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Zhang Y, Wang X, Rong W, Yang J, Li Z, Wu L, Zhang G, Ma Z. Histochemical Analyses Reveal That Stronger Intrinsic Defenses in Gossypium barbadense Than in G. hirsutum Are Associated With Resistance to Verticillium dahliae. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2017; 30:984-996. [PMID: 28850286 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-03-17-0067-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Verticillium wilt, caused by Verticillium dahliae Kleb., is a serious threat to cotton (Gossypium spp.) crop production. To enhance our understanding of the plant's complex defensive mechanism, we examined colonization patterns and interactions between V. dahliae and two cotton species, the resistant G. barbadense and the susceptible G. hirsutum. Microscopic examinations and grafting experiments showed that the progression of infection was restricted within G. barbadense. At all pre- and postinoculation sampling times, levels of salicylic acid (SA) were also higher in that species than in G. hirsutum. Comparative RNA-Seq analyses indicated that infection induced dramatic changes in the expression of thousands of genes in G. hirsutum, whereas those changes were fewer and weaker in G. barbadense. Investigations of the morphological and biochemical nature of cell-wall barriers demonstrated that depositions of lignin, phenolic compounds, and callose were significantly higher in G. barbadense. To determine the contribution of a known resistance gene to these processes, we silenced GbEDS1 and found that the transformed plants had decreased SA production, which led to the upregulation of PLASMODESMATA-LOCATED PROTEIN (PDLP) 1 and PDLP6. This was followed by a decline in callose deposition in the plasmodesmata, which then led to increased pathogen susceptibility. This comparison between resistant and susceptible species indicated that both physical and chemical mechanisms play important roles in the defenses of cotton against V. dahliae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Department of Agronomy, North China Key Laboratory for Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingfen Wang
- Department of Agronomy, North China Key Laboratory for Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Rong
- Department of Agronomy, North China Key Laboratory for Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Agronomy, North China Key Laboratory for Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhikun Li
- Department of Agronomy, North China Key Laboratory for Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, People's Republic of China
| | - Liqiang Wu
- Department of Agronomy, North China Key Laboratory for Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, People's Republic of China
| | - Guiyin Zhang
- Department of Agronomy, North China Key Laboratory for Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiying Ma
- Department of Agronomy, North China Key Laboratory for Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, People's Republic of China
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102
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Rayapuram N, Bigeard J, Alhoraibi H, Bonhomme L, Hesse AM, Vinh J, Hirt H, Pflieger D. Quantitative Phosphoproteomic Analysis Reveals Shared and Specific Targets of Arabidopsis Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases (MAPKs) MPK3, MPK4, and MPK6. Mol Cell Proteomics 2017; 17:61-80. [PMID: 29167316 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra117.000135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In Arabidopsis, mitogen-activated protein kinases MPK3, MPK4, and MPK6 constitute essential relays for a variety of functions including cell division, development and innate immunity. Although some substrates of MPK3, MPK4 and MPK6 have been identified, the picture is still far from complete. To identify substrates of these MAPKs likely involved in cell division, growth and development we compared the phosphoproteomes of wild-type and mpk3, mpk4, and mpk6. To study the function of these MAPKs in innate immunity, we analyzed their phosphoproteomes following microbe-associated molecular pattern (MAMP) treatment. Partially overlapping substrates were retrieved for all three MAPKs, showing target specificity to one, two or all three MAPKs in different biological processes. More precisely, our results illustrate the fact that the entity to be defined as a specific or a shared substrate for MAPKs is not a phosphoprotein but a particular (S/T)P phosphorylation site in a given protein. One hundred fifty-two peptides were identified to be differentially phosphorylated in response to MAMP treatment and/or when compared between genotypes and 70 of them could be classified as putative MAPK targets. Biochemical analysis of a number of putative MAPK substrates by phosphorylation and interaction assays confirmed the global phosphoproteome approach. Our study also expands the set of MAPK substrates to involve other protein kinases, including calcium-dependent (CDPK) and sugar nonfermenting (SnRK) protein kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naganand Rayapuram
- From the ‡Center for Desert Agriculture, 4700 King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jean Bigeard
- §Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay IPS2, CNRS, INRA, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment 630, 91405 Orsay, France.,¶Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay IPS2, Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Bâtiment 630, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Hanna Alhoraibi
- From the ‡Center for Desert Agriculture, 4700 King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ludovic Bonhomme
- ‖UMR INRA/UBP Génétique, Diversité et Écophysiologie des Céréales, Université de Clermont-Ferrand, 63039 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Anne-Marie Hesse
- **CEA, BIG-BGE-EDyP, U1038 Inserm/CEA/UGA, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Joëlle Vinh
- ‡‡ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University, Spectrométrie de Masse Biologique et Protéomique (SMBP), CNRS USR 3149, 10 rue Vauquelin, F75231 Paris cedex05, France
| | - Heribert Hirt
- From the ‡Center for Desert Agriculture, 4700 King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Delphine Pflieger
- **CEA, BIG-BGE-EDyP, U1038 Inserm/CEA/UGA, 38000 Grenoble, France.,§§CNRS, LAMBE UMR 8587, Université d'Evry Val d'Essonne, Evry, France
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103
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Chang Y, Yang H, Ren D, Li Y. Activation of ZmMKK10, a maize mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase, induces ethylene-dependent cell death. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 264:129-137. [PMID: 28969793 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2017.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades play important roles in regulating plant growth, development and stress responses. Here, we report that ZmMKK10, a maize MAP kinase kinase, positively regulates cell death. Sequence comparison to Arabidopsis MKKs has led to ZmMKK10 being classified as a group D MKK. Kinase activity analysis of recombinant ZmMKK10 showed that the Mg2+ ion was required for its kinase activity. Transient expression of ZmMKK10WT or ZmMKK10DD (the active form of ZmMKK10) in maize mesophyll protoplast significantly increased the cell death rate. Inducible expression of ZmMKK10WT or ZmMKK10DD in Arabidopsis transgenic plants caused rapid HR-like cell death, whereas induction of ZmMKK10KR (the inactive form of ZmMKK10) expression in transgenic plants did not yield the same phenotype. Genetic and pharmacological analysis revealed that ZmMKK10-induced cell death in transgenic plants requires the activation of Arabidopsis MPK3 and MPK6 and that it partially depended on ethylene biosynthesis. ZmMPK3 and ZmMPK7, the orthologues of Arabidopsis MPK3 and MPK6, interacted with ZmMKK10 in yeast and ZmMKK10 phosphorylated them both in vitro. Our results demonstrate that ZmMKK10 induces cell death in an ethylene-dependent manner. Furthermore, ZmMPK3 and ZmMPK7 may be the downstream MAPKs in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hailian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Dongtao Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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104
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Reducing cell wall feruloylation by expression of a fungal ferulic acid esterase in Festuca arundinacea modifies plant growth, leaf morphology and the turnover of cell wall arabinoxylans. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185312. [PMID: 28934356 PMCID: PMC5608373 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A feature of cell wall arabinoxylan in grasses is the presence of ferulic acid which upon oxidative coupling by the action of peroxidases forms diferuloyl bridges between formerly separated arabinoxylans. Ferulate cross-linking is suspected of playing various roles in different plant processes. Here we investigate the role of cell wall feruloyaltion in two major processes, that of leaf growth and the turnover of cell wall arabinoxylans on leaf senescence in tall fescue using plants in which the level of cell wall ferulates has been reduced by targeted expression of the Aspergillus niger ferulic acid esterase A (FAEA) to the apoplast or Golgi. Analysis of FAE expressing plants showed that all the lines had shorter and narrower leaves compared to control, which may be a consequence of the overall growth rate being lower and occurring earlier in FAE expressing leaves than in controls. Furthermore, the final length of epidermal cells was shorter than controls, indicating that their expansion was curtailed earlier than in control leaves. This may be due to the observations that the deposition of both ether and ester linked monomeric hydroxycinnamic acids and ferulate dimerization stopped earlier in FAE expressing leaves but at a lower level than controls, and hydroxycinnamic acid deposition started to slow down when peroxidase levels increased. It would appear therefore that one of the possible mechanisms for controlling overall leaf morphology such as leaf length and width in grasses, where leaf morphology is highly variable between species, may be the timing of hydroxycinnamic acid deposition in the expanding cell walls as they emerge from cell division into the elongation zone, controlled partially by the onset of peroxidase activity in this region.
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105
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Ma C, Ma X, Yao L, Liu Y, Du F, Yang X, Xu M. qRfg3, a novel quantitative resistance locus against Gibberella stalk rot in maize. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2017; 130:1723-1734. [PMID: 28555262 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-017-2921-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
A quantitative trait locus qRfg3 imparts recessive resistance to maize Gibberella stalk rot. qRfg3 has been mapped into a 350-kb interval and could reduce the disease severity index by ~26.6%. Gibberella stalk rot, caused by the fungal pathogen Fusarium graminearum, severely affects maize yield and grain quality worldwide. To identify more resistance quantitative trait loci (QTLs) against this disease, we analyzed a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population derived from a cross between resistant H127R and susceptible C7-2 inbred lines. Within this population, maize resistance to Gibberella stalk rot had high broad-sense heritability. A major QTL, qRfg3, on chromosome 3 was consistently detected across three field trials, accounting for 10.7-19.4% of the total phenotypic variation. Using a progeny-based sequential fine-mapping strategy, we narrowed qRfg3 down to an interval of ~350 kb. We further demonstrated that qRfg3 is a recessive resistance locus to Gibberella stalk rot that reduced the disease severity index by ~26.6%. Both the gene location and recessive genetic mode distinguish qRfg3 from other stalk rot resistance loci. Hence, qRfg3 is valuable as a complement to existing resistance QTLs to improve maize resistance to Gibberella stalk rot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanyu Ma
- National Maize Improvement Centre of China, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuena Ma
- National Maize Improvement Centre of China, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lishan Yao
- National Maize Improvement Centre of China, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongjie Liu
- National Maize Improvement Centre of China, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Feili Du
- National Maize Improvement Centre of China, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohong Yang
- National Maize Improvement Centre of China, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingliang Xu
- National Maize Improvement Centre of China, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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106
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Moral J, Montilla‐Bascón G, Canales FJ, Rubiales D, Prats E. Cytoskeleton reorganization/disorganization is a key feature of induced inaccessibility for defence to successive pathogen attacks. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2017; 18:662-671. [PMID: 27147535 PMCID: PMC6638220 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we investigated the involvement of the long-term dynamics of cytoskeletal reorganization on the induced inaccessibility phenomenon by which cells that successfully defend against a previous fungal attack become highly resistant to subsequent attacks. This was performed on pea through double inoculation experiments using inappropriate (Blumeria graminis f. sp. avenae, Bga) and appropriate (Erysiphe pisi, Ep) powdery mildew fungi. Pea leaves previously inoculated with Bga showed a significant reduction of later Ep infection relative to leaves inoculated only with Ep, indicating that cells had developed induced inaccessibility. This reduction in Ep infection was higher when the time interval between Bga and Ep inoculation ranged between 18 and 24 h, although increased penetration resistance in co-infected cells was observed even with time intervals of 24 days between inoculations. Interestingly, this increase in resistance to Ep following successful defence to the inappropriate Bga was associated with an increase in actin microfilament density that reached a maximum at 18-24 h after Bga inoculation and very slowly decreased afterwards. The putative role of cytoskeleton reorganization/disorganization leading to inaccessibility is supported by the suppression of the induced resistance mediated by specific actin (cytochalasin D, latrunculin B) or general protein (cycloheximide) inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Moral
- CSIC, Institute for Sustainable AgricultureCórdobaE‐14004Spain
| | | | | | - Diego Rubiales
- CSIC, Institute for Sustainable AgricultureCórdobaE‐14004Spain
| | - Elena Prats
- CSIC, Institute for Sustainable AgricultureCórdobaE‐14004Spain
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107
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Mestre P, Arista G, Piron M, Rustenholz C, Ritzenthaler C, Merdinoglu D, Chich J. Identification of a Vitis vinifera endo-β-1,3-glucanase with antimicrobial activity against Plasmopara viticola. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2017; 18:708-719. [PMID: 27216084 PMCID: PMC6638254 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Inducible plant defences against pathogens are stimulated by infections and comprise several classes of pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins. Endo-β-1,3-glucanases (EGases) belong to the PR-2 class and their expression is induced by many pathogenic fungi and oomycetes, suggesting that EGases play a role in the hydrolysis of pathogen cell walls. However, reports of a direct effect of EGases on cell walls of plant pathogens are scarce. Here, we characterized three EGases from Vitis vinifera whose expression is induced during infection by Plasmopara viticola, the causal agent of downy mildew. Recombinant proteins were expressed in Escherichia coli. The enzymatic characteristics of these three enzymes were measured in vitro and in planta. A functional assay performed in vitro on germinated P. viticola spores revealed a strong anti-P. viticola activity for EGase3, which strikingly was that with the lowest in vitro catalytic efficiency. To our knowledge, this work shows, for the first time, the direct effect against downy mildew of EGases of the PR-2 family from Vitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pere Mestre
- SVQV, INRA, Université de StrasbourgColmarF‐68000France
| | | | | | | | - Christophe Ritzenthaler
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du CNRS, Université de Strasbourg12 rue du Général ZimmerStrasbourg67084France
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108
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Peyraud R, Dubiella U, Barbacci A, Genin S, Raffaele S, Roby D. Advances on plant-pathogen interactions from molecular toward systems biology perspectives. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 90:720-737. [PMID: 27870294 PMCID: PMC5516170 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In the past 2 decades, progress in molecular analyses of the plant immune system has revealed key elements of a complex response network. Current paradigms depict the interaction of pathogen-secreted molecules with host target molecules leading to the activation of multiple plant response pathways. Further research will be required to fully understand how these responses are integrated in space and time, and exploit this knowledge in agriculture. In this review, we highlight systems biology as a promising approach to reveal properties of molecular plant-pathogen interactions and predict the outcome of such interactions. We first illustrate a few key concepts in plant immunity with a network and systems biology perspective. Next, we present some basic principles of systems biology and show how they allow integrating multiomics data and predict cell phenotypes. We identify challenges for systems biology of plant-pathogen interactions, including the reconstruction of multiscale mechanistic models and the connection of host and pathogen models. Finally, we outline studies on resistance durability through the robustness of immune system networks, the identification of trade-offs between immunity and growth and in silico plant-pathogen co-evolution as exciting perspectives in the field. We conclude that the development of sophisticated models of plant diseases incorporating plant, pathogen and climate properties represent a major challenge for agriculture in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Peyraud
- LIPMUniversité de ToulouseINRACNRSCastanet‐TolosanFrance
| | | | | | - Stéphane Genin
- LIPMUniversité de ToulouseINRACNRSCastanet‐TolosanFrance
| | | | - Dominique Roby
- LIPMUniversité de ToulouseINRACNRSCastanet‐TolosanFrance
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109
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Novo M, Silvar C, Merino F, Martínez-Cortés T, Lu F, Ralph J, Pomar F. Deciphering the role of the phenylpropanoid metabolism in the tolerance of Capsicum annuum L. to Verticillium dahliae Kleb. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 258:12-20. [PMID: 28330555 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2017.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Verticillium dahliae is an economically relevant soilborne pathogen that causes vascular wilt in several crops, including pepper (Capsicum annuum). Fungal infection is usually visualized as a vascular browning, likely due to the onset of phenylpropanoid metabolism, which also seems to play a crucial role in the tolerance of some pepper varieties. In the current work, the potential function of distinct phenylpropanoid derivatives (suberin, lignin and phenolic compounds) in the pepper tolerance response against V. dahliae, was investigated. Histochemical and biochemical analyses ruled out suberin as a key player in the pepper-fungus interaction. However, changes observed in lignin composition and higher deposition of bound phenolics in infected stems seemed to contribute to the reinforcement of cell walls and the impairment of V. dahliae colonization. Most importantly, this is the first time that the accumulation of the hydroxycinnamic acid amide N-feruloyltyramine was reported in pepper stems in response to a vascular fungus. Fungitoxic activity for that hydroxycinnamate-tyramine conjugate was demonstrated as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Novo
- Universidade da Coruña, Grupo de Investigación en Bioloxía Evolutiva, Departamento de Bioloxía Animal, Bioloxía Vexetal e Ecoloxía, Facultade de Ciencias, Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), 15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Cristina Silvar
- Universidade da Coruña, Grupo de Investigación en Bioloxía Evolutiva, Departamento de Bioloxía Animal, Bioloxía Vexetal e Ecoloxía, Facultade de Ciencias, Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), 15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Fuencisla Merino
- Universidade da Coruña, Grupo de Investigación en Bioloxía Evolutiva, Departamento de Bioloxía Animal, Bioloxía Vexetal e Ecoloxía, Facultade de Ciencias, Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), 15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Teresa Martínez-Cortés
- Universidade da Coruña, Grupo de Investigación en Bioloxía Evolutiva, Departamento de Bioloxía Animal, Bioloxía Vexetal e Ecoloxía, Facultade de Ciencias, Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), 15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Fachuang Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and the Department of Energy's Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, The Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin, WI 53726 Madison, USA; State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, 510640 Guangzhou, China
| | - John Ralph
- Department of Biochemistry and the Department of Energy's Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, The Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin, WI 53726 Madison, USA
| | - Federico Pomar
- Universidade da Coruña, Grupo de Investigación en Bioloxía Evolutiva, Departamento de Bioloxía Animal, Bioloxía Vexetal e Ecoloxía, Facultade de Ciencias, Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), 15071 A Coruña, Spain.
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110
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Simmons TJ, Fry SC. Bonds broken and formed during the mixed-linkage glucan : xyloglucan endotransglucosylase reaction catalysed by Equisetum hetero-trans-β-glucanase. Biochem J 2017; 474:1055-1070. [PMID: 28108640 PMCID: PMC5341106 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Mixed-linkage glucan∶xyloglucan endotransglucosylase (MXE) is one of the three activities of the recently characterised hetero-trans-β-glucanase (HTG), which among land plants is known only from Equisetum species. The biochemical details of the MXE reaction were incompletely understood - details that would promote understanding of MXE's role in vivo and enable its full technological exploitation. We investigated HTG's site of attack on one of its donor substrates, mixed-linkage (1→3),(1→4)-β-d-glucan (MLG), with radioactive oligosaccharides of xyloglucan as the acceptor substrate. Comparing three different MLG preparations, we showed that the enzyme favours those with a high content of cellotetraose blocks. The reaction products were analysed by enzymic digestion, thin-layer chromatography (TLC), high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gel-permeation chromatography (GPC). Equisetum HTG consistently cleaved the MLG at the third consecutive β-(1→4)-bond following (towards the reducing terminus) a β-(1→3)-bond. It then formed a β-(1→4)-bond between the MLG and the non-reducing terminal glucose residue of the xyloglucan oligosaccharide, consistent with its xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase subfamily membership. Using size-homogeneous barley MLG as the donor substrate, we showed that HTG does not favour any particular region of the MLG chain relative to the polysaccharide's reducing and non-reducing termini; rather, it selects its target cellotetraosyl unit stochastically along the MLG molecule. This work improves our understanding of how enzymes can exhibit promiscuous substrate specificities and provides the foundations to explore strategies for engineering novel substrate specificities into transglycanases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Simmons
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, U.K
| | - Stephen C Fry
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, U.K.
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111
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Xing X, Li X, Zhang M, Wang Y, Liu B, Xi Q, Zhao K, Wu Y, Yang T. Transcriptome analysis of resistant and susceptible tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) in response to root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita infection. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 482:1114-1121. [PMID: 27914810 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.11.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The root-knot nematode (RKN) Meloidogyne incognita reproduces on the roots of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), damaging crops, reducing crop yield, and causing economic losses annually. The development of resistant genotypes is an alternative strategy to effectively control these losses. However, the molecular mechanism responsible for host pathogenesis and defense responses in tobacco specifically against RKNs remain poorly understood. Here, root transcriptome analysis of resistant (Yuyan12) and susceptible (Changbohuang) tobacco varieties infected with RKNs was performed. Moreover, 2623 and 545 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in RKN-infected roots were observed in Yuyan12 and Changbohuang, respectively, compared to those in non-infected roots, including 289 DEGs commonly expressed in the two genotypes. Among these DEGs, genes encoding cell wall modifying proteins, auxin-related proteins, the ROS scavenging system, and transcription factors involved in various biological and physiochemical processes were significantly expressed in both the resistant and susceptible genotypes. This work is thus the first report on the relationships in the RKN-tobacco interaction using transcriptome analysis, and the results provide important information on the mechanism of RKN resistance in tobacco.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuexia Xing
- College of Tobacco, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, Henan, China
| | - Xiaohui Li
- College of Tobacco, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, Henan, China
| | - Mingzhen Zhang
- College of Tobacco, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, Henan, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- College of Tobacco, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, Henan, China
| | - Bingyang Liu
- College of Tobacco, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, Henan, China
| | - Qiliang Xi
- College of Tobacco, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, Henan, China
| | - Ke Zhao
- College of Tobacco, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, Henan, China
| | - Yunjie Wu
- College of Tobacco, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, Henan, China
| | - Tiezhao Yang
- College of Tobacco, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, Henan, China.
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Guo S, Zuo Y, Zhang Y, Wu C, Su W, Jin W, Yu H, An Y, Li Q. Large-scale transcriptome comparison of sunflower genes responsive to Verticillium dahliae. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:42. [PMID: 28061745 PMCID: PMC5219742 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-3386-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sunflower Verticillium wilt (SVW) is a vascular disease caused by root infection with Verticillium dahliae (V. dahlia). It is a serious threat to the yield and quality of sunflower. However, chemical and agronomic measures for controlling this disease are not effective. The selection of more resistant genotypes is a desirable strategy to reduce contamination. A deeper knowledge of the molecular mechanisms and genetic basis underlying sunflower Verticillium wilt is necessary to accelerate breeding progress. RESULTS An RNA-Seq approach was used to perform global transcriptome profiling on the roots of resistant (S18) and susceptible (P77) sunflower genotypes infected with V. dahlia. Different pairwise transcriptome comparisons were examined over a time course (6, 12 and 24 h, and 2, 3, 5 and 10 d post inoculation). In RD, SD and D datasets, 1231 genes were associated with SVW resistance in a genotype-common transcriptional pattern. Moreover, 759 and 511 genes were directly related to SVW resistance in the resistant and susceptible genotypes, respectively, in a genotype-specific transcriptional pattern. Most of the genes were demonstrated to participate in plant defense responses; these genes included peroxidase (POD), glutathione peroxidase, aquaporin PIP, chitinase, L-ascorbate oxidase, and LRR receptors. For the up-regulated genotype-specific differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the resistant genotype, higher average fold-changes were observed in the resistant genotype compared to those in the susceptible genotype. An inverse effect was observed in the down-regulated genotype-specific DEGs in the resistant genotype. KEGG analyses showed that 98, 112 and 52 genes were classified into plant hormone signal transduction, plant-pathogen interaction and flavonoid biosynthesis categories, respectively. Many of these genes, such as CNGC, RBOH, FLS2, JAZ, MYC2 NPR1 and TGA, regulate crucial points in defense-related pathway and may contribute to V. dahliae resistance in sunflower. CONCLUSIONS The transcriptome profiling results provided a clearer understanding of the transcripts associated with the crosstalk between sunflower and V. dahliae. The results identified several differentially expressed unigenes involved in the hyper sensitive response (HR) and the salicylic acid (SA)/jasmonic acid (JA)-mediated signal transduction pathway for resistance against V. dahliae. These results are useful for screening resistant sunflower genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuchun Guo
- Laboratory of Theoretical Biophysics, School of Physical Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, China.,Inner Mongolia Academy of Agricultural & Animal Husbandry Sciences, Hohhot, 010031, China
| | - Yongchun Zuo
- Laboratory of Theoretical Biophysics, School of Physical Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, China.,The Key Laboratory of Mammalian Reproductive Biology and Biotechnology of the Ministry of Education, College of life sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, China
| | - Yanfang Zhang
- Inner Mongolia Academy of Agricultural & Animal Husbandry Sciences, Hohhot, 010031, China
| | - Chengyan Wu
- Laboratory of Theoretical Biophysics, School of Physical Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, China
| | - Wenxia Su
- Laboratory of Theoretical Biophysics, School of Physical Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, China
| | - Wen Jin
- Laboratory of Theoretical Biophysics, School of Physical Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, China
| | - Haifeng Yu
- Inner Mongolia Academy of Agricultural & Animal Husbandry Sciences, Hohhot, 010031, China
| | - Yulin An
- Inner Mongolia Academy of Agricultural & Animal Husbandry Sciences, Hohhot, 010031, China
| | - Qianzhong Li
- Laboratory of Theoretical Biophysics, School of Physical Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, China.
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Alkooranee JT, Aledan TR, Ali AK, Lu G, Zhang X, Wu J, Fu C, Li M. Detecting the Hormonal Pathways in Oilseed Rape behind Induced Systemic Resistance by Trichoderma harzianum TH12 to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0168850. [PMID: 28045929 PMCID: PMC5207704 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants have the ability to resist pathogen attack after infection or treatment with biotic and abiotic elicitors. In oilseed rape plant Brassica napus AACC and in the artificially synthesized Raphanus alboglabra RRCC, the root-colonizing Trichoderma harzianum TH12 fungus triggers induced systemic resistance (ISR), and its culture filtrate (CF) triggers a systemic acquired resistance (SAR) response against infection by the Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid/ethylene (JA/ET) are plant hormone signals that play important roles in the regulation of ISR and SAR. In this study, at six different time points (1, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 days post-infection [dpi]), six resistance genes were used as markers of signaling pathways: JA/ET signaling used AOC3, PDF1.2 and ERF2 genes, while PR-1, TGA5 and TGA6 genes were used as markers of SA signaling. The results of quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) showed that AOC3, PDF1.2 and ERF2 expression levels in infected leaves of AACC and RRCC increase at 1 and 2 dpi with S. sclerotiorum or inoculation with TH12. PR-1, TGA5 and TGA6 expression levels increased at 8 and 10 dpi in infected leaves. PR-1, TGA5 and TGA6 expression levels increased early in plants treated with CF in both of the healthy genotypes. Furthermore, induction of SA- and JA/ET-dependent defense decreased disease symptoms in infected leaves at different times. The results suggest that the RRCC genotype exhibits resistance to disease and that the ability of TH12 and its CF to induce systemic resistance in susceptible and resistant oilseed rape genotypes exists. In addition, the results indicate for the first time that in RRCC the SA signaling pathway is involved in resistance to necrotrophic pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jawadayn Talib Alkooranee
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for the Characteristic Resources Exploitation of Dabie Mountains, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang, China
| | - Tamarah Raad Aledan
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ali Kadhim Ali
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Guangyuan Lu
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xuekun Zhang
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jiangsheng Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chunhua Fu
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Maoteng Li
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for the Characteristic Resources Exploitation of Dabie Mountains, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang, China
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Chen J, Li N, Ma X, Gupta VK, Zhang D, Li T, Dai X. The Ectopic Overexpression of the Cotton Ve1 and Ve2-Homolog Sequences Leads to Resistance Response to Verticillium Wilt in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:844. [PMID: 28611793 PMCID: PMC5447073 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Verticillium wilt, caused by the Verticillium dahliae phytopathogen, is a devastating disease affecting many economically important crops. A receptor-like protein (RLP) gene, Ve1, has been reported to confer resistance to V. dahliae in tomato plants, but few genes have been found to be involved in cotton Verticillium wilt resistance. Here, we cloned two RLP gene homologs, Gossypium barbadense resistance gene to Verticillium dahliae 1 (GbaVd1) and GbaVd2, from the Verticillium wilt-resistant cultivar G. barbadense cv. Hai7124. GbaVd1 and GbaVd2 display sequence divergence, but both encode typical RLPs. Virus-induced gene silencing of GbaVd1 or GbaVd2 compromised the resistance of cotton to V. dahliae, and both genes conferred Verticillium wilt resistance after interfamily transfer into Arabidopsis. Microarray analysis revealed that GbaVd1 and GbaVd2 participate in Verticillium wilt resistance in Arabidopsis through activation of defense responses, including the endocytosis process, signaling factors, transcription factors and reinforcement of the cell wall, as demonstrated by lignification in Arabidopsis transgenic plants. In addition, microarray analysis showed that GbaVd1 and GbaVd2 differentially mediate resistance signaling and activation of defense responses after overexpression in Arabidopsis. Thus, GbaVd1 and GbaVd2 encode RLPs and act as disease resistance genes that mediate the defense response against V. dahliae in cotton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieyin Chen
- Laboratory of Cotton Diseases, The Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Nanyang Li
- Laboratory of Cotton Diseases, The Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Xuefeng Ma
- Laboratory of Cotton Diseases, The Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Vijai K. Gupta
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, ERA Chair of Green Chemistry, School of Science, Tallinn University of TechnologyTallinn, Estonia
| | - Dandan Zhang
- Laboratory of Cotton Diseases, The Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Tinggang Li
- Laboratory of Cotton Diseases, The Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Xiaofeng Dai
- Laboratory of Cotton Diseases, The Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaofeng Dai
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Sathiyabama M, Manikandan A. Chitosan nanoparticle induced defense responses in fingermillet plants against blast disease caused by Pyricularia grisea (Cke.) Sacc. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 154:241-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.06.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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116
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Sánchez-Martín J, Montilla-Bascón G, Mur LAJ, Rubiales D, Prats E. Compromised Photosynthetic Electron Flow and H 2O 2 Generation Correlate with Genotype-Specific Stomatal Dysfunctions during Resistance against Powdery Mildew in Oats. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1660. [PMID: 27877184 PMCID: PMC5099169 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Stomatal dysfunction known as "locking" has been linked to the elicitation of a hypersensitive response (HR) following attack of fungal pathogens in cereals. We here assess how spatial and temporal patterns of different resistance mechanisms, such as HR and penetration resistance influence stomatal and photosynthetic parameters in oat (Avena sativa) and the possible involvement of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in the dysfunctions observed. Four oat cultivars with differential resistance responses (i.e., penetration resistance, early and late HR) to powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis f. sp. avenae, Bga) were used. Results demonstrated that stomatal dysfunctions were genotype but not response-type dependent since genotypes with similar resistance responses when assessed histologically showed very different locking patterns. Maximum quantum yield (Fv/Fm) of photosystem II were compromised in most Bga-oat interactions and photoinhibition increased. However, the extent of the photosynthetic alterations was not directly related to the extent of HR. H2O2 generation is triggered during the execution of resistance responses and can influence stomatal function. Artificially increasing H2O2 by exposing plants to increased light intensity further reduced Fv/Fm ratios and augmented the patterns of stomatal dysfunctions previously observed. The latter results suggest that the observed dysfunctions and hence a cost of resistance may be linked with oxidative stress occurring during defense induced photosynthetic disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Sánchez-Martín
- Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)Córdoba, Spain
| | - Gracia Montilla-Bascón
- Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)Córdoba, Spain
| | - Luis A. J. Mur
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth UniversityAberystwyth, UK
| | - Diego Rubiales
- Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)Córdoba, Spain
| | - Elena Prats
- Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)Córdoba, Spain
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117
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Xie X, Wang Y. VqDUF642, a gene isolated from the Chinese grape Vitis quinquangularis, is involved in berry development and pathogen resistance. PLANTA 2016; 244:1075-1094. [PMID: 27424038 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-016-2569-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The DUF642 gene VqDUF642 , isolated from the Chinese grape species V. quinquangularis accession Danfeng-2, participates in berry development and defense responses against Erysiphe necator and Botrytis cinerea. The proteins with domains of unknown function 642 (DUF642) comprise a large protein family according to cell wall proteomic analyses in plants. However, the works about functional characterization of DUF642s in plant development and resistance to pathogens are scarce. In this study, a gene encoding a DUF642 protein was isolated from Chinese grape V. quinquangularis accession Danfeng-2, and designated as VqDUF642. Its full-length cDNA contains a 1107-bp open reading frame corresponding to a deduced 368-amino acid protein. Multiple sequence alignments and phylogenetic analysis showed that VqDUF642 is highly homologous to one of the DUF642 proteins (VvDUF642) in V. vinifera. The VqDUF642 was localized to the cell wall of tobacco epidermal cells. Accumulation of VqDUF642 protein and VqDUF642 transcript abundance increased at the later stage of grape berry development in Danfeng-2. Overexpression of VqDUF642 in transgenic tomato plants accelerated plant growth and reduced susceptibility to Botrytis cinerea. Transgenic Thompson Seedless grapevine plants overexpressing VqDUF642 exhibited enhanced resistance to Erysiphe necator and B. cinerea. Moreover, VqDUF642 overexpression affected the expression of a couple of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes in transgenic tomato and grapevine upon pathogen inoculation. Taken together, these results suggest that VqDUF642 is involved in plant development and defense against pathogenic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Xie
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, No. 3, Taicheng Road, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, No. 3, Taicheng Road, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, No. 3, Taicheng Road, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yuejin Wang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, No. 3, Taicheng Road, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, No. 3, Taicheng Road, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, No. 3, Taicheng Road, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
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118
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Wang H, Li K, Hu X, Liu Z, Wu Y, Huang C. Genome-wide association analysis of forage quality in maize mature stalk. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 16:227. [PMID: 27769176 PMCID: PMC5073832 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-016-0919-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant digestibility of silage maize (Zea mays L.) has a large influence on nutrition intake for animal feeding. Improving forage quality will enhance the utilization efficiency and feeding value of forage maize. Dissecting the genetic basis of forage quality will improve our understanding of the complex nature of cell wall biosynthesis and degradation, which is also helpful for breeding good quality silage maize. RESULTS Acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) of stalk were evaluated in a diverse maize population, which is comprised of 368 inbred lines and planted across seven environments. Using a mixed model accounting for population structure and polygenic background effects, a genome-wide association study was conducted to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) significantly associated with forage quality. Scanning 559,285 SNPs across the whole genome, 73, 41 and 82 SNPs were found to be associated with ADF, NDF, and IVDMD, respectively. Each significant SNP explained 4.2 %-6.2 % of the phenotypic variation. Underlying these associated loci, 56 genes were proposed as candidate genes for forage quality. CONCLUSIONS Of all the candidate genes proposed by GWAS, we only found a C3H gene (ZmC3H2) that is directly involved in cell wall component biosynthesis. The candidate genes found in this study are mainly involved in signal transduction, stress resistance, and transcriptional regulation of cell wall biosynthetic gene expression. Adding high digestibility maize into the association panel would be helpful for increasing genetic variability and identifying more genes associated with forage quality traits. Cloning and functional validation of these genes would be helpful for understanding the molecular mechanism of the fiber content and digestibility. These findings provide us new insights into cell wall formation and deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwu Wang
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Kun Li
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Xiaojiao Hu
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Zhifang Liu
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Yujin Wu
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Changling Huang
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081 China
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Douchkov D, Lueck S, Hensel G, Kumlehn J, Rajaraman J, Johrde A, Doblin MS, Beahan CT, Kopischke M, Fuchs R, Lipka V, Niks RE, Bulone V, Chowdhury J, Little A, Burton RA, Bacic A, Fincher GB, Schweizer P. The barley (Hordeum vulgare) cellulose synthase-like D2 gene (HvCslD2) mediates penetration resistance to host-adapted and nonhost isolates of the powdery mildew fungus. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 212:421-33. [PMID: 27352228 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Cell walls and cellular turgor pressure shape and suspend the bodies of all vascular plants. In response to attack by fungal and oomycete pathogens, which usually breach their host's cell walls by mechanical force or by secreting lytic enzymes, plants often form local cell wall appositions (papillae) as an important first line of defence. The involvement of cell wall biosynthetic enzymes in the formation of these papillae is still poorly understood, especially in cereal crops. To investigate the role in plant defence of a candidate gene from barley (Hordeum vulgare) encoding cellulose synthase-like D2 (HvCslD2), we generated transgenic barley plants in which HvCslD2 was silenced through RNA interference (RNAi). The transgenic plants showed no growth defects but their papillae were more successfully penetrated by host-adapted, virulent as well as avirulent nonhost isolates of the powdery mildew fungus Blumeria graminis. Papilla penetration was associated with lower contents of cellulose in epidermal cell walls and increased digestion by fungal cell wall degrading enzymes. The results suggest that HvCslD2-mediated cell wall changes in the epidermal layer represent an important defence reaction both for nonhost and for quantitative host resistance against nonadapted wheat and host-adapted barley powdery mildew pathogens, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitar Douchkov
- Leibniz Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK) Gatersleben, Corrensstrasse 3, Stadt Seeland, 06466, Germany
| | - Stefanie Lueck
- Leibniz Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK) Gatersleben, Corrensstrasse 3, Stadt Seeland, 06466, Germany
| | - Goetz Hensel
- Leibniz Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK) Gatersleben, Corrensstrasse 3, Stadt Seeland, 06466, Germany
| | - Jochen Kumlehn
- Leibniz Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK) Gatersleben, Corrensstrasse 3, Stadt Seeland, 06466, Germany
| | - Jeyaraman Rajaraman
- Leibniz Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK) Gatersleben, Corrensstrasse 3, Stadt Seeland, 06466, Germany
| | - Annika Johrde
- Leibniz Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK) Gatersleben, Corrensstrasse 3, Stadt Seeland, 06466, Germany
| | - Monika S Doblin
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., 3010, Australia
| | - Cherie T Beahan
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., 3010, Australia
| | - Michaela Kopischke
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, Göttingen, D-37077, Germany
| | - René Fuchs
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, Göttingen, D-37077, Germany
| | - Volker Lipka
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, Göttingen, D-37077, Germany
| | - Rients E Niks
- Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, PO Box 386, Wageningen, 6700AJ, the Netherlands
| | - Vincent Bulone
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia
- Division of Glycocience, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm, SE-106 91, Sweden
| | - Jamil Chowdhury
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Alan Little
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Rachel A Burton
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Antony Bacic
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., 3010, Australia
| | - Geoffrey B Fincher
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Patrick Schweizer
- Leibniz Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK) Gatersleben, Corrensstrasse 3, Stadt Seeland, 06466, Germany.
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Wang M, Sun Y, Gu Z, Wang R, Sun G, Zhu C, Guo S, Shen Q. Nitrate Protects Cucumber Plants Against Fusarium oxysporum by Regulating Citrate Exudation. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 57:2001-12. [PMID: 27481896 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcw124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium wilt causes severe yield losses in cash crops. Nitrogen plays a critical role in the management of plant disease; however, the regulating mechanism is poorly understood. Using biochemical, physiological, bioinformatic and transcriptome approaches, we analyzed how nitrogen forms regulate the interactions between cucumber plants and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum (FOC). Nitrate significantly suppressed Fusarium wilt compared with ammonium in both pot and hydroponic experiments. Fewer FOC colonized the roots and stems under nitrate compared with ammonium supply. Cucumber grown with nitrate accumulated less fusaric acid (FA) after FOC infection and exhibited increased tolerance to chemical FA by decreasing FA absorption and transportation in shoots. A lower citrate concentration was observed in nitrate-grown cucumbers, which was associated with lower MATE (multidrug and toxin compound extrusion) family gene and citrate synthase (CS) gene expression, as well as lower CS activity. Citrate enhanced FOC spore germination and infection, and increased disease incidence and the FOC population in ammonium-treated plants. Our study provides evidence that nitrate protects cucumber plants against F. oxysporum by decreasing root citrate exudation and FOC infection. Citrate exudation is essential for regulating disease development of Fusarium wilt in cucumber plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wang
- Jiangsu Key Lab for Organic Waste Utilization, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, China
| | - Yuming Sun
- Jiangsu Key Lab for Organic Waste Utilization, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, China
| | - Zechen Gu
- Jiangsu Key Lab for Organic Waste Utilization, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, China
| | - Ruirui Wang
- Jiangsu Key Lab for Organic Waste Utilization, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, China
| | - Guomei Sun
- Jiangsu Key Lab for Organic Waste Utilization, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, China
| | - Chen Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Lab for Organic Waste Utilization, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, China
| | - Shiwei Guo
- Jiangsu Key Lab for Organic Waste Utilization, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, China
| | - Qirong Shen
- Jiangsu Key Lab for Organic Waste Utilization, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, China
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Marques JPR, Amorim L, Spósito MB, Appezzato-da-Glória B. Ultrastructural changes in the epidermis of petals of the sweet orange infected by Colletotrichum acutatum. PROTOPLASMA 2016; 253:1233-1242. [PMID: 26334287 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-015-0877-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Postbloom fruit drop (PFD) is an important disease caused by the fungus Colletotrichum acutatum. PFD is characterised by the formation of necrotic lesions on the petals and stigmas of flowers as well as premature abscission of the fruit in Citrus spp. We compare the ultrastructure of the epidermis of uninoculated Citrus sinensis petals with that of petals inoculated with the fungus to understand the changes that occur upon C. acutatum infection. Healthy petals have a cuticle with parallel striations covering the uniseriate epidermis. This pattern consists of vacuolated parietal cells whose cytoplasm contains mitochondria, plastids with an undeveloped endomembrane system and a slightly dense stroma, a poorly developed rough endoplasmic reticulum, polysomes, few lipid droplets, and a nucleus positioned near the inner periclinal wall. In damaged regions, the cytoplasm of some cells is densely packed with well-developed endoplasmic reticulum, a large number of hyperactive dictyosomes, numerous mitochondria, and many lipid droplets. The plastids have an electron-dense stroma, starch grains, and a large amount of electron-dense lipid droplets, which can be released into vacuoles or the endoplasmic reticulum. Multivesicular bodies and myelin bodies are frequently observed in the vacuole, cytoplasm, and periplasmic space. Vesicles migrate through the cell wall and are involved in the deposition of cuticular material. In the later stages of infection, there is deposition of new cuticle layers in plaques. The outer periclinal walls can be thick. These observations indicate that epidermal cells respond to the pathogen, resulting in cuticular and parietal changes, which may limit further infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Paulo R Marques
- Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Cx. Postal 9, CEP 13418-900, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lilian Amorim
- Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Cx. Postal 9, CEP 13418-900, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcel B Spósito
- Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Cx. Postal 9, CEP 13418-900, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Appezzato-da-Glória
- Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Cx. Postal 9, CEP 13418-900, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Jain S, Chittem K, Brueggeman R, Osorno JM, Richards J, Nelson BD. Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of Resistant and Susceptible Common Bean Genotypes in Response to Soybean Cyst Nematode Infection. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159338. [PMID: 27441552 PMCID: PMC4956322 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Soybean cyst nematode (SCN; Heterodera glycines Ichinohe) reproduces on the roots of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and can cause reductions in plant growth and seed yield. The molecular changes in common bean roots caused by SCN infection are unknown. Identification of genetic factors associated with SCN resistance could help in development of improved bean varieties with high SCN resistance. Gene expression profiling was conducted on common bean roots infected by SCN HG type 0 using next generation RNA sequencing technology. Two pinto bean genotypes, PI533561 and GTS-900, resistant and susceptible to SCN infection, respectively, were used as RNA sources eight days post inoculation. Total reads generated ranged between ~ 3.2 and 5.7 million per library and were mapped to the common bean reference genome. Approximately 70-90% of filtered RNA-seq reads uniquely mapped to the reference genome. In the inoculated roots of resistant genotype PI533561, a total of 353 genes were differentially expressed with 154 up-regulated genes and 199 down-regulated genes when compared to the transcriptome of non- inoculated roots. On the other hand, 990 genes were differentially expressed in SCN-inoculated roots of susceptible genotype GTS-900 with 406 up-regulated and 584 down-regulated genes when compared to non-inoculated roots. Genes encoding nucleotide-binding site leucine-rich repeat resistance (NLR) proteins, WRKY transcription factors, pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins and heat shock proteins involved in diverse biological processes were differentially expressed in both resistant and susceptible genotypes. Overall, suppression of the photosystem was observed in both the responses. Furthermore, RNA-seq results were validated through quantitative real time PCR. This is the first report describing genes/transcripts involved in SCN-common bean interaction and the results will have important implications for further characterization of SCN resistance genes in common bean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalu Jain
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, 58108, United States of America
| | - Kishore Chittem
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, 58108, United States of America
| | - Robert Brueggeman
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, 58108, United States of America
| | - Juan M. Osorno
- Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, 58108, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Richards
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, 58108, United States of America
| | - Berlin D. Nelson
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, 58108, United States of America
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123
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Nováková M, Kim PD, Šašek V, Burketová L, Jindřichová B, Šantrůček J, Valentová O. Separation and identification of candidate protein elicitors from the cultivation medium of Leptosphaeria maculans inducing resistance in Brassica napus. Biotechnol Prog 2016; 32:918-28. [PMID: 27009514 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The Dothideomycete Leptosphaeria maculans, a worldwide fungal pathogen of oilseed rape (Brassica napus), secretes a broad spectrum of molecules into the cultivation medium during growth in vitro. Here, candidate elicitor molecules, which induce resistance in B. napus to L. maculans, were identified in the cultivation medium. The elicitation activity was indicated by increased transcription of pathogenesis-related gene 1 (PR1) and enhanced resistance of B. napus plants to the invasion of L. maculans. The elicitation activity was significantly lowered when the cultivation medium was heated to 80°C. Active components were further characterized by specific cleavage with the proteolytic enzymes trypsin and proteinase K and with glycosidases α-amylase and β-glucanase. The elicitor activity was eliminated by proteolytic digestion while glycosidases had no effect. The filtered medium was fractionated by either ion-exchange chromatography or isoelectric focusing. Mass spectrometry analysis of the most active fractions obtained by both separation procedures revealed predominantly enzymes that can be involved in the degradation of plant cell wall polysaccharides. This is the first study searching for L. maculans-specific secreted elicitors with a potential to be used as defense-activating agents in the protection of B. napus against L. maculans in agriculture. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 32:918-928, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslava Nováková
- Dept. of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 3, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic.,Laboratory of Pathological Plant Physiology, Inst. of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Phuong Dinh Kim
- Dept. of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 3, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Šašek
- Laboratory of Pathological Plant Physiology, Inst. of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Burketová
- Laboratory of Pathological Plant Physiology, Inst. of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Jindřichová
- Dept. of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 3, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic.,Laboratory of Pathological Plant Physiology, Inst. of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Šantrůček
- Dept. of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 3, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Olga Valentová
- Dept. of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 3, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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Rodiuc N, Barlet X, Hok S, Perfus-Barbeoch L, Allasia V, Engler G, Séassau A, Marteu N, de Almeida-Engler J, Panabières F, Abad P, Kemmerling B, Marco Y, Favery B, Keller H. Evolutionarily distant pathogens require the Arabidopsis phytosulfokine signalling pathway to establish disease. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2016; 39:1396-407. [PMID: 26290138 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Secreted peptides and their specific receptors frequently orchestrate cell-to-cell communication in plants. Phytosulfokines (PSKs) are secreted tyrosine-sulphated peptide hormones, which trigger cellular dedifferentiation and redifferentiation upon binding to their membrane receptor. Biotrophic plant pathogens frequently trigger the differentiation of host cells into specialized feeding structures, which are essential for successful infection. We found that oomycete and nematode infections were characterized by the tissue-specific transcriptional regulation of genes encoding Arabidopsis PSKs and the PSK receptor 1 (PSKR1). Subcellular analysis of PSKR1 distribution showed that the plasma membrane-bound receptor internalizes after binding of PSK-α. Arabidopsis pskr1 knockout mutants were impaired in their susceptibility to downy mildew infection. Impaired disease susceptibility depends on functional salicylic acid (SA) signalling, but not on the massive up-regulation of SA-associated defence-related genes. Knockout pskr1 mutants also displayed a major impairment of root-knot nematode reproduction. In the absence of functional PSKR1, giant cells arrested their development and failed to fully differentiate. Our findings indicate that the observed restriction of PSK signalling to cells surrounding giant cells contributes to the isotropic growth and maturation of nematode feeding sites. Taken together, our data suggest that PSK signalling in Arabidopsis promotes the differentiation of host cells into specialized feeding cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Rodiuc
- INRA, Univ. Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, UMR 1355-7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Xavier Barlet
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, UMR CNRS 2594 - INRA 441, 31326, Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Sophie Hok
- INRA, Univ. Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, UMR 1355-7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Laetitia Perfus-Barbeoch
- INRA, Univ. Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, UMR 1355-7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Valérie Allasia
- INRA, Univ. Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, UMR 1355-7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Gilbert Engler
- INRA, Univ. Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, UMR 1355-7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Aurélie Séassau
- INRA, Univ. Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, UMR 1355-7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Nathalie Marteu
- INRA, Univ. Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, UMR 1355-7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Janice de Almeida-Engler
- INRA, Univ. Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, UMR 1355-7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Franck Panabières
- INRA, Univ. Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, UMR 1355-7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Pierre Abad
- INRA, Univ. Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, UMR 1355-7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Birgit Kemmerling
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Yves Marco
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, UMR CNRS 2594 - INRA 441, 31326, Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Bruno Favery
- INRA, Univ. Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, UMR 1355-7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Harald Keller
- INRA, Univ. Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, UMR 1355-7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900, Sophia Antipolis, France
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Yong ML, Fan LL, Li DY, Liu YJ, Cheng FM, Xu Y, Wang ZY, Hu DW. Villosiclava virens infects specifically rice and barley stamen filaments due to the unique host cell walls. Microsc Res Tech 2016; 79:838-44. [PMID: 27357263 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.22710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Rice false smut, caused by the fungal pathogen Villosiclava virens, is one of the most important rice diseases in the world. Previous studies reported that the pathogen has less number of cell wall-degraded genes and attacks dominantly rice stamen filaments and extends intercellularly. To reveal why the fungus infects plant stamen filaments, inoculation test on barley was carried out with the similar protocol to rice. The experimental results showed that the fungus could penetrate quickly into barley stamen filaments and extends both intracellularly and intercellularly, usually resulting in severe damage of the stamen filament tissues. It also attacked young barley lodicules and grew intercellularly by chance. The light microscopic observations found that the epidermal and cortex cells in barley stamen filaments arranged loosely with very thick cell walls and large cell gaps. Cellulose microfibrils in barley stamen filament cell walls arranged very sparsely so that the cell walls looked like transparent. The cell walls were very soft and flexible, and often folded. However, V. virens extended dominantly in the noncellulose regions and seemed never to degrade microfibrils in barley and rice cell walls. This suggested that the unique structures of rice and barley stamen filaments should be fit for their function of elongation in anthesis, and also endow with the susceptibility to the fungus, V. virens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Li Yong
- The State Kay Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lin-Lin Fan
- The State Kay Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dan-Yang Li
- The State Kay Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yi-Jia Liu
- The State Kay Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fang-Min Cheng
- Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ying Xu
- Electron Microscopy Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Zheng-Yi Wang
- The State Kay Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dong-Wei Hu
- The State Kay Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
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126
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Poloni A, Schirawski J. Host specificity in Sporisorium reilianum is determined by distinct mechanisms in maize and sorghum. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2016; 17:741-54. [PMID: 26419898 PMCID: PMC6638427 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Smut fungi are biotrophic plant pathogens that exhibit a very narrow host range. The smut fungus Sporisorium reilianum exists in two host-adapted formae speciales: S. reilianum f. sp. reilianum (SRS), which causes head smut of sorghum, and S. reilianum f. sp. zeae (SRZ), which induces disease on maize. It is unknown why the two formae speciales cannot form spores on their respective non-favoured hosts. By fungal DNA quantification and fluorescence microscopy of stained plant samples, we followed the colonization behaviour of both SRS and SRZ on sorghum and maize. Both formae speciales were able to penetrate and multiply in the leaves of both hosts. In sorghum, the hyphae of SRS reached the apical meristems, whereas the hyphae of SRZ did not. SRZ strongly induced several defence responses in sorghum, such as the generation of H2 O2 , callose and phytoalexins, whereas the hyphae of SRS did not. In maize, both SRS and SRZ were able to spread through the plant to the apical meristem. Transcriptome analysis of colonized maize leaves revealed more genes induced by SRZ than by SRS, with many of them being involved in defence responses. Amongst the maize genes specifically induced by SRS were 11 pentatricopeptide repeat proteins. Together with the microscopic analysis, these data indicate that SRZ succumbs to plant defence after sorghum penetration, whereas SRS proliferates in a relatively undisturbed manner, but non-efficiently, on maize. This shows that host specificity is determined by distinct mechanisms in sorghum and maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alana Poloni
- Albrecht-von-Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, Department for Molecular Biology of Plant-Microbe Interaction, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
- Institute of Applied Microbiology, Department of Microbial Genetics, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jan Schirawski
- Albrecht-von-Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, Department for Molecular Biology of Plant-Microbe Interaction, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
- Institute of Applied Microbiology, Department of Microbial Genetics, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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Proteometabolomic analysis of transgenic tomato overexpressing oxalate decarboxylase uncovers novel proteins potentially involved in defense mechanism against Sclerotinia. J Proteomics 2016; 143:242-253. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2016.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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128
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Analysis of the Proteins Secreted from the Oryza meyeriana Suspension-Cultured Cells Induced by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154793. [PMID: 27196123 PMCID: PMC4873123 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Oryza meyeriana, a wild species of rice from China, shows high resistance to Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), the cause of rice bacterial blight, one of the most serious rice pathogens. To better understand the resistance mechanism, a proteomic study was conducted to identify changes in the proteins secreted in embryo cell suspension cultures in response to Xoo. After two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE), 72 differentially expressed protein spots corresponding to 34 proteins were identified by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/ Ionization Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry. Of the 34 proteins, 10 were up regulated and 24 down regulated. The secreted proteins identified were predicted to be involved in various biological processes, including signal transduction, defense, ROS and cell wall modification. 77% of the 34 proteins were predicted to have a signal peptide by Signal P. Quantitative Real-Time PCR showed that transcript levels of 14 secreted proteins were not well correlated with secreted protein levels. Peroxidase activity was up regulated in both O. meyriana and susceptible rice but was about three times higher in O. meyeriana. This suggests that peroxidases may play an important role in the early response to Xoo in O. meyeriana. These results not only provide a better understanding of the resistance mechanism of O. meyeriana, but have implications for studies of the interactions between other plants and their pathogens.
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129
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Weidenbach D, Esch L, Möller C, Hensel G, Kumlehn J, Höfle C, Hückelhoven R, Schaffrath U. Polarized Defense Against Fungal Pathogens Is Mediated by the Jacalin-Related Lectin Domain of Modular Poaceae-Specific Proteins. MOLECULAR PLANT 2016; 9:514-27. [PMID: 26708413 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2015.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Modular proteins are an evolutionary answer to optimize performance of proteins that physically interact with each other for functionality. Using a combination of genetic and biochemical experiments, we characterized the rice protein OsJAC1, which consists of a jacalin-related lectin (JRL) domain predicted to bind mannose-containing oligosaccharides, and a dirigent domain which might function in stereoselective coupling of monolignols. Transgenic overexpression of OsJAC1 in rice resulted in quantitative broad-spectrum resistance against different pathogens including bacteria, oomycetes, and fungi. Overexpression of this gene or its wheat ortholog TAJA1 in barley enhanced resistance against the powdery mildew fungus. Both protein domains of OsJAC1 are required to establish resistance as indicated by single or combined transient expression of individual domains. Expression of artificially separated and fluorescence-tagged protein domains showed that the JRL domain is sufficient for targeting the powdery mildew penetration site. Nevertheless, co-localization of the lectin and the dirigent domain occurred. Phylogenetic analyses revealed orthologs of OsJAC1 exclusively within the Poaceae plant family. Dicots, by contrast, only contain proteins with either JRL or dirigent domain(s). Altogether, our results identify OsJAC1 as a representative of a novel type of resistance protein derived from a plant lineage-specific gene fusion event for better function in local pathogen defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Weidenbach
- Department of Plant Physiology, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Lara Esch
- Department of Plant Physiology, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Claudia Möller
- Department of Plant Physiology, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Goetz Hensel
- Plant Reproductive Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, 06466 Stadt Seeland/OT Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Jochen Kumlehn
- Plant Reproductive Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, 06466 Stadt Seeland/OT Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Caroline Höfle
- Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, 85350 Freising, Germany
| | - Ralph Hückelhoven
- Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, 85350 Freising, Germany
| | - Ulrich Schaffrath
- Department of Plant Physiology, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany.
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130
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Li W, Liu Y, Wang J, He M, Zhou X, Yang C, Yuan C, Wang J, Chern M, Yin J, Chen W, Ma B, Wang Y, Qin P, Li S, Ronald P, Chen X. The durably resistant rice cultivar Digu activates defence gene expression before the full maturation of Magnaporthe oryzae appressorium. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2016; 17:354-68. [PMID: 26095454 PMCID: PMC6638526 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Rice blast caused by the fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae is one of the most destructive diseases worldwide. Although the rice-M. oryzae interaction has been studied extensively, the early molecular events that occur in rice before full maturation of the appressorium during M. oryzae invasion are unknown. Here, we report a comparative transcriptomics analysis of the durably resistant rice variety Digu and the susceptible rice variety Lijiangxintuanheigu (LTH) in response to infection by M. oryzae (5, 10 and 20 h post-inoculation, prior to full development of the appressorium). We found that the transcriptional responses differed significantly between these two rice varieties. Gene ontology and pathway analyses revealed that many biological processes, including extracellular recognition and biosynthesis of antioxidants, terpenes and hormones, were specifically activated in Digu shortly after infection. Forty-eight genes encoding receptor kinases (RKs) were significantly differentially regulated by M. oryzae infection in Digu. One of these genes, LOC_Os08g10300, encoding a leucine-rich repeat RK from the LRR VIII-2 subfamily, conferred enhanced resistance to M. oryzae when overexpressed in rice. Our study reveals that a multitude of molecular events occur in the durably resistant rice Digu before the full maturation of the appressorium after M. oryzae infection and that membrane-associated RKs play important roles in the early response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weitao Li
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Ya Liu
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Min He
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Xiaogang Zhou
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Chao Yang
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Can Yuan
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Jichun Wang
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Mawsheng Chern
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Junjie Yin
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Weilan Chen
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Bingtian Ma
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Yuping Wang
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Hybrid Rice in Yangtze River Basin at Sichuan, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Peng Qin
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Shigui Li
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Hybrid Rice in Yangtze River Basin at Sichuan, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Pamela Ronald
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Xuewei Chen
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Hybrid Rice in Yangtze River Basin at Sichuan, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
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Mahlein AK. Plant Disease Detection by Imaging Sensors - Parallels and Specific Demands for Precision Agriculture and Plant Phenotyping. PLANT DISEASE 2016; 100:241-251. [PMID: 30694129 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-03-15-0340-fe] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Early and accurate detection and diagnosis of plant diseases are key factors in plant production and the reduction of both qualitative and quantitative losses in crop yield. Optical techniques, such as RGB imaging, multi- and hyperspectral sensors, thermography, or chlorophyll fluorescence, have proven their potential in automated, objective, and reproducible detection systems for the identification and quantification of plant diseases at early time points in epidemics. Recently, 3D scanning has also been added as an optical analysis that supplies additional information on crop plant vitality. Different platforms from proximal to remote sensing are available for multiscale monitoring of single crop organs or entire fields. Accurate and reliable detection of diseases is facilitated by highly sophisticated and innovative methods of data analysis that lead to new insights derived from sensor data for complex plant-pathogen systems. Nondestructive, sensor-based methods support and expand upon visual and/or molecular approaches to plant disease assessment. The most relevant areas of application of sensor-based analyses are precision agriculture and plant phenotyping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Katrin Mahlein
- Institute for Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES) - Phytomedicine, University of Bonn, Meckenheimer Allee 166a, 53115 Bonn, Germany
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Alvarez A, Montesano M, Schmelz E, Ponce de León I. Activation of Shikimate, Phenylpropanoid, Oxylipins, and Auxin Pathways in Pectobacterium carotovorum Elicitors-Treated Moss. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:328. [PMID: 27047509 PMCID: PMC4801897 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Plants have developed complex defense mechanisms to cope with microbial pathogens. Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) are perceived by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), leading to the activation of defense. While substantial progress has been made in understanding the activation of plant defense by PAMPs and DAMPs recognition in tracheophytes, far less information exists on related processes in early divergent plants like mosses. The aim of this study was to identify genes that were induced in P. patens in response to elicitors of Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum, using a cDNA suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) method. A total of 239 unigenes were identified, including genes involved in defense responses related to the shikimate, phenylpropanoid, and oxylipin pathways. The expression levels of selected genes related to these pathways were analyzed using quantitative RT-PCR, confirming their rapid induction by P.c. carotovorum derived elicitors. In addition, P. patens induced cell wall reinforcement after elicitor treatment by incorporation of phenolic compounds, callose deposition, and elevated expression of Dirigent-like encoding genes. Small molecule defense markers and phytohormones such as cinnamic acid, 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid, and auxin levels all increased in elicitor-treated moss tissues. In contrast, salicylic acid levels decreased while abscisic acid levels remained unchanged. P. patens reporter lines harboring an auxin-inducible promoter fused to β-glucuronidase revealed GUS activity in protonemal and gametophores tissues treated with elicitors of P.c. carotovorum, consistent with a localized activation of auxin signaling. These results indicate that P. patens activates the shikimate, phenylpropanoid, oxylipins, and auxin pathways upon treatment with P.c. carotovorum derived elicitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Alvarez
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente EstableMontevideo, Uruguay
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias, Centro de Investigaciones Nucleares, Universidad de la RepúblicaMontevideo, Uruguay
| | - Marcos Montesano
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias, Centro de Investigaciones Nucleares, Universidad de la RepúblicaMontevideo, Uruguay
| | - Eric Schmelz
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of CaliforniaSan Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Inés Ponce de León
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente EstableMontevideo, Uruguay
- *Correspondence: Inés Ponce de León
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133
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Alkooranee JT, Yin Y, Aledan TR, Jiang Y, Lu G, Wu J, Li M. Systemic Resistance to Powdery Mildew in Brassica napus (AACC) and Raphanus alboglabra (RRCC) by Trichoderma harzianum TH12. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142177. [PMID: 26540161 PMCID: PMC4634854 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichoderma harzianum TH12 is a microbial pesticide for certain rapeseed diseases. The mechanism of systemic resistance induced by TH12 or its cell-free culture filtrate (CF) in Brassica napus (AACC) and Raphanus alboglabra (RRCC) to powdery mildew disease caused by ascomycete Erysiphe cruciferarum was investigated. In this study, we conducted the first large-scale global study on the cellular and molecular aspects of B. napus and R. alboglabra infected with E. cruciferarum. The histological study showed the resistance of R. alboglabra to powdery mildew disease. The growth of fungal colonies was not observed on R. alboglabra leaves at 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 days post-inoculation (dpi), whereas this was clearly observed on B. napus leaves after 6 dpi. In addition, the gene expression of six plant defense-related genes, namely, PR-1, PR-2 (a marker for SA signaling), PR-3, PDF 1.2 (a marker for JA/ET signaling), CHI620, and CHI570, for both genotypes were analyzed in the leaves of B. napus and R. alboglabra after treatment with TH12 or CF and compared with the non-treated ones. The qRT-PCR results showed that the PR-1 and PR-2 expression levels increased in E. cruciferarum-infected leaves, but decreased in the TH12-treated leaves compared with leaves treated with CF. The expression levels of PR-3 and PDF1.2 decreased in plants infected by E. cruciferarum. However, expression levels increased when the leaves were treated with TH12. For the first time, we disclosed the nature of gene expression in B. napus and R. alboglabra to explore the resistance pathways in the leaves of both genotypes infected and non-infected by powdery mildew and inoculated or non-inoculated with elicitor factors. Results suggested that R. alboglabra exhibited resistance to powdery mildew disease, and the application of T. harzianum and its CF are a useful tool to facilitate new protection methods for resist or susceptible plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jawadayn Talib Alkooranee
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for the Characteristic Resources Exploitation of Dabie Mountains, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang, China
| | - Yongtai Yin
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Tamarah Raad Aledan
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yingfen Jiang
- Crops Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Guangyuan Lu
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- * E-mail: (GL); (ML)
| | - Jiangsheng Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Maoteng Li
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for the Characteristic Resources Exploitation of Dabie Mountains, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang, China
- * E-mail: (GL); (ML)
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134
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Alkan N, Fortes AM. Insights into molecular and metabolic events associated with fruit response to post-harvest fungal pathogens. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:889. [PMID: 26539204 PMCID: PMC4612155 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Due to post-harvest losses more than 30% of harvested fruits will not reach the consumers' plate. Fungal pathogens play a key role in those losses, as they cause most of the fruit rots and the customer complaints. Many of the fungal pathogens are already present in the unripe fruit but remain quiescent during fruit growth until a particular phase of fruit ripening and senescence. The pathogens sense the developmental change and switch into the devastating necrotrophic life style that causes fruit rotting. Colonization of unripe fruit by the fungus initiates defensive responses that limit fungal growth and development. However, during fruit ripening several physiological processes occur that correlate with increased fruit susceptibility. In contrast to plant defenses in unripe fruit, the defense posture of ripe fruit entails a different subset of defense responses that will end with fruit rotting and losses. This review will focus on several aspects of molecular and metabolic events associated with fleshy fruit responses induced by post-harvest fungal pathogens during fruit ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noam Alkan
- Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Produce, Volcani Center, Agricultural Research OrganizationBet Dagan, Israel
| | - Ana M. Fortes
- Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculdade de Ciências de Lisboa, Universidade de LisboaLisboa, Portugal
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135
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Xu J, Li M, Jiao P, Tao H, Wei N, Ma F, Zhang J. Dynamic transcription profiles of "Qinguan" apple (Malus × domestica) leaves in response to Marssonina coronaria inoculation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:842. [PMID: 26528306 PMCID: PMC4602106 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Marssonina apple blotch, caused by the fungus Marssonina coronaria, is one of the most destructive apple diseases in China and East Asia. A better understanding of the plant's response to fungi during pathogenesis is urgently needed to improve plant resistance and to breed resistant cultivars. To address this, the transcriptomes of "Qinguan" (a cultivar with high resistance to M. coronaria) apple leaves were sequenced at 12, 24, 48, and 72 h post-inoculation (hpi) with Marssonina coronaria. The comparative results showed that a total of 1956 genes were differentially expressed between the inoculated and control samples at the 4 time points. Gene ontology (GO) term enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) revealed changes in cellular component, secondary metabolism including chalcone isomerase activity, phytoalexin biosynthetic process, anthocyanin-containing compound biosynthetic process, lignin biosynthetic process, positive regulation of flavonoid biosynthetic process; and molecular functions or biological processes related to the defense response, biotic stimulus response, wounding response and fungus response. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis showed that DEGs were significantly enriched in flavonoid biosynthesis, vitamin B6 metabolism, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, and the stilbenoid, diarylheptanoid and gingerol biosynthesis pathways. Furthermore, the importance of changes in cellular components and partial polyphenol compounds when encountering M. coronaria are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Junke Zhang
- The Department of Pomology, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
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136
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Figueroa M, Manning VA, Pandelova I, Ciuffetti LM. Persistence of the Host-Selective Toxin Ptr ToxB in the Apoplast. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2015; 28:1082-90. [PMID: 26057389 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-05-15-0097-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The necrotrophic fungus Pyrenophora tritici-repentis is responsible for the disease tan spot of wheat. Ptr ToxB (ToxB), a proteinaceous host-selective toxin, is one of the effectors secreted by P. tritici-repentis. ToxB induces chlorosis in toxin-sensitive wheat cultivars and displays characteristics common to apoplastic effectors. We addressed the hypothesis that ToxB exerts its activity extracellularly. Our data indicate that hydraulic pressure applied in the apoplast following ToxB infiltration can displace ToxB-induced symptoms. In addition, treatment with a proteolytic cocktail following toxin infiltration results in reduction of symptom development and indicates that ToxB requires at least 8 h in planta to induce maximum symptom development. In vitro assays demonstrate that apoplastic fluids extracted from toxin-sensitive and -insensitive wheat cultivars cannot degrade ToxB. Additionally, ToxB can be reisolated from apoplastic fluid after toxin infiltration. Furthermore, localization studies of fluorescently labeled ToxB indicate that the toxin remains in the apoplast in toxin-sensitive and -insensitive wheat cultivars. Our findings support the hypothesis that ToxB acts as an extracellular effector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melania Figueroa
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology and Center for Genome Research and Biocomputing, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, U.S.A
| | - Viola A Manning
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology and Center for Genome Research and Biocomputing, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, U.S.A
| | - Iovanna Pandelova
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology and Center for Genome Research and Biocomputing, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, U.S.A
| | - Lynda M Ciuffetti
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology and Center for Genome Research and Biocomputing, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, U.S.A
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137
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Xu XH, Wang C, Li SX, Su ZZ, Zhou HN, Mao LJ, Feng XX, Liu PP, Chen X, Hugh Snyder J, Kubicek CP, Zhang CL, Lin FC. Friend or foe: differential responses of rice to invasion by mutualistic or pathogenic fungi revealed by RNAseq and metabolite profiling. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13624. [PMID: 26346313 PMCID: PMC4642567 DOI: 10.1038/srep13624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The rice endophyte Harpophora oryzae shares a common pathogenic ancestor with the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. Direct comparison of the interactions between a single plant species and two closely-related (1) pathogenic and (2) mutualistic fungi species can improve our understanding of the evolution of the interactions between plants and fungi that lead to either mutualistic or pathogenic interactions. Differences in the metabolome and transcriptome of rice in response to challenge by H. or M. oryzae were investigated with GC-MS, RNA-seq, and qRT-PCR. Levels of metabolites of the shikimate and lignin biosynthesis pathways increased continuously in the M. oryzae-challenged rice roots (Mo-roots); these pathways were initially induced, but then suppressed, in the H. oryzae-challenged rice roots (Ho-roots). Compared to control samples, concentrations of sucrose and maltose were reduced in the Ho-roots and Mo-roots. The expression of most genes encoding enzymes involved in glycolysis and the TCA cycle were suppressed in the Ho-roots, but enhanced in the Mo-roots. The suppressed glycolysis in Ho-roots would result in the accumulation of glucose and fructose which was not detected in the Mo-roots. A novel co-evolution pattern of fungi-host interaction is proposed which highlights the importance of plant host in the evolution of fungal symbioses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Hui Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Chen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Shu-Xian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Zhen-Zhu Su
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Hui-Na Zhou
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Li-Juan Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xiao-Xiao Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Ping-Ping Liu
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xia Chen
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - John Hugh Snyder
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Christian P. Kubicek
- Austrian Center of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB), c/o Vienna University of Technology, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Chu-Long Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Fu-Cheng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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138
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Blackman LM, Cullerne DP, Torreña P, Taylor J, Hardham AR. RNA-Seq Analysis of the Expression of Genes Encoding Cell Wall Degrading Enzymes during Infection of Lupin (Lupinus angustifolius) by Phytophthora parasitica. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136899. [PMID: 26332397 PMCID: PMC4558045 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA-Seq analysis has shown that over 60% (12,962) of the predicted transcripts in the Phytophthora parasitica genome are expressed during the first 60 h of lupin root infection. The infection transcriptomes included 278 of the 431 genes encoding P. parasitica cell wall degrading enzymes. The transcriptome data provide strong evidence of global transcriptional cascades of genes whose encoded proteins target the main categories of plant cell wall components. A major cohort of pectinases is predominantly expressed early but as infection progresses, the transcriptome becomes increasingly dominated by transcripts encoding cellulases, hemicellulases, β-1,3-glucanases and glycoproteins. The most highly expressed P. parasitica carbohydrate active enzyme gene contains two CBM1 cellulose binding modules and no catalytic domains. The top 200 differentially expressed genes include β-1,4-glucosidases, β-1,4-glucanases, β-1,4-galactanases, a β-1,3-glucanase, an α-1,4-polygalacturonase, a pectin deacetylase and a pectin methylesterase. Detailed analysis of gene expression profiles provides clues as to the order in which linkages within the complex carbohydrates may come under attack. The gene expression profiles suggest that (i) demethylation of pectic homogalacturonan occurs before its deacetylation; (ii) cleavage of the backbone of pectic rhamnogalacturonan I precedes digestion of its side chains; (iii) early attack on cellulose microfibrils by non-catalytic cellulose-binding proteins and enzymes with auxiliary activities may facilitate subsequent attack by glycosyl hydrolases and enzymes containing CBM1 cellulose-binding modules; (iv) terminal hemicellulose backbone residues are targeted after extensive internal backbone cleavage has occurred; and (v) the carbohydrate chains on glycoproteins are degraded late in infection. A notable feature of the P. parasitica infection transcriptome is the high level of transcription of genes encoding enzymes that degrade β-1,3-glucanases during middle and late stages of infection. The results suggest that high levels of β-1,3-glucanases may effectively degrade callose as it is produced by the plant during the defence response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila M. Blackman
- Plant Science Division, Research School of Biology, College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Darren P. Cullerne
- Plant Science Division, Research School of Biology, College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT, Australia
- Agriculture Flagship, CSIRO, Canberra ACT, Australia
| | - Pernelyn Torreña
- Plant Science Division, Research School of Biology, College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT, Australia
| | - Jen Taylor
- Agriculture Flagship, CSIRO, Canberra ACT, Australia
| | - Adrienne R. Hardham
- Plant Science Division, Research School of Biology, College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT, Australia
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139
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Douchkov D, Lück S, Johrde A, Nowara D, Himmelbach A, Rajaraman J, Stein N, Sharma R, Kilian B, Schweizer P. Discovery of genes affecting resistance of barley to adapted and non-adapted powdery mildew fungi. Genome Biol 2015; 15:518. [PMID: 25476012 PMCID: PMC4302706 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-014-0518-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Non-host resistance, NHR, to non-adapted pathogens and quantitative host resistance, QR, confer durable protection to plants and are important for securing yield in a longer perspective. However, a more targeted exploitation of the trait usually possessing a complex mode of inheritance by many quantitative trait loci, QTLs, will require a better understanding of the most important genes and alleles. Results Here we present results from a transient-induced gene silencing, TIGS, approach of candidate genes for NHR and QR in barley against the powdery mildew fungus Blumeria graminis. Genes were selected based on transcript regulation, multigene-family membership or genetic map position. Out of 1,144 tested RNAi-target genes, 96 significantly affected resistance to the non-adapted wheat- or the compatible barley powdery mildew fungus, with an overlap of four genes. TIGS results for QR were combined with transcript regulation data, allele-trait associations, QTL co-localization and copy number variation resulting in a meta-dataset of 51 strong candidate genes with convergent evidence for a role in QR. Conclusions This study represents an initial, functional inventory of approximately 3% of the barley transcriptome for a role in NHR or QR against the powdery mildew pathogen. The discovered candidate genes support the idea that QR in this Triticeae host is primarily based on pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity, which is compromised by effector molecules produced by the compatible pathogen. The overlap of four genes with significant TIGS effects both in the NHR and QR screens also indicates shared components for both forms of durable pathogen resistance. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13059-014-0518-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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140
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Fan G, Xu E, Deng M, Zhao Z, Niu S. Phenylpropanoid metabolism, hormone biosynthesis and signal transduction-related genes play crucial roles in the resistance of Paulownia fortunei to paulownia witches’ broom phytoplasma infection. Genes Genomics 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13258-015-0321-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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141
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Zhao H, Xu L, Su T, Jiang Y, Hu L, Ma F. Melatonin regulates carbohydrate metabolism and defenses against Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 infection in Arabidopsis thaliana. J Pineal Res 2015; 59:109-19. [PMID: 25958775 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin has been reported to promote plant growth and development. Our experiments with Arabidopsis thaliana showed that exogenous applications of this molecule mediated invertase inhibitor (C/VIF)-regulated invertase activity and enhanced sucrose metabolism. Hexoses were accumulated in response to elevated activities by cell wall invertase (CWI) and vacuolar invertase (VI). Analyses of sugar metabolism-related genes revealed differential expression during plant development that was modulated by melatonin. In particular, C/VIF1 and C/VIF2 were strongly down-regulated by exogenous feeding. We also found the elevated CWI activity in melatonin-treated Arabidopsis improved the factors (cellulose, xylose, and galactose) for cell wall reinforcement and callose deposition during Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 infection, therefore, partially induced the pathogen resistance. However, CWI did not involve in salicylic acid (SA)-regulated defense pathway. Taken together, this study reveals that melatonin plays an important role in invertase-related carbohydrate metabolism, plant growth, and pathogen defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lingfei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tao Su
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Yang Jiang
- Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg, Heidelberg university, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lingyu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fengwang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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Rahman A, Uddin W, Wenner NG. Induced systemic resistance responses in perennial ryegrass against Magnaporthe oryzae elicited by semi-purified surfactin lipopeptides and live cells of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2015; 16:546-58. [PMID: 25285593 PMCID: PMC6638512 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The suppressive ability of several strains of cyclic lipopeptide-producing Bacillus rhizobacteria to grey leaf spot disease caused by Magnaporthe oryzae has been documented previously; however, the underlying mechanism(s) involved in the induced systemic resistance (ISR) activity in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) remains unknown. Root-drench application of solid-phase extraction (SPE)-enriched surfactin and live cells of mutant Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain FZB42-AK3 (produces surfactin, but not bacillomycin D and fengycin) significantly reduced disease incidence and severity on perennial ryegrass. The application of the treatments revealed a pronounced multilayered ISR defence response activation via timely and enhanced accumulation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), elevated cell wall/apoplastic peroxidase activity, and deposition of callose and phenolic/polyphenolic compounds underneath the fungal appressoria in naïve leaves, which was significantly more intense in treated plants than in mock-treated controls. Moreover, a hypersensitive response (HR)-type reaction and enhanced expression of LpPrx (Prx, peroxidase), LpOXO4 (OXO, oxalate oxidase), LpPAL (PAL, phenylalanine ammonia lyase), LpLOXa (LOX, lipoxygenase), LpTHb (putative defensin) and LpDEFa (DEFa, putative defensin) in perennial ryegrass were associated with SPE-enriched surfactin and live AK3 cell treatments, acting as a second layer of defence when pre-invasive defence responses failed. The results indicate that ISR activity following surfactin perception may sensitize H2O2 -mediated defence responses, thereby providing perennial ryegrass with enhanced protection against M. oryzae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alamgir Rahman
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Wakar Uddin
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Nancy G Wenner
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
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143
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Mir AA, Park SY, Abu Sadat M, Kim S, Choi J, Jeon J, Lee YH. Systematic characterization of the peroxidase gene family provides new insights into fungal pathogenicity in Magnaporthe oryzae. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11831. [PMID: 26134974 PMCID: PMC4488832 DOI: 10.1038/srep11831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal pathogens have evolved antioxidant defense against reactive oxygen species produced as a part of host innate immunity. Recent studies proposed peroxidases as components of antioxidant defense system. However, the role of fungal peroxidases during interaction with host plants has not been explored at the genomic level. Here, we systematically identified peroxidase genes and analyzed their impact on fungal pathogenesis in a model plant pathogenic fungus, Magnaporthe oryzae. Phylogeny reconstruction placed 27 putative peroxidase genes into 15 clades. Expression profiles showed that majority of them are responsive to in planta condition and in vitro H2O2. Our analysis of individual deletion mutants for seven selected genes including MoPRX1 revealed that these genes contribute to fungal development and/or pathogenesis. We identified significant and positive correlations among sensitivity to H2O2, peroxidase activity and fungal pathogenicity. In-depth analysis of MoPRX1 demonstrated that it is a functional ortholog of thioredoxin peroxidase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and is required for detoxification of the oxidative burst within host cells. Transcriptional profiling of other peroxidases in ΔMoprx1 suggested interwoven nature of the peroxidase-mediated antioxidant defense system. The results from this study provide insight into the infection strategy built on evolutionarily conserved peroxidases in the rice blast fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albely Afifa Mir
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Fungal Bioinformatics Laboratory, Center for Fungal Genetic Resources, and Center for Fungal Pathogenesis, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea
| | - Sook-Young Park
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Fungal Bioinformatics Laboratory, Center for Fungal Genetic Resources, and Center for Fungal Pathogenesis, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea
| | - Md Abu Sadat
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Fungal Bioinformatics Laboratory, Center for Fungal Genetic Resources, and Center for Fungal Pathogenesis, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea
| | - Seongbeom Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Fungal Bioinformatics Laboratory, Center for Fungal Genetic Resources, and Center for Fungal Pathogenesis, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea
| | - Jaeyoung Choi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Fungal Bioinformatics Laboratory, Center for Fungal Genetic Resources, and Center for Fungal Pathogenesis, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea
| | - Junhyun Jeon
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Fungal Bioinformatics Laboratory, Center for Fungal Genetic Resources, and Center for Fungal Pathogenesis, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea
| | - Yong-Hwan Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Fungal Bioinformatics Laboratory, Center for Fungal Genetic Resources, and Center for Fungal Pathogenesis, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea
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144
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Rahman A, Wallis CM, Uddin W. Silicon-Induced Systemic Defense Responses in Perennial Ryegrass Against Infection by Magnaporthe oryzae. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2015; 105:748-57. [PMID: 25738553 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-12-14-0378-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Sustainable integrated disease management for gray leaf spot of perennial ryegrass may involve use of plant defense elicitors with compatible traditional fungicides to reduce disease incidence and severity. Silicon (Si) has previously been identified as a potential inducer or modulator of plant defenses against different fungal pathogens. To this end, perennial ryegrass was inoculated with the causal agent of gray leaf spot, Magnaporthe oryzae, when grown in soil that was nonamended or amended with three different levels of calcium silicate (1, 5, or 10 metric tons [t]/ha). When applied at a rate of 5 t/ha, calcium silicate was found to significantly suppress gray leaf spot in perennial ryegrass, including a significant reduction of disease incidence (39.5%) and disease severity (47.3%). Additional studies observed nonpenetrated papillae or cell-wall appositions harboring callose, phenolic autofluorogens, and lignin-associated polyphenolic compounds in grass grown in the Si-amended soil. Regarding defense-associated enzyme levels, only following infection did grass grown in Si-amended soil exhibit greater activities of peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase than equivalent inoculated control plants. Also following infection with M. oryzae, grass levels of several phenolic acids, including chlorogenic acid and flavonoids, and relative expression levels of genes encoding phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PALa and PALb) and lipoxygenase (LOXa) significantly increased in Si-amended plants compared with that of nonamended control plants. These results suggest that Si-mediated increase of host defense responses to fungal pathogens in perennial ryegrass has a great potential to be part of an effective integrated disease management strategy against gray leaf spot development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alamgir Rahman
- First and third authors: Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802; and second author: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, Parlier, CA 93648
| | - Christopher M Wallis
- First and third authors: Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802; and second author: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, Parlier, CA 93648
| | - Wakar Uddin
- First and third authors: Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802; and second author: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, Parlier, CA 93648
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145
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Aliferis KA, Chamoun R, Jabaji S. Metabolic responses of willow (Salix purpurea L.) leaves to mycorrhization as revealed by mass spectrometry and (1)H NMR spectroscopy metabolite profiling. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:344. [PMID: 26042135 PMCID: PMC4434919 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The root system of most terrestrial plants form symbiotic interfaces with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), which are important for nutrient cycling and ecosystem sustainability. The elucidation of the undergoing changes in plants' metabolism during symbiosis is essential for understanding nutrient acquisition and for alleviation of soil stresses caused by environmental cues. Within this context, we have undertaken the task of recording the fluctuation of willow (Salix purpurea L.) leaf metabolome in response to AMF inoculation. The development of an advanced metabolomics/bioinformatics protocol employing mass spectrometry (MS) and (1)H NMR analyzers combined with the in-house-built metabolite library for willow (http://willowmetabolib. RESEARCH mcgill.ca/index.html) are key components of the research. Analyses revealed that AMF inoculation of willow causes up-regulation of various biosynthetic pathways, among others, those of flavonoid, isoflavonoid, phenylpropanoid, and the chlorophyll and porphyrin pathways, which have well-established roles in plant physiology and are related to resistance against environmental stresses. The recorded fluctuation in the willow leaf metabolism is very likely to provide AMF-inoculated willows with a significant advantage compared to non-inoculated ones when they are exposed to stresses such as, high levels of soil pollutants. The discovered biomarkers of willow response to AMF inoculation and corresponding pathways could be exploited in biomarker-assisted selection of willow cultivars with superior phytoremediation capacity or genetic engineering programs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Suha Jabaji
- Department of Plant Science, McGill UniversitySainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada
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146
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Yang L, Xie L, Xue B, Goodwin PH, Quan X, Zheng C, Liu T, Lei Z, Yang X, Chao Y, Wu C. Comparative transcriptome profiling of the early infection of wheat roots by Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120691. [PMID: 25875107 PMCID: PMC4397062 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Take-all, which is caused by the fungal pathogen, Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici (Ggt), is an important soil-borne root rot disease of wheat occurring worldwide. However, the genetic basis of Ggt pathogenicity remains unclear. In this study, transcriptome sequencing for Ggt in axenic culture and Ggt-infected wheat roots was performed using Illumina paired-end sequencing. Approximately 2.62 and 7.76 Gb of clean reads were obtained, and 87% and 63% of the total reads were mapped to the Ggt genome for RNA extracted from Ggt in culture and infected roots, respectively. A total of 3,258 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified with 2,107 (65%) being 2-fold up-regulated and 1,151 (35%) being 2-fold down-regulated between Ggt in culture and Ggt in infected wheat roots. Annotation of these DEGs revealed that many were associated with possible Ggt pathogenicity factors, such as genes for guanine nucleotide-binding protein alpha-2 subunit, cellulase, pectinase, xylanase, glucosidase, aspartic protease and gentisate 1, 2-dioxygenase. Twelve DEGs were analyzed for expression by qRT-PCR, and could be generally divided into those with high expression only early in infection, only late in infection and those that gradually increasing expression over time as root rot developed. This indicates that these possible pathogenicity factors may play roles during different stages of the interaction, such as signaling, plant cell wall degradation and responses to plant defense compounds. This is the first study to compare the transcriptomes of Ggt growing saprophytically in axenic cultures to it growing parasitically in infected wheat roots. As a result, new candidate pathogenicity factors have been identified, which can be further examined by gene knock-outs and other methods to assess their true role in the ability of Ggt to infect roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lirong Yang
- Institute of Plant Protection Research, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Henan Key Laboratory for Control of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests, IPM Key Laboratory in Southern Part of North China for Ministry of Agriculture, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
| | - Lihua Xie
- Institute of Plant Protection Research, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Henan Key Laboratory for Control of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests, IPM Key Laboratory in Southern Part of North China for Ministry of Agriculture, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
| | - Baoguo Xue
- Institute of Plant Protection Research, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Henan Key Laboratory for Control of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests, IPM Key Laboratory in Southern Part of North China for Ministry of Agriculture, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
| | - Paul H. Goodwin
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Xin Quan
- Institute of Plant Protection Research, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Henan Key Laboratory for Control of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests, IPM Key Laboratory in Southern Part of North China for Ministry of Agriculture, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
| | - Chuanlin Zheng
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Taiguo Liu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Zhensheng Lei
- Research Centre for Wheat, Henan Academy of Agricultural Science, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
| | - Xiaojie Yang
- Economic Crop Research Institute, Henan Academy of Agricultural Science, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yueen Chao
- Research Centre for Wheat, Henan Academy of Agricultural Science, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
| | - Chao Wu
- Institute of Plant Protection Research, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Henan Key Laboratory for Control of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests, IPM Key Laboratory in Southern Part of North China for Ministry of Agriculture, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
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147
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Nafisi M, Fimognari L, Sakuragi Y. Interplays between the cell wall and phytohormones in interaction between plants and necrotrophic pathogens. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2015; 112:63-71. [PMID: 25496656 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The plant cell wall surrounds every cell in plants. During microbial infection, the cell wall provides a dynamic interface for interaction with necrotrophic phytopathogens as a rich source of carbohydrates for the growth of pathogens, as a physical barrier restricting the progression of the pathogens, and as an integrity sensory system that can activate intracellular signaling cascades and ultimately lead to a multitude of inducible host defense responses. Studies over the last decade have provided evidence of interplays between the cell wall and phytohormone signaling. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge about the cell wall-phytohormone interplays, with the focus on auxin, cytokinin, brassinosteroids, and abscisic acid, and discuss how they impact the outcome of plant-necrotrophic pathogen interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majse Nafisi
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg 1871, Denmark
| | - Lorenzo Fimognari
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg 1871, Denmark
| | - Yumiko Sakuragi
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg 1871, Denmark.
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148
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Costa A, Barbaro MR, Sicilia F, Preger V, Krieger-Liszkay A, Sparla F, De Lorenzo G, Trost P. AIR12, a b-type cytochrome of the plasma membrane of Arabidopsis thaliana is a negative regulator of resistance against Botrytis cinerea. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 233:32-43. [PMID: 25711811 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Revised: 12/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
AIR12 (Auxin Induced in Root culture) is a single gene of Arabidopsis that codes for a mono-heme cytochrome b. Recombinant AIR12 from Arabidopsis accepted electrons from ascorbate or superoxide, and donated electrons to either monodehydroascorbate or oxygen. AIR12 was found associated in vivo to the plasma membrane. Though linked to the membrane by a glycophosphatidylinositol anchor, AIR12 is a hydrophilic and glycosylated protein predicted to be fully exposed to the apoplast. The expression pattern of AIR12 in Arabidopsis is developmentally regulated and correlated to sites of controlled cell separation (e.g. micropilar endosperm during germination, epidermal cells surrounding the emerging lateral root) and cells around wounds. Arabidopsis (Landsberg erecta-0) mutants with altered levels of AIR12 did not show any obvious phenotype. However, AIR12-overexpressing plants accumulated ROS (superoxide, hydrogen peroxide) and lipid peroxides in leaves, indicating that AIR12 may alter the redox state of the apoplast under particular conditions. On the other hand, AIR12-knock out plants displayed a strongly decreased susceptibility to Botrytis cinerea infection, which in turn induced AIR12 expression in susceptible wild type plants. Altogether, the results suggest that AIR12 plays a role in the regulation of the apoplastic redox state and in the response to necrotrophic pathogens. Possible relationships between these functions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Costa
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università di Milano, Via G. Celoria 24, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Maria Raffaella Barbaro
- Dipartimento di Farmacia e Biotecnologie (FABIT), Università di Bologna, Via Irnerio 42, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Sicilia
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologia "C. Darwin," Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza Università di Roma, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Valeria Preger
- Dipartimento di Farmacia e Biotecnologie (FABIT), Università di Bologna, Via Irnerio 42, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Anja Krieger-Liszkay
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA) Saclay, Institut de Biologie et Technologie de Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8221, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Francesca Sparla
- Dipartimento di Farmacia e Biotecnologie (FABIT), Università di Bologna, Via Irnerio 42, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Giulia De Lorenzo
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologia "C. Darwin," Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza Università di Roma, 00185 Roma, Italy.
| | - Paolo Trost
- Dipartimento di Farmacia e Biotecnologie (FABIT), Università di Bologna, Via Irnerio 42, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
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149
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de Castro M, Miller JG, Acebes JL, Encina A, García-Angulo P, Fry SC. The biosynthesis and wall-binding of hemicelluloses in cellulose-deficient maize cells: an example of metabolic plasticity. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 57:373-387. [PMID: 25611087 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Cell-suspension cultures (Zea mays L., Black Mexican sweet corn) habituated to 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile (DCB) survive with reduced cellulose owing to hemicellulose network modification. We aimed to define the hemicellulose metabolism modifications in DCB-habituated maize cells showing a mild reduction in cellulose at different stages in the culture cycle. Using pulse-chase radiolabeling, we fed habituated and non-habituated cultures with [(3)H]arabinose, and traced the distribution of (3)H-pentose residues between xylans, xyloglucans and other polymers in several cellular compartments for 5 h. Habituated cells were slower taking up exogenous [(3)H]arabinose. Tritium was incorporated into polysaccharide-bound arabinose and xylose residues, but habituated cells diverted a higher proportion of their new [(3)H]xylose residues into (hetero) xylans at the expense of xyloglucan synthesis. During logarithmic growth, habituated cells showed slower vesicular trafficking of polymers, especially xylans. Moreover, habituated cells showed a decrease in the strong wall-binding of all pentose-containing polysaccharides studied; correspondingly, especially in log-phase cultures, habituation increased the proportion of (3)H-hemicelluloses ([(3)H]xylans and [(3)H]xyloglucan) sloughed into the medium. These findings could be related to the cell walls' cellulose-deficiency, and consequent reduction in binding sites for hemicelluloses; the data could also reflect the habituated cells' reduced capacity to integrate arabinoxylans by extra-protoplasmic phenolic cross-linking, as well as xyloglucans, during wall assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- María de Castro
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Daniel Rutherford Building, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3JH, UK; Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Léon, E-24071, León, Spain
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150
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Monjil MS, Nozawa T, Shibata Y, Takemoto D, Ojika M, Kawakita K. Methanol extract of mycelia from Phytophthora infestans-induced resistance in potato. C R Biol 2015; 338:185-96. [PMID: 25683100 DOI: 10.1016/j.crvi.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Plants recognize certain microbial compounds as elicitors in their active defence mechanisms. It has been shown that a series of defence reactions are induced in potato plant cells after treatment with water-soluble hyphal wall components prepared from Phytophthora infestans. In this study, a methanol extract from mycelia of P. infestans (MEM), which contains lipophilic compounds, was used as another elicitor for the induction of the defence reactions in potato. MEM elicitor induced reactive oxygen species (ROS), especially O2(-) and H2O2 production, and nitric oxide (NO) generation in potato leaves and suspension-cultured cells. Hypersensitive cell death was detected in potato leaves within 6-8 h after MEM elicitor treatment. The accumulation of phytoalexins was detected by MEM elicitor treatment in potato tubers. In potato suspension-cultured cells, several defence-related genes were induced by MEM elicitors, namely Strboh, Sthsr203J, StPVS3, StPR1, and StNR5, which regulate various defence-related functions. Enhanced resistance against P. infestans was found in MEM-treated potato plants. These results suggested that MEM elicitor is recognized by host and enhances defence activities to produce substances inhibitory to pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Takeshi Nozawa
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Yusuke Shibata
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Daigo Takemoto
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Makoto Ojika
- Plant Pathology Laboratory, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Kawakita
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.
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