infect Immun 2005; 73:4766-76. [PMID: 16040989 PMCID: PMC1201210 DOI: 10.1128/iai.73.8.4766-4776.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The adherence of pathogenic Escherichia coli strains to intestinal epithelium is essential for initiation of infection. The cad operon encodes the lysine decarboxylase (LDC) system responsible for metabolizing lysine, and this operon has been proposed as an antivirulence mechanism in enteroinvasive E. coli and Shigella flexneri and as a factor mediating E. coli O157:H7 adherence. We sought to determine whether the LDC activity was present in a phylogenetically characterized collection of diarrheagenic E. coli (DEC) strains and to establish whether its expression was associated with their adherence to tissue culture cells. LDC activity was found in most of the pathogenic E. coli strains tested and was absent from Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) O111 strains (DEC pathotype 8). Analysis of the cad region in these O111 strains indicates that the operon has been rearranged and some of the genes are either missing or disrupted. A similar rearrangement was found in an E. coli O111:H8 strain recently isolated from an outbreak in Texas. Complementation of the LDC-negative strains with the cad operon in trans restored the LDC activity and resulted in a reduction in adherence to tissue culture cells. Initial analysis of the protein profiles on the surface of the O111 strains indicates that the LDC activity has an effect on the expression of the adhesin intimin. Cadaverine had a slight effect on LDC-negative strain adhesion but none on intimin expression. Our data suggest that this pathoadaptive mutation is an important mechanism to control functions potentially implicated in the pathogenesis of these organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo G Torres
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Department of Pathology and Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-1070, USA.
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135
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Sheoran AS, Chapman-Bonofiglio S, Harvey BR, Mukherjee J, Georgiou G, Donohue-Rolfe A, Tzipori S. Human antibody against shiga toxin 2 administered to piglets after the onset of diarrhea due to Escherichia coli O157:H7 prevents fatal systemic complications. Infect Immun 2005; 73:4607-13. [PMID: 16040972 PMCID: PMC1201267 DOI: 10.1128/iai.73.8.4607-4613.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection of children with Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) can lead to hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS) in 5 to 10% of patients. Stx2, one of two toxins liberated by the bacterium, is directly linked with HUS. We have previously shown that Stx-specific human monoclonal antibodies protect STEC-infected animals from fatal systemic complications. The present study defines the protective antibody dose in relation to the time of treatment after the onset of diarrhea in infected gnotobiotic piglets. Using the mouse toxicity model, we selected 5C12, an antibody specific for the A subunit, as the most effective Stx2 antibody for further characterization in the piglet model in which piglets developed diarrhea 16 to 40 h after bacterial challenge, followed by fatal neurological symptoms at 48 to 96 h. Seven groups of piglets received doses of 5C12 ranging from 6.0 mg/kg to 0.05 mg/kg of body weight, administered parenterally 48 h after bacterial challenge. The minimum fully protective antibody dose was 0.4 mg/kg, and the corresponding serum antibody concentration in these piglets was 0.7 mug (+/-0.5)/ml, measured 7 to 14 days after administration. Of 40 infected animals which received Stx2 antibody treatment of > or =0.4 mg/kg, 34 (85%) survived, while only 1 (2.5%) of 39 placebo-treated animals survived. We conclude that the administration of the Stx2-specific antibody was protective against fatal systemic complications even when it was administered well after the onset of diarrhea. These findings suggest that children treated with this antibody, even after the onset of bloody diarrhea, may be equally protected against the risk of developing HUS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhineet S Sheoran
- Tufts University School of Veterinary Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, 200 Westboro Rd., Building 20, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA
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136
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Shaw DJ, Jenkins C, Pearce MC, Cheasty T, Gunn GJ, Dougan G, Smith HR, Woolhouse MEJ, Frankel G. Shedding patterns of verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli strains in a cohort of calves and their dams on a Scottish beef farm. Appl Environ Microbiol 2005; 70:7456-65. [PMID: 15574948 PMCID: PMC535143 DOI: 10.1128/aem.70.12.7456-7465.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rectal fecal samples were taken once a week from 49 calves on the same farm. In addition, the dams of the calves were sampled at the time of calf birth and at the end of the study. Strains of verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) were isolated from these samples by using PCR and DNA probe hybridization tests and were characterized with respect to serotype, verocytotoxin gene (vtx) type, and the presence of the intimin (eae) and hemolysin (ehxA) genes. A total of 170 VTEC strains were isolated during 21 weeks from 130 (20%) of 664 samples from calves and from 40 (47%) of 86 samples from their dams. The characteristics of the calf strains differed from those strains isolated from the dams with respect to verocytotoxin 2 and the presence of the eae gene. In addition, no calf shed the same VTEC serogroup (excluding O?) as its dam at birth or at the end of the study. The most frequently detected serogroups in calves were serogroup O26 and provisional serogroup E40874 (VTEC O26 was found in 25 calves), whereas in dams serogroup O91 and provisional serogroup E54071 were the most common serogroups. VTEC O26 shedding appeared to be associated with very young calves and declined as the calves aged, whereas VTEC O2 shedding was associated with housing of the animals. VTEC O26 strains from calves were characterized by the presence of the vtx1, eae, and ehxA genes, whereas vtx2 was associated with VTEC O2 and provisional serogroup E40874. The high prevalence of VTEC O26 and of VTEC strains harboring the eae gene in this calf cohort is notable because of the association of the O26 serogroup and the presence of the eae gene with human disease. No association between calf diarrhea and any of the VTEC serogroups was identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Shaw
- Veterinary Epidemiology Group, Centre for Tropical and Veterinary Medicine, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom.
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137
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Vanselow BA, Krause DO, McSweeney CS. The Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli, their ruminant hosts, and potential on-farm interventions: a review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1071/ar04129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli serotype O157:H7 as a major human pathogen over the last 2 decades has focused attention on this organism’s ruminant hosts. Despite implementation of conventional control methods, people continue to become seriously ill from contaminated meat or other food products, manure-contaminated drinking and recreational water, and direct contact with ruminants. E. coli O157:H7 can cause life-threatening disease, and is a particular threat to children, through acute and chronic kidney damage. Compared with other food-borne bacteria, E. coli O157:H7 has a remarkably low infectious dose and is environmentally robust. Cattle are largely unaffected by this organism and have been identified as the major source of E. coli O157:H7 entering the human food chain. Other Shiga toxin-producing E. coli can be pathogenic to humans and there is increasing evidence that their significance has been underestimated. Governments around the world have acted to tighten food safety regulations, and to investigate animal sources and on-farm control of this and related organisms. Potential intervention strategies on-farm include: feed and water hygiene, altered feeding regimes, specific E. coli vaccines, antibacterials, antibiotics, probiotics, and biological agents or products such as bacteriophages, bacteriocins, or colicins.
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138
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Cleary TG. The role of Shiga-toxin-producing Escherichia coli in hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 15:260-5. [PMID: 15494950 DOI: 10.1053/j.spid.2004.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The Shiga-toxin-producing E. coli represent a major class of pathogens that have been defined over the last twenty years. They cause distinctive clinical manifestations such as afebrile bloody diarrhea with severe abdominal pain (hemorrhagic colitis) and microangiopathic hemolytic anemia with renal failure (hemolytic uremic syndrome). The most common Shiga-toxin-producing E. coli is serotype O157:H7, although at least one hundred different serotypes share the virulence traits and clinical manifestations with this organism. Understanding the pathophysicology, improving diagnostic tools, and developing a treatment strategy are important areas of ongoing investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G Cleary
- Center for Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, University of Texas Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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139
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Cornick NA, Helgerson AF. Transmission and infectious dose of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in swine. Appl Environ Microbiol 2004; 70:5331-5. [PMID: 15345417 PMCID: PMC520915 DOI: 10.1128/aem.70.9.5331-5335.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli O157:H7 is only occasionally isolated from healthy swine, but some experimentally infected animals will shed the organism in their feces for at least 2 months. Potential explanations for the paucity of naturally occurring infections in swine, as compared to cattle, include a lack of animal-to-animal transmission so that the organism cannot be maintained within a herd, a high infectious dose, or herd management practices that prevent the maintenance of the organism in the gastrointestinal tract. We hypothesized that donor pigs infected with E. coli O157:H7 would transmit the organism to naïve pigs. We also determined the infectious dose and whether housing pigs individually on grated floors would decrease the magnitude or duration of fecal shedding. Infected donor pigs shedding <10(4) CFU of E. coli O157:H7 per g transmitted the organism to 6 of 12 naïve pigs exposed to them. The infectious dose of E. coli O157:H7 for 3-month-old pigs was approximately 6 x 10(3) CFU. There was no difference in the magnitude and duration of fecal shedding by pigs housed individually on grates compared to those housed two per pen on cement floors. These results suggest that swine do not have an innate resistance to colonization by E. coli O157:H7 and that they could serve as a reservoir host under suitable conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Cornick
- 2130 Veterinary Medicine Building, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
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140
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Jo MY, Kim JH, Lim JH, Kang MY, Koh HB, Park YH, Yoon DY, Chae JS, Eo SK, Lee JH. Prevalence and characteristics of Escherichia coli O157 from major food animals in Korea. Int J Food Microbiol 2004; 95:41-9. [PMID: 15240073 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2004.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2003] [Revised: 12/22/2003] [Accepted: 01/05/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia coli O157:H7/NM (E. coli O157) is now recognized as an important cause of diarrhea, hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic-uremic syndrome worldwide. There have been several cases of human E. coli O157 infection in Korea since it was first isolated from a patient with hemolytic-uremic syndrome in 1998. Meat, other foods, and recreational and drinking water contaminated with animal feces are probably the major sources of the E. coli O157 infection. In this study, we investigated the prevalence of E. coli O157 in fecal and meat samples of cattle, pigs and chicken in Korea from April 2000 to July 2002. Eighty-six (3.03%) of 2843 samples were positive for E. coli O157. Most of the E. coli O157 strains were isolated from fecal samples of beef and dairy cattle from May to October of each year. Of 86 E. coli O157 isolates, 73 were serotype O157:H7 and 13 were serotype O157:NM. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of E. coli O157 virulence markers revealed that all O157:H7/NM isolates were positive for EhlyA, eaeA and rfb(O157), and 77 isolates were positive for stx1 and/or stx2. Cytotoxicity analysis revealed that many of the E. coli O157 isolates showed high cytotoxicity on Vero cells. Our data suggest that the majority of Korean E. coli O157 isolates from food animals can cause serious diseases in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Yeong Jo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Kwangju 500-757, South Korea
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141
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MacConnachie AA, Todd WTA. Potential therapeutic agents for the prevention and treatment of haemolytic uraemic syndrome in shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli infection. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2004; 17:479-82. [PMID: 15353968 DOI: 10.1097/00001432-200410000-00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli (STEC) cause a wide spectrum of disease ranging from asymptomatic carriage through to haemorrhagic colitis and the haemolytic uraemic syndrome. There are no current therapeutic interventions available in clinical practice that can prevent the development of haemolytic uraemic syndrome. A number of newly developed agents offer the potential for the treatment of STEC-associated disease. RECENT FINDINGS Three different classes of agent designed to bind and inactivate shiga toxin have now been developed. Synthetic toxin binders, recombinant bacteria and monoclonal antibodies provide potentially potent agents that could prevent the development of haemolytic uraemic syndrome. These agents have been shown in animal models of STEC disease to be effective. A recent clinical trial of one synthetic toxin binder showed no benefit in established haemolytic uraemic syndrome. More potent toxin binders, however, have since been developed and await human clinical trials. It is likely to be important that these agents are administered early in the course of disease in order to have maximum efficacy. Although rapid diagnostic techniques are available for the diagnosis of STEC disease, they still rely on stool culture. SUMMARY Clinicians need to maintain a high level of suspicion of STEC disease as the diagnosis is often made on epidemiological and clinical grounds. This will allow potential cases to be identified early and treated appropriately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisdair A MacConnachie
- Department of Infection and Tropical Medicine, Brownlee Centre, Gartnavel General Hospital, Glasgow G12 0YN, UK.
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142
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Ezawa A, Gocho F, Kawata K, Takahashi T, Kikuchi N. High prevalence of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157 from cattle in selected regions of Japan. J Vet Med Sci 2004; 66:585-7. [PMID: 15187376 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.66.585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157 was examined in bovine faeces. EHEC O157 was isolated from the faeces of 42 (13.0%) of 324 cattle. Of the 4 farms and the facilities tested, the 3 farms and the facilities were found positive for EHEC O157. The highest isolation rate among the farms was 33.7%. The prevalence of EHEC O157 in heifers was higher than that in calves and other cattle. No cattle positive for EHEC O157 showed any clinical signs except 2 calves with diarrhea in a veterinary hospital. Almost all isolates possessed the stx gene, and Stx-positive strains carrying both stx(1) and stx(2) genes were predominant. These results indicate that EHEC O157 are distributed in bovine faeces, and that dairy and beef farms in selected regions of Japan are heavily contaminated with the organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Ezawa
- Department of Epizootiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido, Japan
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143
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Avery SM, Liebana E, Hutchison ML, Buncic S. Pulsed field gel electrophoresis of related Escherichia coli O157 isolates associated with beef cattle and comparison with unrelated isolates from animals, meats and humans. Int J Food Microbiol 2004; 92:161-9. [PMID: 15109793 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2003.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2003] [Revised: 09/04/2003] [Accepted: 09/17/2003] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) diversity of 51 related Escherichia coli O157 isolates, associated with beef cattle from a single-farm-to-single abattoir (SF-SA) chain of events was determined. The 51 related E. coli O157 isolates from hides, faeces or carcasses of SF-SA cattle produced 11 different PFGE profiles. Also, the PFGE diversity of 6 isolates, associated with a second cattle abattoir, was determined; only two PFGE profiles were found. On the other hand, the PFGE diversity of 136 unrelated E. coli O157 isolates (from healthy meat animals, retail meats and cases of human disease) was also determined. The 136 unrelated E. coli O157 isolates produced 78 different PFGE profiles, most of which (approximately 70%) comprised only one isolate. Overall, the results showed: (a) related E. coli O157 isolates (from both SF-SA events, and the second abattoir) had a markedly narrower clonal profile than the 136 unrelated E. coli O157 isolates; (b) the isolation of identical PFGE types from hide, lairage environment, and carcasses confirms the significance of cross-contamination (both pre-slaughter and during skinning) taking place at abattoirs; and (c) PFGE typing of isolates offers a good tool for tracking sources/routes of such cross-contamination. Such cross-contamination may lead to originally E. coli O157-free animals (and resultant carcasses) becoming contaminated during farm-slaughter-dressing chain of events, so development of efficient control strategies is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Avery
- Microbiology Department, Direct Laboratory Services Ltd., Wergs Road, Wolverhampton WV6 8TQ, UK.
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144
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Drysdale M, MacRae M, Strachan NJC, Reid TMS, Ogden ID. The detection of non-O157 E. coli in food by immunomagnetic separation. J Appl Microbiol 2004; 97:220-4. [PMID: 15186459 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2004.02301.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To compare immunomagnetic separation (IMS) protocols (enrichment media and temperature) for the isolation of Escherichia coli serotypes O26 and O111 from four different foods. METHODS AND RESULTS Foods (minced beef, cheese, apple juice and pepperoni) spiked with low numbers (<100 g(-1)) of stressed nalidixic mutant E. coli serotypes O26 and O111 were enriched in media based on buffered peptone water (BPW), tryptone soya and EC broths incubated at temperatures of 37 and 42 degrees C to optimize the IMS technique. BPW enrichments gave increased recoveries of both serotypes compared with tryptone soya and EC broths. Elevated temperatures of incubation at 42 degrees C were superior to 37 degrees C. CONCLUSIONS Positive detection of low numbers of stressed target pathogens in all replicate tests was only possible using BPW enrichments. The majority of tests from alternative enrichments resulted in zero or single colonies recovered post-IMS. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The optimum IMS protocol would improve isolation rates of E. coli O26 and O111 from foods and lead to increased safety for the consumer. Sub-optimal IMS protocols could lead to foods being incorrectly labelled free from these pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Drysdale
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Grampian University Hospital Trust, Aberdeen, UK
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145
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Paton AW, Srimanote P, Talbot UM, Wang H, Paton JC. A new family of potent AB(5) cytotoxins produced by Shiga toxigenic Escherichia coli. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 200:35-46. [PMID: 15226357 PMCID: PMC2213318 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20040392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The Shiga toxigenic Escherichia coli (STEC) O113:H21 strain 98NK2, which was responsible for an outbreak of hemolytic uremic syndrome, secretes a highly potent and lethal subtilase cytotoxin that is unrelated to any bacterial toxin described to date. It is the prototype of a new family of AB(5) toxins, comprising a single 35-kilodalton (kD) A subunit and a pentamer of 13-kD B subunits. The A subunit is a subtilase-like serine protease distantly related to the BA_2875 gene product of Bacillus anthracis. The B subunit is related to a putative exported protein from Yersinia pestis, and binds to a mimic of the ganglioside GM2. Subtilase cytotoxin is encoded by two closely linked, cotranscribed genes (subA and subB), which, in strain 98NK2, are located on a large, conjugative virulence plasmid. Homologues of the genes are present in 32 out of 68 other STEC strains tested. Intraperitoneal injection of purified subtilase cytotoxin was fatal for mice and resulted in extensive microvascular thrombosis, as well as necrosis in the brain, kidneys, and liver. Oral challenge of mice with E. coli K-12-expressing cloned subA and subB resulted in dramatic weight loss. These findings suggest that the toxin may contribute to the pathogenesis of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne W Paton
- School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
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146
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Padola NL, Sanz ME, Blanco JE, Blanco M, Blanco J, Etcheverria AI, Arroyo GH, Usera MA, Parma AE. Serotypes and virulence genes of bovine Shigatoxigenic Escherichia coli (STEC) isolated from a feedlot in Argentina. Vet Microbiol 2004; 100:3-9. [PMID: 15135507 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1135(03)00127-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2002] [Revised: 03/04/2003] [Accepted: 03/24/2003] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Grazing-fed cattle were previously demonstrated to be reservoir of non-O157 Shigatoxigenic Escherichia coli (STEC) serotypes in Argentina. The acid-resistance of some STEC strains makes it reasonable to assume the presence in feedlot of particular STEC serotypes. Fifty-nine animals were sampled every 2 weeks during 6 months by rectal swabs. Twenty-seven of 59 animals (45.8%) were shown to be Stx2(+); 3/59 (5.1%) carried Stx1(+) and 7/59 (11.9%) were Stx1(+) Stx2(+). Among 44 STEC isolates, 31 isolates were associated to 10 O serogroups (O2, O15, O25, O103, O145, O146, O157, O171, O174, O175) and 13 were considered non-typable (NT). Six H antigens (H2, H7, H8, H19, H21, H25) were distributed in 21 isolates whereas 23 were non-mobile (H-). Seventeen of 44 strains (38.6%) were eaeA(+) and 14 (31.8%) harbored the 60MDa plasmid. The megaplasmid (Mp) and eaeA gene were simultaneously found in a limited number of serotypes belonging to the enterohaemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC). E. coli O157:H7 strains, isolated from four (6.8%) animals, corresponded to the Stx2(+), eaeA(+), Mp(+) pattern. Three O157:H7 strains belonged to phage type 4 and the other strain was atypical. Many serotypes isolated from grain-fed cattle (O2:H25, O15:H21, O25:H19, O145:H-, O146:H-, O146:H21, O157:H7, O175:H8) also differed from those isolated by us previously from grazing animals. The serotypes O15:H21, O25:H19 and O175:H8 had not been identified at present as belonging to STEC. This work provides new data for the understanding of the ecology of STEC in grain-fed cattle and confirms that cattle are an important reservoir of STEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora L Padola
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Biotecnología, FCV, UNICEN, Pinto 399 (7000) Tandil, Argentina
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147
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Panutdaporn N, Chongsa-nguan M, Nair GB, Ramamurthy T, Yamasaki S, Chaisri U, Tongtawe P, Eampokalarp B, Tapchaisri P, Sakolvaree Y, Kurazono H, Thein WB, Hayashi H, Takeda Y, Chaicumpa W. Genotypes and phenotypes of Shiga toxin producing-Escherichia coli isolated from healthy cattle in Thailand. J Infect 2004; 48:149-60. [PMID: 14720491 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2003.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Shiga toxin producing-Escherichia coli (STEC) has not yet been identified as an important aetiologic agent of human disease in Thailand. To evaluate the potential for STEC to contribute to human disease in Thailand, 139 fecal samples were collected from healthy cattle from five different provinces and analysed by genotypic and phenotypic methods for STEC. Of 139 samples, 27 (19.4%) were positive for stx1 and/or stx2 by multiplex polymerase chain reaction, or for O157 lipopolysaccharide (LPS) by immunoassay. Isolates positive for stx and/or O157 were subdivided into 49 strains that varied in the presence of the virulence determinants stx1+/stx2+ (22 strains), stx2+ (22 strains), stx1+ (4 strains), and O157 LPS (1 strain). Within these 49 distinguishable strains, other virulence determinants varied as follows: hlyA+ (77.6%), eae+ and tir+ (4.1%), and katP+ (6.12%). The most predominant profile (22 isolates) was stx1+/stx2+, eae-, tir-, etpD-, hlyA+, katP-. For further characterization of the isolated strains by two molecular typing assays, plasmid profiles and ERIC PCR were performed. The results suggest that the genetic and phenotypic profiles of STEC associated with human disease are not prevalent at this time in cattle in Thailand.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Panutdaporn
- Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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148
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Brooks JT, Bergmire-Sweat D, Kennedy M, Hendricks K, Garcia M, Marengo L, Wells J, Ying M, Bibb W, Griffin PM, Hoekstra RM, Friedman CR. Outbreak of Shiga Toxin–ProducingEscherichia coliO111:H8 Infections among Attendees of a High School Cheerleading Camp. Clin Infect Dis 2004; 38:190-8. [PMID: 14699450 DOI: 10.1086/380634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2003] [Accepted: 08/26/2003] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Few US clinical laboratories screen stool specimens for Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) other than E. coli O157. An outbreak of STEC O111:H8 infections indistinguishable from E. coli O157:H7 at a youth camp highlights the need to improve non-O157 STEC surveillance. Interviews of 521 (80%) of 650 attendees revealed 55 (11%) were ill; 2 developed hemolytic-uremic syndrome. Illness was associated with consuming salad during the camp's first lunch meal (hazard ratio [HR], 4.68; P<.01), consuming ice provided in barrels on the camp's final day (HR, 3.41; P<.01), eating cob corn (HR, 3.22; P<.01), and eating a dinner roll (HR, 2.82; P<.01). Cultures of 2 of 11 stools yielded E. coli O111:H8. Results of serologic testing and additional stool cultures demonstrated no evidence of infection with other bacterial pathogens, including E. coli O157, and supported infection with E. coli O111. Clinical laboratories should routinely screen suspect specimens for non-O157 STEC and should serotype and report Shiga-positive isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T Brooks
- Foodborne and Diarrheal Diseases Branch, Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA
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149
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Leomil L, Aidar-Ugrinovich L, Guth BEC, Irino K, Vettorato MP, Onuma DL, de Castro AFP. Frequency of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) isolates among diarrheic and non-diarrheic calves in Brazil. Vet Microbiol 2003; 97:103-9. [PMID: 14637042 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2003.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The occurrence of Shiga toxin (Stx) gene sequences was examined in 344 fecal samples from diarrheic (n=139) and non-diarrheic (n=205) calves from 12 beef farms in São Paulo State, Brazil to study the prevalence of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains. Forty-four (12.7%) animals were found to be positive for stx. The frequency of carriage of stx was higher in diarrheic calves (28/139, 20%) than in non-diarrheic animals (16/205, 7.8%) (P<0.001). Among the 24 STEC strains recovered from the animals, 12 isolates carried stx1, four stx2, and 8 carried both stx1 and stx2 genes. The eae and the enterohaemolysin (Ehly) gene sequences occurred at high frequencies in these STEC strains (41.6 and 50.0%, respectively). A total of 16 serotypes were identified. The serotypes O111:NM (four isolates), O111:H8 (two) and O118:H16 (one), currently described as enterohaemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC), were isolated from cattle in Brazil for the first time. These findings reinforce the importance of cattle as a reservoir of EHEC strains in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Leomil
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas II, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-900 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
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150
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Jenkins C, Pearce MC, Smith AW, Knight HI, Shaw DJ, Cheasty T, Foster G, Gunn GJ, Dougan G, Smith HR, Frankel G. Detection of Escherichia coli serogroups O26, O103, O111 and O145 from bovine faeces using immunomagnetic separation and PCR/DNA probe techniques. Lett Appl Microbiol 2003; 37:207-12. [PMID: 12904221 DOI: 10.1046/j.1472-765x.2003.01379.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this study was to isolate Escherichia coli O26, O103, O111 and O145 from 745 samples of bovine faeces using (i) immunomagnetic separation (IMS) beads coated with antibodies to lipopolysaccharide, and slide agglutination (SA) tests and (ii) PCR and DNA probes for the detection of the Verocytotoxin (VT) genes. METHODS AND RESULTS IMS-SA tests detected 132 isolates of presumptive E. coli O26, 112 (85%) were confirmed as serogroup O26 and 102 had the VT genes. One hundred and twenty-two strains of presumptive E. coli O103 were isolated by IMS-SA, 45 (37%) were confirmed as serogroup O103 but only one of these strains was identified as Verocytotoxin-producing E. coli (VTEC). Using the PCR/DNA probe method, 40 strains of VTEC O26 and three strains of VTEC O103 were isolated. IMS-SA identified 21 strains of presumptive E. coli O145, of which only four (19%) were confirmed as serogroup O145. VTEC of this serogroup was not detected by either IMS-SA or PCR/DNA probes. E. coli O111 was not isolated by either method. CONCLUSION IMS beads were 2.5 times more sensitive than PCR/DNA probe methods for the detection of VTEC O26 in bovine faeces. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY IMS-SA is a sensitive method for detecting specific E. coli serogroups. However, the specificity of this method would be enhanced by the introduction of selective media and the use of tube agglutination tests for confirmation of the preliminary SA results.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Jenkins
- Laboratory of Enteric Pathogens, Health Protection Agency, 61 Colindale Avenue, London, NW9 5HT, UK.
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