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Kim EK, Krishnamurthy R. Synthesis of orotidine by intramolecular nucleosidation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:5618-21. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc00111k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An intramolecular nucleosidation approach, using orotate as a leaving group, provides easy access to orotidine in high yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- E.-K. Kim
- Department of Chemistry
- The Scripps Research Institute
- California
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102
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Kang S, Shields AR, Jupatanakul N, Dimopoulos G. Suppressing dengue-2 infection by chemical inhibition of Aedes aegypti host factors. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e3084. [PMID: 25101828 PMCID: PMC4125141 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus host factors (DENV HFs) that are essential for the completion of the infection cycle in the mosquito vector and vertebrate host represent potent targets for transmission blocking. Here we investigated whether known mammalian DENV HF inhibitors could influence virus infection in the arthropod vector A. aegypti. We evaluated the potency of bafilomycin (BAF; inhibitor of vacuolar H+-ATPase (vATPase)), mycophenolic acid (MPA; inhibitor of inosine-5′-monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH)), castanospermine (CAS; inhibitor of glucosidase), and deoxynojirimycin (DNJ; inhibitor of glucosidase) in blocking DENV infection of the mosquito midgut, using various treatment methods that included direct injection, ingestion by sugar feeding or blood feeding, and silencing of target genes by RNA interference (RNAi). Injection of BAF (5 µM) and MPA (25 µM) prior to feeding on virus-infected blood inhibited DENV titers in the midgut at 7 days post-infection by 56% and 60%, and in the salivary gland at 14 days post-infection by 90% and 83%, respectively, while treatment of mosquitoes with CAS or DNJ did not affect susceptibility to the virus. Ingestion of BAF and MPA through a sugar meal or together with an infectious blood meal also resulted in various degrees of virus inhibition. RNAi-mediated silencing of several vATPase subunit genes and the IMPDH gene resulted in a reduced DENV infection, thereby indicating that BAF- and MPA-mediated virus inhibition in adult mosquitoes most likely occurred through the inhibition of these DENV HFs. The route and timing of BAF and MPA administration was essential, and treatment after exposure to the virus diminished the antiviral effect of these compounds. Here we provide proof-of-principle that chemical inhibition or RNAi-mediated depletion of the DENV HFs vATPase and IMPDH can be used to suppress DENV infection of adult A. aegypti mosquitoes, which may translate to a reduction in DENV transmission. Arboviruses utilize homologous host factors of the mammalian and insect cellular machinery to complete the infection cycle. Studies in both mammalian and insect cell lines have shown that virus infection can be suppressed through inhibition of host factors by chemical compounds that therefore could be developed into transmission blocking agents. However, similar studies have not been conducted in adult mosquitoes. Here we investigated the effect of four chemical compounds (bafilomycin, mycophenolic acid, castanospermine, and deoxynojirimycin), known to inhibit the host factors vacuolar H+-ATPase (vATPase), inosine-5′-monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) and glucosidases, on dengue virus replication in adult mosquitoes. We found that bafilomycin and mycophenolic acid suppressed dengue virus replication in adult mosquito guts when they were injected prior to dengue virus infection; however, castanospermine and deoxynojirimycin did not. Ingestion of bafilomycin and mycophenolic acid also inhibited virus replication. We showed that the predicted target genes of bafilomycin and mycophenolic acid function as virus host factors in adult mosquitoes through RNAi-mediated gene silencing. Inhibition of vATPase also decreases mosquito longevity and fecundity, thereby further compromising vector capacity. Our study demonstrated that chemical compounds or double stranded RNAs (dsRNA) can be used to suppress virus infection through inhibition of host factors in adult mosquitoes, thereby rendering such approaches interesting for the development of novel transmission-blocking strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seokyoung Kang
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Alicia R. Shields
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Natapong Jupatanakul
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - George Dimopoulos
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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103
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Novel indole-2-carboxamide compounds are potent broad-spectrum antivirals active against western equine encephalitis virus in vivo. J Virol 2014; 88:11199-214. [PMID: 25031353 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01671-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurotropic alphaviruses, including western, eastern, and Venezuelan equine encephalitis viruses, cause serious and potentially fatal central nervous system infections in humans for which no currently approved therapies exist. We previously identified a series of thieno[3,2-b]pyrrole derivatives as novel inhibitors of neurotropic alphavirus replication, using a cell-based phenotypic assay (W. Peng et al., J. Infect. Dis. 199:950-957, 2009, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/597275), and subsequently developed second- and third-generation indole-2-carboxamide derivatives with improved potency, solubility, and metabolic stability (J. A. Sindac et al., J. Med. Chem. 55:3535-3545, 2012, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jm300214e; J. A. Sindac et al., J. Med. Chem. 56:9222-9241, 2013, http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jm401330r). In this report, we describe the antiviral activity of the most promising third-generation lead compound, CCG205432, and closely related analogs CCG206381 and CCG209023. These compounds have half-maximal inhibitory concentrations of ∼1 μM and selectivity indices of >100 in cell-based assays using western equine encephalitis virus replicons. Furthermore, CCG205432 retains similar potency against fully infectious virus in cultured human neuronal cells. These compounds show broad inhibitory activity against a range of RNA viruses in culture, including members of the Togaviridae, Bunyaviridae, Picornaviridae, and Paramyxoviridae families. Although their exact molecular target remains unknown, mechanism-of-action studies reveal that these novel indole-based compounds target a host factor that modulates cap-dependent translation. Finally, we demonstrate that both CCG205432 and CCG209023 dampen clinical disease severity and enhance survival of mice given a lethal western equine encephalitis virus challenge. These studies demonstrate that indole-2-carboxamide compounds are viable candidates for continued preclinical development as inhibitors of neurotropic alphaviruses and, potentially, of other RNA viruses. IMPORTANCE There are currently no approved drugs to treat infections with alphaviruses. We previously identified a novel series of compounds with activity against these potentially devastating pathogens (J. A. Sindac et al., J. Med. Chem. 55:3535-3545, 2012, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jm300214e; W. Peng et al., J. Infect. Dis. 199:950-957, 2009, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/597275; J. A. Sindac et al., J. Med. Chem. 56:9222-9241, 2013, http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jm401330r). We have now produced third-generation compounds with enhanced potency, and this manuscript provides detailed information on the antiviral activity of these advanced-generation compounds, including activity in an animal model. The results of this study represent a notable achievement in the continued development of this novel class of antiviral inhibitors.
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104
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Lucas-Hourani M, Munier-Lehmann H, Helynck O, Komarova A, Desprès P, Tangy F, Vidalain PO. High-throughput screening for broad-spectrum chemical inhibitors of RNA viruses. J Vis Exp 2014. [PMID: 24838008 DOI: 10.3791/51222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA viruses are responsible for major human diseases such as flu, bronchitis, dengue, Hepatitis C or measles. They also represent an emerging threat because of increased worldwide exchanges and human populations penetrating more and more natural ecosystems. A good example of such an emerging situation is chikungunya virus epidemics of 2005-2006 in the Indian Ocean. Recent progresses in our understanding of cellular pathways controlling viral replication suggest that compounds targeting host cell functions, rather than the virus itself, could inhibit a large panel of RNA viruses. Some broad-spectrum antiviral compounds have been identified with host target-oriented assays. However, measuring the inhibition of viral replication in cell cultures using reduction of cytopathic effects as a readout still represents a paramount screening strategy. Such functional screens have been greatly improved by the development of recombinant viruses expressing reporter enzymes capable of bioluminescence such as luciferase. In the present report, we detail a high-throughput screening pipeline, which combines recombinant measles and chikungunya viruses with cellular viability assays, to identify compounds with a broad-spectrum antiviral profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Lucas-Hourani
- Unité de Génomique Virale et Vaccination, Virology Department, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR3569
| | - Hélène Munier-Lehmann
- Unité de Chimie et Biocatalyse, Biochemistry and Structural Biology Department, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR3523
| | - Olivier Helynck
- Unité de Chimie et Biocatalyse, Biochemistry and Structural Biology Department, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR3523
| | - Anastassia Komarova
- Unité de Génomique Virale et Vaccination, Virology Department, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR3569
| | - Philippe Desprès
- Unité des Interactions Moléculaires Flavivirus-Hôtes, Virology Department, Institut Pasteur
| | - Frédéric Tangy
- Unité de Génomique Virale et Vaccination, Virology Department, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR3569
| | - Pierre-Olivier Vidalain
- Unité de Génomique Virale et Vaccination, Virology Department, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR3569;
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105
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Inhibitors of the tick-borne, hemorrhagic fever-associated flaviviruses. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014; 58:3206-16. [PMID: 24663025 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02393-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
No antiviral therapies are available for the tick-borne flaviviruses associated with hemorrhagic fevers: Kyasanur Forest disease virus (KFDV), both classical and the Alkhurma hemorrhagic fever virus (AHFV) subtype, and Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus (OHFV). We tested compounds reported to have antiviral activity against members of the Flaviviridae family for their ability to inhibit AHFV replication. 6-Azauridine (6-azaU), 2'-C-methylcytidine (2'-CMC), and interferon alpha 2a (IFN-α2a) inhibited the replication of AHFV and also KFDV, OHFV, and Powassan virus. The combination of IFN-α2a and 2'-CMC exerted an additive antiviral effect on AHFV, and the combination of IFN-α2a and 6-azaU was moderately synergistic. The combination of 2'-CMC and 6-azaU was complex, being strongly synergistic but with a moderate level of antagonism. The antiviral activity of 6-azaU was reduced by the addition of cytidine but not guanosine, suggesting that it acted by inhibiting pyrimidine biosynthesis. To investigate the mechanism of action of 2'-CMC, AHFV variants with reduced susceptibility to 2'-CMC were selected. We used a replicon system to assess the substitutions present in the selected AHFV population. A double NS5 mutant, S603T/C666S, and a triple mutant, S603T/C666S/M644V, were more resistant to 2'-CMC than the wild-type replicon. The S603T/C666S mutant had a reduced level of replication which was increased when M644V was also present, although the replication of this triple mutant was still below that of the wild type. The S603 and C666 residues were predicted to lie in the active site of the AHFV NS5 polymerase, implicating the catalytic center of the enzyme as the binding site for 2'-CMC.
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Banerjee D, Burkard L, Panepinto JC. Inhibition of nucleotide biosynthesis potentiates the antifungal activity of amphotericin B. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87246. [PMID: 24498052 PMCID: PMC3907572 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The polyene antifungal agent Amphotericin B exhibits potent and broad spectrum fungicidal activity. However, high nephrotoxicity can hinder its administration in resource poor settings. Quantification of early fungicidal activity in studies of HIV patients with cryptococcosis demonstrate that 5-Fluorocytosine therapy in combination with Amphotericin B results in faster clearance than with Amphotericin B alone. In vitro synergy between the two drugs has also been reported but the mechanism by which 5-Fluorocytosine synergizes with Amphotericin B has not been delineated. In this study we set out to investigate the effect of genetic mutation or pharmacologic repression of de novo pyrimidine and purine biosynthesis pathways on the Amphotericin B susceptibility of Cryptococcus neoformans. We demonstrate that a ura- derivative of wild type Cryptococcus neoformans strain H99 is hypersensitive to Amphotericin B. This sensitivity is remediated by re-introduction of a wild type URA5 gene, but not by addition of exogenous uracil to supplement the auxotrophy. Repression of guanine biosynthesis by treatment with the inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase inhibitor, mycophenolic acid, was synergistic with Amphotericin B as determined by checkerboard analysis. As in Cryptococcus neoformans, a ura− derivative of Candida albicans was also hypersensitive to Amphotericin B, and treatment of Candida albicans with mycophenolic acid was likewise synergistic with Amphotericin B. In contrast, neither mycophenolic acid nor 5-FC had an effect on the Amphotericin B susceptibility of Aspergillus fumigatus. These studies suggest that pharmacological targeting of nucleotide biosynthesis pathways has potential to lower the effective dose of Amphotericin B for both C. neoformans and C. albicans. Given the requirement of nucleotide and nucleotide sugars for growth and pathogenesis of Cryptococcus neoformans, disrupting nucleotide metabolic pathways might thus be an effective mechanism for the development of novel antifungal drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dithi Banerjee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Witebsky Center for Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Lauren Burkard
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Witebsky Center for Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - John C. Panepinto
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Witebsky Center for Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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107
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Discovery of potent broad spectrum antivirals derived from marine actinobacteria. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82318. [PMID: 24349254 PMCID: PMC3857800 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural products provide a vast array of chemical structures to explore in the discovery of new medicines. Although secondary metabolites produced by microbes have been developed to treat a variety of diseases, including bacterial and fungal infections, to date there has been limited investigation of natural products with antiviral activity. In this report, we used a phenotypic cell-based replicon assay coupled with an iterative biochemical fractionation process to identify, purify, and characterize antiviral compounds produced by marine microbes. We isolated a compound from Streptomyces kaviengensis, a novel actinomycetes isolated from marine sediments obtained off the coast of New Ireland, Papua New Guinea, which we identified as antimycin A1a. This compound displays potent activity against western equine encephalitis virus in cultured cells with half-maximal inhibitory concentrations of less than 4 nM and a selectivity index of greater than 550. Our efforts also revealed that several antimycin A analogues display antiviral activity, and mechanism of action studies confirmed that these Streptomyces-derived secondary metabolites function by inhibiting the cellular mitochondrial electron transport chain, thereby suppressing de novo pyrimidine synthesis. Furthermore, we found that antimycin A functions as a broad spectrum agent with activity against a wide range of RNA viruses in cultured cells, including members of the Togaviridae, Flaviviridae, Bunyaviridae, Picornaviridae, and Paramyxoviridae families. Finally, we demonstrate that antimycin A reduces central nervous system viral titers, improves clinical disease severity, and enhances survival in mice given a lethal challenge with western equine encephalitis virus. Our results provide conclusive validation for using natural product resources derived from marine microbes as source material for antiviral drug discovery, and they indicate that host mitochondrial electron transport is a viable target for the continued development of broadly active antiviral compounds.
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108
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Lim SP, Shi PY. West Nile virus drug discovery. Viruses 2013; 5:2977-3006. [PMID: 24300672 PMCID: PMC3967157 DOI: 10.3390/v5122977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The outbreak of West Nile virus (WNV) in 1999 in the USA, and its continued spread throughout the Americas, parts of Europe, the Middle East and Africa, underscored the need for WNV antiviral development. Here, we review the current status of WNV drug discovery. A number of approaches have been used to search for inhibitors of WNV, including viral infection-based screening, enzyme-based screening, structure-based virtual screening, structure-based rationale design, and antibody-based therapy. These efforts have yielded inhibitors of viral or cellular factors that are critical for viral replication. For small molecule inhibitors, no promising preclinical candidate has been developed; most of the inhibitors could not even be advanced to the stage of hit-to-lead optimization due to their poor drug-like properties. However, several inhibitors developed for related members of the family Flaviviridae, such as dengue virus and hepatitis C virus, exhibited cross-inhibition of WNV, suggesting the possibility to re-purpose these antivirals for WNV treatment. Most promisingly, therapeutic antibodies have shown excellent efficacy in mouse model; one of such antibodies has been advanced into clinical trial. The knowledge accumulated during the past fifteen years has provided better rationale for the ongoing WNV and other flavivirus antiviral development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siew Pheng Lim
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road, Chromos 05-01, Singapore 138670, Singapore.
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109
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Tiong-Yip CL, Plant H, Sharpe P, Fan J, Rich K, Gorseth E, Yu Q. Development of a high-throughput replicon assay for the identification of respiratory syncytial virus inhibitors. Antiviral Res 2013; 101:75-81. [PMID: 24246168 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Revised: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) drug discovery has been hindered by the lack of good chemistry starting points and would benefit from robust and convenient assays for high-throughput screening (HTS). In this paper, we present the development and optimization of a 384-well RSV replicon assay that enabled HTS for RSV replication inhibitors with a low bio-containment requirement. The established replicon assay was successfully implemented for high-throughput screening. A validation screen was performed which demonstrated high assay performance and reproducibility. Assay quality was further confirmed via demonstration of appropriate pharmacology for different classes of RSV replication tool inhibitors. RSV replicon and cytotoxicity assays were further developed into a multiplexed format that measured both inhibition of viral replication and cytotoxicity from the same well. This provided a time and cost efficient approach to support lead optimization. In summary, we have developed a robust RSV replicon assay to help expedite the discovery of novel RSV therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choi-Lai Tiong-Yip
- Infection Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, MA 02451, United States.
| | - Helen Plant
- Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Paul Sharpe
- Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Jun Fan
- Infection Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, MA 02451, United States
| | - Kirsty Rich
- Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Elise Gorseth
- Infection Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, MA 02451, United States
| | - Qin Yu
- Infection Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, MA 02451, United States
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110
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Noble CG, Shi PY. Difficulties and advancements in developing drugs for the treatment of dengue fever. Expert Opin Orphan Drugs 2013. [DOI: 10.1517/21678707.2013.858597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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111
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Assessment of drug candidates for broad-spectrum antiviral therapy targeting cellular pyrimidine biosynthesis. Antiviral Res 2013; 100:640-8. [PMID: 24149002 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Currently available antiviral drugs frequently induce side-effects or selection of drug-resistant viruses. We describe a novel antiviral principle based on targeting the cellular enzyme dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH). In silico drug design and biochemical evaluation identified Compound 1 (Cmp1) as a selective inhibitor of human DHODH in vitro (IC50 1.5±0.2nM). Crystallization data specified the mode of drug-target interaction. Importantly, Cmp1 displayed a very potent antiviral activity that could be reversed by co-application of uridine or other pyrimidine precursors, underlining the postulated DHODH-directed mode of activity. Human and animal cytomegaloviruses as well as adenoviruses showed strong sensitivity towards Cmp1 in cell culture-based infection systems with IC50 values in the low micromolar to nanomolar range. Particularly, broad inhibitory activity was demonstrated for various types of laboratory and clinically relevant adenoviruses. For replication of human cytomegalovirus in primary fibroblasts, antiviral mode of activity was attributed to the early stage of gene expression. A mouse in vivo model proved reduced replication of murine cytomegalovirus in various organs upon Cmp1 treatment. These findings suggested Cmp1 as drug candidate and validated DHODH as a promising cellular target for antiviral therapy.
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112
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Lucas-Hourani M, Dauzonne D, Jorda P, Cousin G, Lupan A, Helynck O, Caignard G, Janvier G, André-Leroux G, Khiar S, Escriou N, Desprès P, Jacob Y, Munier-Lehmann H, Tangy F, Vidalain PO. Inhibition of pyrimidine biosynthesis pathway suppresses viral growth through innate immunity. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003678. [PMID: 24098125 PMCID: PMC3789760 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Searching for stimulators of the innate antiviral response is an appealing approach to develop novel therapeutics against viral infections. Here, we established a cell-based reporter assay to identify compounds stimulating expression of interferon-inducible antiviral genes. DD264 was selected out of 41,353 compounds for both its immuno-stimulatory and antiviral properties. While searching for its mode of action, we identified DD264 as an inhibitor of pyrimidine biosynthesis pathway. This metabolic pathway was recently identified as a prime target of broad-spectrum antiviral molecules, but our data unraveled a yet unsuspected link with innate immunity. Indeed, we showed that DD264 or brequinar, a well-known inhibitor of pyrimidine biosynthesis pathway, both enhanced the expression of antiviral genes in human cells. Furthermore, antiviral activity of DD264 or brequinar was found strictly dependent on cellular gene transcription, nuclear export machinery, and required IRF1 transcription factor. In conclusion, the antiviral property of pyrimidine biosynthesis inhibitors is not a direct consequence of pyrimidine deprivation on the virus machinery, but rather involves the induction of cellular immune response. Our therapeutic arsenal to treat viral diseases is extremely limited, and there is a critical need for molecules that could be used against multiple viruses. Among possible strategies, there is a growing interest for molecules stimulating cellular defense mechanisms. We recently developed a functional assay to identify stimulators of antiviral genes, and selected compound DD264 from a chemical library using this approach. While searching for its mode of action, we identified this molecule as an inhibitor of pyrimidine biosynthesis, a metabolic pathway that fuels the cell with pyrimidine nucleobases for both DNA and RNA synthesis. Interestingly, it was recently shown that inhibitors of this metabolic pathway prevent the replication of RNA viruses. Here, we established a functional link between pyrimidine biosynthesis pathway and the induction of antiviral genes, and demonstrated that pyrimidine biosynthesis inhibitors like DD264 or brequinar critically rely on cellular immune response to inhibit virus growth. Thus, pyrimidine deprivation is not directly responsible for the antiviral activity of pyrimidine biosynthesis inhibitors, which rather involves the induction of a metabolic stress and subsequent triggering of cellular defense mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Lucas-Hourani
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Génomique Virale et Vaccination, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR3569, Paris, France
| | - Daniel Dauzonne
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR176, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Jorda
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR176, Paris, France
| | - Gaëlle Cousin
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR176, Paris, France
| | - Alexandru Lupan
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Chimie et Biocatalyse, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR3523, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Helynck
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Chimie et Biocatalyse, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR3523, Paris, France
| | - Grégory Caignard
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Génomique Virale et Vaccination, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR3569, Paris, France
| | - Geneviève Janvier
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Génomique Virale et Vaccination, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR3569, Paris, France
| | - Gwénaëlle André-Leroux
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Biochimie Structurale, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR 3528, Paris, France
| | - Samira Khiar
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Génomique Virale et Vaccination, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR3569, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Escriou
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Génomique Virale et Vaccination, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR3569, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Desprès
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Interactions moléculaires Flavivirus-Hôtes, Paris, France
| | - Yves Jacob
- CNRS, UMR3569, Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Génétique Moléculaire des Virus à ARN, Paris, France
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Systems Biology (CCSB) and Department of Cancer Biology, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Hélène Munier-Lehmann
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Chimie et Biocatalyse, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR3523, Paris, France
- * E-mail: (HML); (FT); (POV)
| | - Frédéric Tangy
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Génomique Virale et Vaccination, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR3569, Paris, France
- * E-mail: (HML); (FT); (POV)
| | - Pierre-Olivier Vidalain
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Génomique Virale et Vaccination, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR3569, Paris, France
- * E-mail: (HML); (FT); (POV)
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Lim SP, Wang QY, Noble CG, Chen YL, Dong H, Zou B, Yokokawa F, Nilar S, Smith P, Beer D, Lescar J, Shi PY. Ten years of dengue drug discovery: progress and prospects. Antiviral Res 2013; 100:500-19. [PMID: 24076358 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Revised: 09/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
To combat neglected diseases, the Novartis Institute of Tropical Diseases (NITD) was founded in 2002 through private-public funding from Novartis and the Singapore Economic Development Board. One of NITD's missions is to develop antivirals for dengue virus (DENV), the most prevalent mosquito-borne viral pathogen. Neither vaccine nor antiviral is currently available for DENV. Here we review the progress in dengue drug discovery made at NITD as well as the major discoveries made by academia and other companies. Four strategies have been pursued to identify inhibitors of DENV through targeting both viral and host proteins: (i) HTS (high-throughput screening) using virus replication assays; (ii) HTS using viral enzyme assays; (iii) structure-based in silico docking and rational design; (iv) repurposing hepatitis C virus inhibitors for DENV. Along the developmental process from hit finding to clinical candidate, many inhibitors did not advance beyond the stage of hit-to-lead optimization, due to their poor selectivity, physiochemical or pharmacokinetic properties. Only a few compounds showed efficacy in the AG129 DENV mouse model. Two nucleoside analogs, NITD-008 and Balapiravir, entered preclinical animal safety study and clinic trial, but both were terminated due to toxicity and lack of potency, respectively. Celgosivir, a host alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, is currently under clinical trial; its clinical efficacy remains to be determined. The knowledge accumulated during the past decade has provided a better rationale for ongoing dengue drug discovery. Though challenging, we are optimistic that this continuous, concerted effort will lead to an effective dengue therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siew Pheng Lim
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road, 05-01 Chromos, Singapore 138670, Singapore
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Abstract
Dengue virus has emerged as a global health threat to over one-third of humankind. As a positive-strand RNA virus, dengue virus relies on the host cell metabolism for its translation, replication, and egress. Therefore, a better understanding of the host cell metabolic pathways required for dengue virus infection offers the opportunity to develop new approaches for therapeutic intervention. In a recently described screen of known drugs and bioactive molecules, we observed that methotrexate and floxuridine inhibited dengue virus infections at low micromolar concentrations. Here, we demonstrate that all serotypes of dengue virus, as well as West Nile virus, are highly sensitive to both methotrexate and floxuridine, whereas other RNA viruses (Sindbis virus and vesicular stomatitis virus) are not. Interestingly, flavivirus replication was restored by folinic acid, a thymidine precursor, in the presence of methotrexate and by thymidine in the presence of floxuridine, suggesting an unexpected role for thymidine in flavivirus replication. Since thymidine is not incorporated into RNA genomes, it is likely that increased thymidine production is indirectly involved in flavivirus replication. A possible mechanism is suggested by the finding that p53 inhibition restored dengue virus replication in the presence of floxuridine, consistent with thymidine-less stress triggering p53-mediated antiflavivirus effects in infected cells. Our data reveal thymidine synthesis pathways as new and unexpected therapeutic targets for antiflaviviral drug development.
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Debing Y, Jochmans D, Neyts J. Intervention strategies for emerging viruses: use of antivirals. Curr Opin Virol 2013; 3:217-24. [PMID: 23562753 PMCID: PMC7102692 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2013.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Revised: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Today, small molecule antiviral drugs are available for the treatment of infections with herpesviruses, HIV, HBV and HCV as well as with influenza viruses. Ribavirin, a broad-spectrum (but aspecific) antiviral, has been approved for the treatment of infections with respiratory syncytial virus, HCV and Lassa virus. Yet, for many other viruses that cause life-threatening infections [most of which are considered emerging and/or neglected] there are no drugs available. Ideally, potent and broad-spectrum (i.e., pan-genus or pan-family virus activity) antiviral drugs should be developed whereby one drug could be used for the treatment of a number of such viral infections. We here review recent evolutions in the search for inhibitors of emerging and neglected RNA viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Debing
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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116
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Munier-Lehmann H, Vidalain PO, Tangy F, Janin YL. On dihydroorotate dehydrogenases and their inhibitors and uses. J Med Chem 2013; 56:3148-67. [PMID: 23452331 DOI: 10.1021/jm301848w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Proper nucleosides availability is crucial for the proliferation of living entities (eukaryotic cells, parasites, bacteria, and virus). Accordingly, the uses of inhibitors of the de novo nucleosides biosynthetic pathways have been investigated in the past. In the following we have focused on dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH), the fourth enzyme in the de novo pyrimidine nucleosides biosynthetic pathway. We first described the different types of enzyme in terms of sequence, structure, and biochemistry, including the reported bioassays. In a second part, the series of inhibitors of this enzyme along with a description of their potential or actual uses were reviewed. These inhibitors are indeed used in medicine to treat autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis or multiple sclerosis (leflunomide and teriflunomide) and have been investigated in treatments of cancer, virus, and parasite infections (i.e., malaria) as well as in crop science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Munier-Lehmann
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Chimie et Biocatalyse, Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, 28 Rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
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117
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Cruz DJM, Koishi AC, Taniguchi JB, Li X, Milan Bonotto R, No JH, Kim KH, Baek S, Kim HY, Windisch MP, Pamplona Mosimann AL, de Borba L, Liuzzi M, Hansen MAE, Nunes Duarte dos Santos C, Freitas-Junior LH. High content screening of a kinase-focused library reveals compounds broadly-active against dengue viruses. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2073. [PMID: 23437413 PMCID: PMC3578765 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that has a large impact in global health. It is considered as one of the medically important arboviruses, and developing a preventive or therapeutic solution remains a top priority in the medical and scientific community. Drug discovery programs for potential dengue antivirals have increased dramatically over the last decade, largely in part to the introduction of high-throughput assays. In this study, we have developed an image-based dengue high-throughput/high-content assay (HT/HCA) using an innovative computer vision approach to screen a kinase-focused library for anti-dengue compounds. Using this dengue HT/HCA, we identified a group of compounds with a 4-(1-aminoethyl)-N-methylthiazol-2-amine as a common core structure that inhibits dengue viral infection in a human liver-derived cell line (Huh-7.5 cells). Compounds CND1201, CND1203 and CND1243 exhibited strong antiviral activities against all four dengue serotypes. Plaque reduction and time-of-addition assays suggests that these compounds interfere with the late stage of viral infection cycle. These findings demonstrate that our image-based dengue HT/HCA is a reliable tool that can be used to screen various chemical libraries for potential dengue antiviral candidates. Dengue, a re-emergent human disease that places nearly half of the world's population at risk, threatens to further expand in geographical distribution. The lack of an available effective dengue vaccine has encouraged the search for antiviral drugs as an alternative approach. In recent years, drug discovery through high-throughput screening has become a trend in the search for dengue antivirals. In this study, we developed an image-based dengue high-throughput/high-content assay using prevalent viral strains of three dengue serotypes (DENV1, DENV2 and DENV3) isolated from dengue outbreaks in South America and a laboratory-adapted strain of DENV4. We demonstrated the usefulness of our image-based dengue HT/HCA in identifying potential dengue antivirals by screening a small subset of chemical compounds for inhibition of dengue virus infection in a human-derived host cell line (Huh-7.5), and partially characterized their activities against dengue infection in a mosquito host cell line (C6/36), a distantly-related virus (hepatitis C virus), and an unrelated virus that is transmitted by the same mosquito vector (chikungunya virus).
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Affiliation(s)
- Deu John M. Cruz
- Center for Neglected Diseases Drug Discovery (CND3), Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Andrea Cristine Koishi
- Instituto Carlos Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz Paraná (ICC/FIOCRUZ-PR), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
- Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Xiaolan Li
- Image Mining Group (IMG), Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | | | - Joo Hwan No
- Center for Neglected Diseases Drug Discovery (CND3), Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Keum Hyun Kim
- Applied Molecular Virology (AMV), Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Sungmin Baek
- Applied Molecular Virology (AMV), Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Hee Young Kim
- Applied Molecular Virology (AMV), Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Marc Peter Windisch
- Applied Molecular Virology (AMV), Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | | | - Luana de Borba
- Instituto Carlos Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz Paraná (ICC/FIOCRUZ-PR), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Michel Liuzzi
- Early Discovery Program, Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | | | | | - Lucio Holanda Freitas-Junior
- Center for Neglected Diseases Drug Discovery (CND3), Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
- * E-mail:
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118
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Arita M. [Exploration for anti-enterovirus compounds and analysis on the mechanism of its inhibitory effect on virus infection]. Uirusu 2013; 63:93-102. [PMID: 24769585 DOI: 10.2222/jsv.63.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Poliovirus (PV) is a small non-enveloped virus belonging to the family Picornaviridae, and is the causative agent of poliomyelitis. With established vaccines, the global eradication program for poliomyelitis is ongoing by the World Health Organization since 1988. In the eradication program, antivirals are anticipated to have some roles in the endgame and post-eradication era of PV. During our search for potent anti-PV compounds, we identified candidate compounds that are associated with a common resistance mutation in viral protein 3A similar to enviroxime (designated as enviroxime-like compounds). Recently, PIK93, an inhibitor of host phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase III beta (PI4KB), was identified as a potent anti-enterovirus compound (Hsu et al., Cell 141:799-811). We found that PIK93 is an enviroxime-like compound, and showed that T-00127-HEV1, which is a novel enviroxime-like compound identified in high-throughput screening, is a specific PI4KB inhibitor. We also showed that PI4KB is an enterovirus-specific host factor required for its viral RNA replication. Analysis of anti-enterovirus compounds would unravel novel host factors that could serve as promising antiviral targets of prophylaxis and therapy of the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minetaro Arita
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases
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119
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da Silva-Alves DCB, dos Anjos JV, Cavalcante NNM, Santos GKN, Navarro DMDAF, Srivastava RM. Larvicidal isoxazoles: Synthesis and their effective susceptibility towards Aedes aegypti larvae. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 21:940-7. [PMID: 23321014 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Revised: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Twenty 3,5-disubstituted isoxazoles have been synthesized and tested against fourth instar Aedes aegypti larvae. In the synthesis of title compounds, modifications have been made in the C-5 side-chain with a view to test their larvicidal activity. These isoxazoles have been obtained by 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of arylnitrile oxides to terminal alkynes which furnished the desired products in 20% to 79% yields. A comparative study of the larvicidal activity between 3-(3-aryl-isoxazol-5-yl)-propan-1-ols and 3-(3-aryl-isoxazol-5-yl)-propionic acids clearly demonstrated that the latter compounds possess much better larvicidal activity than the former. We also tested two esters, viz., methyl 3-[3-(phenyl)-isoxazole-5-yl] propionate and methyl 3-[3-(4-chlorophenyl)-isoxazole-5-yl] propionate, where the latter presented an excellent larvicidal profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana C B da Silva-Alves
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Cidade Universitária, 50740-560 Recife, PE, Brazil
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120
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Crucial role of the N-glycans on the viral E-envelope glycoprotein in DC-SIGN-mediated dengue virus infection. Antiviral Res 2012; 96:280-7. [PMID: 23124109 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2012.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Revised: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We generated in the mosquito cell line C6/36 a dengue virus (DENV) resistant to Hippeastrum hybrid agglutinin (HHA), a carbohydrate-binding agent (CBA). The genotype and phenotype were characterized of the HHA resistant (HHA(res)) DENV compared to the wild-type (WT) DENV. Sequencing the structural proteins of HHA(res) resulted in two mutations, N67D and T155I, indicating a deletion of both N-glycosylation sites on the viral envelope E-glycoprotein. The HHA(res) DENV could replicate in mammalian and mosquito cells that are lacking dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule 3-grabbing non-integrin (DC-SIGN) expression. In contrast, DC-SIGN expressing human cells namely monocyte-derived dendritic cells as well as DC-SIGN-transfected cells were no longer susceptible to HHA(res) DENV. This demonstrates a crucial role of the N-glycans in the E-glycoprotein in the infection of dendritic cells, which constitute primary target cells of DENV during viral pathogenesis in the human body.
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121
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Diao Y, Lu W, Jin H, Zhu J, Han L, Xu M, Gao R, Shen X, Zhao Z, Liu X, Xu Y, Huang J, Li H. Discovery of diverse human dihydroorotate dehydrogenase inhibitors as immunosuppressive agents by structure-based virtual screening. J Med Chem 2012; 55:8341-9. [PMID: 22984987 DOI: 10.1021/jm300630p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
This study applied an efficient virtual screening strategy integrating molecular docking with MM-GBSA rescoring to identify diverse human dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (hDHODH) inhibitors. Eighteen compounds with IC(50) values ranging from 0.11 to 18.8 μM were identified as novel hDHODH inhibitors that exhibited overall species-selectivity over Plasmodium falciparum dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (pfDHODH). Compound 8, the most potent one, showed low micromolar inhibitory activity against hDHODH with an IC(50) value of 0.11 μM. Moreover, lipopolysaccharide-induced B-cell assay and mixed lymphocyte reaction assay revealed that most of the hits showed potent antiproliferative activity against B and T cells, which demonstrates their potential application as immunosuppressive agents. In particular, compound 18 exhibited potent B-cell inhibitory activity (IC(50) = 1.78 μM) and presents a B-cell-specific profile with 17- and 26-fold selectivities toward T and Jurkat cells, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Diao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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122
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Smee DF, Hurst BL, Day CW. D282, a non-nucleoside inhibitor of influenza virus infection that interferes with de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis. Antivir Chem Chemother 2012; 22:263-72. [PMID: 22516927 DOI: 10.3851/imp2105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The discovery of novel influenza virus inhibitors remains an important priority in light of the emergence of drug-resistant viruses. Toward this end, a library of over 6,000 compounds was tested for antiviral activity. METHODS Strains of influenza virus were evaluated by cytopathic effect (CPE) inhibition and virus yield reduction assays. Intracellular nucleoside triphosphate pools were analysed by strong anion exchange HPLC. Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase inhibition assays were conducted. Influenza virus-infected mice were treated for 5 days with D282. RESULTS A non-nucleoside, 4-[(4-butylphenyl)amino]-2-methylene-4-oxo-butanoic acid (D282), was discovered that inhibited influenza A and B virus CPE by 50% at 6-31 μM (giving selectivity indices of >13 to >67, based on cytotoxicity of >400 µM in stationary cell cultures). Ribavirin (positive control) was active at 14-44 µM (yielding selectivity indices of >9 to >29, with >400 µM toxicity). D282 and ribavirin inhibited virus yield by 90% at 9.5 ±3.3 and 10.8 ±3.2 µM, respectively. The antiviral activity of D282 in vitro was reversed by addition of uridine, cytidine and orotic acid. D282 exhibited an uncompetitive inhibition of mouse liver dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (inhibitor constant [Ki] of 2.3 ±0.9 µM, Michaelis constant [Km] of 150 ±16 µM). Because cellular pyrimidine biosynthesis was inhibited, D282-treated cells had decreased uridine triphosphate and cytidine triphosphate levels. D282 (≤100 mg/kg/day) failed to prevent death of mice infected with influenza. CONCLUSIONS D282 was active against influenza A and B viruses by inhibiting de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis. Although effective in vitro, the compound, like others in its class, was devoid of antiviral activity in infected mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald F Smee
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA.
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123
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Bargeron Clark K, Hsiao HM, Noisakran S, Tsai JJ, Perng GC. Role of microparticles in dengue virus infection and its impact on medical intervention strategies. THE YALE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2012; 85:3-18. [PMID: 22461739 PMCID: PMC3313537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Dengue virus (DV) is one of the most important vector-borne diseases in the world. It causes a disease that manifests as a spectrum of clinical symptoms, including dengue hemorrhagic fever. DV is proficient at diverting the immune system to facilitate transmission through its vector host, Aedes spp. mosquito. Similar to other vector-borne parasites, dengue may also require a second structural form, a virus of alternative morphology (VAM), to complete its life cycle. DV can replicate to high copy numbers in patient plasma, but no classical viral particles can be detected by ultra-structural microscopy analysis. A VAM appearing as a microparticle has been recapitulated with in vitro cell lines Meg01 and K562, close relatives to the cells harboring dengue virus in vivo. VAMs are likely to contribute to the high viremia levels observed in dengue patients. This review discusses the possible existence of a VAM in the DV life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Bargeron Clark
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory
Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Hui-Mien Hsiao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory
Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Sansanee Noisakran
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory
Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
- Medical Biotechnology Unit, National Center for Genetic
Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development
Agency, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Jih-Jin Tsai
- Tropical Medicine Center, Department of Internal
Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal
Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kaohsiung
Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Guey Chuen Perng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory
Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National
Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan, Taiwan
- Center of Infectious Diseases and Signaling Research,
National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan, Taiwan
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124
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Animal models of dengue virus infection. Viruses 2012; 4:62-82. [PMID: 22355452 PMCID: PMC3280519 DOI: 10.3390/v4010062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Revised: 12/18/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of animal models of dengue virus (DENV) infection and disease has been challenging, as epidemic DENV does not naturally infect non-human species. Non-human primates (NHPs) can sustain viral replication in relevant cell types and develop a robust immune response, but they do not develop overt disease. In contrast, certain immunodeficient mouse models infected with mouse-adapted DENV strains show signs of severe disease similar to the 'vascular-leak' syndrome seen in severe dengue in humans. Humanized mouse models can sustain DENV replication and show some signs of disease, but further development is needed to validate the immune response. Classically, immunocompetent mice infected with DENV do not manifest disease or else develop paralysis when inoculated intracranially; however, a new model using high doses of DENV has recently been shown to develop hemorrhagic signs after infection. Overall, each model has its advantages and disadvantages and is differentially suited for studies of dengue pathogenesis and immunopathogenesis and/or pre-clinical testing of antiviral drugs and vaccines.
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125
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Potent antiviral activity of brequinar against the emerging Cantagalo virus in cell culture. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2011; 38:435-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2011.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Revised: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 07/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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126
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A translation inhibitor that suppresses dengue virus in vitro and in vivo. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011; 55:4072-80. [PMID: 21730119 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00620-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe a novel translation inhibitor that has anti-dengue virus (DENV) activity in vitro and in vivo. The inhibitor was identified through a high-throughput screening using a DENV infection assay. The compound contains a benzomorphan core structure. Mode-of-action analysis indicated that the compound inhibits protein translation in a viral RNA sequence-independent manner. Analysis of the stereochemistry demonstrated that only one enantiomer of the racemic compound inhibits viral RNA translation. Medicinal chemistry was performed to eliminate a metabolically labile glucuronidation site of the compound to improve its in vivo stability. Pharmacokinetic analysis showed that upon a single subcutaneous dosing of 25 mg/kg of body weight in mice, plasma levels of the compound reached a C(max) (maximum plasma drug concentration) above the protein-binding-adjusted 90% effective concentration (EC(90)) value of 0.96 μM. In agreement with the in vivo pharmacokinetic results, treatment of DENV-infected mice with 25 mg/kg of compound once per day reduced peak viremia by about 40-fold. However, mice treated with 75 mg/kg of compound per day exhibited adverse effects. Collectively, our results demonstrate that the benzomorphan compounds inhibit DENV through suppression of RNA translation. The therapeutic window of the current compounds needs to be improved for further development.
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