101
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Zhao Y, Kreisberg NM, Worton DR, Isaacman G, Weber RJ, Liu S, Day DA, Russell LM, Markovic MZ, VandenBoer TC, Murphy JG, Hering SV, Goldstein AH. Insights into secondary organic aerosol formation mechanisms from measured gas/particle partitioning of specific organic tracer compounds. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:3781-3787. [PMID: 23448102 DOI: 10.1021/es304587x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In situ measurements of organic compounds in both gas and particle phases were made with a thermal desorption aerosol gas chromatography (TAG) instrument. The gas/particle partitioning of phthalic acid, pinonaldehyde, and 6,10,14-trimethyl-2-pentadecanone is discussed in detail to explore secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation mechanisms. Measured fractions in the particle phase (f(part)) of 6,10,14-trimethyl-2-pentadecanone were similar to those expected from the absorptive gas/particle partitioning theory, suggesting that its partitioning is dominated by absorption processes. However, f(part) of phthalic acid and pinonaldehyde were substantially higher than predicted. The formation of low-volatility products from reactions of phthalic acid with ammonia is proposed as one possible mechanism to explain the high f(part) of phthalic acid. The observations of particle-phase pinonaldehyde when inorganic acids were fully neutralized indicate that inorganic acids are not required for the occurrence of reactive uptake of pinonaldehyde on particles. The observed relationship between f(part) of pinonaldehyde and relative humidity suggests that the aerosol water plays a significant role in the formation of particle-phase pinonaldehyde. Our results clearly show it is necessary to include multiple gas/particle partitioning pathways in models to predict SOA and multiple SOA tracers in source apportionment models to reconstruct SOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunliang Zhao
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
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102
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Barley MH, Topping DO, McFiggans G. Critical Assessment of Liquid Density Estimation Methods for Multifunctional Organic Compounds and Their Use in Atmospheric Science. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:3428-41. [DOI: 10.1021/jp304547r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark H. Barley
- Centre for Atmospheric Science,
School of Earth, Atmospheric and Environmental Science, Simon Building, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester,
M13 9PL, U.K
| | - David O. Topping
- Centre for Atmospheric Science,
School of Earth, Atmospheric and Environmental Science, Simon Building, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester,
M13 9PL, U.K
- National
Centre for Atmospheric
Science (NCAS), University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Gordon McFiggans
- Centre for Atmospheric Science,
School of Earth, Atmospheric and Environmental Science, Simon Building, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester,
M13 9PL, U.K
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103
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Sparrevik M, Field JL, Martinsen V, Breedveld GD, Cornelissen G. Life cycle assessment to evaluate the environmental impact of biochar implementation in conservation agriculture in Zambia. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:1206-1215. [PMID: 23272937 DOI: 10.1021/es302720k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Biochar amendment to soil is a potential technology for carbon storage and climate change mitigation. It may, in addition, be a valuable soil fertility enhancer for agricultural purposes in sandy and/or weathered soils. A life cycle assessment including ecological, health and resource impacts has been conducted for field sites in Zambia to evaluate the overall impacts of biochar for agricultural use. The life cycle impacts from conservation farming using cultivation growth basins and precision fertilization with and without biochar addition were in the present study compared to conventional agricultural methods. Three different biochar production methods were evaluated: traditional earth-mound kilns, improved retort kilns, and micro top-lit updraft (TLUD) gasifier stoves. The results confirm that the use of biochar in conservation farming is beneficial for climate change mitigation purposes. However, when including health impacts from particle emissions originating from biochar production, conservation farming plus biochar from earth-mound kilns generally results in a larger negative effect over the whole life cycle than conservation farming without biochar addition. The use of cleaner technologies such as retort kilns or TLUDs can overcome this problem, mainly because fewer particles and less volatile organic compounds, methane and carbon monoxide are emitted. These results emphasize the need for a holistic view on biochar use in agricultural systems. Of special importance is the biochar production technique which has to be evaluated from both environmental/climate, health and social perspectives.
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104
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Nah T, Chan M, Leone SR, Wilson KR. Real Time in Situ Chemical Characterization of Submicrometer Organic Particles Using Direct Analysis in Real Time-Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2013; 85:2087-95. [DOI: 10.1021/ac302560c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Theodora Nah
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720,
United States
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California
94720, United States
| | - ManNin Chan
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California
94720, United States
| | - Stephen R. Leone
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720,
United States
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California
94720, United States
- Department
of Physics, University of California, Berkeley,
California 94720,
United States
| | - Kevin R. Wilson
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California
94720, United States
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105
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Aregahegn KZ, Nozière B, George C. Organic aerosol formation photo-enhanced by the formation of secondary photosensitizers in aerosols. Faraday Discuss 2013; 165:123-34. [DOI: 10.1039/c3fd00044c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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106
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Witkowski B, Gierczak T. Analysis of α-acyloxyhydroperoxy aldehydes with electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS(n)). JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2013; 48:79-88. [PMID: 23303750 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2012] [Revised: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A series of α-acyloxyhydroperoxy aldehydes was analyzed with direct infusion electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI/MS(n)) as well as liquid chromatography coupled with the mass spectrometry (LC/MS). Standards of α-acyloxyhydroperoxy aldehydes were prepared by liquid-phase ozonolysis of cyclohexene in the presence of carboxylic acids. Stabilized Criegee intermediate (SCI), a by-product of the ozone attack on the cyclohexene double bond, reacted with the selected carboxylic acids (SCI scavengers) leading to the formation of α-acyloxyhydroperoxy aldehydes. Ionization conditions were optimized. [M + H](+) ions were not formed in ESI; consequently, α-acyloxyhydroperoxy aldehydes were identified as their ammonia adducts for the first time. On the other hand, atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization has led to decomposition of the compounds of interest. Analysis of the mass spectra (MS(2) and MS(3)) of the [M + NH(4)](+) ions allowed recognizing the fragmentation pathways, common for all of the compounds under study. In order to get detailed insights into the fragmentation mechanism, a number of isotopically labeled analogs were also studied. To confirm that the fragmentation mechanism allows predicting the mass spectrum of different α-acyloxyhydroperoxy aldehydes, ozonolysis of α-pinene, a very important secondary organic aerosol precursor, was carried out. Spectra of the two ammonium cationized α-acyloxyhydroperoxy aldehydes prepared with α-pinene, cis-pinonic acid as well as pinic acid were predicted very accurately. Possible applications of the method developed for the analysis of α-acyloxyhydroperoxy aldehydes in SOA samples, as well as other compounds containing hydroperoxide moiety are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartłomiej Witkowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, al. Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089, Warsaw, Poland
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107
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108
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Phase of atmospheric secondary organic material affects its reactivity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:17354-9. [PMID: 23045632 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1209071109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The interconversion of atmospheric organic particles among solid, semisolid, and liquid phases is of keen current scientific interest, especially for particles of secondary organic material (SOM). Herein, the influence of phase on ammonia uptake and subsequent particle-phase reactions was investigated for aerosol particles of adipic acid and α-pinene ozonolysis SOM. The nitrogen content of the particles was monitored by online mass spectrometry for increasing ammonia exposure. Solid and semisolid adipic acid particles were inert to the ammonia uptake for low RH (< 5%). For the solid particles, ammonia exposure at high relative humidity (RH; > 94%) induced a first-order deliquescence phase transition into aqueous particles. Solid particles exposed to supersaturated (RH > 100%) conditions and cycled back to high RH (> 94%), thereby becoming acidic metastable particles, underwent a gradual second-order transition upon ammonia exposure to form aqueous, partially neutralized particles. For α-pinene SOM, ammonia exposure at low RH increased the particle-phase ammonium content by a small amount. Mass spectrometric observations suggest a mechanism of neutralization and co-condensation of acidic gas-phase species, consistent with a highly viscous semisolid upon which adsorption occurs. At high RH the ammonium content increased greatly, indicative of rapid diffusion and absorption in a liquid environment. The mass spectra indicated the production of organonitrogen compounds, possibly by particle-phase reactive chemistry. The present results demonstrate that phase can be a key regulator of the reactivity of atmospheric SOM particles.
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109
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Zhang X, Liu J, Parker ET, Hayes PL, Jimenez JL, de Gouw JA, Flynn JH, Grossberg N, Lefer BL, Weber RJ. On the gas-particle partitioning of soluble organic aerosol in two urban atmospheres with contrasting emissions: 1. Bulk water-soluble organic carbon. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2012jd017908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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110
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Qiu C, Khalizov AF, Zhang R. Soot aging from OH-initiated oxidation of toluene. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:9464-9472. [PMID: 22853850 DOI: 10.1021/es301883y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We have conducted laboratory experiments to investigate the impacts of secondary organic aerosol formation on soot properties from OH-initiated oxidation of toluene. Monodisperse soot particles are exposed to the oxidation products of the OH-toluene reaction in an environmental chamber, and variations in particle size, mass, organic mass faction, morphology, effective density, hygroscopicity, and optical properties are simultaneously determined by an integrated aerosol analytical system. The thickness of the organic coating, correlated to reaction time and initial reactant concentrations, is shown to largely govern the particle properties. With the development of organic coating, the soot core is changed from a highly fractal to compact form, evident from the measured effective density and dynamic shape factor. The organic coating increases the particle hygroscopicity, and further exposure of coated soot to elevated relative humidity results in a more spherical particle. The single scattering albedo and scattering and absorption cross sections are also enhanced with the organic coating. Our results suggest that the oxidation products of anthropogenic pollutants alter the composition and properties of soot particles and lead to increased particle density, hygroscopicity, and optical properties, considerably enhancing their impacts on air quality, climate forcing, and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Qiu
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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111
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Cecinato A, Balducci C, Mastroianni D, Perilli M. Sampling and analytical methods for assessing the levels of organic pollutants in the atmosphere: PAH, phthalates and psychotropic substances: a short review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2012; 19:1915-1926. [PMID: 22767289 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-012-0959-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Accepted: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This short review presents the procedures used to monitor PAHs, phthalates and psychotropic substances in the air, and the results of some measurements made in Italy and abroad. Organic contaminants are characterized by a variety of physical and chemical properties, including aggregation phase, concentration level, and life time. This variety widens the spectrum of procedures developed to assess their occurrence in the environment and biota, but prevents the complete speciation of the "organic fraction" of air, waters and particulates, and attention is paid to a few substances. The progress in health sciences stimulates the concern on contaminants and the development of new instrumental apparatuses and methods; new chemicals are continuously identified or recognized as capable of injuring the environment and organisms. Persistent organic pollutants and persistent biologically active toxicants are subject to regulation and extensively measured by means of standard procedures. For instance, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorobiphenyls and polychlorodibenzodioxins are recovered from air through phase partition, thermal desorption or solvent extraction, then separated and detected through GC-MS or HPLC-MS procedures. By contrast, dedicated methods must be still optimized to monitor candidates or possible candidates as emerging organic pollutants, e.g. phthalates, flame retardants and perfluoroalkanes. Also, psychotropic substances appear of potential concern. Legal and illicit substances are commonly detected in the urban air besides waste and surface waters. If nicotine, caffeine and cocaine will result to enough persistence in the air, their monitoring will become an important issue of global chemical watching in the next future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Cecinato
- Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-IIA), Via Salaria km 29.3, Monterotondo Stazione, 00015 Rome, Italy.
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112
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Fooshee DR, Nguyen TB, Nizkorodov SA, Laskin J, Laskin A, Baldi P. COBRA: a computational brewing application for predicting the molecular composition of organic aerosols. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:6048-6055. [PMID: 22568707 PMCID: PMC3385869 DOI: 10.1021/es3003734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric organic aerosols (OA) represent a significant fraction of airborne particulate matter and can impact climate, visibility, and human health. These mixtures are difficult to characterize experimentally due to their complex and dynamic chemical composition. We introduce a novel Computational Brewing Application (COBRA) and apply it to modeling oligomerization chemistry stemming from condensation and addition reactions in OA formed by photooxidation of isoprene. COBRA uses two lists as input: a list of chemical structures comprising the molecular starting pool and a list of rules defining potential reactions between molecules. Reactions are performed iteratively, with products of all previous iterations serving as reactants for the next. The simulation generated thousands of structures in the mass range of 120-500 Da and correctly predicted ∼70% of the individual OA constituents observed by high-resolution mass spectrometry. Select predicted structures were confirmed with tandem mass spectrometry. Esterification was shown to play the most significant role in oligomer formation, with hemiacetal formation less important, and aldol condensation insignificant. COBRA is not limited to atmospheric aerosol chemistry; it should be applicable to the prediction of reaction products in other complex mixtures for which reasonable reaction mechanisms and seed molecules can be supplied by experimental or theoretical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R. Fooshee
- School of Information and Computer Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-3435
| | - Tran B. Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2025
| | | | - Julia Laskin
- Chemical and Materials Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - Alexander Laskin
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - Pierre Baldi
- School of Information and Computer Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-3435
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113
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Luo G, Xiong H, Fu Z, Dai J. Observation of the novel “three-pointed star” cage-like (H2O)5 cluster in a polymeric solid {[Ag2(bpp)2(H2O)2](chd)·9H2O} n. Sci China Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-012-4581-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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114
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Abstract
For more than two decades a cadre of physical chemists has focused on understanding the formation processes, chemical composition, and chemical kinetics of atmospheric aerosol particles and droplets with diameters ranging from a few nanometers to ∼10,000 nm. They have adapted or invented a range of fundamental experimental and theoretical tools to investigate the thermochemistry, mass transport, and chemical kinetics of processes occurring at nanoscale gas-liquid and gas-solid interfaces for a wide range of nonideal, real-world substances. State-of-the-art laboratory methods devised to study molecular spectroscopy, chemical kinetics, and molecular dynamics also have been incorporated into field measurement instruments that are deployed routinely on research aircraft, ships, and mobile laboratories as well as at field sites from megacities to the most remote jungle, desert, and polar locations. These instruments can now provide real-time, size-resolved aerosol particle physical property and chemical composition data anywhere in Earth's troposphere and lower stratosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Douglas R. Worsnop
- Center for Aerosol and Cloud Chemistry, Aerodyne Research, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts 01821-3976
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115
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Ghalaieny M, Bacak A, McGillen M, Martin D, Knights AV, O'Doherty S, Shallcross DE, Percival CJ. Determination of gas-phase ozonolysis rate coefficients of a number of sesquiterpenes at elevated temperatures using the relative rate method. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:6596-602. [PMID: 22456861 DOI: 10.1039/c2cp23988d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The rates of ozonolysis of four sesquiterpenes, β-caryophyllene, α-humulene, isolongifolene and α-cedrene, are determined in the gas phase at an elevated temperature of 366 ± 3 K and a pressure of ~780 Torr using the EXTreme RAnge chamber (EXTRA). The experimentally obtained rate coefficients agree with extrapolated room temperature rate coefficients for isolongifolene and α-cedrene but not for β-caryophyllene and α-humulene, which were found to be three orders of magnitude slower than this in the literature. These new measurements support the hypothesis that operating under ambient conditions, kinetic measurements of condensable species can be influenced adversely by heterogeneous processes and should therefore be treated with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Ghalaieny
- Centre for Atmospheric Science, School of Earth Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
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116
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Latif MT, Wanfi L, Hanif NM, Roslan RN, Ali MM, Mushrifah I. Composition and distribution of surfactants around Lake Chini, Malaysia. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2012; 184:1325-1334. [PMID: 21472384 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-011-2043-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2010] [Accepted: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to determine the composition of surfactants in the lake surface microlayer, rainwater, and atmospheric aerosols in the area surrounding Lake Chini, Pahang. Surfactants in the lake surface microlayer were taken from seven different stations around the lake, while samples of rainwater were taken from five different sampling stations. The samples of atmospheric aerosols were collected from the Lake Chini Research Centre which is in close proximity to the lake. The colorimetric analysis method was used to determine the composition and concentration of anionic surfactants as methylene blue active substances (MBAS) and cationic surfactants as disulphine blue active substances (DBAS). The concentration of anionic surfactants, as MBAS, in the surface microlayer ranged between 0.08 to 0.23 μmol L(-1), while the range of concentration of cationic surfactants as DBAS ranged from 0.09 to 0.11 μmol L(-1). The concentration of MBAS was higher in rainwater when compared to surfactants in the lake surface microlayer. The high concentration of surfactants in the fine mode of atmospheric aerosols suggests that natural and anthropogenic sources of surfactants contribute to the atmospheric surfactants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Talib Latif
- School of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
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117
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Abstract
Aerosol synthesis of materials is a vibrant field of particle technology and chemical reaction engineering. Examples include the manufacture of carbon blacks, fumed SiO(2), pigmentary TiO(2), ZnO vulcanizing catalysts, filamentary Ni, and optical fibers, materials that impact transportation, construction, pharmaceuticals, energy, and communications. Parallel to this, development of novel, scalable aerosol processes has enabled synthesis of new functional nanomaterials (e.g., catalysts, biomaterials, electroceramics) and devices (e.g., gas sensors). This review provides an access point for engineers to the multiscale design of aerosol reactors for the synthesis of nanomaterials using continuum, mesoscale, molecular dynamics, and quantum mechanics models spanning 10 and 15 orders of magnitude in length and time, respectively. Key design features are the rapid chemistry; the high particle concentrations but low volume fractions; the attainment of a self-preserving particle size distribution by coagulation; the ratio of the characteristic times of coagulation and sintering, which controls the extent of particle aggregation; and the narrowing of the aggregate primary particle size distribution by sintering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beat Buesser
- Institute of Process Engineering, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, Zurich, Switzerland.
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118
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Dennis-Smither BJ, Hanford KL, Kwamena NOA, Miles REH, Reid JP. Phase, Morphology, and Hygroscopicity of Mixed Oleic Acid/Sodium Chloride/Water Aerosol Particles before and after Ozonolysis. J Phys Chem A 2012; 116:6159-68. [DOI: 10.1021/jp211429f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kate L. Hanford
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
| | | | | | - Jonathan P. Reid
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
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119
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Kuwata M, Zorn SR, Martin ST. Using elemental ratios to predict the density of organic material composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:787-94. [PMID: 22145565 DOI: 10.1021/es202525q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
A governing equation was developed to predict the density ρ(org) of organic material composed of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen using the elemental ratios O:C and H:C as input parameters: ρ(org) = 1000 [(12 + 1(H:C) + 16(O:C)]/[7.0 + 5.0(H:C) + 4.15(O:C)] valid for 750 < ρ(org) < 1900 kg m(-3). Comparison of the actual to predicted ρ(org) values shows that the developed equation has an accuracy of 12% for more than 90% of the 31 atmospherically relevant compounds used in the training set. The equation was further validated for secondary organic material (SOM) produced by isoprene photo-oxidation and by α-pinene ozonolysis. Depending on the conditions of SOM production, ρ(org/SOM) ranged from 1230 to 1460 kg m(-3), O:C ranged from 0.38 to 0.72, and H:C ranged from 1.40 to 1.86. Atmospheric chemistry models that simulate particle production and growth can employ the developed equation to simulate particle physical properties. The equation can also extend atmospheric measurements presented as van Krevelen diagrams to include estimates of the material density of particles and their components. Use of the equation, however, is restricted to particle components having negligible quantities of additional elements, most notably nitrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikinori Kuwata
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences and Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
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120
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Zhang Y, Chen Y, Sarwar G, Schere K. Impact of gas-phase mechanisms on Weather Research Forecasting Model with Chemistry (WRF/Chem) predictions: Mechanism implementation and comparative evaluation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd015775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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121
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Fang W, Gong L, Shan X, Liu F, Wang Z, Sheng L. Thermal Desorption/Tunable Vacuum–Ultraviolet Time-of-Flight Photoionization Aerosol Mass Spectrometry for Investigating Secondary Organic Aerosols in Chamber Experiments. Anal Chem 2011; 83:9024-32. [DOI: 10.1021/ac201838e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenzheng Fang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lei Gong
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaobin Shan
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fuyi Liu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhenya Wang
- Laboratory of Environmental Spectroscopy, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liusi Sheng
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, People’s Republic of China
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122
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Zhang Q, Jimenez JL, Canagaratna MR, Ulbrich IM, Ng NL, Worsnop DR, Sun Y. Understanding atmospheric organic aerosols via factor analysis of aerosol mass spectrometry: a review. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 401:3045-67. [PMID: 21972005 PMCID: PMC3217143 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5355-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Revised: 08/21/2011] [Accepted: 08/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Organic species are an important but poorly characterized constituent of airborne particulate matter. A quantitative understanding of the organic fraction of particles (organic aerosol, OA) is necessary to reduce some of the largest uncertainties that confound the assessment of the radiative forcing of climate and air quality management policies. In recent years, aerosol mass spectrometry has been increasingly relied upon for highly time-resolved characterization of OA chemistry and for elucidation of aerosol sources and lifecycle processes. Aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometers (AMS) are particularly widely used, because of their ability to quantitatively characterize the size-resolved composition of submicron particles (PM1). AMS report the bulk composition and temporal variations of OA in the form of ensemble mass spectra (MS) acquired over short time intervals. Because each MS represents the linear superposition of the spectra of individual components weighed by their concentrations, multivariate factor analysis of the MS matrix has proved effective at retrieving OA factors that offer a quantitative and simplified description of the thousands of individual organic species. The sum of the factors accounts for nearly 100% of the OA mass and each individual factor typically corresponds to a large group of OA constituents with similar chemical composition and temporal behavior that are characteristic of different sources and/or atmospheric processes. The application of this technique in aerosol mass spectrometry has grown rapidly in the last six years. Here we review multivariate factor analysis techniques applied to AMS and other aerosol mass spectrometers, and summarize key findings from field observations. Results that provide valuable information about aerosol sources and, in particular, secondary OA evolution on regional and global scales are highlighted. Advanced methods, for example a-priori constraints on factor mass spectra and the application of factor analysis to combined aerosol and gas phase data are discussed. Integrated analysis of worldwide OA factors is used to present a holistic regional and global description of OA. Finally, different ways in which OA factors can constrain global and regional models are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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123
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Cornell SE. Atmospheric nitrogen deposition: revisiting the question of the importance of the organic component. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2011; 159:2214-22. [PMID: 21131113 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2010.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Revised: 11/09/2010] [Accepted: 11/11/2010] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The organic component of atmospheric reactive nitrogen plays a role in biogeochemical cycles, climate and ecosystems. Although its deposition has long been known to be quantitatively significant, it is not routinely assessed in deposition studies and monitoring programmes. Excluding this fraction, typically 25-35%, introduces significant uncertainty in the determination of nitrogen deposition, with implications for the critical loads approach. The last decade of rainwater studies substantially expands the worldwide dataset, giving enough global coverage for specific hypotheses to be considered about the distribution, composition, sources and effects of organic-nitrogen deposition. This data collation and meta-analysis highlights knowledge gaps, suggesting where data-gathering efforts and process studies should be focused. New analytical techniques allow long-standing conjectures about the nature and sources of organic N to be investigated, with tantalising indications of the interplay between natural and anthropogenic sources, and between the nitrogen and carbon cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Cornell
- QUEST, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Wills Memorial Building, Queens Road, Bristol BS8 1RJ, UK.
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124
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Optimisation of pressurised liquid extraction for the ultra-trace quantification of 20 priority substances from the European Water Framework Directive in atmospheric particles by GC–MS and LC–FLD–MS/MS. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 693:47-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2010] [Revised: 02/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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125
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Roach PJ, Laskin J, Laskin A. Molecular characterization of organic aerosols using nanospray-desorption/electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2011; 82:7979-86. [PMID: 20666445 DOI: 10.1021/ac101449p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Nanospray desorption electrospray ionization (nano-DESI) combined with high-resolution mass spectrometry (HR-MS) is a promising approach for the detailed, molecular-level chemical characterization of atmospheric organic aerosols (OA) collected in laboratory and field experiments. The nano-DESI technique possesses distinct advantages of technical simplicity, enhanced sensitivity, and signal stability. In nano-DESI, analyte is desorbed into a solvent bridge formed between two capillaries and the analysis surface, which enables fast and efficient characterization of OA collected on substrates without sample preparation. Stable signals achieved using nano-DESI make it possible to obtain high-quality HR-MS data both for laboratory-generated and field-collected OA using only a small amount of material (<10 ng). Furthermore, nano-DESI enables the efficient detection of chemically labile compounds in OA, which is important for understanding chemical aging phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Roach
- Chemical and Materials Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, MSIN K8-88, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
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126
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Rajput P, Sarin M, Rengarajan R. High-Precision GC-MS Analysis of Atmospheric Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and Isomer Ratios from Biomass Burning Emissions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.4236/jep.2011.24051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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127
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Wolf JL, Richters S, Pecher L, Zeuch T. Pressure dependent mechanistic branching in the formation pathways of secondary organic aerosol from cyclic-alkene gas-phase ozonolysis. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:10952-64. [PMID: 21442094 DOI: 10.1039/c0cp02499f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Pressure shows a strong influence on aerosol yields from the gas phase ozonolysis of terpenes and other cyclic alkenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Lennard Wolf
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie
- 37077 Göttingen
- Germany
| | - Stefanie Richters
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie
- 37077 Göttingen
- Germany
| | - Lisa Pecher
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie
- 37077 Göttingen
- Germany
| | - Thomas Zeuch
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie
- 37077 Göttingen
- Germany
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128
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Hung HM, Tang CW. Effects of Temperature and Physical State on Heterogeneous Oxidation of Oleic Acid Droplets with Ozone. J Phys Chem A 2010; 114:13104-12. [DOI: 10.1021/jp105042w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ming Hung
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, National Taiwan University No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617 Taiwan
| | - Chen-Wei Tang
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, National Taiwan University No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617 Taiwan
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129
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Bothe M, Donahue NM. Organic aerosol formation in citronella candle plumes. AIR QUALITY, ATMOSPHERE, & HEALTH 2010; 3:131-137. [PMID: 20700379 PMCID: PMC2914284 DOI: 10.1007/s11869-009-0061-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2009] [Accepted: 12/21/2009] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Citronella candles are widely used as insect repellants, especially outdoors in the evening. Because these essential oils are unsaturated, they have a unique potential to form secondary organic aerosol (SOA) via reaction with ozone, which is also commonly elevated on summer evenings when the candles are often in use. We investigated this process, along with primary aerosol emissions, by briefly placing a citronella tealight candle in a smog chamber and then adding ozone to the chamber. In repeated experiments, we observed rapid and substantial SOA formation after ozone addition; this process must therefore be considered when assessing the risks and benefits of using citronella candle to repel insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Bothe
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, Technische Universität Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Neil McPherson Donahue
- Carnegie Mellon University Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, 5000 Forbes Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
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130
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Geddes S, Nichols B, Flemer S, Eisenhauer J, Zahardis J, Petrucci GA. Near-Infrared Laser Desorption/Ionization Aerosol Mass Spectrometry for Investigating Primary and Secondary Organic Aerosols under Low Loading Conditions. Anal Chem 2010; 82:7915-23. [DOI: 10.1021/ac1013354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Scott Geddes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05452
| | - Brian Nichols
- Department of Chemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05452
| | - Stevenson Flemer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05452
| | - Jessica Eisenhauer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05452
| | - James Zahardis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05452
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131
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Ziemba LD, Griffin RJ, Cottrell LD, Beckman PJ, Zhang Q, Varner RK, Sive BC, Mao H, Talbot RW. Characterization of aerosol associated with enhanced small particle of number concentrations in a suburban forested environment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd012614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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132
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Jones B, Zhang F, Maksyutenko P, Mebel AM, Kaiser RI. Crossed molecular beam study on the formation of phenylacetylene and its relevance to Titan's atmosphere. J Phys Chem A 2010; 114:5256-62. [PMID: 20369875 DOI: 10.1021/jp912054p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The crossed molecular beam experiment of the deuterated ethynyl radical (C(2)D; X(2)Sigma(+)) with benzene [C(6)H(6)(X(1)A(1g))] and its fully deuterated analog [C(6)D(6)(X(1)A(1g))] was conducted at a collision energy of 58.1 kJ mol(-1). Our experimental data suggest the formation of the phenylacetylene-d(6) via indirect reactive scattering dynamics through a long-lived reaction intermediate; the reaction is initiated by a barrierless addition of the ethynyl-d(1) radical to benzene-d(6). This initial collision complex was found to decompose via a tight exit transition state located about 42 kJ mol(-1) above the separated products; here, the deuterium atom is ejected almost perpendicularly to the rotational plane of the decomposing intermediate and almost parallel to the total angular momentum vector. The overall experimental exoergicity of the reaction is shown to be 121 +/- 10 kJ mol(-1); this compares nicely with the computed reaction energy of -111 kJ mol(-1). Even though the experiment was conducted at a collisional energy higher than equivalent temperatures typically found in the atmosphere of Titan (94 K and higher), the reaction may proceed in Titan's atmosphere as it involves no entrance barrier, all transition states involved are below the energy of the separated reactants, and the reaction is exoergic. Further, the phenylacetylene was found to be the sole reaction product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brant Jones
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA
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133
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Partitioning phase preference for secondary organic aerosol in an urban atmosphere. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:6705-10. [PMID: 20176970 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0911244107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) comprises a significant portion of atmospheric particular matter. The impact of particular matter on both human health and global climate has long been recognized. Despite its importance, there are still many unanswered questions regarding the formation and evolution of SOA in the atmosphere. This study uses a modeling approach to understand the preferred partitioning behavior of SOA species into aqueous or organic condensed phases. More specifically, this work uses statistical analyses of approximately 24,000 data values for each variable from a state of the art 3D airshed model. Spatial and temporal distributions of fractions of SOA residing in the aqueous phase (fAQ) in the South Coast Air Basin of California are presented. Typical values of fAQ within the basin near the surface range from 5 to 80%. Results show that the likelihood of large fAQ values is inversely proportional to the total SOA loading. Analysis of various meteorological parameters indicates that large fAQ values are predicted because modeled aqueous-phase SOA formation is less sensitive than that of organic-phase SOA to atmospheric conditions that are not conducive to SOA formation. There is a diurnal variation of fAQ near the surface: It tends to be larger during daytime hours than during nighttime hours. Results also indicate that the largest fAQ values are simulated in layers above ground level at night. In summary, one must consider SOA in both organic and aqueous phases for proper regional and global SOA budget estimation.
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134
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Laskin J, Laskin A, Roach PJ, Slysz GW, Anderson GA, Nizkorodov SA, Bones DL, Nguyen LQ. High-Resolution Desorption Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry for Chemical Characterization of Organic Aerosols. Anal Chem 2010; 82:2048-58. [DOI: 10.1021/ac902801f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Laskin
- Chemical and Materials Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, MSIN K8-88, Richland, Washington 99352, William R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, MSIN K8-88, Richland, Washington 99352, Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, MSIN K8-88, Richland, Washington 99352, and Department of Chemistry, University of California−Irvine, Irvine, California 92697
| | - Alexander Laskin
- Chemical and Materials Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, MSIN K8-88, Richland, Washington 99352, William R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, MSIN K8-88, Richland, Washington 99352, Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, MSIN K8-88, Richland, Washington 99352, and Department of Chemistry, University of California−Irvine, Irvine, California 92697
| | - Patrick J. Roach
- Chemical and Materials Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, MSIN K8-88, Richland, Washington 99352, William R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, MSIN K8-88, Richland, Washington 99352, Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, MSIN K8-88, Richland, Washington 99352, and Department of Chemistry, University of California−Irvine, Irvine, California 92697
| | - Gordon W. Slysz
- Chemical and Materials Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, MSIN K8-88, Richland, Washington 99352, William R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, MSIN K8-88, Richland, Washington 99352, Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, MSIN K8-88, Richland, Washington 99352, and Department of Chemistry, University of California−Irvine, Irvine, California 92697
| | - Gordon A. Anderson
- Chemical and Materials Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, MSIN K8-88, Richland, Washington 99352, William R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, MSIN K8-88, Richland, Washington 99352, Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, MSIN K8-88, Richland, Washington 99352, and Department of Chemistry, University of California−Irvine, Irvine, California 92697
| | - Sergey A. Nizkorodov
- Chemical and Materials Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, MSIN K8-88, Richland, Washington 99352, William R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, MSIN K8-88, Richland, Washington 99352, Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, MSIN K8-88, Richland, Washington 99352, and Department of Chemistry, University of California−Irvine, Irvine, California 92697
| | - David L. Bones
- Chemical and Materials Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, MSIN K8-88, Richland, Washington 99352, William R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, MSIN K8-88, Richland, Washington 99352, Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, MSIN K8-88, Richland, Washington 99352, and Department of Chemistry, University of California−Irvine, Irvine, California 92697
| | - Lucas Q. Nguyen
- Chemical and Materials Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, MSIN K8-88, Richland, Washington 99352, William R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, MSIN K8-88, Richland, Washington 99352, Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, MSIN K8-88, Richland, Washington 99352, and Department of Chemistry, University of California−Irvine, Irvine, California 92697
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135
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Li W, Shao L. Mixing and water-soluble characteristics of particulate organic compounds in individual urban aerosol particles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd012575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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136
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Chan LP, Lee AKY, Chan CK. Gas-particle partitioning of alcohol vapors on organic aerosols. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2010; 44:257-262. [PMID: 19938828 DOI: 10.1021/es9018018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Single particle levitation using an electrodynamic balance (EDB) has been found to give accurate and direct hygroscopic measurements (gas-particle partitioning of water) for a number of inorganic and organic aerosol systems. In this paper, we extend the use of an EDB to examine the gas-particle partitioning of volatile to semivolatile alcohols, including methanol, n-butanol, n-octanol, and n-decanol, on levitated oleic acid particles. The measured K(p) agreed with Pankow's absorptive partitioning model. At high n-butanol vapor concentrations (10(3) ppm), the uptake of n-butanol reduced the average molecular-weight of the oleic acid particle appreciably and hence increased the K(p) according to Pankow's equation. Moreover, the hygroscopicity of mixed oleic acid/n-butanol particles was higher than the predictions given by the UNIFAC model (molecular group contribution method) and the ZSR equation (additive rule), presumably due to molecular interactions between the chemical species in the mixed particles. Despite the high vapor concentrations used, these findings warrant further research on the partitioning of atmospheric organic vapors (K(p)) near sources and how collectively they affect the hygroscopic properties of organic aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lap P Chan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Division of Environment, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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137
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Huang M, Zhang W, Hao L, Wang Z, Fang L, Kong R, Shan X, Liu F, Sheng L. Experimental study of photooxidation products of ethylbenzene. J Environ Sci (China) 2010; 22:1570-1575. [PMID: 21235188 DOI: 10.1016/s1001-0742(09)60291-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Smog chamber experiments were performed to investigate the composition of products formed from photooxidation of aromatic hydrocarbon ethylbenzene. Vacuum ultraviolet photoionization mass spectrometer and aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometer were used to measure the products in the gas and particle phases in real-time. Experimental results demonstrated that ethylphenol, methylglyoxal, phenol, benzaldehyde, and 2-ethylfurane were the predominant photooxidation products in both the gas and particle phases. However, there were some differences between detected gas phase products and those of particle phase, for example, 2-ethylfurane, ethylglyoxylic acid, nitroethylbenzene, 3,4-dioxopentanal and ethyl-nitrophenol were only existing in the particle-phase. The possible reaction mechanisms leading to these products were also discussed and proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingqiang Huang
- Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Composition and Optical Radiation, Anhui Institute of Optics & Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China.
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138
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Reaction dynamics of the phenyl radical (C6H5) with 1-butyne (HCCC2H5) and 2-butyne (CH3CCCH3). Chem Phys Lett 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2009.09.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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139
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Wang G, Kawamura K, Xie M, Hu S, Cao J, An Z, Waston JG, Chow JC. Organic molecular compositions and size distributions of chinese summer and autumn aerosols from nanjing: characteristic haze event caused by wheat straw burning. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2009; 43:6493-6499. [PMID: 19764207 DOI: 10.1021/es803086g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Size-segregated aerosol samples were collected in urban Nanjing, China during summer and autumn of 2007 including a period of hazy days during June 1-5. Organic aerosols in the haze event were characterized by elevated concentrations of levoglucosan, high molecular weight (HMW) n-alkanes, and HMW fatty acids due to the emissions from field burning of wheat straw. In contrast, organic aerosols on nonhazy days were characterized by a predominance of fossil fuel combustion products. Levoglucosan (4030 n g m(-3)), n-alkanes (1520 ng m(-3)), fatty acids (2629 ng m(-3)), and PAHs (57 ng m(-3)) in the haze samples were 3-40 times more abundant than those in nonevent samples. Approximately 30-90% ofthe organics during the haze period can be attributed to wheat straw burning. Concentrations of particulate material (PM) mass, n-alkanes, and low molecular weight (LMW) PAHs showed a unimodal size distribution, peaking at 0.7-1.1 microm during the hazy days, and a bimodal distribution, peaking at 0.7-1.1 microm and 4.7-5.8 microm during nonhazy days. The geometric mean diameters (GMDs) of organic aerosols are larger in the fine mode (<2.1 microm) during the hazy days, suggesting aerosols emitted from the wheat straw burning are larger than those from fossil fuel combustion, and fine particle coagulation and organic compound repartitioning were enhanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gehui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xian 710075, China.
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140
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Kostenidou E, Lee BH, Engelhart GJ, Pierce JR, Pandis SN. Mass spectra deconvolution of low, medium, and high volatility biogenic secondary organic aerosol. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2009; 43:4884-4889. [PMID: 19673280 DOI: 10.1021/es803676g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) consists of compounds with a wide range of volatilities and its ambient concentration is sensitive to this volatility distribution. Recent field studies have shown that the typical mass spectrum of ambient oxygenated organic aerosol (OOA) as measured by the Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (AMS) is quite different from the SOA mass spectra reported in smog chamber experiments. Part of this discrepancy is due to the dependence of SOA composition on the organic aerosol concentration. High precursor concentrations lead to higher concentrations of the more volatile species in the produced SOA while at lower concentrations the less volatile compounds dominate the SOA composition. alpha-Pinene, beta-pinene, d-limonene, and beta-caryophyllene ozonolysis experiments were performed at moderate concentration levels. Using a thermodenuder the more volatile SOA species were removed achieving even lower SOA concentration. The less volatile fraction was then chemically characterized by an AMS. The signal fraction of m/z44, and thus the concentration of C02+, is significantly higher for the less volatile SOA. High NO(x) conditions result in less oxidized SOA than low NO(x) conditions, while increasing relative humidity levels results in more oxidized products for limonene but has little effect on alpha-and beta-pinene SOA. Combining a smog chamber with a thermodenuder model employing the volatility basis-set framework, the AMS SOA mass spectrum for each experiment and for each precursor is deconvoluted into low, medium, and high volatility component mass spectra. The spectrum of the surrogate component with the lower volatility is quite similar to that of ambient OOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia Kostenidou
- Institute of Chemical Engineering and High Temperature Chemical Processes, ICE-HT, Patras, Greece
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141
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142
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Healy RM, Temime B, Kuprovskyte K, Wenger JC. Effect of relative humidity on gas/particle partitioning and aerosol mass yield in the photooxidation of p-xylene. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2009; 43:1884-1889. [PMID: 19368187 DOI: 10.1021/es802404z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The formation of secondary organic aerosol and gas/particle partitioning of carbonyl products from the photooxidation of p-xylene has been investigated as a function of relative humidity. Experiments were performed in an atmospheric simulation chamber at atmospheric pressure and ambient temperature in the presence of NOx. Aerosol yields increased by a factor of approximately two over the relative humidity range 5-75% and were found to correlate with initial water vapor concentration and hydroxyl radical (OH) concentration. The results indicate that an increase in relative humidity results in higher levels of HONO formation in the chamber which leads to increased OH concentration, a faster p-xylene decay rate, and higher aerosol mass yields. A recently developed denuder-filter sampling technique was used to investigate the gas/ particle partitioning behavior of the carbonyl photooxidation products. The identified products accounted for up to 18% of the aerosol mass formed. Dicarbonyls with at least one aldehyde functionality (e.g., glyoxal and methylglyoxal) exhibited gas/ particle partitioning coefficients several orders of magnitude higher than expected from absorptive partitioning theory, suggesting that reactive uptake and particle phase reactions are important processes for aerosol formation from these species. Experimental gas/particle partitioning coefficients were also found to be dependent on relative humidity, with every dicarbonyl exhibiting much lower values when the relative humidity was increased from 50% to 75%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Healy
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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143
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Jurányi Z, Gysel M, Duplissy J, Weingartner E, Tritscher T, Dommen J, Henning S, Ziese M, Kiselev A, Stratmann F, George I, Baltensperger U. Influence of gas-to-particle partitioning on the hygroscopic and droplet activation behaviour of α-pinene secondary organic aerosol. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2009; 11:8091-7. [DOI: 10.1039/b904162a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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144
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Nico PS, Kumfer BM, Kennedy IM, Anastasio C. Redox Dynamics of Mixed Metal (Mn, Cr, and Fe) Ultrafine Particles. AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR AEROSOL RESEARCH 2009; 43:60-70. [PMID: 20046215 PMCID: PMC2630177 DOI: 10.1080/02786820802482528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The impact of particle composition on metal oxidation state, and on changes in oxidation state with simulated atmospheric aging, are investigated experimentally in flame-generated nanoparticles containing Mn, Cr, and Fe. The results demonstrate that the initial fraction of Cr(VI) within the particles decreases with increasing total metal concentration in the flame. In contrast, the initial Mn oxidation state was only partly controlled by metal loading, suggesting the importance of other factors. Two reaction pathways, one reductive and one oxidative, were found to be operating simultaneously during simulated atmospheric aging. The oxidative pathway depended upon the presence of simulated sunlight and O(3), whereas the reductive pathway occurred in the presence of simulated sunlight alone. The reductive pathway appears to be rapid but transient, allowing the oxidative pathway to dominate with longer aging times, i.e. greater than ∼8 hours. The presence of Mn within the particles enhanced the importance of the oxidative pathway, leading to more net Cr oxidation during aging implying that Mn can mediate oxidation by removal of electrons from other particulate metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter S. Nico
- Earth Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Rd., Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. ; Tel: 510−486−7118
| | - Benjamin M. Kumfer
- Department of Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Ian M. Kennedy
- Department of Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Cort Anastasio
- Department of Land, Air & Water Resources, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
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145
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Nguyen TL, Winterhalter R, Moortgat G, Kanawati B, Peeters J, Vereecken L. The gas-phase ozonolysis of β-caryophyllene (C15H24). Part II: A theoretical study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2009; 11:4173-83. [PMID: 19458819 DOI: 10.1039/b817913a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T L Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, K. U. Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium
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146
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Smith JS, Laskin A, Laskin J. Molecular Characterization of Biomass Burning Aerosols Using High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2008; 81:1512-21. [DOI: 10.1021/ac8020664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S. Smith
- Chemical and Materials Sciences Division, and William R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, MSIN K8-88, Richland, Washington 99352
| | - Alexander Laskin
- Chemical and Materials Sciences Division, and William R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, MSIN K8-88, Richland, Washington 99352
| | - Julia Laskin
- Chemical and Materials Sciences Division, and William R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, MSIN K8-88, Richland, Washington 99352
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147
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Evidence for liquid-like and nonideal behavior of a mixture of organic aerosol components. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:18687-91. [PMID: 19020087 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0802144105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The condensation, evaporation, and repartitioning of semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) in the atmosphere depends both on the phase of condensed material and the effective condensed phase vapor pressures of the SVOCs. Although direct measurements of vapor pressures of individual SVOCs exist, there are limited measurements of how the properties of a given compound changes in mixtures of multiple components that exist in the atmosphere. Here, the evaporation behavior of mixtures of dicarboxylic acids, which are common atmospheric aerosol constituents, is investigated. These measurements demonstrate that complex mixtures of the individually solid organic compounds take on liquid-like properties. Additionally, the vapor pressures of individual components show strong, identity-dependent deviations from ideality (i.e., Raoult's Law), with the vapor pressures of the smaller, more volatile compounds decreased significantly in the mixtures. The addition of an inorganic compound (NaNO(3)) further influences the nonideal behavior, again in a compound-specific manner. These results suggest that nonideal behavior of particle-phase compounds influences the abundances of organic aerosol observed in the atmosphere and in the laboratory.
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148
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149
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Arp HPH, Schwarzenbach RP, Goss KU. Ambient gas/particle partitioning. 2: The influence of particle source and temperature on sorption to dry terrestrial aerosols. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2008; 42:5951-5957. [PMID: 18767650 DOI: 10.1021/es703096p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In a companion paper we reported that, for apolar and most polar compounds, the dominating sorption mechanism governing ambient gas/particle partitioning under dry conditions is absorption into a water-insoluble organic matter (WIOM) phase, whereas under moist conditions, polar and ionized compounds can partition additionally into a mixed-aqueous phase. In order to understand how sorption into the WIOM varies for particles from diverse terrestrial locations, we looked at over 500 equilibrium gas/particle partitioning constants, Kip, measured at a specific temperature and relative humidity (15 degrees C, 50% RH), covering aerosol samples from all seasons and various locations. The data indicate that for every sample the WIOM exhibits similar intermolecular interactions with gas-phase organic compounds. For a given compound, the Kip values usually vary within a factor 3 for different aerosol samples, though they could vary by up to an order of magnitude. This is most likely due to variations in the WIOM weight fraction. Fitted poly parameter linear free energy relationships (PP-LFERs) were validated by giving good predictions of Kip values for many SVOCs in the literature, including n-alkanes, organochlorines, PCBs, though not PAHs as much of the particle-bound PAHs are likely nonexchangeable with the air phase. This study also investigated the influence of temperature on partitioning to WIOM, and found thatthe temperature dependence of Kip values can be reasonably predicted using the pure compound's enthalpy of vaporization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Peter H Arp
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH-Zurich, Universitätsstrasse 16, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
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150
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Ho SSH, Yu JZ, Chow JC, Zielinska B, Watson JG, Sit EHL, Schauer JJ. Evaluation of an in-injection port thermal desorption-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry method for analysis of non-polar organic compounds in ambient aerosol samples. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1200:217-27. [PMID: 18556009 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.05.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2007] [Revised: 04/30/2008] [Accepted: 05/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Thermal desorption coupled with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (TD-GC/MS) is an alternative to solvent extraction (SE)-based GC/MS (SE-GC/MS) for the analysis of non-polar organic compounds in filter or impactor-collected aerosols. TD-GC/MS has no sample pretreatment and requires a small filter aliquot for detecting individual organic compounds. The performance of an in-injection port TD-GC/MS is evaluated for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), n-alkanes, iso-/anteiso-alkanes, hopanes, steranes, branched alkanes, cyclohexanes, alkenes, and phthalates in standards and ambient air samples. Replicate analysis for 132 organic compounds showed relative standard deviations <10%, with the majority <5%. Accuracy for 15 PAHs, determined with NIST standard reference material (SRM) 1649a urban dust, was within +/-5% of the certified values. TD-GC/MS and SE-GC/MS method comparisons for 14 Hong Kong ambient samples agreed within 11% for 106 non-polar compounds. For 19 Tong Liang, China samples, agreement was within 13% for 23 PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Sai Hang Ho
- Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV 89512, USA
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