101
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Ferreira WT, Hong HA, Adams JRG, Hess M, Kotowicz NK, Tan S, Ferrari E, Brisson A, Zentek J, Soloviev M, Cutting SM. Environmentally Acquired Bacillus and Their Role in C. difficile Colonization Resistance. Biomedicines 2022; 10:930. [PMID: 35625667 PMCID: PMC9138776 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10050930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile is an environmentally acquired, anaerobic, spore-forming bacterium which ordinarily causes disease following antibiotic-mediated dysbiosis of the intestinal microbiota. Although much is understood regarding the life cycle of C. difficile, the fate of C. difficile spores upon ingestion remains unclear, and the underlying factors that predispose an individual to colonization and subsequent development of C. difficile infection (CDI) are not fully understood. Here, we show that Bacillus, a ubiquitous and environmentally acquired, spore-forming bacterium is associated with colonization resistance to C. difficile. Using animal models, we first provide evidence that animals housed under conditions that mimic reduced environmental exposure have an increased susceptibility to CDI, correlating with a loss in Bacillus. Lipopeptide micelles (~10 nm) produced by some Bacilli isolated from the gastro-intestinal (GI)-tract and shown to have potent inhibitory activity to C. difficile have recently been reported. We show here that these micelles, that we refer to as heterogenous lipopeptide lytic micelles (HELMs), act synergistically with components present in the small intestine to augment inhibitory activity against C. difficile. Finally, we show that provision of HELM-producing Bacillus to microbiota-depleted animals suppresses C. difficile colonization thereby demonstrating the significant role played by Bacillus in colonization resistance. In the wider context, our study further demonstrates the importance of environmental microbes on susceptibility to pathogen colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- William T. Ferreira
- Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham TW20 0EX, UK; (W.T.F.); (H.A.H.); (J.R.G.A.); (M.H.)
| | - Huynh A. Hong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham TW20 0EX, UK; (W.T.F.); (H.A.H.); (J.R.G.A.); (M.H.)
| | - James R. G. Adams
- Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham TW20 0EX, UK; (W.T.F.); (H.A.H.); (J.R.G.A.); (M.H.)
| | - Mateusz Hess
- Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham TW20 0EX, UK; (W.T.F.); (H.A.H.); (J.R.G.A.); (M.H.)
| | - Natalia K. Kotowicz
- SporeGen Ltd., London Bioscience Innovation Centre, 2 Royal College Street, London NW1 0NH, UK;
| | - Sisareuth Tan
- Laboratoire d’Imagerie Moléculaire et Nano-Bio-Technologie, UMR-CBMN CNRS-Université de Bordeaux-IPB, 33607 Pessac, France; (S.T.); (A.B.)
| | - Enrico Ferrari
- School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Lincoln LN6 7TS, UK;
| | - Alain Brisson
- Laboratoire d’Imagerie Moléculaire et Nano-Bio-Technologie, UMR-CBMN CNRS-Université de Bordeaux-IPB, 33607 Pessac, France; (S.T.); (A.B.)
| | - Jurgen Zentek
- Institute for Animal Health, Freie University of Berlin, Berlin 14195, Germany;
| | - Mikhail Soloviev
- Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham TW20 0EX, UK; (W.T.F.); (H.A.H.); (J.R.G.A.); (M.H.)
| | - Simon M. Cutting
- Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham TW20 0EX, UK; (W.T.F.); (H.A.H.); (J.R.G.A.); (M.H.)
- SporeGen Ltd., London Bioscience Innovation Centre, 2 Royal College Street, London NW1 0NH, UK;
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102
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Colonization of the live biotherapeutic product VE303 and modulation of the microbiota and metabolites in healthy volunteers. Cell Host Microbe 2022; 30:583-598.e8. [PMID: 35421353 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2022.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Manipulation of the gut microbiota via fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has shown clinical promise in diseases such as recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection (rCDI). However, the variable nature of this approach makes it challenging to describe the relationship between fecal strain colonization, corresponding microbiota changes, and clinical efficacy. Live biotherapeutic products (LBPs) consisting of defined consortia of clonal bacterial isolates have been proposed as an alternative therapeutic class because of their promising preclinical results and safety profile. We describe VE303, an LBP comprising 8 commensal Clostridia strains under development for rCDI, and its early clinical development in healthy volunteers (HVs). In a phase 1a/b study in HVs, VE303 is determined to be safe and well-tolerated at all doses tested. VE303 strains optimally colonize HVs if dosed over multiple days after vancomycin pretreatment. VE303 promotes the establishment of a microbiota community known to provide colonization resistance.
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103
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Evaluation of the Risk of Clostridium difficile Infection Using a Serum Bile Acid Profile. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12040331. [PMID: 35448518 PMCID: PMC9032545 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12040331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Since intestinal secondary bile acids (BAs) prevent Clostridium difficile infection (CDI), the serum BA profile may be a convenient biomarker for CDI susceptibility in human subjects. To verify this hypothesis, we investigated blood samples from 71 patients of the Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology at the time of admission (prior to antibiotic use and CDI onset). Twelve patients developed CDI during hospitalization, and the other 59 patients did not. The serum unconjugated deoxycholic acid (DCA)/[DCA + unconjugated cholic acid (CA)] ratio on admission was significantly lower in patients who developed CDI than in patients who did not develop CDI (p < 0.01) and in 46 healthy controls (p < 0.0001). Another unconjugated secondary BA ratio, 3β-hydroxy (3βOH)-BAs/(3βOH + 3αOH-BAs), was also significantly lower in patients who developed CDI than in healthy controls (p < 0.05) but was not significantly different between patients who developed and patients who did not develop CDI. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve determined a cut-off point of DCA/(DCA + CA) < 0.349 that optimally discriminated on admission the high-risk patients who would develop CDI (sensitivity 91.7% and specificity 64.4%). In conclusion, a decreased serum DCA/(DCA + CA) ratio on admission strongly correlated with CDI onset during hospitalization in patients with gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary diseases. Serum BA composition could be a helpful biomarker for predicting susceptibility to CDI.
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104
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Hazleton KZ, Martin CG, Orlicky DJ, Arnolds KL, Nusbacher NM, Moreno-Huizar N, Armstrong M, Reisdorph N, Lozupone CA. Dietary fat promotes antibiotic-induced Clostridioides difficile mortality in mice. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2022; 8:15. [PMID: 35365681 PMCID: PMC8975876 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-022-00276-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is the leading cause of hospital-acquired diarrhea, and emerging evidence has linked dietary components with CDI pathogenesis, suggesting that dietary modulation may be an effective strategy for prevention. Here, we show that mice fed a high-fat/low-fiber “Western-type” diet (WD) had dramatically increased mortality in a murine model of antibiotic-induced CDI compared to a low-fat/low-fiber (LF/LF) diet and standard mouse chow controls. We found that the WD had a pro- C. difficile bile acid composition that was driven in part by higher levels of primary bile acids that are produced to digest fat, and a lower level of secondary bile acids that are produced by the gut microbiome. This lack of secondary bile acids was associated with a greater disturbance to the gut microbiome with antibiotics in both the WD and LF/LF diet compared to mouse chow. Mice fed the WD also had the highest level of toxin TcdA just prior to the onset of mortality, but not of TcdB or increased inflammation. These findings indicate that dietary intervention to decrease fat may complement previously proposed dietary intervention strategies to prevent CDI in high-risk individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith Z Hazleton
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition. University of Colorado, Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.,Digestive Health Institute, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85719, USA
| | - Casey G Martin
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado, Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - David J Orlicky
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado, Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Kathleen L Arnolds
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado, Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Nichole M Nusbacher
- Department of Medicine, Division of Biomedical Informatics and Personalized Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Nancy Moreno-Huizar
- Department of Medicine, Division of Biomedical Informatics and Personalized Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Michael Armstrong
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Nichole Reisdorph
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Catherine A Lozupone
- Department of Medicine, Division of Biomedical Informatics and Personalized Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
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105
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An Y, Duan Y, Dai H, Wang C, Shi L, He C, Lv Y, Li H, Dai S, Zhao B. Correlation analysis of intestinal flora and pathological process of type 2 diabetes mellitus. JOURNAL OF TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICAL SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcms.2022.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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106
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Leaky Gum: The Revisited Origin of Systemic Diseases. Cells 2022; 11:cells11071079. [PMID: 35406643 PMCID: PMC8997512 DOI: 10.3390/cells11071079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The oral cavity is the gateway for microorganisms into your body where they disseminate not only to the directly connected respiratory and digestive tracts but also to the many remote organs. Oral microbiota, travelling to the end of the intestine and circulating in our bodies through blood vessels, not only affect a gut microbiome profile but also lead to many systemic diseases. By gathering information accumulated from the era of focal infection theory to the age of revolution in microbiome research, we propose a pivotal role of “leaky gum”, as an analogy of “leaky gut”, to underscore the importance of the oral cavity in systemic health. The oral cavity has unique structures, the gingival sulcus (GS) and the junctional epithelium (JE) below the GS, which are rarely found anywhere else in our body. The JE is attached to the tooth enamel and cementum by hemidesmosome (HD), which is structurally weaker than desmosome and is, thus, vulnerable to microbial infiltration. In the GS, microbial biofilms can build up for life, unlike the biofilms on the skin and intestinal mucosa that fall off by the natural process. Thus, we emphasize that the GS and the JE are the weakest leaky point for microbes to invade the human body, making the leaky gum just as important as, or even more important than, the leaky gut.
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107
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Łukawska A, Mulak A. Impact of Primary and Secondary Bile Acids on Clostridioides difficile Infection. Pol J Microbiol 2022; 71:11-18. [PMID: 35635171 PMCID: PMC9152914 DOI: 10.33073/pjm-2022-007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary bile acids (BAs), synthesized from cholesterol in the liver, after their secretion with bile into the intestinal lumen, are transformed by gut microbiota to secondary BAs. As natural detergents, BAs play a key role in the digestion and absorption of lipids and liposoluble vitamins. However, they have also been recognized as important signaling molecules involved in numerous metabolic processes. The close bidirectional interactions between BAs and gut microbiota occur since BAs influence microbiota composition, whereas microbiota determines BA metabolism. In particular, it is well established that BAs modulate Clostridioides difficile life cycle in vivo. C. difficile is a cause of common nosocomial infections that have become a growing concern. The aim of this review is to summarize the current knowledge regarding the impact of BAs on the pathogenesis, prevention, and treatment of C. difficile infection. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Łukawska
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology , Wroclaw Medical University , Wroclaw , Poland
| | - Agata Mulak
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology , Wroclaw Medical University , Wroclaw , Poland
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108
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Ornelas A, Dowdell AS, Lee JS, Colgan SP. Microbial Metabolite Regulation of Epithelial Cell-Cell Interactions and Barrier Function. Cells 2022; 11:cells11060944. [PMID: 35326394 PMCID: PMC8946845 DOI: 10.3390/cells11060944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cells that line tissues such as the intestine serve as the primary barrier to the outside world. Epithelia provide selective permeability in the presence of a large constellation of microbes, termed the microbiota. Recent studies have revealed that the symbiotic relationship between the healthy host and the microbiota includes the regulation of cell–cell interactions at the level of epithelial tight junctions. The most recent findings have identified multiple microbial-derived metabolites that influence intracellular signaling pathways which elicit activities at the epithelial apical junction complex. Here, we review recent findings that place microbiota-derived metabolites as primary regulators of epithelial cell–cell interactions and ultimately mucosal permeability in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Ornelas
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12700 E. 19th Ave, Mailstop B146, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (A.O.); (A.S.D.); (J.S.L.)
| | - Alexander S. Dowdell
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12700 E. 19th Ave, Mailstop B146, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (A.O.); (A.S.D.); (J.S.L.)
| | - J. Scott Lee
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12700 E. 19th Ave, Mailstop B146, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (A.O.); (A.S.D.); (J.S.L.)
| | - Sean P. Colgan
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12700 E. 19th Ave, Mailstop B146, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (A.O.); (A.S.D.); (J.S.L.)
- Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 1700 N. Wheeling St., Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Correspondence:
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109
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Sim CK, Kashaf SS, Stacy A, Proctor DM, Almeida A, Bouladoux N, Chen M, Finn RD, Belkaid Y, Conlan S, Segre JA. A mouse model of occult intestinal colonization demonstrating antibiotic-induced outgrowth of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. MICROBIOME 2022; 10:43. [PMID: 35272717 PMCID: PMC8908617 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-021-01207-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The human intestinal microbiome is a complex community that contributes to host health and disease. In addition to normal microbiota, pathogens like carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae may be asymptomatically present. When these bacteria are present at very low levels, they are often undetectable in hospital surveillance cultures, known as occult or subclinical colonization. Through the receipt of antibiotics, these subclinical pathogens can increase to sufficiently high levels to become detectable, in a process called outgrowth. However, little is known about the interaction between gut microbiota and Enterobacteriaceae during occult colonization and outgrowth. RESULTS We developed a clinically relevant mouse model for studying occult colonization. Conventional wild-type mice without antibiotic pre-treatment were exposed to Klebsiella pneumoniae but rapidly tested negative for colonization. This occult colonization was found to perturb the microbiome as detected by both 16S rRNA amplicon and shotgun metagenomic sequencing. Outgrowth of occult K. pneumoniae was induced either by a four-antibiotic cocktail or by individual receipt of ampicillin, vancomycin, or azithromycin, which all reduced overall microbial diversity. Notably, vancomycin was shown to trigger K. pneumoniae outgrowth in only a subset of exposed animals (outgrowth-susceptible). To identify factors that underlie outgrowth susceptibility, we analyzed microbiome-encoded gene functions and were able to classify outgrowth-susceptible microbiomes using pathways associated with mRNA stability. Lastly, an evolutionary approach illuminated the importance of xylose metabolism in K. pneumoniae colonization, supporting xylose abundance as a second susceptibility indicator. We showed that our model is generalizable to other pathogens, including carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli and Enterobacter cloacae. CONCLUSIONS Our modeling of occult colonization and outgrowth could help the development of strategies to mitigate the risk of subsequent infection and transmission in medical facilities and the wider community. This study suggests that microbiota mRNA and small-molecule metabolites may be used to predict outgrowth-susceptibility. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choon K Sim
- Microbial Genomics Section, Translational and Functional Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Present address: Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sara Saheb Kashaf
- Microbial Genomics Section, Translational and Functional Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - Apollo Stacy
- Metaorganism Immunity Section, Laboratory of Host Immunity and Microbiome, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- NIAID Microbiome Program, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Postdoctoral Research Associate Training Program, National Institute of General Medical Sciences, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Diana M Proctor
- Microbial Genomics Section, Translational and Functional Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Alexandre Almeida
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - Nicolas Bouladoux
- Metaorganism Immunity Section, Laboratory of Host Immunity and Microbiome, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- NIAID Microbiome Program, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Mark Chen
- Microbial Genomics Section, Translational and Functional Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Robert D Finn
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - Yasmine Belkaid
- Metaorganism Immunity Section, Laboratory of Host Immunity and Microbiome, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- NIAID Microbiome Program, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Sean Conlan
- Microbial Genomics Section, Translational and Functional Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Julia A Segre
- Microbial Genomics Section, Translational and Functional Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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110
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Marfil-Sánchez A, Zhang L, Alonso-Pernas P, Mirhakkak M, Mueller M, Seelbinder B, Ni Y, Santhanam R, Busch A, Beemelmanns C, Ermolaeva M, Bauer M, Panagiotou G. An integrative understanding of the large metabolic shifts induced by antibiotics in critical illness. Gut Microbes 2022; 13:1993598. [PMID: 34793277 PMCID: PMC8604395 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2021.1993598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics are commonly used in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU); however, several studies showed that the impact of antibiotics to prevent infection, multi-organ failure, and death in the ICU is less clear than their benefit on course of infection in the absence of organ dysfunction. We characterized here the compositional and metabolic changes of the gut microbiome induced by critical illness and antibiotics in a cohort of 75 individuals in conjunction with 2,180 gut microbiome samples representing 16 different diseases. We revealed an "infection-vulnerable" gut microbiome environment present only in critically ill treated with antibiotics (ICU+). Feeding of Caenorhabditis elegans with Bifidobacterium animalis and Lactobacillus crispatus, species that expanded in ICU+ patients, revealed a significant negative impact of these microbes on host viability and developmental homeostasis. These results suggest that antibiotic administration can dramatically impact essential functional activities in the gut related to immune responses more than critical illness itself, which might explain in part untoward effects of antibiotics in the critically ill.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Marfil-Sánchez
- Systems Biology and Bioinformatics Unit, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology – Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Lu Zhang
- Systems Biology and Bioinformatics Unit, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology – Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Mohammad Mirhakkak
- Systems Biology and Bioinformatics Unit, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology – Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Melinda Mueller
- Leibniz Institute on Aging – Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Bastian Seelbinder
- Systems Biology and Bioinformatics Unit, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology – Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Yueqiong Ni
- Systems Biology and Bioinformatics Unit, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology – Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Rakesh Santhanam
- Systems Biology and Bioinformatics Unit, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology – Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Anne Busch
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Christine Beemelmanns
- Chemical Biology of Microbe-Host Interactions, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology – Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Maria Ermolaeva
- Leibniz Institute on Aging – Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany,Maria Ermolaeva Stress Tolerance and Homeostasis, Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute, Beutenbergstraße 11, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Michael Bauer
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany,Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany,Michael Bauer Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Gianni Panagiotou
- Systems Biology and Bioinformatics Unit, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology – Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany,Department of Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China,Lead Contact,CONTACT Gianni Panagiotou Systems Biology and Bioinformatics Unit, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology – Hans Knöll Institute, Beutenbergstraße 11A, Jena07745, Germany
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111
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Heavey MK, Durmusoglu D, Crook N, Anselmo AC. Discovery and delivery strategies for engineered live biotherapeutic products. Trends Biotechnol 2022; 40:354-369. [PMID: 34481657 PMCID: PMC8831446 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2021.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Genetically engineered microbes that secrete therapeutics, sense and respond to external environments, and/or target specific sites in the gut fall under an emergent class of therapeutics, called live biotherapeutic products (LBPs). As live organisms that require symbiotic host interactions, LBPs offer unique therapeutic opportunities, but also face distinct challenges in the gut microenvironment. In this review, we describe recent approaches (often demonstrated using traditional probiotic microorganisms) to discover LBP chassis and genetic parts utilizing omics-based methods and highlight LBP delivery strategies, with a focus on addressing physiological challenges that LBPs encounter after oral administration. Finally, we share our perspective on the opportunity to apply an integrated approach, wherein discovery and delivery strategies are utilized synergistically, towards tailoring and optimizing LBP efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mairead K. Heavey
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Deniz Durmusoglu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nathan Crook
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
| | - Aaron C. Anselmo
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA,Correspondence: (A.C. Anselmo), (N. Crook)
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112
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Gregor A, Pignitter M, Trajanoski S, Auernigg-Haselmaier S, Somoza V, König J, Duszka K. Microbial contribution to the caloric restriction-triggered regulation of the intestinal levels of glutathione transferases, taurine, and bile acid. Gut Microbes 2022; 13:1992236. [PMID: 34693866 PMCID: PMC8547879 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2021.1992236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently we showed that caloric restriction (CR) triggers an increase in the levels of free taurine, taurine-conjugated bile acids (BA), and other taurine conjugates in intestinal mucosa while decreasing glutathione (GSH) levels in wild-type male mice. In the current project, we decided to investigate whether the microbiota is involved in the response to CR by depleting gut bacteria. The antibiotics treatment diminished CR-specific increase in the levels of free taurine and its conjugates as well as upregulated expression and activity of GSH transferases (GST) in the intestinal mucosa. Further, it diminished a CR-related increase in BAs levels in the liver, plasma, and intestinal mucosa. Transplant of microbiota from CR mice to ad libitum fed mice triggered CR-like changes in MGST1 expression, levels of taurine and taurine conjugates in the mucosa of the ileum. We show for the first time, that microbiota contributes to the intestinal response to CR-triggered changes in BA, taurine, and GST levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- András Gregor
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marc Pignitter
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Slave Trajanoski
- Core Facility Computational Bioanalytics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Veronika Somoza
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria,Leibniz-Institut for Food Systems Biology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jürgen König
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kalina Duszka
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria,CONTACT Kalina Duszka Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Heber S, Barthold L, Baier J, Papatheodorou P, Fois G, Frick M, Barth H, Fischer S. Inhibition of Clostridioides difficile Toxins TcdA and TcdB by Ambroxol. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:809595. [PMID: 35058787 PMCID: PMC8764291 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.809595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridioides (C.) difficile produces the exotoxins TcdA and TcdB, which are the predominant virulence factors causing C. difficile associated disease (CDAD). TcdA and TcdB bind to target cells and are internalized via receptor-mediated endocytosis. Translocation of the toxins’ enzyme subunits from early endosomes into the cytosol depends on acidification of endosomal vesicles, which is a prerequisite for the formation of transmembrane channels. The enzyme subunits of the toxins translocate into the cytosol via these channels where they are released after auto-proteolytic cleavage. Once in the cytosol, both toxins target small GTPases of the Rho/Ras-family and inactivate them by mono-glucosylation. This in turn interferes with actin-dependent processes and ultimately leads to the breakdown of the intestinal epithelial barrier and inflammation. So far, therapeutic approaches to treat CDAD are insufficient, since conventional antibiotic therapy does not target the bacterial protein toxins, which are the causative agents for the clinical symptoms. Thus, directly targeting the exotoxins represents a promising approach for the treatment of CDAD. Lately, it was shown that ambroxol (Ax) prevents acidification of intracellular organelles. Therefore, we investigated the effect of Ax on the cytotoxic activities of TcdA and TcdB. Ax significantly reduced toxin-induced morphological changes as well as the glucosylation of Rac1 upon intoxication with TcdA and TcdB. Most surprisingly, Ax, independent of its effects on endosomal acidification, decreased the toxins’ intracellular enzyme activity, which is mediated by a catalytic glucosyltransferase domain. Considering its undoubted safety profile, Ax might be taken into account as therapeutic option in the context of CDAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Heber
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Lara Barthold
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jan Baier
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Giorgio Fois
- Institute of General Physiology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Manfred Frick
- Institute of General Physiology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Holger Barth
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Stephan Fischer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
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Feuerstadt P, Louie TJ, Lashner B, Wang EEL, Diao L, Bryant JA, Sims M, Kraft CS, Cohen SH, Berenson CS, Korman LY, Ford CB, Litcofsky KD, Lombardo MJ, Wortman JR, Wu H, Auniņš JG, McChalicher CWJ, Winkler JA, McGovern BH, Trucksis M, Henn MR, von Moltke L. SER-109, an Oral Microbiome Therapy for Recurrent Clostridioides difficile Infection. N Engl J Med 2022; 386:220-229. [PMID: 35045228 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa2106516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 101.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current therapies for recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection do not address the disrupted microbiome, which supports C. difficile spore germination into toxin-producing bacteria. SER-109 is an investigational microbiome therapeutic composed of purified Firmicutes spores for the treatment of recurrent C. difficile infection. METHODS We conducted a phase 3, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial in which patients who had had three or more episodes of C. difficile infection (inclusive of the qualifying acute episode) received SER-109 or placebo (four capsules daily for 3 days) after standard-of-care antibiotic treatment. The primary efficacy objective was to show superiority of SER-109 as compared with placebo in reducing the risk of C. difficile infection recurrence up to 8 weeks after treatment. Diagnosis by toxin testing was performed at trial entry, and randomization was stratified according to age and antibiotic agent received. Analyses of safety, microbiome engraftment, and metabolites were also performed. RESULTS Among the 281 patients screened, 182 were enrolled. The percentage of patients with recurrence of C. difficile infection was 12% in the SER-109 group and 40% in the placebo group (relative risk, 0.32; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.18 to 0.58; P<0.001 for a relative risk of <1.0; P<0.001 for a relative risk of <0.833). SER-109 led to less frequent recurrence than placebo in analyses stratified according to age stratum (relative risk, 0.24 [95% CI, 0.07 to 0.78] for patients <65 years of age and 0.36 [95% CI, 0.18 to 0.72] for those ≥65 years) and antibiotic received (relative risk, 0.41 [95% CI, 0.22 to 0.79] with vancomycin and 0.09 [95% CI, 0.01 to 0.63] with fidaxomicin). Most adverse events were mild to moderate and were gastrointestinal in nature, with similar numbers in the two groups. SER-109 dose species were detected as early as week 1 and were associated with bile-acid profiles that are known to inhibit C. difficile spore germination. CONCLUSIONS In patients with symptom resolution of C. difficile infection after treatment with standard-of-care antibiotics, oral administration of SER-109 was superior to placebo in reducing the risk of recurrent infection. The observed safety profile of SER-109 was similar to that of placebo. (Funded by Seres Therapeutics; ECOSPOR III ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT03183128.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Feuerstadt
- From Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, and PACT Gastroenterology Center, Hamden - both in Connecticut (P.F.); the University of Calgary and Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, AB, Canada (T.J.L.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (B.L.); Seres Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA (E.E.L.W., L.D., J.A.B., C.B.F., M.-J.L., K.D.L., J.R.W., H.W., J.G.A., C.W.J.M., J.A.W., B.H.M., M.T., M.R.H., L.M.); Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, Royal Oak, and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester - both in Michigan (M.S.); Emory University, Atlanta (C.S.K.); the University of California, Davis, Davis (S.H.C.); the University at Buffalo and Veterans Affairs Western New York Healthcare System - both in Buffalo (C.S.B.); and Capital Digestive Care, Washington, DC (L.Y.K.)
| | - Thomas J Louie
- From Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, and PACT Gastroenterology Center, Hamden - both in Connecticut (P.F.); the University of Calgary and Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, AB, Canada (T.J.L.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (B.L.); Seres Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA (E.E.L.W., L.D., J.A.B., C.B.F., M.-J.L., K.D.L., J.R.W., H.W., J.G.A., C.W.J.M., J.A.W., B.H.M., M.T., M.R.H., L.M.); Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, Royal Oak, and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester - both in Michigan (M.S.); Emory University, Atlanta (C.S.K.); the University of California, Davis, Davis (S.H.C.); the University at Buffalo and Veterans Affairs Western New York Healthcare System - both in Buffalo (C.S.B.); and Capital Digestive Care, Washington, DC (L.Y.K.)
| | - Bret Lashner
- From Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, and PACT Gastroenterology Center, Hamden - both in Connecticut (P.F.); the University of Calgary and Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, AB, Canada (T.J.L.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (B.L.); Seres Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA (E.E.L.W., L.D., J.A.B., C.B.F., M.-J.L., K.D.L., J.R.W., H.W., J.G.A., C.W.J.M., J.A.W., B.H.M., M.T., M.R.H., L.M.); Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, Royal Oak, and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester - both in Michigan (M.S.); Emory University, Atlanta (C.S.K.); the University of California, Davis, Davis (S.H.C.); the University at Buffalo and Veterans Affairs Western New York Healthcare System - both in Buffalo (C.S.B.); and Capital Digestive Care, Washington, DC (L.Y.K.)
| | - Elaine E L Wang
- From Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, and PACT Gastroenterology Center, Hamden - both in Connecticut (P.F.); the University of Calgary and Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, AB, Canada (T.J.L.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (B.L.); Seres Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA (E.E.L.W., L.D., J.A.B., C.B.F., M.-J.L., K.D.L., J.R.W., H.W., J.G.A., C.W.J.M., J.A.W., B.H.M., M.T., M.R.H., L.M.); Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, Royal Oak, and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester - both in Michigan (M.S.); Emory University, Atlanta (C.S.K.); the University of California, Davis, Davis (S.H.C.); the University at Buffalo and Veterans Affairs Western New York Healthcare System - both in Buffalo (C.S.B.); and Capital Digestive Care, Washington, DC (L.Y.K.)
| | - Liyang Diao
- From Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, and PACT Gastroenterology Center, Hamden - both in Connecticut (P.F.); the University of Calgary and Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, AB, Canada (T.J.L.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (B.L.); Seres Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA (E.E.L.W., L.D., J.A.B., C.B.F., M.-J.L., K.D.L., J.R.W., H.W., J.G.A., C.W.J.M., J.A.W., B.H.M., M.T., M.R.H., L.M.); Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, Royal Oak, and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester - both in Michigan (M.S.); Emory University, Atlanta (C.S.K.); the University of California, Davis, Davis (S.H.C.); the University at Buffalo and Veterans Affairs Western New York Healthcare System - both in Buffalo (C.S.B.); and Capital Digestive Care, Washington, DC (L.Y.K.)
| | - Jessica A Bryant
- From Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, and PACT Gastroenterology Center, Hamden - both in Connecticut (P.F.); the University of Calgary and Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, AB, Canada (T.J.L.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (B.L.); Seres Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA (E.E.L.W., L.D., J.A.B., C.B.F., M.-J.L., K.D.L., J.R.W., H.W., J.G.A., C.W.J.M., J.A.W., B.H.M., M.T., M.R.H., L.M.); Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, Royal Oak, and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester - both in Michigan (M.S.); Emory University, Atlanta (C.S.K.); the University of California, Davis, Davis (S.H.C.); the University at Buffalo and Veterans Affairs Western New York Healthcare System - both in Buffalo (C.S.B.); and Capital Digestive Care, Washington, DC (L.Y.K.)
| | - Matthew Sims
- From Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, and PACT Gastroenterology Center, Hamden - both in Connecticut (P.F.); the University of Calgary and Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, AB, Canada (T.J.L.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (B.L.); Seres Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA (E.E.L.W., L.D., J.A.B., C.B.F., M.-J.L., K.D.L., J.R.W., H.W., J.G.A., C.W.J.M., J.A.W., B.H.M., M.T., M.R.H., L.M.); Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, Royal Oak, and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester - both in Michigan (M.S.); Emory University, Atlanta (C.S.K.); the University of California, Davis, Davis (S.H.C.); the University at Buffalo and Veterans Affairs Western New York Healthcare System - both in Buffalo (C.S.B.); and Capital Digestive Care, Washington, DC (L.Y.K.)
| | - Colleen S Kraft
- From Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, and PACT Gastroenterology Center, Hamden - both in Connecticut (P.F.); the University of Calgary and Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, AB, Canada (T.J.L.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (B.L.); Seres Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA (E.E.L.W., L.D., J.A.B., C.B.F., M.-J.L., K.D.L., J.R.W., H.W., J.G.A., C.W.J.M., J.A.W., B.H.M., M.T., M.R.H., L.M.); Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, Royal Oak, and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester - both in Michigan (M.S.); Emory University, Atlanta (C.S.K.); the University of California, Davis, Davis (S.H.C.); the University at Buffalo and Veterans Affairs Western New York Healthcare System - both in Buffalo (C.S.B.); and Capital Digestive Care, Washington, DC (L.Y.K.)
| | - Stuart H Cohen
- From Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, and PACT Gastroenterology Center, Hamden - both in Connecticut (P.F.); the University of Calgary and Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, AB, Canada (T.J.L.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (B.L.); Seres Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA (E.E.L.W., L.D., J.A.B., C.B.F., M.-J.L., K.D.L., J.R.W., H.W., J.G.A., C.W.J.M., J.A.W., B.H.M., M.T., M.R.H., L.M.); Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, Royal Oak, and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester - both in Michigan (M.S.); Emory University, Atlanta (C.S.K.); the University of California, Davis, Davis (S.H.C.); the University at Buffalo and Veterans Affairs Western New York Healthcare System - both in Buffalo (C.S.B.); and Capital Digestive Care, Washington, DC (L.Y.K.)
| | - Charles S Berenson
- From Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, and PACT Gastroenterology Center, Hamden - both in Connecticut (P.F.); the University of Calgary and Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, AB, Canada (T.J.L.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (B.L.); Seres Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA (E.E.L.W., L.D., J.A.B., C.B.F., M.-J.L., K.D.L., J.R.W., H.W., J.G.A., C.W.J.M., J.A.W., B.H.M., M.T., M.R.H., L.M.); Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, Royal Oak, and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester - both in Michigan (M.S.); Emory University, Atlanta (C.S.K.); the University of California, Davis, Davis (S.H.C.); the University at Buffalo and Veterans Affairs Western New York Healthcare System - both in Buffalo (C.S.B.); and Capital Digestive Care, Washington, DC (L.Y.K.)
| | - Louis Y Korman
- From Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, and PACT Gastroenterology Center, Hamden - both in Connecticut (P.F.); the University of Calgary and Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, AB, Canada (T.J.L.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (B.L.); Seres Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA (E.E.L.W., L.D., J.A.B., C.B.F., M.-J.L., K.D.L., J.R.W., H.W., J.G.A., C.W.J.M., J.A.W., B.H.M., M.T., M.R.H., L.M.); Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, Royal Oak, and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester - both in Michigan (M.S.); Emory University, Atlanta (C.S.K.); the University of California, Davis, Davis (S.H.C.); the University at Buffalo and Veterans Affairs Western New York Healthcare System - both in Buffalo (C.S.B.); and Capital Digestive Care, Washington, DC (L.Y.K.)
| | - Christopher B Ford
- From Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, and PACT Gastroenterology Center, Hamden - both in Connecticut (P.F.); the University of Calgary and Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, AB, Canada (T.J.L.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (B.L.); Seres Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA (E.E.L.W., L.D., J.A.B., C.B.F., M.-J.L., K.D.L., J.R.W., H.W., J.G.A., C.W.J.M., J.A.W., B.H.M., M.T., M.R.H., L.M.); Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, Royal Oak, and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester - both in Michigan (M.S.); Emory University, Atlanta (C.S.K.); the University of California, Davis, Davis (S.H.C.); the University at Buffalo and Veterans Affairs Western New York Healthcare System - both in Buffalo (C.S.B.); and Capital Digestive Care, Washington, DC (L.Y.K.)
| | - Kevin D Litcofsky
- From Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, and PACT Gastroenterology Center, Hamden - both in Connecticut (P.F.); the University of Calgary and Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, AB, Canada (T.J.L.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (B.L.); Seres Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA (E.E.L.W., L.D., J.A.B., C.B.F., M.-J.L., K.D.L., J.R.W., H.W., J.G.A., C.W.J.M., J.A.W., B.H.M., M.T., M.R.H., L.M.); Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, Royal Oak, and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester - both in Michigan (M.S.); Emory University, Atlanta (C.S.K.); the University of California, Davis, Davis (S.H.C.); the University at Buffalo and Veterans Affairs Western New York Healthcare System - both in Buffalo (C.S.B.); and Capital Digestive Care, Washington, DC (L.Y.K.)
| | - Mary-Jane Lombardo
- From Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, and PACT Gastroenterology Center, Hamden - both in Connecticut (P.F.); the University of Calgary and Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, AB, Canada (T.J.L.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (B.L.); Seres Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA (E.E.L.W., L.D., J.A.B., C.B.F., M.-J.L., K.D.L., J.R.W., H.W., J.G.A., C.W.J.M., J.A.W., B.H.M., M.T., M.R.H., L.M.); Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, Royal Oak, and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester - both in Michigan (M.S.); Emory University, Atlanta (C.S.K.); the University of California, Davis, Davis (S.H.C.); the University at Buffalo and Veterans Affairs Western New York Healthcare System - both in Buffalo (C.S.B.); and Capital Digestive Care, Washington, DC (L.Y.K.)
| | - Jennifer R Wortman
- From Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, and PACT Gastroenterology Center, Hamden - both in Connecticut (P.F.); the University of Calgary and Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, AB, Canada (T.J.L.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (B.L.); Seres Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA (E.E.L.W., L.D., J.A.B., C.B.F., M.-J.L., K.D.L., J.R.W., H.W., J.G.A., C.W.J.M., J.A.W., B.H.M., M.T., M.R.H., L.M.); Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, Royal Oak, and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester - both in Michigan (M.S.); Emory University, Atlanta (C.S.K.); the University of California, Davis, Davis (S.H.C.); the University at Buffalo and Veterans Affairs Western New York Healthcare System - both in Buffalo (C.S.B.); and Capital Digestive Care, Washington, DC (L.Y.K.)
| | - Henry Wu
- From Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, and PACT Gastroenterology Center, Hamden - both in Connecticut (P.F.); the University of Calgary and Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, AB, Canada (T.J.L.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (B.L.); Seres Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA (E.E.L.W., L.D., J.A.B., C.B.F., M.-J.L., K.D.L., J.R.W., H.W., J.G.A., C.W.J.M., J.A.W., B.H.M., M.T., M.R.H., L.M.); Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, Royal Oak, and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester - both in Michigan (M.S.); Emory University, Atlanta (C.S.K.); the University of California, Davis, Davis (S.H.C.); the University at Buffalo and Veterans Affairs Western New York Healthcare System - both in Buffalo (C.S.B.); and Capital Digestive Care, Washington, DC (L.Y.K.)
| | - John G Auniņš
- From Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, and PACT Gastroenterology Center, Hamden - both in Connecticut (P.F.); the University of Calgary and Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, AB, Canada (T.J.L.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (B.L.); Seres Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA (E.E.L.W., L.D., J.A.B., C.B.F., M.-J.L., K.D.L., J.R.W., H.W., J.G.A., C.W.J.M., J.A.W., B.H.M., M.T., M.R.H., L.M.); Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, Royal Oak, and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester - both in Michigan (M.S.); Emory University, Atlanta (C.S.K.); the University of California, Davis, Davis (S.H.C.); the University at Buffalo and Veterans Affairs Western New York Healthcare System - both in Buffalo (C.S.B.); and Capital Digestive Care, Washington, DC (L.Y.K.)
| | - Christopher W J McChalicher
- From Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, and PACT Gastroenterology Center, Hamden - both in Connecticut (P.F.); the University of Calgary and Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, AB, Canada (T.J.L.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (B.L.); Seres Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA (E.E.L.W., L.D., J.A.B., C.B.F., M.-J.L., K.D.L., J.R.W., H.W., J.G.A., C.W.J.M., J.A.W., B.H.M., M.T., M.R.H., L.M.); Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, Royal Oak, and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester - both in Michigan (M.S.); Emory University, Atlanta (C.S.K.); the University of California, Davis, Davis (S.H.C.); the University at Buffalo and Veterans Affairs Western New York Healthcare System - both in Buffalo (C.S.B.); and Capital Digestive Care, Washington, DC (L.Y.K.)
| | - Jonathan A Winkler
- From Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, and PACT Gastroenterology Center, Hamden - both in Connecticut (P.F.); the University of Calgary and Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, AB, Canada (T.J.L.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (B.L.); Seres Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA (E.E.L.W., L.D., J.A.B., C.B.F., M.-J.L., K.D.L., J.R.W., H.W., J.G.A., C.W.J.M., J.A.W., B.H.M., M.T., M.R.H., L.M.); Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, Royal Oak, and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester - both in Michigan (M.S.); Emory University, Atlanta (C.S.K.); the University of California, Davis, Davis (S.H.C.); the University at Buffalo and Veterans Affairs Western New York Healthcare System - both in Buffalo (C.S.B.); and Capital Digestive Care, Washington, DC (L.Y.K.)
| | - Barbara H McGovern
- From Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, and PACT Gastroenterology Center, Hamden - both in Connecticut (P.F.); the University of Calgary and Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, AB, Canada (T.J.L.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (B.L.); Seres Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA (E.E.L.W., L.D., J.A.B., C.B.F., M.-J.L., K.D.L., J.R.W., H.W., J.G.A., C.W.J.M., J.A.W., B.H.M., M.T., M.R.H., L.M.); Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, Royal Oak, and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester - both in Michigan (M.S.); Emory University, Atlanta (C.S.K.); the University of California, Davis, Davis (S.H.C.); the University at Buffalo and Veterans Affairs Western New York Healthcare System - both in Buffalo (C.S.B.); and Capital Digestive Care, Washington, DC (L.Y.K.)
| | - Michele Trucksis
- From Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, and PACT Gastroenterology Center, Hamden - both in Connecticut (P.F.); the University of Calgary and Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, AB, Canada (T.J.L.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (B.L.); Seres Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA (E.E.L.W., L.D., J.A.B., C.B.F., M.-J.L., K.D.L., J.R.W., H.W., J.G.A., C.W.J.M., J.A.W., B.H.M., M.T., M.R.H., L.M.); Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, Royal Oak, and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester - both in Michigan (M.S.); Emory University, Atlanta (C.S.K.); the University of California, Davis, Davis (S.H.C.); the University at Buffalo and Veterans Affairs Western New York Healthcare System - both in Buffalo (C.S.B.); and Capital Digestive Care, Washington, DC (L.Y.K.)
| | - Matthew R Henn
- From Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, and PACT Gastroenterology Center, Hamden - both in Connecticut (P.F.); the University of Calgary and Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, AB, Canada (T.J.L.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (B.L.); Seres Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA (E.E.L.W., L.D., J.A.B., C.B.F., M.-J.L., K.D.L., J.R.W., H.W., J.G.A., C.W.J.M., J.A.W., B.H.M., M.T., M.R.H., L.M.); Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, Royal Oak, and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester - both in Michigan (M.S.); Emory University, Atlanta (C.S.K.); the University of California, Davis, Davis (S.H.C.); the University at Buffalo and Veterans Affairs Western New York Healthcare System - both in Buffalo (C.S.B.); and Capital Digestive Care, Washington, DC (L.Y.K.)
| | - Lisa von Moltke
- From Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, and PACT Gastroenterology Center, Hamden - both in Connecticut (P.F.); the University of Calgary and Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, AB, Canada (T.J.L.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (B.L.); Seres Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA (E.E.L.W., L.D., J.A.B., C.B.F., M.-J.L., K.D.L., J.R.W., H.W., J.G.A., C.W.J.M., J.A.W., B.H.M., M.T., M.R.H., L.M.); Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, Royal Oak, and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester - both in Michigan (M.S.); Emory University, Atlanta (C.S.K.); the University of California, Davis, Davis (S.H.C.); the University at Buffalo and Veterans Affairs Western New York Healthcare System - both in Buffalo (C.S.B.); and Capital Digestive Care, Washington, DC (L.Y.K.)
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Vasilescu IM, Chifiriuc MC, Pircalabioru GG, Filip R, Bolocan A, Lazăr V, Diţu LM, Bleotu C. Gut Dysbiosis and Clostridioides difficile Infection in Neonates and Adults. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:651081. [PMID: 35126320 PMCID: PMC8810811 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.651081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we focus on gut microbiota profiles in infants and adults colonized (CDC) or infected (CDI) with Clostridioides difficile. After a short update on CDI epidemiology and pathology, we present the gut dysbiosis profiles associated with CDI in adults and infants, as well as the role of dysbiosis in C. difficile spores germination and multiplication. Both molecular and culturomic studies agree on a significant decrease of gut microbiota diversity and resilience in CDI, depletion of Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria phyla and a high abundance of Proteobacteria, associated with low butyrogenic and high lactic acid-bacteria levels. In symptomatic cases, microbiota deviations are associated with high levels of inflammatory markers, such as calprotectin. In infants, colonization with Bifidobacteria that trigger a local anti-inflammatory response and abundance of Ruminococcus, together with lack of receptors for clostridial toxins and immunological factors (e.g., C. difficile toxins neutralizing antibodies) might explain the lack of clinical symptoms. Gut dysbiosis amelioration through administration of “biotics” or non-toxigenic C. difficile preparations and fecal microbiota transplantation proved to be very useful for the management of CDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iulia-Magdalena Vasilescu
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
- INBI “Prof. Dr. Matei Balş” – National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mariana-Carmen Chifiriuc
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
- Research Institute of the University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, Bucharest, Romania
- The Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
- *Correspondence: Mariana-Carmen Chifiriuc,
| | | | - Roxana Filip
- Faculty of Medicine and Biological Sciences, Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, Suceava, Romania
- Regional County Emergency Hospital, Suceava, Romania
| | - Alexandra Bolocan
- Department of General Surgery, University Emergency Hospital, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Veronica Lazăr
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Lia-Mara Diţu
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Coralia Bleotu
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
- Research Institute of the University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
- Ştefan S. Nicolau Institute of Virology, Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
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116
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Brauer M, Herrmann J, Zühlke D, Müller R, Riedel K, Sievers S. Myxopyronin B inhibits growth of a Fidaxomicin-resistant Clostridioides difficile isolate and interferes with toxin synthesis. Gut Pathog 2022; 14:4. [PMID: 34991700 PMCID: PMC8739712 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-021-00475-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The anaerobic, gastrointestinal pathogen Clostridioides difficile can cause severe forms of enterocolitis which is mainly mediated by the toxins it produces. The RNA polymerase inhibitor Fidaxomicin is the current gold standard for the therapy of C. difficile infections due to several beneficial features including its ability to suppress toxin synthesis in C. difficile. In contrast to the Rifamycins, Fidaxomicin binds to the RNA polymerase switch region, which is also the binding site for Myxopyronin B. Here, serial broth dilution assays were performed to test the susceptibility of C. difficile and other anaerobes to Myxopyronin B, proving that the natural product is considerably active against C. difficile and that there is no cross-resistance between Fidaxomicin and Myxopyronin B in a Fidaxomicin-resistant C. difficile strain. Moreover, mass spectrometry analysis indicated that Myxopyronin B is able to suppress early phase toxin synthesis in C. difficile to the same degree as Fidaxomicin. Conclusively, Myxopyronin B is proposed as a new lead structure for the design of novel antibiotics for the therapy of C. difficile infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madita Brauer
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jennifer Herrmann
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS)-Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI) and Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Daniela Zühlke
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Rolf Müller
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS)-Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI) and Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Katharina Riedel
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Susanne Sievers
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
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117
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Hashimoto-Hill S, Colapietro L, Woo V, Antonacci S, Whitt J, Engleman L, Alenghat T. Dietary phytate primes epithelial antibacterial immunity in the intestine. Front Immunol 2022; 13:952994. [PMID: 36341403 PMCID: PMC9627201 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.952994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although diet has long been associated with susceptibility to infection, the dietary components that regulate host defense remain poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that consuming rice bran decreases susceptibility to intestinal infection with Citrobacter rodentium, a murine pathogen that is similar to enteropathogenic E. coli infection in humans. Rice bran naturally contains high levels of the substance phytate. Interestingly, phytate supplementation also protected against intestinal infection, and enzymatic metabolism of phytate by commensal bacteria was necessary for phytate-induced host defense. Mechanistically, phytate consumption induced mammalian intestinal epithelial expression of STAT3-regulated antimicrobial pathways and increased phosphorylated STAT3, suggesting that dietary phytate promotes innate defense through epithelial STAT3 activation. Further, phytate regulation of epithelial STAT3 was mediated by the microbiota-sensitive enzyme histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3). Collectively, these data demonstrate that metabolism of dietary phytate by microbiota decreases intestinal infection and suggests that consuming bran and other phytate-enriched foods may represent an effective dietary strategy for priming host immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seika Hashimoto-Hill
- Division of Immunobiology, and Center for Inflammation and Tolerance, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Luisa Colapietro
- Division of Immunobiology, and Center for Inflammation and Tolerance, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Vivienne Woo
- Division of Immunobiology, and Center for Inflammation and Tolerance, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Simona Antonacci
- Division of Immunobiology, and Center for Inflammation and Tolerance, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Jordan Whitt
- Division of Immunobiology, and Center for Inflammation and Tolerance, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Laura Engleman
- Division of Immunobiology, and Center for Inflammation and Tolerance, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Theresa Alenghat
- Division of Immunobiology, and Center for Inflammation and Tolerance, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
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118
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Lyu S, Pan F, Ge H, Yang Q, Duan X, Feng M, Liu X, Zhang T, Liu J. Fermented egg-milk beverage alleviates dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in mice through the modulation of intestinal flora and short-chain fatty acids. Food Funct 2021; 13:702-715. [PMID: 34935826 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo03040j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Fermented egg-milk beverage (FEMB) can alleviate the symptoms of intestinal diseases by regulating intestinal flora and supplying nutrition. This study investigated the protective effect of FEMB on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced ulcerative colitis (UC) in mice. The results showed that FEMB relieved the UC mice's pathological abnormalities and colonic inflammation, and restructured the intestinal flora composition simultaneously. After FEMB treatment for 14 days, the body weight of the mice rose and the disease activity index (DAI) value decreased. Furthermore, the length and form of colons in the UC mice were notably restored. Inflammatory cells decreased or disappeared, and goblet cells and crypt were enriched and modified. 16S rRNA gene sequencing results demonstrated that FEMB treatment could increase the abundance of beneficial bacteria in the cecum content of mice, including unclassified_f_Lachnospiraceae and Lactobacillus. Moreover, probiotics that can increase the content of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) may contribute to inflammation alleviation. An increase in amino acids was observed in our experiment, which may benefit nutritional supplements. In conclusion, FEMB treatment can alleviate the damage of DSS-induced colitis in Balb/c mice. This study provides a theoretical basis for both the relief of inflammation and the application of FEMB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siwen Lyu
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Functional Food and College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, People's Republic of China. .,College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, People's Republic of China.
| | - Fengguang Pan
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Functional Food and College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, People's Republic of China. .,College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, People's Republic of China.
| | - Huifang Ge
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Functional Food and College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, People's Republic of China. .,College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qi Yang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Functional Food and College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, People's Republic of China. .,College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xuehui Duan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, People's Republic of China.
| | - Mengmeng Feng
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Functional Food and College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, People's Republic of China. .,College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xuanting Liu
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Functional Food and College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, People's Republic of China. .,College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ting Zhang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Functional Food and College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, People's Republic of China. .,College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jingbo Liu
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Functional Food and College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, People's Republic of China. .,College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, People's Republic of China.
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119
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Wurster JI, Peterson RL, Brown CE, Penumutchu S, Guzior DV, Neugebauer K, Sano WH, Sebastian MM, Quinn RA, Belenky P. Streptozotocin-induced hyperglycemia alters the cecal metabolome and exacerbates antibiotic-induced dysbiosis. Cell Rep 2021; 37:110113. [PMID: 34910917 PMCID: PMC8722030 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well established in the microbiome field that antibiotic (ATB) use and metabolic disease both impact the structure and function of the gut microbiome. But how host and microbial metabolism interacts with ATB susceptibility to affect the resulting dysbiosis remains poorly understood. In a streptozotocin-induced model of hyperglycemia (HG), we use a combined metagenomic, metatranscriptomic, and metabolomic approach to profile changes in microbiome taxonomic composition, transcriptional activity, and metabolite abundance both pre- and post-ATB challenge. We find that HG impacts both microbiome structure and metabolism, ultimately increasing susceptibility to amoxicillin. HG exacerbates drug-induced dysbiosis and increases both phosphotransferase system activity and energy catabolism compared to controls. Finally, HG and ATB co-treatment increases pathogen susceptibility and reduces survival in a Salmonella enterica infection model. Our data demonstrate that induced HG is sufficient to modify the cecal metabolite pool, worsen the severity of ATB dysbiosis, and decrease colonization resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna I Wurster
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02906, USA
| | - Rachel L Peterson
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02906, USA
| | - Claire E Brown
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02906, USA
| | - Swathi Penumutchu
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02906, USA
| | - Douglas V Guzior
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Kerri Neugebauer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - William H Sano
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Manu M Sebastian
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, Division of Basic Science Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, TX 78957, USA
| | - Robert A Quinn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Peter Belenky
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02906, USA.
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120
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Effect of Nutrition on Age-Related Metabolic Markers and the Gut Microbiota in Cats. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9122430. [PMID: 34946032 PMCID: PMC8706506 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9122430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related changes in the gut microbiota and metabolites are associated with the increased risk of detrimental conditions also seen with age. This study evaluated whether a test food with potential anti-aging benefits results in favorable changes in plasma and fecal metabolites and the fecal microbiota in senior cats. Forty healthy domestic cats aged 8.3–13.5 years were fed a washout food for 30 days, then control or test food for 30 days. After another 30-day washout, cats were switched to the other study food for 30 days. Assessment of plasma and fecal metabolites showed lower levels of metabolites associated with detrimental processes (e.g., uremic toxins) and higher levels of metabolites associated with beneficial processes (e.g., tocopherols) after cats consumed the test food compared with the control food. A shift toward proteolysis with the control food is supported by higher levels of amino acid metabolites and lower levels of carbohydrate metabolites. Operational taxonomic units of greater abundance with the test food positively correlated with carbohydrate and nicotinic acid metabolites, and negatively correlated with uremic toxins, amino acid metabolism, secondary bile salts, and branched-chain fatty acids. Taken together, the test food appears to result in greater levels of metabolites and microbiota associated with a healthier state.
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121
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Florfenicol Enhances Colonization of a Salmonella enterica Serovar Enteritidis floR Mutant with Major Alterations to the Intestinal Microbiota and Metabolome in Neonatal Chickens. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 87:e0168121. [PMID: 34613752 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01681-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Florfenicol is an important antibiotic commonly used in poultry production to prevent and treat Salmonella infection. However, oral administration of florfenicol may alter the animals' natural microbiota and metabolome, thereby reducing intestinal colonization resistance and increasing susceptibility to Salmonella infection. In this study, we determined the effect of florfenicol (30 mg/kg of body weight) on gut colonization of neonatal chickens challenged with Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Enteritidis. We then analyzed the microbial community structure and metabolic profiles of cecal contents using microbial 16S amplicon sequencing and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) untargeted metabolomics, respectively. We also screened the marker metabolites using a multi-omics technique and assessed the effect of these markers on intestinal colonization by S. Enteritidis. Florfenicol administration significantly increased the loads of S. Enteritidis in cecal contents, spleen, and liver and prolonged the residence of S. Enteritidis. Moreover, florfenicol significantly affected cecal colony structures, with reduced abundances of Lactobacillus and Bacteroidetes and increased levels of Clostridia, Clostridium, and Dorea. The metabolome was greatly influenced by florfenicol administration, and perturbation in metabolic pathways related to linoleic acid metabolism (linoleic acid, conjugated linoleic acid [CLA], 12,13-EpOME, and 12,13-diHOME) was most prominently detected. We screened CLA and 12,13-diHOME as marker metabolites, which were highly associated with Lactobacillus, Clostridium, and Dorea. Supplementation with CLA maintained intestinal integrity, reduced intestinal inflammation, and accelerated Salmonella clearance from the gut and remission of enteropathy, whereas treatment with 12,13-diHOME promoted intestinal inflammation and disrupted intestinal barrier function to sustain Salmonella infection. Thus, these results highlight that florfenicol alters the intestinal microbiota and metabolism of neonatal chickens and promotes Salmonella infection mainly by affecting linoleic acid metabolism. IMPORTANCE Florfenicol is a broad-spectrum fluorine derivative of chloramphenicol frequently used in poultry to prevent/treat Salmonella. However, oral administration of florfenicol may lead to alterations in the microbiota and metabolome in the chicken intestine, thereby reducing colonization resistance to Salmonella infection, and the possible mechanisms linking antibiotics and Salmonella colonization in poultry have not yet been fully elucidated. In the current study, we show that increased colonization by S. Enteritidis in chickens administered florfenicol is associated with large shifts in the gut microbiota and metabolic profiles. The most influential linoleic acid metabolism is highly associated with the abundances of Lactobacillus, Clostridium, and Dorea in the intestine. The screened target metabolites in linoleic acid metabolism affect S. Enteritidis colonization, intestinal inflammation, and intestinal barrier function. Our findings provide a better understanding of the susceptibility of animal species to Salmonella after antibiotic intervention, which may help to elucidate infection mechanisms that are important for both animal and human health.
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122
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History of Cholecystectomy and Risk of Clostridium Difficile Infection. Dig Dis Sci 2021; 66:4001-4007. [PMID: 33237387 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-020-06714-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cholecystectomy affects bile acid physiology. There is growing evidence that both primary and secondary bile acids play a role in the pathogenesis of Clostridium difficile infections (CDIs). AIMS The aim of this study is to elucidate the relationship and risk of CDI in patients with cholecystectomy. METHODS We performed a matched cohort study of patients in an integrated healthcare system in Northern California from January 2000 to December 2018. Patients with cholecystectomy (cases, n = 12,617) identified based on Current Procedure Terminology codes were age- and sex-matched to patients without cholecystectomy (controls, n = 37,851). We excluded those with history of CDI at baseline and calculated the hazard ratio (HR) for development of CDI after adjusting for confounders. RESULTS We found total of 351 incident CDI during average of 4.66 years of follow-up among cases and controls. In multivariate analysis, cholecystectomy was associated with elevated risk of CDI (HR 1.53, 95% confidence interval 1.14-2.04) compared with controls. Stratified analysis shows this effect does not differ according use of proton pump inhibitors (Pinteraction = 0.142), antibiotics (Pinteraction = 0.387), and hospitalization (Pinteraction = 0.252). CONCLUSIONS Cholecystectomy is associated with mild increased risk of incident CDI, but this effect is not influenced by use of proton pump inhibitors, antibiotics, or hospitalization. Future prospective studies should be conducted to validate these findings and evaluate bile acid changes after a cholecystectomy.
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123
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Aguirre AM, Yalcinkaya N, Wu Q, Swennes A, Tessier ME, Roberts P, Miyajima F, Savidge T, Sorg JA. Bile acid-independent protection against Clostridioides difficile infection. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1010015. [PMID: 34665847 PMCID: PMC8555850 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile infections occur upon ecological / metabolic disruptions to the normal colonic microbiota, commonly due to broad-spectrum antibiotic use. Metabolism of bile acids through a 7α-dehydroxylation pathway found in select members of the healthy microbiota is regarded to be the protective mechanism by which C. difficile is excluded. These 7α-dehydroxylated secondary bile acids are highly toxic to C. difficile vegetative growth, and antibiotic treatment abolishes the bacteria that perform this metabolism. However, the data that supports the hypothesis that secondary bile acids protect against C. difficile infection is supported only by in vitro data and correlative studies. Here we show that bacteria that 7α-dehydroxylate primary bile acids protect against C. difficile infection in a bile acid-independent manner. We monoassociated germ-free, wildtype or Cyp8b1-/- (cholic acid-deficient) mutant mice and infected them with C. difficile spores. We show that 7α-dehydroxylation (i.e., secondary bile acid generation) is dispensable for protection against C. difficile infection and provide evidence that Stickland metabolism by these organisms consumes nutrients essential for C. difficile growth. Our findings indicate secondary bile acid production by the microbiome is a useful biomarker for a C. difficile-resistant environment but the microbiome protects against C. difficile infection in bile acid-independent mechanisms. Secondary bile acid production by the colonic microbiome strongly correlates with an environment that is resistant to C. difficile invasion. However, it remained unclear if these bile acids provided in vivo protection. Here, we show that members of the microbiome that generate secondary bile acids (e.g., C. scindens) protect against C. difficile disease independently of secondary bile acid generation. These results are important because efforts to restore colonization resistance (e.g., FMT or precision bacterial therapy) focus on restoring secondary bile acid generation. Instead, restoring the organisms that produce 5-aminovalerate or consume proline / glycine are more important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Martinez Aguirre
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Nazli Yalcinkaya
- Baylor College of Medicine & Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Qinglong Wu
- Baylor College of Medicine & Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Alton Swennes
- Baylor College of Medicine & Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Mary Elizabeth Tessier
- Baylor College of Medicine & Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Paul Roberts
- Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen University Hospitals NHS Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Fabio Miyajima
- Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen University Hospitals NHS Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Ceara branch, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Tor Savidge
- Baylor College of Medicine & Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Joseph A. Sorg
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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124
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Clostridioides difficile SpoVAD and SpoVAE Interact and Are Required for Dipicolinic Acid Uptake into Spores. J Bacteriol 2021; 203:e0039421. [PMID: 34424035 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00394-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile spores, like the spores from most endospore-forming organisms, are a metabolically dormant stage of development with a complex structure that conveys considerable resistance to environmental conditions, e.g., wet heat. This resistance is due to the large amount of dipicolinic acid (DPA) that is taken up by the spore core, preventing rotational motion of the core proteins. DPA is synthesized by the mother cell, and its packaging into the spore core is mediated by the products of the spoVA operon, which has a variable number of genes, depending on the organism. C. difficile encodes 3 spoVA orthologues, spoVAC, spoVAD, and spoVAE. Prior work has shown that C. difficile SpoVAC is a mechanosensing protein responsible for DPA release from the spore core upon the initiation of germination. However, the roles of SpoVAD and SpoVAE remain unclear in C. difficile. In this study, we analyzed the roles of SpoVAD and SpoVAE and found that they are essential for DPA uptake into the spore, similar to SpoVAC. Using split luciferase protein interaction assays, we found that these proteins interact, and we propose a model where SpoVAC/SpoVAD/SpoVAE proteins interact at or near the inner spore membrane, and each member of the complex is essential for DPA uptake into the spore core. IMPORTANCE C. difficile spore heat resistance provides an avenue for it to survive the disinfection protocols in hospital and community settings. The spore heat resistance is mainly the consequence of the high DPA content within the spore core. By elucidating the mechanism by which DPA is taken up by the spore core, this study may provide insight into how to disrupt the spore heat resistance with the aim of making the current disinfection protocols more efficient at preventing the spread of C. difficile in the environment.
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125
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Wexler AG, Guiberson ER, Beavers WN, Shupe JA, Washington MK, Lacy DB, Caprioli RM, Spraggins JM, Skaar EP. Clostridioides difficile infection induces a rapid influx of bile acids into the gut during colonization of the host. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109683. [PMID: 34496241 PMCID: PMC8445666 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile is the leading cause of nosocomial intestinal infections in the United States. Ingested C. difficile spores encounter host bile acids and other cues that are necessary for germinating into toxin-producing vegetative cells. While gut microbiota disruption (often by antibiotics) is a prerequisite for C. difficile infection (CDI), the mechanisms C. difficile employs for colonization remain unclear. Here, we pioneered the application of imaging mass spectrometry to study how enteric infection changes gut metabolites. We find that CDI induces an influx of bile acids into the gut within 24 h of the host ingesting spores. In response, the host reduces bile acid biosynthesis gene expression. These bile acids drive C. difficile outgrowth, as mice receiving the bile acid sequestrant cholestyramine display delayed colonization and reduced germination. Our findings indicate that C. difficile may facilitate germination upon infection and suggest that altering flux through bile acid pathways can modulate C. difficile outgrowth in CDI-prone patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron G Wexler
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Emma R Guiberson
- Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - William N Beavers
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - John A Shupe
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - M Kay Washington
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - D Borden Lacy
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; The Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Richard M Caprioli
- Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Spraggins
- Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Eric P Skaar
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
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Li XX, Chen SG, Yue GGL, Kwok HF, Lee JKM, Zheng T, Shaw PC, Simmonds MSJ, Lau CBS. Natural flavone tricin exerted anti-inflammatory activity in macrophage via NF-κB pathway and ameliorated acute colitis in mice. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 90:153625. [PMID: 34256329 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ulcerative colitis is a subtype of inflammatory bowel disease, characterized by relapsing inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract with limited treatment options. Previous studies suggested that the natural compound tricin, a flavone isolated from rice bran, could suppress chemically-induced colitis in mice, while our recent study also demonstrated the anti-metastatic effect of tricin in colon tumor-bearing mice. HYPOTHESIS/PURPOSE Here we further investigated the underlying mechanism of the inhibitory effects of tricin on lipopolysaccharides-activated macrophage RAW264.7 cells and explored the efficacy of tricin in acute colitis mouse model induced by 4.5% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) for 7 days. METHODS Tricin (75, 100, and 150 mg/kg) or the positive control drug sulfasalazine (200 mg/kg) were orally administered to mice for 7 days. Stool consistency scores, stool blood scores, and body weight were recorded daily. Disease activity index (DAI) was examined on day 7, and colon tissues were collected for biochemical analyses. The fecal microbiome of colitis mice after tricin treatment was characterized for the first time in this study using 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing. RESULTS Results showed that tricin (50 µM) remarkably reduced nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharides-activated RAW264.7 cells and the anti-inflammatory activity of tricin was shown to act through the NF-κB pathway. Besides, tricin treatment at 150 mg/kg significantly reversed colon length reduction, reduced myeloperoxidase activities and DAI scores, as well as restored the elevated myeloid-derived suppressive cells population in acute colitis mice. The influence from DSS on gut microbiota, such as the increased population of Proteobacteria phylum and Ruminococcaceae family, was shown to be relieved after tricin treatment. CONCLUSION Our present study firstly demonstrated that tricin ameliorated acute colitis by improving colonic inflammation and modulating gut microbiota profile, which supports the potential therapeutic use of tricin for colitis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xiao Li
- Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin R&D Centre for Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Sin-Guang Chen
- Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin R&D Centre for Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Grace Gar-Lee Yue
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong; State Key Laboratory of Research on Bioactivities and Clinical Applications of Medicinal Plants (CUHK), The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Hin-Fai Kwok
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong; State Key Laboratory of Research on Bioactivities and Clinical Applications of Medicinal Plants (CUHK), The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Julia Kin-Ming Lee
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong; State Key Laboratory of Research on Bioactivities and Clinical Applications of Medicinal Plants (CUHK), The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Tao Zheng
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong; State Key Laboratory of Research on Bioactivities and Clinical Applications of Medicinal Plants (CUHK), The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Pang-Chui Shaw
- Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin R&D Centre for Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong; Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong; State Key Laboratory of Research on Bioactivities and Clinical Applications of Medicinal Plants (CUHK), The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong; School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | | | - Clara Bik-San Lau
- Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin R&D Centre for Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong; Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong; State Key Laboratory of Research on Bioactivities and Clinical Applications of Medicinal Plants (CUHK), The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong.
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Ji G, Si X, Dong S, Xu Y, Li M, Yang B, Tang Z, Fang X, Huang L, Song W, Chen X. Manipulating Liver Bile Acid Signaling by Nanodelivery of Bile Acid Receptor Modulators for Liver Cancer Immunotherapy. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:6781-6791. [PMID: 34382807 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c01360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Gut bacteria and their metabolites influence the immune microenvironment of liver through the gut-liver axis, thus representing emerging therapeutic targets for liver cancer therapy. However, directly manipulating gut microbiota or their metabolites is not practical in clinic since the safety concerns and the complicated mechanism of action. Considering the dysregulated bile acid profiles associated with liver cancer, here we propose a strategy that directly manipulates the primary and secondary bile acid receptors through nanoapproach as an alternative and more precise way for liver cancer therapy. We show that nanodelivery of bile acid receptor modulators elicited robust antitumor immune responses and significantly changed the immune microenvironment in the murine hepatic tumor. In addition, ex vivo stimulation on both murine and patient hepatic tumor tissues suggests the observation here may be meaningful for clinical practice. This study elucidates a novel and precise strategy for liver cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guofeng Ji
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
- Department of General Surgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Xinghui Si
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
- Jilin Biomedical Polymers Engineering Laboratory, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Si Dong
- College of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Yajun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Mingqiang Li
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Translational Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130000, China
| | - Zhaohui Tang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
- Jilin Biomedical Polymers Engineering Laboratory, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Xuedong Fang
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Colorectal Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Leaf Huang
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Wantong Song
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
- Jilin Biomedical Polymers Engineering Laboratory, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Xuesi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
- Jilin Biomedical Polymers Engineering Laboratory, Changchun 130022, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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Martínez-López LM, Perez-Gonzalez A, Washington EA, Woodward AP, Roth-Schulze AJ, Dandrieux JRS, Johnstone T, Prakash N, Jex A, Mansfield C. Hierarchical modelling of immunoglobulin coated bacteria in dogs with chronic enteropathy shows reduction in coating with disease remission but marked inter-individual and treatment-response variability. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0255012. [PMID: 34411114 PMCID: PMC8376084 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic enteropathies are a common problem in dogs, but many aspects of the pathogenesis remain unknown, making the therapeutic approach challenging in some cases. Environmental factors are intimately related to the development and perpetuation of gastrointestinal disease and the gut microbiome has been identified as a contributing factor. Previous studies have identified dysbiosis and reduced bacterial diversity in the gastrointestinal microbiota of dogs with chronic enteropathies. In this case-controlled study, we use flow cytometry and 16S rRNA sequencing to characterise bacteria highly coated with IgA or IgG in faecal samples from dogs with chronic enteropathy and evaluated their correlation with disease and resolution of the clinical signs. IgA and IgG-coated faecal bacterial counts were significantly higher during active disease compared to healthy dogs and decreased with the resolution of the clinical signs. Characterisation of taxa-specific coating of the intestinal microbiota with IgA and IgG showed marked variation between dogs and disease states, and different patterns of immunoglobulin enrichment were observed in dogs with chronic enteropathy, particularly for Erysipelotrichaceae, Clostridicaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, Prevotellaceae and Bacteroidaceae, families. Although, members of these bacterial groups have been associated with strong immunogenic properties and could potentially constitute important biomarkers of disease, their significance and role need to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina María Martínez-López
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alexis Perez-Gonzalez
- Melbourne Cytometry Platform, Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Andrew P. Woodward
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Julien R. S. Dandrieux
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
| | - Thurid Johnstone
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nathalee Prakash
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
| | - Aaron Jex
- Veterinary Biosciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
| | - Caroline Mansfield
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
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Lactobacillus bile salt hydrolase substrate specificity governs bacterial fitness and host colonization. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2017709118. [PMID: 33526676 PMCID: PMC8017965 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2017709118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The transformation of bile acids (BAs) by the gut microbiota is increasingly recognized as an important factor shaping host health. The prerequisite step of BA metabolism is carried out by bile salt hydrolases (BSHs), which are encoded by select gut and probiotic bacteria. Despite their prevalence, the utility of harboring a bsh is unclear. Here, we investigate the role of BSHs encoded by Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus gasseri. We show that BA type and BSH substrate preferences affect in vitro and in vivo growth of both species. These findings contribute to a mechanistic understanding of bacterial survival in various BA-rich niches and inform future efforts to leverage BSHs as a therapeutic tool for manipulating the gut microbiota. Primary bile acids (BAs) are a collection of host-synthesized metabolites that shape physiology and metabolism. BAs transit the gastrointestinal tract and are subjected to a variety of chemical transformations encoded by indigenous bacteria. The resulting microbiota-derived BA pool is a mediator of host–microbiota interactions. Bacterial bile salt hydrolases (BSHs) cleave the conjugated glycine or taurine from BAs, an essential upstream step for the production of deconjugated and secondary BAs. Probiotic lactobacilli harbor a considerable number and diversity of BSHs; however, their contribution to Lactobacillus fitness and colonization remains poorly understood. Here, we define and compare the functions of multiple BSHs encoded by Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus gasseri. Our genetic and biochemical characterization of lactobacilli BSHs lend to a model of Lactobacillus adaptation to the gut. These findings deviate from previous notions that BSHs generally promote colonization and detoxify bile. Rather, we show that BSH enzymatic preferences and the intrinsic chemical features of various BAs determine the toxicity of these molecules during Lactobacillus growth. BSHs were able to alter the Lactobacillus transcriptome in a BA-dependent manner. Finally, BSHs were able to dictate differences in bacterial competition in vitro and in vivo, defining their impact on BSH-encoding bacteria within the greater gastrointestinal tract ecosystem. This work emphasizes the importance of considering the enzymatic preferences of BSHs alongside the conjugated/deconjugated BA–bacterial interaction. These results deepen our understanding of the BA–microbiome axis and provide a framework to engineer lactobacilli with improved bile resistance and use probiotics as BA-altering therapeutics.
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McGovern BH, Ford CB, Henn MR, Pardi DS, Khanna S, Hohmann EL, O’Brien EJ, Desjardins CA, Bernardo P, Wortman JR, Lombardo MJ, Litcofsky KD, Winkler JA, McChalicher CWJ, Li SS, Tomlinson AD, Nandakumar M, Cook DN, Pomerantz RJ, Auninš JG, Trucksis M. SER-109, an Investigational Microbiome Drug to Reduce Recurrence After Clostridioides difficile Infection: Lessons Learned From a Phase 2 Trial. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 72:2132-2140. [PMID: 32255488 PMCID: PMC8204772 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection (rCDI) is associated with loss of microbial diversity and microbe-derived secondary bile acids, which inhibit C. difficile germination and growth. SER-109, an investigational microbiome drug of donor-derived, purified spores, reduced recurrence in a dose-ranging, phase (P) 1 study in subjects with multiple rCDIs. METHODS In a P2 double-blind trial, subjects with clinical resolution on standard-of-care antibiotics were stratified by age (< or ≥65 years) and randomized 2:1 to single-dose SER-109 or placebo. Subjects were diagnosed at study entry by PCR or toxin testing. Safety, C. difficile-positive diarrhea through week 8, SER-109 engraftment, and bile acid changes were assessed. RESULTS 89 subjects enrolled (67% female; 80.9% diagnosed by PCR). rCDI rates were lower in the SER-109 arm than placebo (44.1% vs 53.3%) but did not meet statistical significance. In a preplanned analysis, rates were reduced among subjects ≥65 years (45.2% vs 80%, respectively; RR, 1.77; 95% CI, 1.11-2.81), while the <65 group showed no benefit. Early engraftment of SER-109 was associated with nonrecurrence (P < .05) and increased secondary bile acid concentrations (P < .0001). Whole-metagenomic sequencing from this study and the P1 study revealed previously unappreciated dose-dependent engraftment kinetics and confirmed an association between early engraftment and nonrecurrence. Engraftment kinetics suggest that P2 dosing was suboptimal. Adverse events were generally mild to moderate in severity. CONCLUSIONS Early SER-109 engraftment was associated with reduced CDI recurrence and favorable safety was observed. A higher dose of SER-109 and requirements for toxin testing were implemented in the current P3 trial. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION NCT02437487, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02437487?term=SER-109&draw= 2&rank=4.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Darrell S Pardi
- Mayo Clinic, Gastroenterology Division, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Sahil Khanna
- Mayo Clinic, Gastroenterology Division, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Elizabeth L Hohmann
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Infectious Diseases Division, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sunny S Li
- Seres Therapeutics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | - David N Cook
- Seres Therapeutics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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Chiu PJ, Rathod J, Hong YP, Tsai PJ, Hung YP, Ko WC, Chen JW, Paredes-Sabja D, Huang IH. Clostridioides difficile spores stimulate inflammatory cytokine responses and induce cytotoxicity in macrophages. Anaerobe 2021; 70:102381. [PMID: 34082120 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2021.102381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile is a gram-positive, spore-forming anaerobic bacterium, and the leading cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea worldwide. During C. difficile infection, spores germinate in the presence of bile acids into vegetative cells that subsequently colonize the large intestine and produce toxins. In this study, we demonstrated that C. difficile spores can universally adhere to, and be phagocytosed by, murine macrophages. Only spores from toxigenic strains were able to significantly stimulate the production of inflammatory cytokines by macrophages and subsequently induce significant cytotoxicity. Spores from the isogenic TcdA and TcdB double mutant induced significantly lower inflammatory cytokines and cytotoxicity in macrophages, and these activities were restored by pre-exposure of the spores to either toxins. These findings suggest that during sporulation, spores might be coated with C. difficile toxins from the environment, which could affect C. difficile pathogenesis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Jung Chiu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jagat Rathod
- Department of Earth Sciences National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ping Hong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Jane Tsai
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Pin Hung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tainan Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chien Ko
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jenn-Wei Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Daniel Paredes-Sabja
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA; Millennium Nucleus in the Biology of Intestinal Microbiota, Santiago, Chile
| | - I-Hsiu Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, OK, USA; Oklahoma State University College of Osteopathic Medicine at Cherokee Nation, Tahlequah, OK, USA.
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132
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Mullish BH, Allegretti JR. The contribution of bile acid metabolism to the pathogenesis of Clostridioides difficile infection. Therap Adv Gastroenterol 2021; 14:17562848211017725. [PMID: 34104212 PMCID: PMC8165815 DOI: 10.1177/17562848211017725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) remains a major global cause of gastrointestinal infection, with significant associated morbidity, mortality and impact upon healthcare system resources. Recent antibiotic use is a key risk factor for the condition, with the marked antibiotic-mediated perturbations in gut microbiome diversity and composition that underpin the pathogenesis of CDI being well-recognised. However, only relatively recently has further insight been gained into the specific mechanistic links between these gut microbiome changes and CDI, with alteration of gut microbial metabolites - in particular, bile acid metabolism - being a particular area of focus. A variety of in vitro, ex vivo, animal model and human studies have now demonstrated that loss of gut microbiome members with bile-metabolising capacity (including bile salt hydrolases, and 7-α-dehydroxylase) - with a resulting alteration of the gut bile acid milieu - contributes significantly to the disease process in CDI. More specifically, this microbiome disruption results in the enrichment of primary conjugated bile acids (including taurocholic acid, which promotes the germination of C. difficile spores) and loss of secondary bile acids (which inhibit the growth of C. difficile, and may bind to and limit activity of toxins produced by C. difficile). These bile acid changes are also associated with reduced activity of the farnesoid X receptor pathway, which may exacerbate C. difficile colitis throughout its impact upon gut barrier function and host immune/inflammatory response. Furthermore, a key mechanism of efficacy of faecal microbiota transplant (FMT) in treating recurrent CDI has been shown to be restoration of gut microbiome bile metabolising functionality; ensuring the presence of this functionality among defined microbial communities (and other 'next generation' FMT products) designed to treat CDI may be critical to their success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin H. Mullish
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
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133
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Gasaly N, de Vos P, Hermoso MA. Impact of Bacterial Metabolites on Gut Barrier Function and Host Immunity: A Focus on Bacterial Metabolism and Its Relevance for Intestinal Inflammation. Front Immunol 2021; 12:658354. [PMID: 34122415 PMCID: PMC8187770 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.658354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The diverse and dynamic microbial community of the human gastrointestinal tract plays a vital role in health, with gut microbiota supporting the development and function of the gut immune barrier. Crosstalk between microbiota-gut epithelium and the gut immune system determine the individual health status, and any crosstalk disturbance may lead to chronic intestinal conditions, such as inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) and celiac disease. Microbiota-derived metabolites are crucial mediators of host-microbial interactions. Some beneficially affect host physiology such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and secondary bile acids. Also, tryptophan catabolites determine immune responses, such as through binding to the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). AhR is abundantly present at mucosal surfaces and when activated enhances intestinal epithelial barrier function as well as regulatory immune responses. Exogenous diet-derived indoles (tryptophan) are a major source of endogenous AhR ligand precursors and together with SCFAs and secondary bile acids regulate inflammation by lowering stress in epithelium and gut immunity, and in IBD, AhR expression is downregulated together with tryptophan metabolites. Here, we present an overview of host microbiota-epithelium- gut immunity crosstalk and review how microbial-derived metabolites contribute to host immune homeostasis. Also, we discuss the therapeutic potential of bacterial catabolites for IBD and celiac disease and how essential dietary components such as dietary fibers and bacterial tryptophan catabolites may contribute to intestinal and systemic homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naschla Gasaly
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paul de Vos
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Marcela A Hermoso
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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134
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Pal R, Dai M, Seleem MN. High-throughput screening identifies a novel natural product-inspired scaffold capable of inhibiting Clostridioides difficile in vitro. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10913. [PMID: 34035338 PMCID: PMC8149678 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90314-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile is an enteric pathogen responsible for causing debilitating diarrhea, mostly in hospitalized patients. The bacterium exploits on microbial dysbiosis induced by the use of antibiotics to establish infection that ranges from mild watery diarrhea to pseudomembranous colitis. The increased prevalence of the disease accompanied by exacerbated comorbidity and the paucity of anticlostridial drugs that can tackle recurrence entails novel therapeutic options. Here, we report new lead molecules with potent anticlostridial activity from the AnalytiCon NATx library featuring natural product-inspired or natural product-derived small molecules. A high-throughput whole-cell-based screening of 5000 synthetic compounds from the AnalytiCon NATx library helped us identify 10 compounds capable of inhibiting the pathogen. Out of these 10 hits, we found 3 compounds with potent activity against C. difficile (MIC = 0.5-2 μg/ml). Interestingly, these compounds had minimal to no effect on the indigenous intestinal microbial species tested, unlike the standard-of-care antibiotics vancomycin and fidaxomicin. Further in vitro investigation revealed that the compounds were nontoxic to Caco-2 cell line. Given their potent anticlostridial activity, natural product-inspired scaffolds may suggest potential avenues that can address the unmet needs in preventing C. difficile mediated disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rusha Pal
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Mingji Dai
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Mohamed N Seleem
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA.
- Center for Emerging, Zoonotic and Arthropod-Borne Pathogens, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA.
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135
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Li X, Kang Y, Huang Y, Xiao Y, Song L, Lu S, Ren Z. A strain of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron attenuates colonization of Clostridioides difficile and affects intestinal microbiota and bile acids profile in a mouse model. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 137:111290. [PMID: 33508620 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is a growing global public health threat. While fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is an effective therapy for CDI, a number of challenges limit its application. Studies suggest that probiotics may be a promising alternative therapy. In the current study, we evaluated whether Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron (B. thetaiotaomicron) would inhibit colonization of toxigenic BI/NAP1/027 C. difficile in a mouse model. We found that B. thetaiotaomicron administration decreased the copies of C. difficile and inhibited inflammation in the colon. 16S rRNA sequencing showed that B. thetaiotaomicron administration was associated with a significantly increased relative abundance of Bacteroidetes and decreased level of Proteobacteria, leading to the reversal of the effect of antibiotics treatment and C. difficile infection on microbiota. B. thetaiotaomicron administration was associated with increases in the concentrations of alpha-muricholic acid, beta-muricholic acid, 12 ketolithocholic acid, and deoxycholic acid which are known to inhibit the growth of C. difficile, as well as reductions in the level of taurocholic acid, which promotes germination of C. difficile. Altered profile of major high abundance bile acids by B. thetaiotaomicron administration was similar to that with FMT treatment. Based on these results, we proposed the concept of "the ratio of promotion/inhibition BAs" which would advance our understanding of the relation of C. difficile and BAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Research Units of Discovery of Unknown Bacteria and Function (2018RU010), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Ying Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Research Units of Discovery of Unknown Bacteria and Function (2018RU010), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 102206, China; Shunyi District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanming Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Research Units of Discovery of Unknown Bacteria and Function (2018RU010), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Yuchun Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Research Units of Discovery of Unknown Bacteria and Function (2018RU010), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Liqiong Song
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Research Units of Discovery of Unknown Bacteria and Function (2018RU010), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Shan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Research Units of Discovery of Unknown Bacteria and Function (2018RU010), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Zhihong Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Research Units of Discovery of Unknown Bacteria and Function (2018RU010), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 102206, China.
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136
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Kaczmarczyk M, Löber U, Adamek K, Węgrzyn D, Skonieczna-Żydecka K, Malinowski D, Łoniewski I, Markó L, Ulas T, Forslund SK, Łoniewska B. The gut microbiota is associated with the small intestinal paracellular permeability and the development of the immune system in healthy children during the first two years of life. J Transl Med 2021; 19:177. [PMID: 33910577 PMCID: PMC8082808 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-021-02839-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The intestinal barrier plays an important role in the defense against infections, and nutritional, endocrine, and immune functions. The gut microbiota playing an important role in development of the gastrointestinal tract can impact intestinal permeability and immunity during early life, but data concerning this problem are scarce. METHODS We analyzed the microbiota in fecal samples (101 samples in total) collected longitudinally over 24 months from 21 newborns to investigate whether the markers of small intestinal paracellular permeability (zonulin) and immune system development (calprotectin) are linked to the gut microbiota. The results were validated using data from an independent cohort that included the calprotectin and gut microbiota in children during the first year of life. RESULTS Zonulin levels tended to increase for up to 6 months after childbirth and stabilize thereafter remaining at a high level while calprotectin concentration was high after childbirth and began to decline from 6 months of life. The gut microbiota composition and the related metabolic potentials changed during the first 2 years of life and were correlated with zonulin and calprotectin levels. Faecal calprotectin correlated inversely with alpha diversity (Shannon index, r = - 0.30, FDR P (Q) = 0.039). It also correlated with seven taxa; i.a. negatively with Ruminococcaceae (r = - 0.34, Q = 0.046), and Clostridiales (r = - 0.34, Q = 0.048) and positively with Staphylococcus (r = 0.38, Q = 0.023) and Staphylococcaceae (r = 0.35, Q = 0.04), whereas zonulin correlated with 19 taxa; i.a. with Bacillales (r = - 0.52, Q = 0.0004), Clostridiales (r = 0.48, Q = 0.001) and the Ruminococcus (torques group) (r = 0.40, Q = 0.026). When time intervals were considered only changes in abundance of the Ruminococcus (torques group) were associated with changes in calprotectin (β = 2.94, SE = 0.8, Q = 0.015). The dynamics of stool calprotectin was negatively associated with changes in two MetaCyc pathways: pyruvate fermentation to butanoate (β = - 4.54, SE = 1.08, Q = 0.028) and Clostridium acetobutylicum fermentation (β = - 4.48, SE = 1.16, Q = 0.026). CONCLUSIONS The small intestinal paracellular permeability, immune system-related markers and gut microbiota change dynamically during the first 2 years of life. The Ruminococcus (torques group) seems to be especially involved in controlling paracellular permeability. Staphylococcus, Staphylococcaceae, Ruminococcaceae, and Clostridiales, may be potential biomarkers of the immune system. Despite observed correlations their clear causation and health consequences were not proven. Mechanistic studies are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz Kaczmarczyk
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Ulrike Löber
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, A Cooperation of Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125, Berlin, Germany
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 14195, Berlin, Germany
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 13125, Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Karolina Adamek
- Department of Neonatal Diseases, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Dagmara Węgrzyn
- Department of Neonatal Diseases, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111, Szczecin, Poland
| | | | - Damian Malinowski
- Department of Pharmacology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Igor Łoniewski
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 71-460, Szczecin, Poland.
- Department of Human Nutrition and Metabolomics, Broniewskiego 24, 71-460, Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Lajos Markó
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, A Cooperation of Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125, Berlin, Germany
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 14195, Berlin, Germany
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 13125, Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), 10178, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Ulas
- Systems Medicine, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 53127, Bonn, Germany
- PRECISE Platform for Single Cell Genomics and Epigenomics at the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases and the University of Bonn, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sofia K Forslund
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, A Cooperation of Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125, Berlin, Germany
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 14195, Berlin, Germany
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 13125, Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), 10178, Berlin, Germany
- Systems Medicine, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 53127, Bonn, Germany
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Structural and Computational Biology Unit, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Beata Łoniewska
- Department of Neonatal Diseases, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111, Szczecin, Poland
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137
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Roggenbeck BA, Bull Chief LK, Walk ST. Antibiotic perturbation of the murine gut microbiome introduces inter-individual susceptibility to arsenic. Toxicology 2021; 456:152798. [PMID: 33901602 PMCID: PMC8204511 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2021.152798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic is a Group 1 human carcinogen and at least 200 million people around the world are exposed to unsafe levels of arsenic, predominantly through contaminated drinking water. Arsenic has also been used for hundreds, if not thousands, of years as an intentional poison due to its odorless/tasteless properties and the general lack of technology required to identify it. Both acute and chronic arsenic-related health outcomes are highly variable among similarly exposed individuals even after controlling for important factors, like host genetics, making the mechanisms underlying this often-made epidemiologic observation difficult to experimentally address and not fully understood. Here, we describe an experimental model of arsenic exposure in C57BL/6 mice that recapitulates key aspects of inter-individuality in disease observed in humans. We show that co-administration of the antibiotic, cefoperazone, and high-level arsenic (100 ppm, inorganic sodium arsenate) results in incomplete mortality with a ratio of 60 % lethality to 40 % survival, and that survival, at least in part, depends not only on an intact microbiome but also a regulated response involved with water transport. This work provides an experimental framework for identifying critical pathways involved in generating inter-individual variability in disease outcome following arsenic exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara A Roggenbeck
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, 59717, United States
| | - Lila K Bull Chief
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, 59717, United States
| | - Seth T Walk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, 59717, United States.
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138
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Omadacycline compared to vancomycin when combined with germinants to disrupt the life cycle of Clostridioides difficile. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2021; 65:AAC.01431-20. [PMID: 33649111 PMCID: PMC8092874 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01431-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile (C. difficile) infections (CDI) are commonly treated with antibiotics that do not impact the dormant spore form of the pathogen. CDI-directed antibiotics, such as vancomycin and metronidazole, can destroy the vegetative form of C. difficile and protective microbiota. After treatment, spores can germinate into vegetative cells causing clinical disease relapse and further spore shedding. This in vitro study compares the combination of germinants with vancomycin or omadacycline to antibiotics alone in eradicating C. difficile spores and vegetative cells. Among the four strains in this study, omadacycline minimum inhibitory concentrations (0.031-0.125 mg/L) were lower than vancomycin (1-4 mg/L). Omadacycline nor vancomycin in media alone reduced spore counts. In three of the four strains, including the epidemic ribotype 027, spore eradication with germinants was 94.8-97.4% with vancomycin and 99.4-99.8% with omadacycline (p<0.005). In ribotype 012, either antibiotic combined with germinants resulted in 100% spore eradication at 24 hours. The addition of germinants with either antibiotic did not result in significant toxin A or B production, which were below the limit of detection (<1.25 ng/mL) by 48 hours. Limiting the number of spores present in patient GI tracts at the end of therapy may be effective at preventing recurrent CDI and limiting spore shedding in the healthcare environment. These results with germinants warrant safety and efficacy evaluations in animal models.
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139
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Wang P, Jia Y, Wu R, Chen Z, Yan R. Human gut bacterial β-glucuronidase inhibition: An emerging approach to manage medication therapy. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 190:114566. [PMID: 33865833 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial β-glucuronidase enzymes (BGUSs) are at the interface of host-microbial metabolic symbiosis, playing an important role in health and disease as well as medication outcomes (efficacy or toxicity) by deconjugating a large number of endogenous and exogenous glucuronides. In recent years, BGUSs inhibition has emerged as a new approach to manage diseases and medication therapy and attracted an increasing research interest. However, a growing body of evidence underlines great genetic diversity, functional promiscuity and varied inhibition propensity of BGUSs, which have posed big challenges to identifying BGUSs involved in a specific pathophysiological or pharmacological process and developing effective inhibition. In this article, we offered a general introduction of the function, in particular the physiological, pathological and pharmacological roles, of BGUSs and their taxonomic distribution in human gut microbiota, highlighting the structural features (active sites and adjacent loop structures) that affecting the protein-substrate (inhibitor) interactions. Recent advances in BGUSs-mediated deconjugation of drugs and carcinogens and the discovery and applications of BGUS inhibitors in management of medication therapy, typically, irinotecan-induced diarrhea and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)-induced enteropathy, were also reviewed. At the end, we discussed the perspectives and the challenges of tailoring BGUS inhibition towards precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panpan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao, China
| | - Yifei Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao, China
| | - Rongrong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao, China
| | - Zhiqiang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao, China
| | - Ru Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao, China.
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140
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Baumgartner M, Pfrunder-Cardozo KR, Hall AR. Microbial community composition interacts with local abiotic conditions to drive colonization resistance in human gut microbiome samples. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20203106. [PMID: 33757361 PMCID: PMC8059542 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.3106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Biological invasions can alter ecosystem stability and function, and predicting what happens when a new species or strain arrives remains a major challenge in ecology. In the mammalian gastrointestinal tract, susceptibility of the resident microbial community to invasion by pathogens has important implications for host health. However, at the community level, it is unclear whether susceptibility to invasion depends mostly on resident community composition (which microbes are present), or also on local abiotic conditions (such as nutrient status). Here, we used a gut microcosm system to disentangle some of the drivers of susceptibility to invasion in microbial communities sampled from humans. We found resident microbial communities inhibited an invading Escherichia coli strain, compared to community-free control treatments, sometimes excluding the invader completely (colonization resistance). These effects were stronger at later time points, when we also detected altered community composition and nutrient availability. By separating these two components (microbial community and abiotic environment), we found taxonomic composition played a crucial role in suppressing invasion, but this depended critically on local abiotic conditions (adapted communities were more suppressive in nutrient-depleted conditions). This helps predict when resident communities will be most susceptible to invasion, with implications for optimizing treatments based on microbiota management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Baumgartner
- Institute of Integrative Biology, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Katia R Pfrunder-Cardozo
- Institute of Integrative Biology, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Alex R Hall
- Institute of Integrative Biology, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
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141
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Leslie JL, Jenior ML, Vendrov KC, Standke AK, Barron MR, O'Brien TJ, Unverdorben L, Thaprawat P, Bergin IL, Schloss PD, Young VB. Protection from Lethal Clostridioides difficile Infection via Intraspecies Competition for Cogerminant. mBio 2021; 12:e00522-21. [PMID: 33785619 PMCID: PMC8092246 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00522-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile, a Gram-positive, spore-forming bacterium, is the primary cause of infectious nosocomial diarrhea. Antibiotics are a major risk factor for C. difficile infection (CDI), as they disrupt the gut microbial community, enabling increased germination of spores and growth of vegetative C. difficile To date, the only single-species bacterial preparation that has demonstrated efficacy in reducing recurrent CDI in humans is nontoxigenic C. difficile Using multiple infection models, we determined that precolonization with a less virulent strain is sufficient to protect from challenge with a lethal strain of C. difficile, surprisingly even in the absence of adaptive immunity. Additionally, we showed that protection is dependent on high levels of colonization by the less virulent strain and that it is mediated by exclusion of the invading strain. Our results suggest that reduction of amino acids, specifically glycine following colonization by the first strain of C. difficile, is sufficient to decrease germination of the second strain, thereby limiting colonization by the lethal strain.IMPORTANCE Antibiotic-associated colitis is often caused by infection with the bacterium Clostridioides difficile In this study, we found that reduction of the amino acid glycine by precolonization with a less virulent strain of C. difficile is sufficient to decrease germination of a second strain. This finding demonstrates that the axis of competition for nutrients can include multiple life stages. This work is important, as it is the first to identify a possible mechanism through which precolonization with C. difficile, a current clinical therapy, provides protection from reinfection. Furthermore, our work suggests that targeting nutrients utilized by all life stages could be an improved strategy for bacterial therapeutics that aim to restore colonization resistance in the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhansi L Leslie
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Matthew L Jenior
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Kimberly C Vendrov
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Alexandra K Standke
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Madeline R Barron
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Tricia J O'Brien
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Lavinia Unverdorben
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Pariyamon Thaprawat
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Ingrid L Bergin
- The Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Patrick D Schloss
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Vincent B Young
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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142
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Dissecting Individual Interactions between Pathogenic and Commensal Bacteria within a Multispecies Gut Microbial Community. mSphere 2021; 6:6/2/e00013-21. [PMID: 33762315 PMCID: PMC8546675 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00013-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Interactions of commensal bacteria within the gut microbiota and with invading pathogens are critical in determining the outcome of an infection. While murine studies have been valuable, we lack in vitro models to monitor community responses to pathogens at a single-species level. We have developed a multispecies community of nine representative gut species cultured together as a mixed biofilm and tracked numbers of individual species over time using a quantitative PCR (qPCR)-based approach. Introduction of the major nosocomial gut pathogen, Clostridioides difficile, to this community resulted in increased adhesion of commensals and inhibition of C. difficile multiplication. Interestingly, we observed an increase in individual Bacteroides species accompanying the inhibition of C. difficile. Furthermore, Bacteroides dorei reduced C. difficile growth within biofilms, suggesting a role for Bacteroides spp. in prevention of C. difficile colonization. We report here an in vitro tool with excellent applications for investigating bacterial interactions within a complex community. IMPORTANCE Studying interactions between bacterial species that reside in the human gut is crucial for gaining a better insight into how they provide protection from pathogen colonization. In vitro models of multispecies bacterial communities wherein behaviors of single species can be accurately tracked are key to such studies. Here, we have developed a synthetic, trackable, gut microbiota community which reduces growth of the human gut pathogen Clostridioides difficile. We report that Bacteroides spp. within this community respond by multiplying in the presence of this pathogen, resulting in reduction of C. difficile growth. Defined in vitro communities that can be tailored to include different species are well suited to functional genomic approaches and are valuable tools for understanding interbacterial interactions.
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143
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Le VVH, Biggs PJ, Wheeler D, Davies IG, Rakonjac J. Novel mechanisms of TolC-independent decreased bile-salt susceptibility in Escherichia coli. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2021; 367:5837082. [PMID: 32407499 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnaa083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Bile salts, including sodium deoxycholate (DOC), are secreted into the intestine to aid fat digestion and contribute to antimicrobial protection. Gram-negative pathogens such as Escherichia coli, however, are highly resistant to DOC, using multiple mechanisms of which the multidrug efflux pump AcrAB-TolC is the dominant one. Given that TolC-mediated efflux masks the interaction of DOC with potential targets, we sought to identify those targets by identifying genes whose mutations cause an increase in the MIC to DOC relative to the ∆tolC parental strain, that lacks TolC-associated functional efflux pumps. Using a mutant screen, we isolated twenty independent spontaneous mutants that had a higher MICDOC than the E. coli parental ∆tolC strain. Whole genome sequencing of these mutants mapped most mutations to the ptsI or cyaA gene. Analysis of knock-out mutants and complementation showed that elimination of PtsI, a component of the carbohydrate phosphotransferase system, or one of the two key proteins involved in cAMP synthesis and signaling, adenylate cyclase (CyaA) or cAMP receptor protein (Crp) causes low-level increased resistance of a ∆tolC E. coli strain to DOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vuong Van Hung Le
- School of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Patrick J Biggs
- School of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,mEpilab, Infectious Disease Research Centre, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - David Wheeler
- School of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Ieuan G Davies
- New Zealand Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Jasna Rakonjac
- School of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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144
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Blesl A, Stadlbauer V. The Gut-Liver Axis in Cholestatic Liver Diseases. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13031018. [PMID: 33801133 PMCID: PMC8004151 DOI: 10.3390/nu13031018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut-liver axis describes the physiological interplay between the gut and the liver and has important implications for the maintenance of health. Disruptions of this equilibrium are an important factor in the evolution and progression of many liver diseases. The composition of the gut microbiome, the gut barrier, bacterial translocation, and bile acid metabolism are the key features of this cycle. Chronic cholestatic liver diseases include primary sclerosing cholangitis, the generic term secondary sclerosing cholangitis implying the disease secondary sclerosing cholangitis in critically ill patients and primary biliary cirrhosis. Pathophysiology of these diseases is not fully understood but seems to be multifactorial. Knowledge about the alterations of the gut-liver axis influencing the pathogenesis and the outcome of these diseases has considerably increased. Therefore, this review aims to describe the function of the healthy gut-liver axis and to sum up the pathological changes in these cholestatic liver diseases. The review compromises the actual level of knowledge about the gut microbiome (including the mycobiome and the virome), the gut barrier and the consequences of increased gut permeability, the effects of bacterial translocation, and the influence of bile acid composition and pool size in chronic cholestatic liver diseases. Furthermore, therapeutic implications and future scientific objectives are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Blesl
- Division for Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria;
- Correspondence:
| | - Vanessa Stadlbauer
- Division for Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria;
- Center for Biomarker Research in Medicine (CBmed), 8010 Graz, Austria
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145
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Bai X, Fu R, Duan Z, Liu Y, Zhu C, Fan D. Ginsenoside Rh4 alleviates antibiotic-induced intestinal inflammation by regulating the TLR4-MyD88-MAPK pathway and gut microbiota composition. Food Funct 2021; 12:2874-2885. [PMID: 33877243 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo00242b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Ginsenoside Rh4, as a bioactive component obtained from Panax notoginseng, has excellent pharmacological properties. However, its role in regulating gut microbiota and intestinal inflammation is still poorly understood. Thus, the aim of this study is to investigate the effect of Rh4 on gut microbiota, especially antibiotic-induced microbiota perturbation, and the underlying mechanisms. C57BL/6 mice were given different doses of Rh4 after the establishment of a gut microbiota disturbance model with antibiotics. Our data revealed that Rh4 administration could greatly improve the pathological phenotype, gut barrier disruption, and intestinal inflammation in mice that had been antibiotic-induced. Notably, it was found that Rh4 significantly inhibited the TLR4-MyD88-MAPK signaling pathway. In addition, Rh4 treatment could significantly increase the number of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and bile acids (BAs). These changes were accompanied with beneficial alterations in gut microbiota diversity and composition. In conclusion, Rh4 improves intestinal inflammation and induces potentially beneficial changes in the gut microbiota, which are conducive to revealing host-microbe interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Bai
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials and Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China.
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146
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Zhang X, Zheng J, Jiang N, Sun G, Bao X, Kong M, Cheng X, Lin A, Liu H. Modulation of gut microbiota and intestinal metabolites by lactulose improves loperamide-induced constipation in mice. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 158:105676. [PMID: 33310029 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lactulose is a common laxative and has been widely applied to clinical treatment for constipation. This study aimed to explore the improving effect of lactulose on constipation through the mediation of gut microbiota and intestinal metabolites. BALB/c mice with constipation induced by loperamide were orally treated with lactulose for four weeks. After the treatment, the constipation-related factors were determined. The effect of lactulose on the composition of gut microbiota was assessed by 16S rDNA gene sequencing. Gas chromatography or liquid chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC/LC-MS) analysis was used for the quantification of intestinal metabolites. The treatment of constipated mice with lactulose accelerated intestinal motility, suppressed inflammatory responses, protected gut barrier, and improved metabolisms of water and salt in the intestinal tract. These therapeutic effects were attributed to the reversed gut microbiota dysfunction, which conferred the benefit to the production of intestinal metabolites including bile acids, short-chain fatty acids, and tryptophan catabolites. Further, the depletion of intestinal flora from loperamide- or (loperamide + lactulose)-treated mice confirmed the significance of gut microbiota in the mediation of constipation. In summary, this study leads us to propose that lactulose may improve constipation through a prebiotic effect on gut microbiota and intestinal metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Zhang
- Clinical college of traditional Chinese medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430060, PR China
| | - Junping Zheng
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, PR China
| | - Nan Jiang
- Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430061, PR China; Hubei Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Guangjun Sun
- Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430061, PR China; Hubei Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Xinkun Bao
- Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430061, PR China; Hubei Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Mingwang Kong
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, PR China
| | - Xue Cheng
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, PR China
| | - Aizhen Lin
- Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430061, PR China; Hubei Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430074, PR China.
| | - Hongtao Liu
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, PR China.
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147
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Jose S, Mukherjee A, Horrigan O, Setchell KDR, Zhang W, Moreno-Fernandez ME, Andersen H, Sharma D, Haslam DB, Divanovic S, Madan R. Obeticholic acid ameliorates severity of Clostridioides difficile infection in high fat diet-induced obese mice. Mucosal Immunol 2021; 14:500-510. [PMID: 32811993 PMCID: PMC7889747 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-020-00338-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Severe Clostridiodes difficile infection (CDI) is life-threatening and responds poorly to treatment. Obesity is associated with development of severe CDI. Therefore, to define the mechanisms that exacerbate disease severity, we examined CDI pathogenesis in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed obese mice. Compared to control mice, HFD-fed mice failed to clear C. difficile bacteria which resulted in protracted diarrhea, weight loss and colonic damage. After infection, HFD-induced obese mice had an intestinal bile acid (BA) pool that was dominated by primary BAs which are known promoters of C. difficile spore germination, and lacked secondary BAs that inhibit C. difficile growth. Concurrently, synthesis of primary BAs from liver was significantly increased in C. difficile-infected HFD-fed mice. A key pathway that regulates hepatic BA synthesis is via feedback inhibition from intestinal Farnesoid X receptors (FXRs). Our data reveal that the proportion of FXR agonist BAs to FXR antagonist BAs in the intestinal lumen was significantly reduced in HFD-fed mice after CDI. Treatment of HFD-fed mice with an FXR agonist Obeticholic acid, resulted in decreased primary BA synthesis, fewer C. difficile bacteria and better CDI outcomes. Thus, OCA treatment holds promise as a therapy for severe CDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinsmon Jose
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45220, USA
| | - Anindita Mukherjee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45220, USA
| | - Olivia Horrigan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45220, USA
| | - Kenneth D R Setchell
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45220, USA
| | - Wujuan Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Maria E Moreno-Fernandez
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45220, USA
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Heidi Andersen
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Divya Sharma
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45220, USA
| | - David B Haslam
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Senad Divanovic
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45220, USA
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
- Center for Inflammation and Tolerance, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Rajat Madan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45220, USA.
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45220, USA.
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148
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Lower endoscopic delivery of freeze-dried intestinal microbiota results in more rapid and efficient engraftment than oral administration. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4519. [PMID: 33633264 PMCID: PMC7907225 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84152-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is a highly effective treatment for recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection (rCDI). However, standardization of FMT products is essential for its broad implementation into clinical practice. We have developed an oral preparation of freeze-dried, encapsulated microbiota, which is ~ 80% clinically effective, but results in delayed engraftment of donor bacteria relative to administration via colonoscopy. Our objective was to measure the engraftment potential of freeze-dried microbiota without the complexity of variables associated with oral administration. We compared engraftment of identical preparations and doses of freeze-dried microbiota following colonoscopic (9 patients) versus oral administration (18 patients). Microbiota were characterized by sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene, and engraftment was determined using the SourceTracker algorithm. Oligotyping analysis was done to provide high-resolution patterns of microbiota engraftment. Colonoscopic FMT was associated with greater levels of donor engraftment within days following the procedure (ANOVA P = 0.035) and specific increases in the relative abundances of donor Lachnospiraceae, Bacteroidaceae, and Porphyromonadaceae (P ≤ 0.033). Lower relative abundances of Bacteroidaceae, Lachnospiraceae, and Ruminococcaceae families were associated with clinical failures. These results suggest that further optimization of oral capsule FMT may improve its engraftment efficiency and clinical efficacy.
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149
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Castro-Córdova P, Mora-Uribe P, Reyes-Ramírez R, Cofré-Araneda G, Orozco-Aguilar J, Brito-Silva C, Mendoza-León MJ, Kuehne SA, Minton NP, Pizarro-Guajardo M, Paredes-Sabja D. Entry of spores into intestinal epithelial cells contributes to recurrence of Clostridioides difficile infection. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1140. [PMID: 33602902 PMCID: PMC7893008 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21355-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile spores produced during infection are important for the recurrence of the disease. Here, we show that C. difficile spores gain entry into the intestinal mucosa via pathways dependent on host fibronectin-α5β1 and vitronectin-αvβ1. The exosporium protein BclA3, on the spore surface, is required for both entry pathways. Deletion of the bclA3 gene in C. difficile, or pharmacological inhibition of endocytosis using nystatin, leads to reduced entry into the intestinal mucosa and reduced recurrence of the disease in a mouse model. Our findings indicate that C. difficile spore entry into the intestinal barrier can contribute to spore persistence and infection recurrence, and suggest potential avenues for new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Castro-Córdova
- Microbiota-Host Interactions and Clostridia Research Group, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
- ANID - Millennium Science Initiative Program - Millennium Nucleus in the Biology of the Intestinal Microbiota, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paola Mora-Uribe
- Microbiota-Host Interactions and Clostridia Research Group, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Reyes-Ramírez
- Microbiota-Host Interactions and Clostridia Research Group, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
- ANID - Millennium Science Initiative Program - Millennium Nucleus in the Biology of the Intestinal Microbiota, Santiago, Chile
| | - Glenda Cofré-Araneda
- Microbiota-Host Interactions and Clostridia Research Group, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Josué Orozco-Aguilar
- Microbiota-Host Interactions and Clostridia Research Group, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
- ANID - Millennium Science Initiative Program - Millennium Nucleus in the Biology of the Intestinal Microbiota, Santiago, Chile
| | - Christian Brito-Silva
- Microbiota-Host Interactions and Clostridia Research Group, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
- ANID - Millennium Science Initiative Program - Millennium Nucleus in the Biology of the Intestinal Microbiota, Santiago, Chile
| | - María José Mendoza-León
- Microbiota-Host Interactions and Clostridia Research Group, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
- ANID - Millennium Science Initiative Program - Millennium Nucleus in the Biology of the Intestinal Microbiota, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sarah A Kuehne
- School of Dentistry and Institute for Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Nigel P Minton
- BBSRC/EPSRC Synthetic Biology Research Centre, School of Life Sciences, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Marjorie Pizarro-Guajardo
- Microbiota-Host Interactions and Clostridia Research Group, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
- ANID - Millennium Science Initiative Program - Millennium Nucleus in the Biology of the Intestinal Microbiota, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Daniel Paredes-Sabja
- Microbiota-Host Interactions and Clostridia Research Group, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile.
- ANID - Millennium Science Initiative Program - Millennium Nucleus in the Biology of the Intestinal Microbiota, Santiago, Chile.
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
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150
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Velikova T, Krastev B, Lozenov S, Gencheva R, Peshevska-Sekulovska M, Nikolaev G, Peruhova M. Antibiotic-Related Changes in Microbiome: The Hidden Villain behind Colorectal Carcinoma Immunotherapy Failure. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1754. [PMID: 33578709 PMCID: PMC7916407 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The interplay between drugs and microbiota is critical for successful treatment. An accumulating amount of evidence has identified the significant impact of intestinal microbiota composition on cancer treatment response, particularly immunotherapy. The possible molecular pathways of the interaction between immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and the microbiome can be used to reverse immunotherapy tolerance in cancer by using various kinds of interventions on the intestinal bacteria. This paper aimed to review the data available on how the antibiotic-related changes in human microbiota during colorectal cancer (CRC) treatment can affect and determine ICI treatment outcomes. We also covered the data that support the potential intimate mechanisms of both local and systemic immune responses induced by changes in the intestinal microbiota. However, further better-powered studies are needed to thoroughly assess the clinical significance of antibiotic-induced alteration of the gut microbiota and its impact on CRC treatment by direct observations of patients receiving antibiotic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsvetelina Velikova
- Department of Clinical Immunology, University Hospital Lozenetz, Sofia University St. Kliment Ohridski, Kozyak 1 Str., 1407 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Boris Krastev
- Clinic of Medical Oncology, MHAT Hospital for Women Health Nadezhda, 1330 Sofia, Bulgaria; (B.K.); (R.G.)
| | - Stefan Lozenov
- Laboratory for Control and Monitoring of the Antibiotic Resistance, National Centre for Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, 26 Yanko Sakazov Blvd, 1504 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - Radostina Gencheva
- Clinic of Medical Oncology, MHAT Hospital for Women Health Nadezhda, 1330 Sofia, Bulgaria; (B.K.); (R.G.)
| | - Monika Peshevska-Sekulovska
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Lozenetz, Sofia University St. Kliment Ohridski, Kozyak 1 Str., 1407 Sofia, Bulgaria; (M.P.-S.); (M.P.)
| | - Georgi Nikolaev
- Faculty of Biology, Sofia University St. Kliment Ohridski, 1407 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - Milena Peruhova
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Lozenetz, Sofia University St. Kliment Ohridski, Kozyak 1 Str., 1407 Sofia, Bulgaria; (M.P.-S.); (M.P.)
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